POS QUIZ #$
In what decade did terrorism become a transnational phenomenon? a. 1940s b. 1960s c. 1970s d. 1990s
b. 1960s
The concept of humanitarian intervention was endorsed by the report of the UN Secretary-General's High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change called a. Counter-restrictionists and Nation-state Human Rights Violations. b. A More Secure World. c. The P5 Must Lead: Humanitarian Intervention for the New Millennium. d. Millennial Guidelines for Intervention.
b. A More Secure World.
French president François Mitterrand was allegedly fearful that an RPF victory in French-speaking Rwanda would result in the country coming under the influence of a. the United States. b. Anglophones. c. Germany. d. China.
b. Anglophones.
What was the Bretton Woods system designed to prevent? a. The expansion of the gold to dollar standard b. Another Great Depression c. The sale of complex financial instruments called "derivatives" d. Speculation in the markets for both gold and silver
b. Another Great Depression
Where did the modern concept of individual human rights develop? a. United States b. Europe c. East Asia d. Oceania
b. Europe
What is the term for a separation of the world into civilized and uncivilized? a. Modernization theory b. Global North and Global South c. Standards of civilization d. Core-periphery relationship
b. Global North and Global South?
What force has made it more difficult for leaders to assert that national cultural norms are more important than global standards of behavior? a. Nationalism b. Globalization c. UN peacekeeping operations d. Religious fundamentalism
b. Globalization
Which UN organ has the responsibility to monitor human rights violations? a. Security Council b. Human Rights Committee c. High Commission of the Responsibility to Protect d. Commission on Human Rights
b. Human Rights Committee
Which term means the security of people, including their physical safety, their economic and social well-being, respect for their dignity, and the protection of their human rights? a. Natural rights b. Human security c. Humanitarianism d. Human rights
b. Human security
What concept asserts that there are common moral standards that govern all human relations and that these common standards can be discerned by the application of reason to human affairs? a. Common law b. Natural law c. Liberal account of human rights d. Human security
b. Natural law
37. What term is used to describe the acquisition of nuclear weapons by states? a. Nuclear proliferation b. Nuclearization c. Arms race d. Weaponization
b. Nuclearization
The Entebbe raid, which occurred in _______, freed passengers that anti-Israeli guerrillas held on hijacked aircraft. a. 2002 b. 1955 c. 1976 d. 1987
c. 1976
Roughly how many people have become what the United Nations calls "internally displaced persons" as a result of the Syrian civil war? a. Almost 900,000 b. 1.65 million c. 4.8 million d. Nearly 7 million
c. 4.8 million
The UNHCR reports that there are an estimated _______ people displaced by conflict around the world. a. 19 million b. 20 million c. 84 million d. 2 billion
c. 84 million
. _______ is the belief that no one is secure until all people are secure from threats of war. a. Common safety b. Collected security c. Common security d. Solidarist security
c. Common security
What is the idea that it is possible to improve the lives of people? a. Progress and development b. Standards of civilization c. Human development d. Economic development
c. Human development
What thinker pointed to the way in which the liberal position on rights stresses property rights to the advantage of the rich and powerful? a. G. W. F. Hegel b. Jeremy Bentham c. Karl Marx d. John Locke
c. Karl Marx
When did India and Pakistan cross the so-called nuclear threshold? a. August 1978 b. November 1992 c. May 1998 d. July 2004
c. May 1998
Genocidal violence has occurred in which of the following countries in the 1990s? a. Rwanda and Canada b. Bosnia and New Zealand c. Rwanda and Bosnia d. Kosovo and Germany
c. Rwanda and Bosnia
_______ is the use of military force by external actors to end a humanitarian threat to people within a sovereign state. a. Humanitarian intervention b. Rapid Response c. R2P d. Peacekeeping Force Deployment
a. Humanitarian intervention
What is the most common kind of conflict after 1991? a. Intrastate b. Extrastate c. Nonstate d. Refugee-driven
a. Intrastate
In what year was the term "weapons of mass destruction" coined and by whom? a. 1948, UN Commission for Conventional Armaments b. 1953, US President Eisenhower c. 2001, US President George W. Bush d. 1968, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
a. 1948, UN Commission for Conventional Armaments
The Black September group is most commonly associated with which event? a. 1972 Munich Olympics b. Palestine Liberation Organization's fight for control of Gaza in 2010 c. Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982 d. Afghanistan's first democratic elections, during the US-led occupation
a. 1972 Munich Olympics
. _______ is the notion that, until all people are secure from threats of war, no one is secure. a. Common security b. Security dilemma c. Cold War d. Balance of power
a. Common security
What convention saw the Great Powers accept an obligation to end the slave trade? a. Congress of Vienna 1815 b. Brussels Convention 1890 c. Hague Conventions 1907 d. Slavery Convention 1926
a. Congress of Vienna 1815
The International Criminal Court brought charges of genocide against President Omar al-Bashir because of actions in the _______ region of _______. a. Darfur; Sudan b. Kandahar; Afghanistan c. Kashmir; the Pakistan-India frontier d. Patagonia; Argentina
a. Darfur; Sudan
What document was instrumental in establishing the political practice of extracting charters of liberties? a. Magna Carta 1215 b. Royal Proclamation 1763 c. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 d. Port Huron Statement
a. Magna Carta 1215
Secular radicals who seek to create systems of governance that provide for basic human needs through violent means are called a. Marxist terrorists. b. anarcholiberators. c. atheistic terrorist networks. d. liberation theologists.
