Practice Questions

Define cloud computing

"Cloud" can be defined as a set of hardware, networks, storage, devices, and interfaces that combine to deliver aspects of computing as service

What are the three basic steps in managing organizational change?

(1) Unfreeze - preparing people and the organization to break out of their current way of doing things; (2) Move - transition from the old to the new way of doing things; and (3) Refreeze - establish the new system as the way things are done.

A Structure Chart is a key document for designing programs and is used to show all the components of code in a hierarchical format

**True** or False:

What are the categories of potential adopters?

- 20-30%: Ready adopters - 20-30%: Resistant adopters - 40-60%: Reluctant adopters Ready adopters understand the system and are welcoming to the changes Resistant adopters are refusing the system and would not prefer to change the already implemented system Reluctant adopters are welcoming of the system but would rather not change from the previous system.

What is a business contingency plan?

- A plan to address how to keep business running smoothly even if the new system has errors or problems during the implementation.

Alpha vs. Beta Testing:

- Alpha Testing: When users test a system with made-up data - Beta Testing: When users test/use a system with real data and check for errors.

What are the basic principles of navigation design?

- Assume users have not read the manual, have not attended training, do not have external help readily at hand - All controls should be clear and understandable and placed in an intuitive location on the screen - Prevent mistakes - Simplify recovery mistakes - Use consistent grammar order (action-object, object-action)

What are the three primary hardware components of an application architecture?

- Client computers - Servers - Network

In a client-server architecture, which of the four software types usually resides on the client, which usually resides on a server, and which varies depending on the architecture chosen?

- Client: Presentation logic - Server: Data access logic and data storage - Varies: Application logic

In which of the 4 categories do you test non-functional requirements?

- Configuration Testing - Recovery Testing - Security Testing - Stress Testing - Performance Testing

What are the 5 common functions to test during unit testing?

- Create new item - Change item - Delete item - Display item - Find item

What happens during the design phase?

- Decide how to build the system - Refine and specify details of system requirements that describe all technical details for building the system

What are the three work areas for programming?

- Development area - Testing area - Production area

What are the three work areas for programming?

- Development area- Testing area- Production area

Direct conversion vs Parallel conversion

- Direct conversion: the new system instantly replaces the old - Parallel conversion: for a time both old and new systems are used simultaneously; the old is abandoned slowly as each new component is replaced one after another.

T/F: The project team can use its organizational power to motivate change as one of the political motivation strategies.

- False, it is usually the management who has organizational power.

What are the four basic functions of software? What are the three primary hardware components?

- Four basic functions of software 1. Data storage 2. Data access logic 3. Application logic 4. Presentation logic - Three primary hardware components 1. Clients 2. Servers 3. Network

What is a language prototype?

- It is an interface design prototype built in the actual language that will be used to build the system.

What are the different types of databases?

- Legacy, Relational, Object , Multidimensional, NoSQL

What are the benefits to outsourcing?

- Low cost to entry - Short set up time - Pay as you go model is often significantly cheaper for all but the frequent users.

Best practices for managing programmers

- Minimize the number of programmers - Projects requiring a large tam should be broken into a series of independent, smaller parts - Match programming tasks with programmer capabilities - When skills are deficient, apply mentoring and training

How should a screen layout be divided in order to improve usability?

- Navigation area (top) - Status area (bottom) - Work area (middle)

What is cloud computing? Can you name an example?

- On demand availability of system resources without making the user actively manage the data. An example is Google Drive.

What is the outsourcing acquisition strategy?

- Outsource a team of developers to build a system to your specs - In outsourcing acquisition strategy, a 3rd party team will build the whole system from scratch, or they purchase software for us, customize and install it.

What are the different types of prototypes?

- Paper sketches - Wire frame diagrams - HTML - Language

What are the most common methods of design prototyping?

- Paper sketches and wireframe diagrams

Best conversion strategies for high cost:

- Parallel - Simultaneous - Modular

What is Architecture Design?

- Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer.

What are sources of change requests?

- Problem reports from the operations group - Requests for enhancements from users - Requests from other systems development projects - Change requests from senior management

What are the sources of change requests?

- Problem reports from the operations group - Enhancement to the system from users - Other system development projects - Software or network change - Senior management

Name 2 keys things to consider when assigning programmers

- Projects requiring a large team should be broken into a series of independent smaller parts -minimize the number of progammers

· What is the methodology created specifically for the OO approach?

- Rational Software Corporation has created a methodology called the Rational Unified Process (RUP) specifically for following the OO approach to analysis, design, and implementation. - RUP emphasizes iterative, incremental development, and prototyping.

3 types of adopters

- Ready adopters - Resistant adopters - Reluctant adopters

What are the steps in change management?

- Revise management Policies - Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters - Motivate adoption - Enable people to adopt (training)

What are the key factors in selecting a conversion strategy?

- Risk - Cost - Time

What is SOPs from the management tools for supporting adoption?

- Standard Operating Procedures, it is used to adapt to the new system.

What is are examples of cloud computing?

- Storage over the internet, infrastructure, and delivery of software.

What are the 2 major groupings of UML?

- Structure diagram - Behavioral diagram

Testing Philosophy (Ensuring the system fulfills requirements)

- Testing helps ensure that the system performs as outlined in the specifications. - It is unwise to test spontaneously without an overall testing plan - Testing must be done systematically and results documented carefully

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

- The (navigation mechanism) provides the way for users to tell the system what to do - The (input mechanism) defines the way the system captures information - The (output mechanism) defines the way the system provides information to users or other systems

Advantages of Cloud Computing

- The resources allocated can be increased or decreased based upon demand -Cloud customers can obtain cloud resources in a straightforward fashion -Cloud services typically have standardized application program interfaces (API) -Allow customers to bill only for resources they use.

Why is usability the key driving factor behind good interface design?

- The system will be easy to learn, so a greater majority of people learn - Tasks are carried out more efficiently - There is a reduction in errors - People are more likely to adopt the system

T/F: The motivation strategy should focus more on the ready adopters than on the resistant adopters.

- True, resistant adopters are mostly unwilling to change.

What are the 5 steps in UI design process?

