Poultry Nutrition Exam#2 Dr. Bailey
T/F Fibrous proteins make up the fibrous tissues in the body.
True
T/F The real dietary need is for Amino Acids and not protiens
True
T/F Amino Acids can exist as D- or L-enantiomers (Isomers)
True
T/F Amino acid antagonisms usually occur between amino acids which are structurally related
True
T/F Glycoproteins typically contain about 4% carbohydrate.
True
T/F Nitrogen excretion appears to be directly related to the dietary protein contentration
True
T/F Protein concentration and Amino Acid concentration are directly related
True
T/F Protein concentration and amino acid concentrations are directly related
True
T/F Regression analysis can be used to estimate amino acid content based on protein content of specific ingredients.
True
T/F There is a negative relationship between the amino acid content of an ingredient and its crude fat content
True
T/F To avoid a potential Amino Acid antagonism between lysine and arginine, it is important not to let the dietary arginine concentration fall below the lysine concentration.
True
T/F Turkey litter tends to be higher in N than Broiler litter
True
T/F metabolizable energy values tend to go up as broilers get older
True
T/F some evidence suggests dietary protein can be reduced to as low as 11% without affecting egg production
True
T/F the most transient amino acid storage occurs in the muscles.
True
T/F Nitrogen from amino acids present in excess can be used to synthesize other non-essential amino acids.
True. Transamination is critical to efficient utilization of dietary nitrogen
Lipoprotein
Used in lipid bi-layers
Gompertz Equation
W=M x 2.718^-2.718
What is the disadvantage of the method of determining apparent protein digestibility?
It does not take into account endogenous "non-dietary protein" losses which show up in the feces as scuffed cells, bacteria, etc... underestimates true protein digestibility
what is the appx energy requirement (kcal/kg) for a broiler starter diet?
3100
How many pounds of nitrogen will be lost?
4 billion lbs
How much N does fresh broiler manure contain?
4%
In broilers, the age at which maximum growth is occurring is approximately...
41 days
What percentage of the protein should lysine be in a chicken diet?
5%
How many pounds of ammonia will be lost to the atmosphere annually?
600million-2 billion
Industry average Methionine content in dry crystallized calcium salt is
82.5% marketed as 86%
Alimet, or liquid MHA is equivalent to how much DL-Methionine?
88%
In birds, how many amino acids are considered non-essential?
9
in cottonseed meal, what is the Arginine and lysine content?
Arg. 85% Lys. 62.8%
Which amino acid is a precursor to Nitric Oxide?
Arginine
Which amino acid is required by chickens but not pigs?
Arginine
The overall roles of amino acids in protein are:
As a substrate for synthesis of proteins As a nitrogen source As a fuel source (in starvation)
What acids rise from the TCA cycle?
Aspartic acid and Glutamic Acid
Globular Proteins are...?
Large spherical structures with specific dynamic functions.
Structurally related aliphatic amino acids
Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine. These are potentially antagonistic.
Primary Protein Structure
Linear strings of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
What do fibrous proteins consist of?
Long chains of polypeptides and are linear in nature.
T/F D-Amino acids are never found in nature
False. L- Amino acids are not found in nature
T/F The PDI assay for soybean meal requires dissloving it in KOH
False. in Urease.
T/F Lysine is a gluconeogenic amino acid
False. it is Ketogenic
T/F The lysine-Valine antagonism is perhaps the most well known in poultry nutrition
False. lysine arginine
Tertiary Protein Structure
Folds of a peptide chain yielding a 3-D conformation
What does Protein mean?
From greek word "proteios" which means "of primary importance"
Quaternary protein structure
Groups of subunits of tertiary proteins
Some examples of globular proteins are:
Globulins, albumins, enzymes, histones
Which amino acid is closely associated with the production of uric acid?
Glycine
Semi-essential amino acids
Hydroxylysine, tyrosine,cysteine (cystine)
Where is Arginine an essential amino acid?
In birds but not in mammals
In addition to protein synthesis, what can protein serve as?