a. Marxist terrorists.
NATO intervened in Kosovo for reasons of national self-interest and for humanitarian purposes. The latter includes a. Milošević's violations of the norm of common humanity. b. the pressure caused by an influx of refugees. c. Serbia's violation of Kosovar state sovereignty. d. NATO's mutual defense pact with the people of Kosovo.
a. Milošević's violations of the norm of common humanity.
What type of terrorism seeks to kill as many outgroup members as possible? a. New/postmodern b. Secular c. Radical d. State
a. New/postmodern
What is the principle that external powers should not intervene in the domestic affairs of sovereign states? a. Nonintervention b. Democratic peace theory c. Sovereignty d. Indivisibility of territorial borders
a. Nonintervention
What state objected to the universalism of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948? a. Russia b. The United States c. Saudi Arabia d. Myanmar
a. Russia
A nineteenth-century European discourse about which values and norms made a country "civilized" or "uncivilized" was called a. Standards of Civilization. b. the Barbary Code. c. the Culture Club of Europe. d. the Progress of Refinement Ethic.
a. Standards of Civilization.
The International Criminal Court was established on July 1, 2002, with its headquarters in _______, although its proceedings may take place _______. a. The Hague, Netherlands; anywhere b. Rome, Italy; in The Hague, Netherlands c. Geneva, Switzerland; anywhere d. The Hague, Netherlands; only when the Secretary General authorizes a session
a. The Hague, Netherlands; anywhere
As opposed to national security, human security takes _______ as its focus. a. the individual b. the collective c. the sovereign d. groups
a. the individual
Booth contends that we may not be able to agree about what constitutes _______ but we can probably agree on what is _______. a. a human right; a human wrong b. intervention; not necessary in global politics c. Benthamite sovereignty; Hobbesian localism d. rectitude; integrity
a. a human right; a human wrong
At the 1995 NPT review conference, the signatories a. agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely. b. voted to ban Iran, North Korea, and Nauru from further meetings. c. could decide nothing; as a result, the meeting broke up in disarray. d. changed the name from NPT to NST, to recognize the changing global political situation.
a. agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely.
Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) include a. chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological weapons. b. atomic, or nuclear, weapons only. c. chemical weapons, nerve agents, and atomic weapons. d. any nuclear weapon and conventional bombs with a high enough explosive yield.
a. chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological weapons
State A sends its military to support State B's political structure and fight State B's non-state enemies. This is an example of a. counterinsurgency. b. counterterrorism. c. peace enforcement. d. hybrid warfare.
a. counterinsurgency.
Some counterterrorism experts believe that _______ is an important first step in stopping would-be transnational terrorists. a. diplomacy, including persuasion and various incentives to encourage foreign governments to suppress groups b. appeasement, because some things are not worth dying for c. cost-benefit analyses of the need to stop transnational groups d. the willingness to apply overwhelming force
a. diplomacy, including persuasion and various incentives to encourage foreign governments to suppress groups
The liberal feminist model of human rights seeks to a. extend the rights of men to women. b. extend the rights of all people extended to include transgendered people. c. create an entirely new paradigm of personhood. d. actively promote Bentham's model of person responsibilities and rights.
a. extend the rights of men to women.