- Understand the Users - Organize the Interface - Define Standards - Develop Prototypes - Evaluation / Testing

What are the 5 steps in UI design process?

- Understand the Users - Organize the Interface - Define Standards - Develop Prototypes - Evaluation/Testing

What are the 5 steps in UI design process?

- Understand the users, organize the interface, define standards, develop prototypes, evaluation and testing

What are the 4 fundamental UML diagrams?

- Use case diagrams: The starting point - Class diagrams - Sequence diagrams - Behavior state machine diagrams

Definition of architecture design

- an important component of the design phase - describes the system's hardware, software, and network environment - flows primarily from the nonfunctional requirements, such as operational, performance, security, cultural, and political requirements. - the plan for how the information system components will be distributed across multiple computers and what hardware, operating system software, and application software will be used on each computer

Basic principals of navigation design

- assume users have not read the manual, have not attended training, do not have external help readily at hand - all controls should be clear and understandable and placed in an intuitive location on the screen - prevent mistakes - simplify recovery mistakes - use consistent grammar order (action-object, object-action)

Which of the following is not a principle of user interface design? - content awareness - aesthetics - consistency - convenience

- convenience

What is not a benefit of outsourcing? - no hiring expenses - flexibility - save time - low risk

- flexibility

In mobile application architecture, what is a rich client?

- involves processing on the mobile device using its resources (presentation, application, and data access)

What are key things to consider when assigning programmers?

- minimize the number of programmers - projects requiring a large team should be broken into a series of independent, smaller parts -matching programming tasks with programmer capabilities -when skills are deficient, apply mentoring and training

Three layout areas (see "Layout" slide from lecture)

- navigation area (top) - status area (bottom) - work area (middle)

What are the steps in Change Management?

- revise management - assess costs and benefit models of potential adopters - motivate adoption - enable people to adopt training

What are the three major components of a system?

- server, clients computer, and the network that connects them

What is an interface structure diagram (ISD)?

- shows how all screens, forms, and reports are related - shows how user moves from one screen to another

What is encapsulation?

- the combining of process and data into a single entity. - Each class can have both attributes and methods associated with it

Basic principles of input design

- the goal is to simplify and easily capture accurate information for the system - reflect the nature of the inputs - find ways to simplify their collection

What is the data access logic?

- the way you would retrieve the data stored such as through SQL - it is one of the four basic functions of software systems

Why should we focus on usability?

- to complete tasks efficiently and accurately - mistakes in the system will be reduced - user satisfaction increased - adopting the system is high

Categories of software testing

- unit testing -integration testing - acceptance testing - system testing

o What is an interface structure diagram (ISD)?

- used to show how all the screens, forms, and reports used by the system are related and how the user moves from one to another

What is the 3 clicks rule and which of the 6 user interface design principles does it correspond to?

- users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes - corresponds to the "minimize effort" user interface design principle.

What is an interface metaphor?

-A concept from the real world that is used as a model for the information system -Example: the desktop metaphor in modern operating systems like Windows and macOS.

Steps to Create the Physical Database Design?

-Add Primary keys -Add intersection tables for all many to many relationships -Add foreign keys -Add data types for all of the fields

Steps to Create the Physical DFD

-Add implementation references - Draw a human-machine boundary - Add system-related data stores, data flows and processes - Update data elements in the data flows

What are some examples of source data automation?

-Bar code readers/scanners -Optical character recognition -Magnetic stripe readers -Smart cards -RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags

What are the 5 Acquisition Strategy Selection Factors?

-Business Need -In-house experience -Project Skills -Project Management -Time Frame

Contingency plans help the business with what problems?

-Contingency plans help withstand relatively small problems with the new system so that major business disruptions are prevented.

What are the three acquisition strategies?

-Custom Development -Purchase Software package -Outsource Development

What are the three acquisition strategies? Under what circumstances would you choose each one? (ch7)

-Custom development (build from scratch) in-house -Purchase software package (and possibly customize it) --Install on our own computers, or --Obtain access from a software provider (SaaS) -Outsource development to the third party, who might --Build system from scratch for us, or Purchase software for us, customize and install it

What are the steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase? (ch7)

-Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) -Determine the technical architecture for the system -Address security concerns and globalization issues -Make hardware and software selections -Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) -Design the programs for the underlying processes -Design the way data will be stored The final deliverable of the Design Phase is the system specification.

What are the design phase steps?

-Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) -Determine the technical architecture for the system -Address security concerns and globalization issues -Make hardware and software selections -Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) -Design the programs for the underlying processes -Design the way data will be stored -Create final deliverable - the system specification

What are the three areas of a programmer's work area?

-Development area -Testing area -Production area

Steps to Create the Physical DFD?

-Draw a human-machine boundary -Add implementation references -Add system-related data stores, data flows and processes -Update data descriptions

· For which type of user should you focus on ease of use? For which type of user should you focus on ease of learning?

-Ease of use: Frequent users -Ease of learning: Infrequent users

T/F: After the project is implemented, the design had finished their task.

-False, there are also post-implementation activities that the design team needs to take into consideration.

When can RFI be appropriate?

-For projects with smaller budgets -To get general information about vendors' products and services

Categories of software testing

-Integration testing -System testing -Unit testing -Acceptance testing

What is the purpose of a Hardware and Software specification?

-It is used if new hardware or software must be purchased. -communicates the projects needs

Difference between logical and physical process models

-Logical process model: Don't contain any indication of how the system will actually be implemented when the information system is built; simply state what new system will do -Physical process model: Show implementation details & explain how the final system will work including references to Actual, specific technology Format of information through processes Human interaction involved withsystem

Interface metaphor example

-Many shopping platforms use "cart" -Microsoft uses "files" & "folders"

3 key mechanisms of the UI?

-Navigation -Input -Output

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface

-Navigation mechanism: provides the way for users to tell the system what to do -Input mechanism: defines the way the system captures information -Output mechanism: defines the way the system provides information to users or other systems

What are the three types of user documents

-Reference Documents -Procedure Manuals -Tutorials

What are the three types of User Documentation?

-Reference documents -Procedures manuals -Tutorials

What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ? What are their purposes?