It can serve as a Methyl Donor in various biochemical reactions
Which D-Amino acid can be used by chickens almost as efficiently as the L-Isomer?
Methionine
Which amino acid has been shown to affect egg size in numerous research studies?
Methionine
What are the 5 limiting amino acids most likely to be missing in a feed?
Methionine, Lysine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Arginine
What is the first limiting amino acid for beds fed a corn and soy diet?
Methionine. The second is usually lysine or threonine
How an one determine crude protein concentration?
Multiply nitrogen content by 6.25
What can Niacin be synthesized from?
Niacin is a B vitamin that can be synthesized from Tryptophan
Examples of conjugated proteins are:
Nucleoproteins, Mucoproteins, Glycoprotein, Lipoprotein, Chromoproteins
When will gluconeogenesis occur?
Whenever there is a shortage of Glucose.
What is not likely to be used in a model to predict amino acid requirements of a laying hen
lighting schedule
Ketogenic Amino acids that are dietary essentials
lysine and leucine
What is L-Arginine a precursor to?
precursor to vascular Nitric oixide, a potent endogenous vasodilator which can improve blood circulation
What does ideal protein refer to?
refers to formulations based upon Lysine requirement. Methionine is 40% of the lysine concentration. Arginine is 105% of lysine concentration.
5 sacred crops
soybeans, rice, millet, barley, wheat
What is Selenocysteine?
the 21'st "standard" amino acid
What can most essential amino acids be replaced by?
the alpha-keto acid or analogue (The amine group of the amino acid is replaced with a hydroxyl group.)
Why is soybean meal heated?
to destroy trypsin inhibitors which would limit availability of trypsin.
Amino acids in proteins are _______ in nature?
"Stereoscopic" in nature, so that their shape determines their use in the body.
Nucleoproteins
(a protein nucleic acid complex)
Mucoproteins
(a protein polysaccharide complex)
Glycoprotein
(usually contain <4% CHO)
Urea contains how much ACTUAL protein
0%
Dynamic functions of Globular proteins:
1. to bind hormones and other important metabolites (some globular proteins are themselives peptide hormones) 2. Maintaining ph and osmotic pressure 3. Serve a role with respect to the immune function 4. break down nutrients during digestion (All enzymes are proteins)
What are the Essential Amino Acids? PVT TIM HALL
1.Phenylaline 2.Valine 3.Threonine 4.Tryptophan 5.Isoleucine 6.Methionine 7. Histidine 8.Arginine 9. Leucine 10. Lysine
In birds, how many Amino acids are considered nutritionally essential or indispensable?
10
How many broilers will be produced in the US this year?
10 billion
The whole egg has a biological value of....
100
how many pounds of manure will be produced?
100 billion pounds (10 lbs feed to make 6 lb broiler, 10 lbs of manure)
The average protein contains how much nitrogen?
16%
Laying hens should consume appx how many grams of protein per day?
17 grams
What is the protein requirement for a replacement Pullet Starter diet?
18%
when did soybeans reach the US?
1804 as shipping ballast on a yankee clipper ship
Rules of thumb for Methionine and Lysine content:
2 % methionine and 5% Lysine in the protein concentration.
How long can amino acids be stored by the liver
2-4 hours at best
What is the approximate crude protein value for Uric Acid?
208%
Approximately how many different amino acids can be found in a protein?
22
a typical starter broiler diet will contain appx how much percent protein?
22%
a typical starter turkey diet will contain appx how much percent protein?
28%
What is the appx energy requirement (kcal/kg) for a replacement pullet starter diet?
2800
In birds, how many acids are considered semi-essential?
3
What do chickens have to help convert D-isomers?
A Methionine Isomerase which can convert D-isomers to L-isomers with about 98% efficiency
What is used to measure if soybean heating was effective?
A urease assay can be used to test.
Liquid methionine Hydroxy Analog
Alimet by NOVUS is 88% methionine
What is an optimal diet?
An optimal diet consists of amino acids balanced with respect to the total protein in the diet.
In fresh litter, what percent of it is nitrogen?