The four justifications for invoking the Right to Protect (R2P) are a. genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. b. genocide, crimes against persons, ethnic cleansing, mass murder. c. genocide, sexual violence, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity. d. Genocide, use of WMD, ethnic cleansing, war crimes.
a. genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
Authoritarian states, theocracies, and democratic great powers tend to oppose a. human rights abuses. b. decolonization efforts. c. economic development programs. d. human rights conventions.
a. human rights abuses.?
The four kinds of terrorism are a. left-wing terrorism, right-wing terrorism, ethno-nationalist/separatist terrorism, and religious terrorism. b. religious terrorism, political terrorism, traditional terrorism, and postmodern terrorism. c. Christian terrorism, Jewish terrorism, Muslim terrorism, and Buddhist terrorism. d. nonstate terrorism, ethnic terrorism, state-sponsored terrorism, and transnational terrorism.
a. left-wing terrorism, right-wing terrorism, ethno-nationalist/separatist terrorism, and religious terrorism.
According to the United Nations, the punishment of genocide is a(n) a. matter for states to resolve outside the UN system. b. international concern. c. historical fact. d. uniquely Western European problem.
a. matter for states to resolve outside the UN system.
Some scholars assert the end of the Cold War changed the international system, creating a world in which domestic and international affairs are intertwined, national borders are permeable, and states have rejected the use of force for resolving conflict. This condition is often called a. postmodernity. b. global new alternate world. c. a phantasm, never likely to happen. d. post-structural realism.
a. postmodernity.
It is difficult to prevent suicide attacks when a person believes the promise of _______ offers more than _______. a. private goods; a public good b. money; fame c. fighting the enemy; simple martyrdom d. better weapons; the present situation
a. private goods; a public good
Al Qaeda and the Islamic State have _______ stages in their strategy to establish a global Islamic caliphate. a. seven b. ten c. five d. two
a. seven
NGOs contribute to human security by a. supplying peacekeeping forces to the UN. b. providing a channel for relief operations. c. replacing state governments' roles in humanitarian crises. d. taking a leadership role over IGOs.
a. supplying peacekeeping forces to the UN.
The term "Al Qaeda" translates to a. the Base. b. the Chosen. c. the Rooftop. d. the Watchtower.
a. the Base.
"Asian values," as a response to Western "human rights," places prime importance on a. the family. b. state rights. c. cultural rights. d. sovereignty.
a. the family.
he UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations noted in a 2000 report a. the need for more women as peacekeepers. b. the need for fewer women as peacekeepers. c. more peacekeepers from the P5 member-states. d. the need for aggressive intervention in the Maghreb region.
a. the need for more women as peacekeepers.
Terrorism is a. the use of violence to inspire fear in order to effect political change. b. the use of violence by any nonstate group. c. spreading fear through nonviolent means, like propaganda. d. practiced only by the weak.
a. the use of violence to inspire fear in order to effect political change.
Liberal or Grotian theorists encourage collective security as a means of a. enhancing cooperation. b. protection of the national interest. c. sharing resources. d. engaging in preventive war.
all of the above?
What is the term used for including nonmilitary matters in security studies? a. Widening Scholars b. "Securitizing" c. Broadening d. "Securifying"
b. "Securitizing"
In what year did the International Monetary Fund begin operations? a. 1929 b. 1947 c. 1966 d. 1995
b. 1947
Which generation of human rights focuses on social, economic, and cultural rights? a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth
b. Second
The _______ is a cooperative antiterror network made up of China and post-Soviet states. a. Authoritarian Antiterror Association b. Shanghai Cooperation Organization c. Sino-Soviet Pact d. Asian Continental Cooperative Organization
b. Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Which countries are NPT-declared weapons states? a. Israel, Iran, North Korea, and United Kingdom b. United Kingdom, France, United States, Russia, and China c. Australia, North Korea, Iran, and India d. India, China, France, and Cuba
b. United Kingdom, France, United States, Russia, and China
Economic explanations for terrorism rest on the assumption that a. all terrorists are recruited from poor families. b. a Western-dominated, globalized economy allows for great inequalities that must be remedied, possibly by violent means. c. governments break the social contract with their citizens by encouraging outsourcing. d. terrorists are motivated by material gains.
b. a Western-dominated, globalized economy allows for great inequalities that must be remedied, possibly by violent means.