-Request for proposal (RFP)- solicits proposal from vendor, developer, or service provider and explains the system to be built and criteria for selecting among applicants -Request for information (RFI)-a shorter and less detailed version of RFP -Request for quotation(RFQ)-used when you just need a price

What are the 4 steps of change management?

-Revise Management policies -Assess cost and benefit models of potential adopters -Motivate adoption -Enable people to adopt

The change management plan has four basic steps:

-Revising management policies -Assessing the cost and benefit models of potential adopters -Motivating adoption -Enabling people to adopt through training

What are the benefits of Benefits of Client-Server?

-Scalable -Can support different types of clients and servers. -The presentation logic, the application logic, and the data processing logic can be independent. -If a server fails, only the applications requiring that server are affected - highly reliable. -Drawbacks: more complex and reliant on network connections

What are four benefits when usability is the key concept?

-Tasks are completed more efficiently and with more accuracy -Mistakes with system are reduced -User satisfaction with new system is increased -Adoption of system is more likely

Physical DFD contains?

-The same components as the logical DFD -The same rules apply

5 steps of the UI Design process

-Understand the users -Organize the interface -Define standards -Develop prototypes -Evaluation/Testing

What are the four categories of testing?

-Unit testing -Integration testing -System testing -Acceptance testing

How can you minimize keystrokes?

-User input (entry) is slow and is prone to making errors -Use other methods to obtain information (lookups, dropdown lists, default values)

When a company should use a Packaged system rather than Custom developed?

-When the business need is common -Skills are not strategic -Time frame is short -The project has a project manager who can coordinate vendor's efforts. -In-house functional experience exists

Best practices for managing programmers

-assign programmers -coordinate activities -avoid costly mistakes

what are the best practices to manage programmers?

-assign programmers -coordinate activities -avoid costly mistakes

Program design means?

-creating instructions for the programmers.

What are the disadvantages of Modular Conversion?

-requires special care in developing the system -more expensive because it requires more programming -takes more time because the modules are introduced one after the other

security requirements

-system value estimates -access control -encryption and authentication -virus control

OO experts recommend that an object-oriented approach to developing information systems should be

-use case driven -architecture-centric -iterative and incremental

Elements of a Migration Plan

1 Prepare Business: select a conversion strategy / prepare a business contingency plan 2 Preparing the technology : install hardware, software and covert data 3. Preparing the people : Revise management policies, assess costs and benefit , motivate adoption, conduct training

How are physical DFDs created?

1) Add implementation references 2) Draw a human-machine boundary 3) Add system-related data stores, data flows, & processes 4) Update the data elements in the data flows 5) Update the metadata in the CASE repository

Steps to Create Physical DFDs

1) Add implementation references 2) Draw a human-machine boundary 3) Add system-related data stores, data flows, & processes 4) Update the data elements in the data flows 5) Update the metadata in the CASE repository

What are the three acquisition strategies?

1) Custom development (build from scratch) in-house 2) Purchase software package (and possibly customize it) 3) Outsourced development to third party

What are the four basic functions a software system can be divided into?

1) Data storage 2) Data access logic 3) Application logic 4) Presentation logic

What are the four basic functions of software?

1) Data storage 2) Data access logic 3) Application logic 4) Presentation logic

What are the two Conversion Styles?

1) Direct 2) Parallel

What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ? What are their purposes?

1) Request for proposal (RFP): a document that solicits a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider. Purpose: It describes in detail the system or service that is needed, and vendors respond by describing in detail how they could supply those needs. 2) Request for Information (RFI): a shorter and less detailed request for smaller projects with smaller budgets Purpose: It is a request that is sent to potential vendors to obtain general info about their products and services. It is used to determine which vendors have the capability to perform a service. 3) Request for Quote (RFQ)- a request only providing a price without any analysis or description of what is needed

List the steps in Change Management

1) Revise management policies 2) Asses costs and benefits models of potential adopters 3) Motivate adoption 4) Enable people to adopt

3 key factors that determine which combination of conversion strategy you select

1) Risk Seriousness of consequence of remaining bugs The introduction of a new system exposes the organization to risk associated with problems and errors that may impede business operations 2) Cost Various conversion strategies have different costs Parallel requires paying for 2 systems for a period of time Simultaneous requires more staff to support all locations 3) Time Amount of time required to convert between old & new system Parallel, phased, & modular require more time

What are the five types of documentation navigation?

1) Table of contents 2) Index 3) Text search 4) Agent search 5) Links between documents

What are the steps in change management?

1) revise management policies 2) assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters 3) motivate adoption 4) enable people to adopt through training

Describe the two steps to data storage design.

1)Data Storage Format: Chosen on the basis of requirements, there are two data storage formats such as filesand databases. 2)Processing Efficiency: Data access has to be fast enough to avoid and long term response and therefore process efficiency of data access is very important. These data formats must take into account type of data otherwise information could become difficult to access

What are the 4 steps of change management?

1)Revising management policies: provides goals, how operations should be carried out, how rewards should be handled 2)assessing the cost and benefits: feasibility analysis 3)motivating adoption: Providing clear need for change 4)enabling people to adopt through training

The 5 steps to creating a the Physical data flow Diagram.

1. Add Implementation Reference 2. Draw a Human-Machine Boundary 3. Add system-related Data Stores, Data Flows and Processes 4. Update the Data Elements in the data flows 5. Update the metadata in the computer-aided software engineering repository

What are the steps to convert the logical E-R Diagram to a physical database design?

1. Add a primary key for each table; 2.Create intersection tables for any many-to-many relationships; 3. Add foreign keys to represent all relationships; 4. List data types for each field; 5. Add any necessary system-related tables or fields

Five steps to create the Physical Data Flow Diagram:

1. Add implementation references 2. Draw a human-machine boundary 3. Add system-related data stores, data flows, and processes 4. Update the data elements in the data flows 5. Update the metadata in the computer-aided software engineering repository

What are the steps to create a physical data flow diagram?

1. Add implementation references. 2. Draw a human-machine boundary 3. Add system-related data stores, data flows, and processes. 4. Update the data elements in the data flows. 5. Update the metadata in the CASE repository.

What are the 5 steps to make a logical DFD into a physical DFD?