Broiler: 4% Turkey: 8% Cage-layer manure: 1.5%
What amino acid might be used commercially to spare methionine?
Choline
what are some fibrous proteins?
Collagen elastin Keratin
What will all practical poultry feeds contain?
Crystalline methionine and sometimes crystalline lysine or threonine.
What two groups can protein functions be classified into?
Dynamic functions: chemical transporters, metabolic controlers and catalysis of chemical transformations. Structural Functions: formation of bone matrix, connective tissues, muscles and organs.
What does a Maillard or browning reaction indicate?
Epsilon group of lysine reacts with sugars such as glucose (reducing sugars give up electrons) Heat damaged proteins resist protease attack, significantly lowered bioavailability of lysine and possibly other amino acids as well.
T/F Fat is required in laying hen diets to achieve the required metabolizable energy
False
T/F Most enzymes are classified as fibrous proteins
False
T/F NRC requirements are based on "true digestibility" of amino acids.
False
T/F Proteins are composed of both L- and D- amino acids
False
T/F Methionine is said to "spare" cystine or Cysteine.
False, Cysteine spares methionine
T/F L-Lysine contains 100% lysine
False- contains 88%
T/F Lysine is both Ketogenic and Glucogenic
False- only ketogenic
T/F Methionine is always the first limiting amino acid for chickens.
False. It is usually the first limiting amino acid, but not always.
What should a nutritionist think about?
Optimizing over maximizing product output.
4 classifications of protein structures
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
What is the soybean processing solvent extraction process?
Raw soybean -->cracking rolls --> heaters at 115 F-10 min -->flaking rolls -->extraction tower 113F --> --> byproduct oil --> continues to driers 208F-10 min --> toaster 220 F-90 min -->cooler 10-20 min --> meal
What is the role of Threonine?
Required for lean tissue protein growth, Has a role in the Immune Function (a major component of gamma globulin serum antibodies) both glucogenic and ketogenic.
What limiting amino acid is Threonine?
The 2nd or 3rd limit amino acid in practical corn/soy feeds.
How is threonine produced?
Threonine is produced by a genetially engineered high lysine-producing strain of bacteria, Corynebacterium glutamicum. Can also be produced by genetically engineered E. Coli.
What can amino acids be deaminated for?
To supply carbon skeletons which may be converted to glucose
The process of converting mRNA into a protein is known as...
Translation
What can happen if soybean meal is overcooked?
a browning/maillard reaction can occur, indicating that lysine availability has been sharply reduced.
Secondary Protein Structure
a coiling of the primary amino acid chain in a regular pattern of folding within the peptide bonds. Hydrogen is responsible for stabilizing this shape
Serotonin is derived from what?
a neuro-mediator in the brain, derived from tryptophan.
What do conjugated proteins contain?
a non-amino acid prosthetic group such as a lipid or carbohydrate.
Maillard or Browning reaction
a process where excessive heat during ingredient processing or feed manufacture reacts and creates a brown color
What is uric acid?
a purine. It's synthesis involves the enzyme xanthine oxidase
carcass amino acid percent of protein for Lysine
about 10%
What is the BV (biological value) of an egg?
about 100
How is nitrogen from gluconeogenesis disposed of?
as Uric Acid
what is the ideal pH range for soybean meal?
between 0.05 and 0.2 is ideal
How is Apparent Protein Digestibility determined?
by subtracting the "protein" content of the feces from the protein content of the feed, then dividing by the protein content of the feed. (Pi-P0)/Pi x100
Amino Acid antagonisms...
can occur among amino acids that are structurally related. they may increase the requirement above what is normally needed for one or more amino acids.
Chromoproteins
contain a colored prosthetic group (ex. Blood)
in a urease assay, what does a pH change of >0.2 indicate?
underheated soybean meal
Kjeldhal Nitrogen Analysis is used to...
used to determine the "crude protein" content of a feed ingredient. based on the fact that the average protein is 16% nitrogen.
Oxidative Fermentation of Glucose to Lysine uses...
uses specialized microbial strains and converts 140 g/L of glucose to 56 g/L L-Lysine in 72 hours
