Positive & Negative Reinforcements

Positive Reinforcement

(adding something) works by presenting or motivating/reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future

Positive Punishment

(adding something, add a negative consequence to decrease the behavior) works by presenting an aversive consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future. *involves adding an aversive consequence after an undesired behavior is emitted to decease future responses

Negative Reinforcement

(removing something,you are increasing the behavior) occurs when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased b/c of removing/avoiding the negative consequence. This should not be thought of as a punishment procedure

Negative Punishment

(take something away) happens when a certain reinforcing stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less often in the future *includes taking away a certain reinforcing item after the undesired behavior happens in order to decrease future responses

Give an example of positive reinforcemnt

-a mother gives her son praise (reinforcing stimulus)for doing homework(behavior) -a father gives his daughter candy (reinforcing stimulus) for cleaning up toys (behavior) -the little boy receives $5 (reinforcing stimulus) for every A he earns on his report card (behavior)

Examples of negative reinforcement

-Bob does the dishes(behavior) in order to stop his mother's nagging (aversive stimulus) -Natalie can get from the dinner table(aversive stimulus) when she eats 2 bites of her broccoli (behavior) -Joe presses a button (behavior) that turns off a loud alarm (aversive stimulus)

example of negative punishment

-a child kicks a peer(behavior), and is removed from his/her favorite activity(reinforcing stimulus removed) -a child yells out in class(behavior) loses a token for good behavior on his/her token board(reinforcing stimulus removed)that could have later be cashed in for a prize

example of positive punishment

-a child picks his nose during class(behavior) and the teacher reprimands him(aversive stimulus)in front of his classmates -a child touches a hot stove(behavior)and feels pain(aversive stimulus)

Punishment

is a process by which a consequence immediately follows a behavior which decreases the future frequency of that behavior like reinforcement, a stimulus can be added (positive punishment)or removed(negative punishment) *always remember that the end result is to try to DECREASE the undesired behavior

Reinforcement

is used to help increase the probability that a specific behavior will occur in the future by delivering or removing a stimulus immediately after a behavior (another way to put it is that reinforcement, if done correctly, results in a behavior occurring more frequently in the future)