1. Add implementation resources 2. Draw a human-machine boundary 3. Add system-related data stores, data flows, and processes 4. Update the data elements in the data flows 5. Update the meta data in the CASE repository

Provide 2 examples of an interface metaphor.

1. Appointment system using a calendar metaphor 2. A money mgmt software using a checkbook

What is considered as an important post-implementation activity?

1. Assessing the project 2. Providing support 3. Providing maintenance

What are the steps to preparing the technology?

1. Buy and install any needed hardware 2. After installing, testing, and certifying hardware, install the softwares 3. Convert the data from the as-is system to the to-be system

What are the steps from moving from Logical to Physical Entity Relationship Diagram?

1. Change entities to tables or files - Beginning with the logical ERD, change the entities to tables or files and update the metadata. 2. Change attributes to fields - Convert the attributes to fields and update the metadata. 3. Add primary keys - Assign primary keys to all entities. 4. Add foreign keys - Add foreign keys to represent the relationships among entities. 5. Add system-related components - Add system related tables and fields.

In a client-server architecture, which of the four software types usually resides on the client, which usually resides on a server, and which varies depending on the architecture chosen?

1. Client-server architectures balance the processing between client devices and one or more server devices. 2. Generally, clients are responsible for the presentation logic 3. The server(s) are responsible for the data access logic and data storage. 4. Application logic location varies depending on the C-S configuration chosen.

What are the six different types of validation checks?

1. Completeness check 2.format check 3.range check 4.check digit check 5.consistency check 6.database check

What are the three acquisition strategies?

1. Custom Development 2. Packaged Software 3. Outsourcing

What are the three acquisition strategies? List them.

1. Custom Development 2. Purchase Software Package 3. Outsource

What are the three acquisition strategies? Under what circumstances would you choose each one?

1. Custom Development (develop a custom application in-house) This strategy is chosen when the developers cannot find a packaged solution that is capable of meeting the project requirements and custom development is the only viable solution · Pros: get exactly what you want, new system built consistently with existing technology and standards, build and retain technical skills and functional knowledge in-house, allows team flexibility and creativity, unique solutions created for strategic advantage · Cons: Requires significant time and effort, may add to existing backlogs, may require skills we do not have, often costs more, often takes more calendar time, risk of project failure 2. Packages (buy a packaged system and possibly customize it) Many business needs are not unique and it makes little sense to reinvent the wheel so many organizations buy packaged software that is already written rather than developing their own. · Pros: no need to reinvent the wheel for common business needs, tested and proven product, cost savings, time savings, utilize vendors expertise, some customization may be possible · Cons: rarely a perfect fit, organizational processes must adapt to software, reliance on vendor for maintenance and future enhancements, will not develop in-house functional and technical skills, unique needs may go unmet, may require system integration 3. Outsourced Development (Rely on an external vendor, developer, or service provider to build or provide the system) This strategy requires the least in-house resources · Pros: hire experts we do not have, may save time and money, lower risk · Cons: no opportunity to build in-house expertise, reliance on vendor, future options limited, security (potential loss of confidential info), performance based on contract terms

What are the three acquisition strategies? Under what circumstances would you choose each one?

1. Custom Development - building a new system from scratch, it's the best way to create a system. Teams have complete control over the way the system looks and functions 2. Packaged Software - many business needs are not unique and because it makes little sense to reinvent the wheel, many organizations buy purchased software that has already been written, rather than developing their own custom solution 3. Outsourcing - Acquisition that requires at least in-house resources, which means hiring an external vendor, developer, or service provider to create or supply the system. It has become quite popular over the past years.

What are the three acquisition strategies?

1. Custom development 2. Purchase software package 3. Outsource development

What are the three acquisition strategies?

1. Custom development in-house 2. Purchase software package 3. Outsource development to 3rd party

What are the three acquisition strategies ?

1. Custom development in-house 2. Purchase software package 3. Outsource development to third party

What are the four basic functions of software?

1. Data Storage 2. Data Access Logic 3. Application Logic 4. Presentation Logic

What are the 4 basic functions of software?

1. Data Storage 2. Data Access Logic 3. Presentation Logic 4. Application Logic

What are the four approaches to integration testing?

1. Data flow testing. 2. System interface testing. 3. User interface testing. 4. Use scenario testing.

What are 4 basic ways the software systems can be divided into?

1. Data storage. 2. Data access logic: the processing required to access stored data. 3. Application logic: the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements. 4. Presentation logic: the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands.

What are the steps in the design phase?

1. Determine preferred system acquisition strategy 2. Design architecture for system 3. Make hardware/software selections 4. Design system navigation, inputs, outputs 5. Convert logical process models to physical 6. Update CASE repository 7. Design programs that will perform the system processes 8. Convert logical data model to physical 9. Update CASE repository with additional system details 10. Revise CRUD matrix 11. Design data storage 12. Compile final system specification (which is also the final deliverable)

What are the steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

1. Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) 2. Determine the technical architecture for system 3. Address security concerns and globalizations issues 4. Make hardware and software selections 5. Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) 6. Design the programs for the underlying processes 7. Design the way data will be stored 8. Create final deliverable: the system specification

What are the steps of the design phase?

1. Determine system aqcuisition strategy (make, buy, outsource)2. determine technical architecture for the system3. address security concerns and globalization issues 4. make hardware and software selections5.determine how users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, outputs)6. design the programs for the underlying processes.7. design the way data will be stored8. create final deliverable (system specification)

What are the steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

1. Determine the acquisition strategy on whether to Make, Buy or Outsource 2. Determine the technical architecture of the system 3. Address security concerns and globalization issues 4. Make Hardware and Software selection based on the requirements 5. Determine the user interaction with the system in terms of interface, input, and output 6. Design the program for underlying processes 7. Design the way data will be stored (ER) Finally create the final deliverable (System specification)

What are the first 4 steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

1. Determine the preferred system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) 2. Design the architecture for the system 3. Make the hardware and software selections 4. Design system navigation, inputs, and outputs

What are the three acquisition strategies?

1. Develop a custom application in house 2. Packaged Software 3. Outsourcing development

What are the three work areas for programming?

1. Development Area 2. Testing Area 3. Production Area

What are the three work areas for programming?