The primary difficulty in realizing humanitarian impulses is a. the common humanity of all peoples. b. a lack of elite interest. c. the sovereignty of states. d. an overemphasis on environmental justice.
b. a lack of elite interest
A group of terrorists or intelligence operatives who remain dormant in a target country until ordered to carry out their mission is known as a. an undercover operation. b. a sleeper cell. c. a secret operation or "black-ops" group. d. a wake-up cell.
b. a sleeper cell.
When political power interests are disguised as humanitarianism, this can lead to a. forcible humanitarian intervention. b. abuse. c. murderous states. d. failed states.
b. abuse.
In Latin America, the South Pacific, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia, the trend has been toward a. nuclearization and militarization. b. denuclearization and nuclear-weapon-free zones. c. militarization and war. d. denuclearization and war.
b. denuclearization and nuclear-weapon-free zones.
Many _______ believe that construction of an open world economy is inevitable. a. constructivists b. globalists c. autarchists d. developmentalists
b. globalists
The globalization of commerce has a. encouraged a neorealist anti-terrorism movement sponsored by TNCs. b. improved terrorists' mobility. c. created a self-determination movement in the Third World sponsored by the United States. d. reduced terror attacks in capitalist countries.
b. improved terrorists' mobility.
Despite its _______, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the UN General Assembly in 1948 is, symbolically, _______. a. precise and binding rules; an artifact of a previous era b. non-binding status; the baseline for future human rights promotion c. precise and binding rules; the baseline for future human rights promotion d. declamatory status and; an artifact of a previous era
b. non-binding status; the baseline for future human rights promotion
The international community rarely acts on human rights cases unless _______ is engaged. a. the international community b. public opinion c. the Security Council d. the United States
b. public opinion
A powerful alliance of defense contractors that have a large degree of influence in politics would be most alarming to a. Marxist pacifists. b. radical liberals. c. neoclassical realists. d. liberal reformists.
b. radical liberals.
Second-generation human rights cover a. free speech, freedom of religion, and voting rights. b. social, economic, and cultural rights. c. the right to natural resources, the right to self-determination, the right to clean air, and the right to communicate. d. freedom from fear, freedom from want, and the rule of law.
b. social, economic, and cultural rights.
The belief that humans have inherent rights that the state has a responsibility to protect is called a. natural law. b. the liberal account of human rights. c. reductio ad absurdum. d. a progressive account of human rights law.
b. the liberal account of human rights.
Realist scholars often assert that states reject humanitarian intervention because states only pursue a. terrorists. b. their national interest. c. hegemony. d. viable resources.
b. their national interest.
What factor has most improved terrorist capabilities? a. Increased international sympathy b. Charismatic leadership (i.e., Osama bin Laden) c. Technologies associated with globalization d. Expanded recruitment base due to oppression and poverty
c. Technologies associated with globalization
The current human rights crisis that Rohingya refugees face is the result of which factor? a. The general lack of Human Capital Resources (HCR) to support the Rohingya b. The Rohingya are Buddhists living in a primarily Muslim country whose leaders are engaging in what is called "ethnic cleansing" c. The Rohingya are Muslims living in a primarily Buddhist country whose leaders are engaging in what is called "ethnic cleansing" d. Not enough "Nansen Passports" are available
c. The Rohingya are Muslims living in a primarily Buddhist country whose leaders are engaging in what is called "ethnic cleansing"
Which institution essentially controls whether R2P will be successfully invoked? a. ICJ b. UN General Assembly c. UN Security Council d. ICC
c. UN Security Council
According to the text, nuclear globalization caused a. the Antarctic Demilitarized Zone. b. the South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone. c. a regionally differentiated world. d. bans on the sale, ownership, or manufacturing of landmines and cluster bombs.
c. a regionally differentiated world.
The text says terrorism and globalization share one quality, which is that both a. began in 1972. b. rely upon media coverage. c. are open to subjective interpretations. d. have subjective definitions.
c. are open to subjective interpretations.
Using technology to hunt and track the enemy, sharing intelligence with other states, and targeting insurgent leadership with unmanned drones and covert operations are the components of a. counterinsurgency (COIN). b. counterintelligence (COINTEL). c. counterterrorism. d. counteroperations.
c. counterterrorism.
