POSI topic 1

Asian Americans emphasize ______ as a means of achieving upward mobility.

education

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about Blank______ percent are headed by women.

10

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

Which statement best describes the political engagement of most Asian Americans in the 1960s?

Asian Americans were not politically active to any great extent.

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

Catholics Asian Americans women

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in the early 1970s but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

True or false: The idea that "all men are created equal," as stated in the Declaration of Independence, has always been understood to include all people in the United States.

False, Even Thomas Jefferson, the author of the phrase and a slaveholder, did not believe that it had a precise meaning. The promise embodied in the phrase has bolstered civil rights movements to this day, however.

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

Which of the following are among the legacies of the practice of redlining?

Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites). Segregated neighborhoods still exist.

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against Black voters. It banned discriminatory voter registration practices.

In 1964, how did the federal government respond to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed the Civil Rights Act, which entitles all persons to equal access to public accommodations.

Within the past 10 years, Supreme Court decisions have expanded LGBTQ rights in which of the following ways?

LGBTQ people are now protected from job discrimination under the 1964 Civil Rights Act. LGBTQ couples now have the right to marry throughout the United States.

About half of all Hispanics in the United States were born in ______.

Mexico or have Mexican ancestry

Which of the following Native American nations have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Navajo Pueblo

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in Blank______.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County

Which of the statements below are true of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program?

The Trump administration's attempt to rescind the program was invalidated by the Supreme Court. The program was established by the Obama administration in 2012.

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

The average pay for women workers is only 82 percent of the amount earned by male workers. Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men.

Which of the following continue to impede progress toward equality for Black Americans?

The median net worth of households heading by retired African Americans is about 10 percent that of retired white people. About a fourth of African American children live below the poverty line. The jobless rate of African Americans is two times that of white Americans.

Which of the following statements are accurate representations of the Hispanic population in the United States?

Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college. Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average.

In 1972, Native Americans organized a caravan titled the Blank______ that journeyed from California to Washington, DC, to protest federal policy.

Trail of Broken Treaties

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. A state requires separate public bathrooms for Black and white people.

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

about one-third

A company that has a contract with the federal government to construct a road on federal land institutes policies that ensure that its hiring practices are fair and do not exclude members of minority groups. In this way, the company is complying with ______ requirements.

affirmative action

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law is ______.

almost always unconstitutional,

In the unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court found that segregated schools made Black students feel like they had Blank______ in the community and were thus "inherently unequal."

an inferior status

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to ______.

be college educated have a high median income

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

been foundational in legal decisions given moral strength to diverse movements inspired a hope for eventual equality

Among the laws giving women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting ______.

certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job

Which term refers to the rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments?

civil rights

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

What is "America's curse," according to the author of An American Dilemma?

discrimination

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned ______.

discrimination in public accommodations

In order to expand employment opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups, the federal government requires agencies and businesses that receive federal funds or contracts to ______.

establish policies aimed at ensuring that all job applicants are treated fairly

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which of the following are reasons for the higher death rate for Black Americans?

higher incidence of comorbidity factors such as hypertension higher housing density more limited access to medical care

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

poll taxes whites-only primaries literacy tests

Which of the following are current policy issues for Native Americans?

preserving their culture and languages preventing casino gambling from eroding tribal traditions obtaining economic self-sufficiency

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as Blank______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large Black populations.

redlining

In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court declared that "___________" but equal facilities do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

separate

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the Blank______ test.

strict-scrutiny

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of ______.

suspect classifications

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.

upheld

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians Blank______.

were an inferior people

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in Blank______.

winning elective office