1. Development area 2. Testing area 3. Production area

What are the three work areas for programming?

1. Development areas 2. Testing Areas 3. Production Areas

What are the steps to create the Physical DFD?

1. Draw a human-machine boundary 2. Add implementation references 3. Add system-related data stores, data flows and processes 4. Update data descriptions and metadata in the CASE repository

What are the steps to create a physical DFD?

1. Draw a human-machine boundary 2. Add implementation references 3. Add system-related data stores, data flows and processes E.g., backups, exceptions, audit trails, etc. 4. Update data descriptions and metadata in the CASE repository

What are the four steps to Create Physical DFD?

1. Draw a human-machine boundary 2. Add implementation references 3. Add system related data stores, data flows and processes 4. Update data descriptions and metadata in the CASE repository

Name the TWO major architectural components

1. Hardware (Physical) 2. Software (Virtual)

What are the 3 major forms of interface design prototyping, with interface evaluation?

1. Heuristic Evaluation 2. Walk-Through Evaluation 3. Interactive Evaluation

What are the 4 significant PRO(s) for outsourcing development?

1. Hire expertise we don't have 2. May save time and money 3. Lower risks 4. Some consultants specialize in systems integration

When implementing a conversion strategy, what aspects of introducing the system must you consider?

1. How abruptly the change is made (conversion style) 2. The organizational span of the introduction (conversion locations) 3. The extent of the system that is introduced (conversion modules)

The 3 major step when creating a structure chart.

1. Identify Modules and Levels 2. Identify Special Connections 3. Add Couples

What are the steps in creating a Use Case Diagram?

1. Identify use cases. 2. Draw the system boundary. 3. Place the use cases on the diagram. 4. Identify the actors. 5. Add association relationships.

What are the two types of motivational strategies?

1. Informational - aims to convince adopters that change is necessary, through clear and convincing evidence 2. Political - uses organizational power to motivate change

Definitions of the 6 principles of user interface design

1. Layout 2. Content awareness 3. Aesthetics 4. Usage level 5. Consistency 6. Minimize user effort

What are the 6 principles of user interface design?

1. Layout (of screen/form/report) 2. Content awareness 3. Aesthetics 4. Usage level 5. Consistency 6. Minimize user effort

5 types databases used are?

1. Legacy Databases 2.Relational Databases 3. Object Databases 4. Multidimensional Databases 5. NoSQL Databases

What are the four cultural and political requirements in architecture design?

1. Multilingual Requirements 2. Customization Requirements 3. Making unstated norms explicit 4. Legal Requirements

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

1. Navigation 2. Input 3. Output

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

1. Navigation Mechanism 2. Input Mechanism 3. Output Mechanism

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface and what do they provide?

1. Navigation Mechanism: provides the way for users to tell the system what to do 2. Input Mechanism: defines the way the system captures information 3. Output Mechanism: defines the way the system provides information to users or other systems

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

1. Navigation mechanism 2. Input mechanism 3. Output mechanism

What three fundamental parts does user interface include?

1. Navigation mechanism 2. Input mechanism 3. Output mechanism

What are the 5 significant CON(s) for outsourcing development?

1. No opportunity to build in-house expertise 2. Reliance on vendor 3. Future options limited 4. Security potential loss of confidential information 5. Performance-based on contract terms

What strategies should you follow to minimize risk?

1. Parallel conversion style 2. Pilot conversion location 3. Conversion by modules

What are the different types of conversion locations?

1. Pilot Conversion 2. Phased Conversion 3. Simultaneous Conversion

What are the three types of conversion locations?

1. Pilot Conversion 2. Phased Conversion 3. Simultaneous Conversion

What are the basic elements of a migration plan?

1. Preparing the Business 2. Preparing the Technology 3. Preparing the People

What are the three elements of a Migration Plan?

1. Preparing the Business 2. Preparing the Technology 3. Preparing the People

What are the three elements of the Migration Plan?

1. Preparing the Business 2. Preparing the Technology 3. Preparing the People

The migration plan focuses on preparing 3 key elements for the implementation of the system. What are these 3 key elements?

1. Preparing the people 2. Preparing the organization 3. Preparing the technology

The migration plan focuses on preparing 3 key elements for implementation of the system. What are the elements?

1. Preparing the people 2. Preparing the technology 3. Preparing the organization

What are the three acquisition strategies? Under what circumstances would you choose each one?

1. Purchase/buy pre-packaged software: used when there is a common business need; in-house functional experience exists; the skills are not strategic; the project has a project manager who can coordinate vendor's efforts; and when the time frame is short. 2. Outsourcing: used when the business need is not core to the business; in-house functional or technical experience does not exist; the decision to outsource is a strategic decision; the project has a highly skilled project manager; the time frame is short or flexible; want to hire experts. 3. Custom development/make: used when the business need is unique; in-house functional and technical experience exists; there is a desire to build in-house skills; the project has a highly skilled project manager and the time frame is flexible.

What are the three types of user documentations?

1. Reference Documents 2. Procedures Manuals 3. Tutorials

What are three types of documentation?

1. Reference documents 2. Procedures manuals 3. Tutorials

What are the steps in change management? (post-implementation)

1. Revise management policies 2. Assess cost and benefit models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt (training)

What are the 4 steps of change management?

1. Revise management policies 2. Assess costs & benefits models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt

What are the 4 steps to change management?

1. Revise management policies 2. Assess costs and benefit models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt

4 steps of change management

1. Revise management policies 2. Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt (training)

Steps in Change Management?

1. Revise management policies 2. Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt (training)

What are the 4 steps of change management?

1. Revise management policies 2. Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt (training)

What are the 4 steps of change management?

1. Revise management policies 2. Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters. 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt

What are 3 key factors that should be considered when choosing a combination conversion strategy?

1. Risk: Seriousness of consequences of remaining bugs 2. Cost: Parallel requires paying for two systems for a period of time&simultaneous requires more staff to support all locations 3. Time:Parallel, phased, and modular require more time

What are the four key strengths of online documentation?

1. Searching for information by using keywords is simple. 2. The same information can be presented in several different formats. 3. The user can interact with the document in more ways than with paper documents. 4. It's less expensive to update and distribute than paper.