According to the Human Security Center, _______ might have caused a global decrease in armed conflict. a. fewer refugees b. UAV attacks c. growing democratization and economic interdependence d. the end of the war in Iraq
c. growing democratization and economic interdependence
Kofi Annan says that national sovereignty has to be weighed and balanced against _______ when considering intervention. a. international law b. the offending state's conduct c. individual sovereignty d. R2P
c. individual sovereignty
36. An aspect of globalization after the Cold War is the declining centrality of the state; this trend has created a. rapid fluctuations in the spot market for bullets, depleted Uranium munitions, and spare parts for aircraft. b. the need for a renewed interest in the European Commission. c. space for groups with subnational or pan-national agendas to act. d. an end to traditional methods of arms sales and transfers.
c. space for groups with subnational or pan-national agendas to act.
Two NGOs that provide specialized humanitarian assistance include a. the Red Cross and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). b. UNICEF and Doctors Without Borders. c. the International Committee of the Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières. d. UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and Oxfam. Answer:
c. the International Committee of the Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières.
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is sometimes called a. an arm of US foreign policy. b. the Karlsruhe Criminal Court, for the city where it is based. c. the court of last resort. d. weak, ineffective, and because it can only prosecute crimes committed before July 1, 2002.
c. the court of last resort.
Cultural explanations for terrorism focus on a. civic nationalism. b. liberation for individual values. c. threats to identity. d. reactions to the liberal international economic order.
c. threats to identity.
What are inalienable rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness? a. Universal rights b. Essential rights c. The Bill of Rights d. Human rights
c. unalienable rights
In recent conflicts, civilian casualties constitute _______ of deaths. a. less than 10% b. 20% to 25% c. 45% to 50% d. 80% to 85%
d. 80% to 85%
Protests and revolutionary uprisings that began in Tunisia in 2010 with a desire for more democratic political systems and more equitable economic systems collectively refer to the a. Arab Revolution. b. Middle East Uprising. c. Arab Awakening. d. Arab Spring.
d. Arab Spring.
In which internal conflict was R2P successfully invoked? a. Bosnia b. Rwanda c. Kosovo d. Libya
d. Libya
What is "the oxygen that sustains terrorism"? a. International drug trafficking b. Radical ideologies c. Poverty and oppression d. Media coverage
d. Media coverage
What is the word used to describe the dissemination and communication of terrorist ideology through various media? a. Propaganda b. Mobilizing c. Rhetoric d. Proselytizing
d. Proselytizing
What is required for human development? a. International intervention b. Moderate climate c. Access to the internet d. Societal participation, sufficient material resources for a decent standard of living, and education
d. Societal participation, sufficient material resources for a decent standard of living, and education
The Congress of Vienna states sought to ban which of the following? a. Mass termination b. Genocide c. Holocaust d. The slave trade
d. The slave trade
Rights written into a constitution are called _______ rights. a. state's b. human c. natural d. charter
d. charter
Freedom from want and freedom from _______ are the two competing paradigms of human security. a. constraints b. exploitation c. violence d. fear
d. fear
The _______, or mercantilist, tradition focuses on the ability of states to be economically independent, a condition often called "economic nationalism." a. Marxist b. constructivist c. protectionist d. liberal
d. liberal
The _______ became the dominant trade and financial system after the Cold War. a. transhumanist movement b. global liberalization regime c. mercantilist world order d. liberal economic order
d. liberal economic order
In nineteenth-century England, Richard Cobden was critical of traditional diplomacy but supported the norm of nonintervention because a. the norm had originated in France and like Edmund Burke, Cobden embraced ideas from the French Revolution. b. English radical liberals were opposed to ideas such as universal suffrage and ending poll taxes. c. the norm originated in Moghol India, a state with which the English government was seeking an alliance against Safavid Iran. d. moral arguments in support of interventions were motivated by power politics and mischief making.
d. moral arguments in support of interventions were motivated by power politics and mischief making.
The idea that humans have an essential nature that dictates that certain kinds of human goods are always and everywhere desired is called a. individual human rights. b. liberal account of human rights. c. humanitarian idealism. d. natural law.
d. natural law.
The theory of rights in the Middle Ages rested on the idea of a. clemency. b. royal privilege. c. common law. d. natural law.
d. natural law.
According to constructivists, the fundamental structures of international politics are _______ rather than _______. a. economic; political b. material; social c. social; political d. social; material
d. social; material
