Poultry Industries

turkeys categories

- bronze - narragansett - white holland - black - slate - bourbon red - small beltsville white - royal palm

what characteristics are most important to commercial egg producers?

- egg number and size - eggshell quality - efficiency of production - fertilization

geese

- embden - toulouse - white chinese - pilgrim

outcrossing

- mating unrelated breeds or stains - more adaptable to the modern broiler industry than to the egg-production industry, although it can be used to improve egg production

other management factors

- temp at 72

What is the appropriate ratio of toms to hens that is sufficient for attaining desired reproductive rates?

1:10

Replacement laying hens should be managed to reach puberty and begin laying eggs at _____ of age.

20 weeks

What is the incubation period for chicken eggs?

21 days

What is the incubation period for turkey eggs?

28 days

water requirements

3 foundation type waterers should be placed within the hover area

What is the primary purpose of placing litter on the floors of brooder houses?

Absorb moisture

what are the four major classes of chickens?

American, Asiatic, English, Mediterranean

Which of the following is concentrated in the southeast and south?

Broiler production

avian influenza

Caused by the pathogenic strain H5N1, has generated global pandemic concerns

What English breed of chicken is important to the U.S. broiler industry?

Cornish

Which of the following is most effective at moving population averages in lowly heritable traits?

Family selection

What problems may result from incubation temperatures that are too high or too low?

High temperatures speed the embryonic process and result in embryonic mortality or deformed chicksLow temperatures slow the embryonic process and cause mortality or deformed chicks

How should eggs be positioned in an incubator for good hatchability?

Large end up or in horizontal position

what mediterranean breed of chicken is of major importance to the US poultry industry?

Leghorn

Why is maintaining humidity near 60% important in hatching incubators?

Needed for optimum hatchabilityIs essential in reducing evaporation from eggs during incubation

Which of the following has the smallest population size?

Pedigree generation

hybrid chickens

Produced by developing inbred lines

What factors must be regulated during incubation of poultry eggs for hatching?

Temperature, humidity, position of eggs, turning of eggs, oxygen content, Carbon dioxide Content, Sanitation, Candling of Eggs

Why will hatchability be greatly reduced if eggs are not turned often enough during incubation?

The embryo becomes stuck to the shell membrane

What are the two critical periods for temperature regulation of hatching eggs?

The first through the fourth day, the last portion of incubation

true of false: The oxygen content of incubators should be maintained at 21%.

True

What three American breeds of chickens are important to the U.S. poultry industry?

White Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire

class

a group of birds that has been developed in the same broad geographical area

trap nest

a nest equipped with a door that allows a hen to enter but prevents her from leaving

humidity

a relative humidity of 60-65% is needed for optimum hatchability

insulation

accomplished by positive pressure, through which air is forced into the house to create air turbulence or by negative pressure with exhaust fans

oxygen content

air that surrounds the incubating eggs should be 21% oxygen by volume

ducks

are classified into many domestic breeds

floor space

availability of too much or too little floor space can adversely affect growth and efficiency of production

mass selection

best performing males are mated with best performing females

house preparation

brooder house should be thoroughly cleaned, disinfected, and dried several days before it receives young birds

feeder space

chick though feeders should be placed within the hover guard area or partially under

chickens

classified according to class, breed, and variety

Chickens are classified according to all of the following EXCEPT:

color

qualitative traits (chickens)

color, comb type, abnormalities, and sex linked characteristics

crossing inbred lines

development of inbred lines for crossing is used largely for increasing egg production

position of the egg

eggs are best hatched when incubated with large end (air cell) up

quantitative traits (chickens)

eggs production egg characteristics, growth, fertility, and hatchability

candling of eggs

examined by shining a light through each egg to see if a chick embryo is developing

moisture

excess house moisture, especially in cold weather can create uncomfortable environment

true or false: The incubation period for chicken eggs is 32 days.

false

performance targets

for profitable poultry productoin

sanitation

incubator must be kept as free of disease causing microorganisms as possible

variety

is a subdivision of a breed composed go birds of the same feather color and type comb

beak trimming

management practice used to reduce pecking, feather pulling, cannibalism, mortality, and chronic stress of layers

lighting requirements

manipulation of lighting is an important management tool to help control the growth rate of broilers (16 hours, 8 light, 8 dark)

turning of eggs

modern commercial incubators are quipped quirk time controlled devices that permit eggs to be turned periodically

strain crossing

more easily done than inbreeding and crossing inbred lines because it entails only the crossing of the 2 strains that possess similar egg-production traits

contract growing

offers farmers the opportunity to reduce market and production risk, gain market access, stabilize income, and gain access to technical and management innovation

housing system

production of poultry under free range condition is a viable option but without superior management and availability of a highly motivated labor force, increased mortality and reduced productivity may be experienced

temperature

proper temperature is probably the most critical requirement for successful incubation of chicken eggs

caruncle

red pinkish flesh like covering on the throat and neck with the snood over the beak

What is debeaking or beak trimming, and why is it performed?

reduce pecking, feather pulling, cannibalism, mortality, and chronic stress of layers

litter

should be placed int eh house when equipment is checked

turkeys

specific breeding cycle in the production of baby poults for distribution to growers who raise them to market weight

breed

subdivision of a class composed of birds of similar shape and size

how are breeds of chickens classified?

subdivision of a class composed of birds of similar shape and size

ventilation

system to provide adequate fresh air, aids in removing excess moisture, and is essential in maintaining a proper temperature within the house

family selection

system whereby all offspring from a particular mating are designated as a family, and selection and culling within a population of birds are based on performance level of the entire family

broodiness

the hen wanting to sit on eggs and hatch them

"Candling" an egg is a test of fertility.

true

true or false: Air cell up is the most desirable position for an egg during incubation.

true

true or false: Increasing cage space per hen typically increases egg production, increases egg weight, and reduces mortality.

true

true or false: It is vital to maintain the carbon dioxide content of incubators at or below .5% to maintain good hatchability of eggs.

true

true or false: The incubation period for turkey eggs is 28 days.

true

true or false: The oxygen content of incubators should be maintained at 21%.

true

induced molting

used to extend the productive life of herd to stimulate reproductive cycles

carbon dioxide content

vital that the incubator is properly ventilated to prevent excessive accumulation of co2 never exceeding 0.5%