What are the three performance requirements in architecture design?

1. Speed Requirements 2. Capacity Requirements 3. Availability and Reliability Requirements

What are the three key roles in any major organizational change?

1. Sponsor of the change 2. Change agent 3. Potential adopter

What are the four security requirements in architecture design?

1. System Value Estimates 2. Access Control Requirements 3. Encryption and Authentication Requirements 4. Virus Control Requirements

2 types of documentation?

1. System documentation - Intended to help programmers and analysts understand and maintain the system after it is installed. 2. User documentation - Intended to help users operate the system.

What are the five types of documentation navigation?

1. Table contents 2. Index 3. Text search 4. Agent search 5. Links between documents

What are 5 types of documentation navigation controls

1. Table of Contents: organizes the information in a logical form 2. Index: provides access into the topics via important keywords 3. Text Search: provides the ability to search through the topics either for any text the user types 4. Systems provide the ability to use an intelligent agent to help in the search 5. Navigation control to topics are the Web-like links between topics that enable the user to click and move among topics

What the Types of Documentation Navigation

1. Table of contents 2. Index 3. Text search 4. Agent search 5. Links between documents

What are the four operational requirements in architecture design?

1. Technical Environment Requirements 2. System Integration Requirements 3. Portability Requirements 4. Maintainability Requirements

What is the basic difference between a logical and physical DFD? 1. The physical DFD contains additional details that describe how the system will be built. 2. The Logical DFD contains additional details that describe how the system will be built.

1. The physical DFD contains additional details that describe how the system will be built.

Usability encompasses what two concepts?

1. The system is easy to use 2. The system is easy to learn

Define the 5 steps in User Interface design process.

1. Understand the Users 2. Organize the Interface 3. Define Standards 4. Develop Prototypes 5. Evaluation / Testing

5 steps in the UI design process?

1. Understand the Users 2. Organize the Interface 3. Define Standards 4. Develop Prototypes 5. Evaluation/Testing

What are the 5 steps in UI design process?

1. Understand the Users: By defining the person in terms of interest, typical behaviors, goals and objectives, and expectations, the analyst can plan for a user interface that will be satisfying for that particular user group + Use Scenario: An outline of the steps that the users perform to accomplish some part of their work + DFDs 2. Organize the Interface: The interface structure defines the basic components of the interface and how they work together to provide the functionality to users + Interface Structure Diagram (ISD): used to show how all the screens, forms, and reports used by the system are related and how the user moves from one to another 3. Define Standards: basic design elements that are common across the individual screens, forms, and reports within the system. + Interface Metaphors + Interface Objects and Actions + Interface Icons + Interface Templates 4. Develop Prototypes: a mock-up or simulation of a computer screen, form, or report. It is prepared for each interface in the system to show the users how the system will perform and the programmers what to develop. + Defining the look + Defining the flow 5. Interface Evaluation/Testing: Objective is to understand how to improve the interface design

What are the 5 steps in the UI design process?

1. Understand the users 2. Organize the interface 3. Define Standards 4. Develop Prototypes 5. Evaluation/Testing

What are the 5 steps in the UI design process?

1. Understand the users 2. Organize the interface 3. define standards 4. develop prototypes 4. Evaluation/Testing

What are the 5 steps in UI design process?

1. Understand the users 2. Organize the interface 3. Define standards 4. Develop prototypes 5. Testing

Four most effective UML Models

1. Use Case Diagram 2. Class Diagram 3. Sequence Diagram 4. Behavioral State Machine Diagram

What are the five steps in UI design process?

1. Use Scenario development simple narrative description describing only the common use of the system 2. Structure Designdefine basic component of interface uses interface structure diagram 3. Standards Designbaisc design elements common across the individual screen, forms ensure consistency of interface across the system 4. Design Prototyping simulation of interfacestoryboardHTMP prototype language prototype 5. Evaluation perform evaluation before the system is build identifying design problems

What are the 4 basic functions of software?

1. data storage 2. data access logic- processing required to access stored data 3. application logic- logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements 4. presentation logic- display of info to user

List the steps to create a physical DFD.

1. draw a human-machine boundary 2. add implementation references 3. add system-related data stores/flows, and processes

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

1. navigation mechanism: allows users to tell system what to do 2. input mechanism: defines how system captures info 3. output mechanism: defines how system provides info to users and other systems

what are the steps in change management?

1. revising management policies 2. assess costs and benefits of change 3. motivation adoption 4. training

What are the 5 steps in UI design process?

1. understand the users 2. organize the interface 3. define standards 4. interface design prototyping 5. evaluation methods

What are the three steps for the model for managing organizational change developed by Kurt Lewin argued that change is a three-step process?

1. unfreeze 2. move 3. refreeze

What are the three primary hardware components?

1.) Client computer 2.) Servers 3.) Network

What are the four basic functions of software?

1.) Data storage 2.) Data access logic 3.) Application logic 4.) Presentation logic

What are the steps of the design phase and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

1.) Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) 2.) Determine the technical architecture for the system 3.) Address security concerns and globalization issues 4.) Make hardware and software selections 5.) Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) 6.) Design the programs for the underlying processes 7.) Design the way data will be stored · Final deliverable of the design phase is System Specification

What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ? What are their purposes?

1.) Request for Proposals (RFP) is a document soliciting a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider. This describes in detail the system or service that is needed, and vendors respond by describing in detail how they could supply those needs. It includes the following: -Description of the desired system -Special technical needs or circumstances -Evaluation criteria -Instructions on how to respond -Desired schedule -Other information that will help the submitter to make a more complete or accurate proposal 2.) Request for Information (RFI) is for smaller projects with smaller budgets. Used to get general information and to see which vendor has the capabilities to perform that service. It is often then followed up with an RFP to the qualified vendors. 3.) Request for Quote (RFQ) is used when you just need the price. For example, if 20 long-range RFID tag readers are needed from the manufacturer on a certain date at a certain location, the RFQ can be used.

What are the 4 fundamental UML Diagrams?

1.) Sequence Diagram (created for every use case) 2.) Class Diagram 3.) Use Case Diagram 4.) Behavioral State Machine Diagram

What are the 5 steps in UI design process?

1.) Understand the Users 2.) Organize the Interface 3.) Define Standards 4.) Develop Prototypes 5.) Evaluation/Testing

What are steps of the design phase?

1.Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) 2.Determine the technical architecture for the system 3.Address security concerns and globalization issues 4.Make hardware and software selections 5.Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) 6.Design the programs for the underlying processes 7.Design the way data will be stored 8.Create final deliverable - the system specification

What are three fundamental parts of most user interfaces?

1.Navigation mechanism - the way the user gives instructions to the system and tells it what to do. 2.Input mechanism - the way in which the system captures information. 3.Output mechanism - the way the system provides information to the user or to other systems

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

1.Navigation mechanism- the way the user gives instructions to the system and tells it what to do. 2.Input mechanism- the way in which the system captures information. 3.Output mechanism- the way in which the system provides information to the user or to other systems.

What are the four steps of change management?

1.Revise management policies 2. Assess costs & benefits models of potential adopters 3. Motivate adoption 4. Enable people to adopt

What steps must be taken to convert a logical ERD to a physical ERD?

1: Change Entities to Tables or Files 2: Change Attributes to Fields 3: Add Primary Keys 4: Add Foreign Keys 5: Add System-Related Components

Q3. What kind of Acquisition strategy should use if the business need is common? 1. Custom Development 2. Packaged System 3. Outsourcing 4. Hybrid system

2. Packaged System

What is the percentage of potential adopters (users) that will be ready adopters, resistant adopters, and reluctant adopters.

20% - 30% for ready adopters, 20-30% for resistant adopters, 40-60% for reluctant adopters,

Categories of potential adopters

20-30% Ready adopters 20-30% Resistant adopters 40-60% Reluctant adopters

What is the different percentages of potential adopters?

20-30%: ready and resistant adopters 40-60%: reluctant adopters

What type of adopters are potential adopters most generally? 1. Ready Adopters 2. Resistant Adopters 3. Reluctant Adopters

3

Which is not one of the 4 sources of change requests? 1. Problem reports from the operations group 2. Requests for enhancements from users 3. Requests from system supplier 4. Requests from other systems development projects 5. Change requests from senior management

3

What are the three elements that make up the preparing the technology part of the migration plan? 1. Install the hardware, install software and conduct training 2. Install the hardware, motive adoption and conduct training 3. Install the hardware, Install software and covert data 4. Select a conversion strategy, convert data and conduct training

3. Install the hardware, Install software and covert data

Who provides outsourcing?

3rd party

o What are the four basic functions of software? What are the three primary hardware components?

4 basic function software: Data storage Data Access Logic Application logic Presentation Logic 3 primary hardware components: Client Computer Server Network

What are the four basic functions of software? What are the three primary hardware components?

4 basic functions of software - Data storage. - Data access logic: the processing required to access stored data. - Application logic: the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements. - Presentation logic: the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands. 3 primary hardware components - Client computers: Input-output devices employed by users (e.g., PCs, laptops, handheld and mobile devices, smart phones) - Servers: Larger multi-user computers used to store software and data. - Network: Connects the computers.

How many types of Prototypes are commonly used?

4 of them. Paper sketches, wireframe diagrams, HTML protoype and language protoype

All of the following are types of documentation navigation EXCEPT? 1) Table of Contents 2) Index 3) Text Search 4) Appendix 5) Links between documents

4) Appendix

What are the three elements of a conversion strategy? 1. Conversion Style (Direct, Parallel)2. Conversion Locations (Pilot, Phased, Simultaneous) 3. Conversion Modules (Whole, Module) 4. All of above

4. All of above

What are the three steps of migration plan? 1. Preparing the Business 2. Preparing the Technology 3. Preparing the People 4. All of above

4. All of above

Q2. Which of the following is not an example of a performance requirement? 1. Response times must be less than 7 seconds. 2. The system should be available 24/7. 3. There will be a maximum of 10 users at peak use times. 4. Mobile customers will access the system using the browser on the mobile device.

4. Mobile customers will access the system using the browser on the mobile device.

What percentage of potential adopters are reluctant?

40-60%

What are the last 4 steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

5. Convert logical process model to physical process model 6. Update CASE repository with additional system details 7. Design the programs that will perform the system processes 8. Compile final system specification

How many conversion strategies did we go over in lecture?

7; Direct Conversion, Parallel Conversion, Pilot Conversion, Phased Conversion, Simultaneous Conversion, Whole-System Conversion and Modular Conversion

What is a thin client?

A client that contains just a small portion of the application logic.

What is an interface metaphor?

A concept from the real world that is used as a model for an information system helps the user to understand the system and enables the user to predict what features the interface might provide even without actually using the system

What is an Interface metaphor:

A concept from the real world that is used as a model for the information system. e-commerce sites will use the retail shopping cart as the metaphor

What is a business contingency plan?

A contingency plan is a plan devised for an outcome other than in the usual (expected) plan. It is often used for risk management when an exceptional risk that, though unlikely, would have catastrophic consequences

What is a value-added contract?

A contract that benefits the outsourcer via compensation from completed system's benefits.

What is a fixed-price contract?

A contract that has a fixed price, where the outsourcer absorbs all extra costs. This means clear upfront definitions and little flexibility.

A ___________ is a higher-level component that contains the logic for performing other modules, and the components that it calls and controls are considered ___________.

A control model is a higher-level component that contains logic for performing other modules, and the components that it calls and controls are considered subordinate modules.

What is a data file?

A data file contains an electronic list of information that is formatted for a particular transaction, and the information is changed and manipulated by programs that are written for those purposes.

Data store

A data store is a repository for persistently storing and managing collections of data which include not just repositories like databases, but also simpler store types such as simple files, emails etc. A database is a series of bytes that is managed by a database management system (DBMS).

What is the definition of a database?

A database is a collection of groupings of information that are related to each other in some way (through common fields).

What is an Alternative Matrix?

A document that organizes the pros and cons of design alternatives.

What type of line is drawn to show the human machine boundary in a physical DFD?

A dotted line represents the human machine boundary

What is an example of an input mechanism?

A form for adding a new customer

What is a language prototype?

A language prototype is an interface design prototype built in the actual language or by the actual tool that will be used to build the system.

What is a Thick Client?

A modern operating system and general productivity applications to accomplish most tasks

Which acquisition strategy should be used when the time frame is short and the business need is common?

A packaged system

What is a business contingency plan?

A plan in case something goes wrong during conversion. Stops minor issues turning into major issues.

What is a business contingency plan?

A plan that addresses how to keep a business running smoothly even if the new system has errors or problems during implementation

What is a business contingency plan?

A plan to address how to keep business running smoothly even if the new system has errors or problems during implementation.

What is the purpose of a business contingency plan?

A plan to address how to keep business running smoothly if there is a technical glitch during transition to a new system.

What is Language prototype

A prototype using the programming language the final product will be coded in

In mobile architecture, what is a rich client and what is a thin Web-based client?

A rich client has presentation logic, application logic, and data access logic on the client side and involves processing on a mobile device. A thin client has the application and data access logic on the server side and is always connected to the server.

What is the difference between a rich client and a thin web-based client in mobile architecture?

A rich client has the application logic and data access logic on the client side and a thin web-based client has the application and data access logic on the server side

What is pseudocude?

A set of generic language used to illustrate the logic that should be used to program or code.

What is an interface metaphor?

A set of user visuals, actions and procedures that take advantage of specific knowledge that users already have of other topics

What is the Unified Modeling Language (UML)?

A standard set of diagramming techniques for object-oriented systems analysis and design.

Unified modeling language (UML)

A standard set of diagramming techniques for object-oriented systems analysis and design. The objective of UML is to provide a common vocabulary of object-oriented terms and diagramming techniques.

What is a class diagram?

A static model that supports the static view of the evolving system

What is a structure chart?

A structure chart shows all components of code in a hierarchical format and Illustrates the organization and interactions of the different program modules.

What is a class?

A template from which objects are created

What is the difference between a thick client and a thin client?

A thick client handles presentation of logic and application logic on the client side while thin client handles data access logic and data storage on the server side

Explain the difference between thick and thin client in a two-tiered client-server architecture.

A thick client has most of application logic on the client side, with client's devices handling presentation logic and application logic. In contrast, the server handles the data access logic and data storage. Meanwhile, a thin client has little application logic on the client side and most of it shifted to the server side.

In a two-tiered client-server architecture, what is the difference between a thick and thin client?

A thick client has most of the application logic on the client side. A thin client has very little application logic on the client side, and instead is shifted to the server side.

What is the difference between a thin and thick client?

A thin client has small portions of application logic while thick clients have all or most of it

RFP (Request for Proposal)

A type of bidding solicitation in which a company or organization announces that funding is available for a particular project or program, and companies can place bids for the project's completion

What is a use case diagram?

A use case diagram summarizes all of the use cases together in one picture including various use cases related to each other in a system. It explains to the user how the system should work and what to expect. It is a graphic depiction of the interactions among the elements of a system. It also summarizes the role of each user involved in the system.

What is the purpose of the weighted alternative matrix? Describe its typical content.

A weighted alternative matrix is used to communicate the project's most important criteria and alternatives to best address them. A scorecard is then created with a column for weight. Usually, the weight is measured with 1-100 point criteria (how much each matters to the final decision) and a score of 1-5 or 1-10 (the appropriateness of alternatives by criteria)

_______ conversion is when the new system instantly replaces the old system. A) Direct B) Parallel C) Pilot D) Phased

A) Direct

The three work areas for programmers is Development area, Testing area, and Production Area. A) True B) False

A) True

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of management policy? A) employee evaluations B) resource allocation C) defining measurements and rewards. D) standard operating procedures (SOPs)

A) employee evaluations

What are the two types of acceptance testing? A. Alpha and beta B. Early and late C. Gamma and zeta D. AB and MN

A. Alpha and beta

Which of the following tests are not conducted in test planning software/programs? A. Database Tests B. Acceptance Tests C. System Tests D. Unit Tests

A. Database Tests

What is the best conversion style to minimize time? A. Direct Conversion Style B. Parallel Conversion Style

A. Direct Conversion Style

Which of the following is information that is NOT added during the steps of converting logical models to physical models? A. Format of information (e.g., which input screen) B. Numbering of data flows C. Distinction between human work and computerized work D. References to actual technology (e.g., the type of database)

A. Format information (e.g.) which input screen

Which is NOT one of the main principles for User Interface Design?

A. Minimize user effort **B. Navigation** C. Usage level D. Layout

1. A person who must carefully manage the implementation process, as with other stages of the process. A. Project manager B. Analyst C. Organization manager D. Quality assurance professionals

A. Project manager

What is an RFP? A. Request for proposal B. Required for proposal C. Request for plan

A. Request for proposal

3 key factors that determine which combination of conversion strategy you select

A. Risk Seriousness of consequences of remaining bugs B. Cost Parallel requires paying for two systems for a period of time Simultaneous requires more staff to support all locations C. Time Parallel, phased, and modular require more time

What are the two architectural components? Choose 2 A.Software B.Network C. Hardware D. Data storage

A. Software C. Hardware

There are two "placeholder" tools used in testing modules. What are they? A. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and hardcoded values (placeholders for values) B. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and shell values (placeholders for values) C. Mods (placeholders for modules) and shell values (placeholders for values) D. Shells (placeholders for modules) and mod values (placeholders for values)

A. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and hardcoded values (placeholders for values)

which SDLC stage determines the business needs for an information systems project?

A. The analysis stage B. The design stage C. The installation stage D. The dissection stage Answer: A

Which of these steps are true for the Design Phase in SDLC? A. The final deliverable is the system specification B. Determine the logical architecture for the system C. Address security concerns and ignore globalization issues D. Design the way data will be inputted E. All are steps in the Design Phase

A. The final deliverable is the system specification

Which of the following is not a risk factor when selecting a conversion strategy?

A. Time B. Risk C. Quality D. Cost C

Which are NOT pros to custom development?

A. Unique Solutions B. Build and retain technical skills **C. Cost Savings** D. New System built consistently with existing tech and standards

Which of the following is TRUE about user documentation? A. User documentation can be redudant to provide users with multiple ways to find the answers to their questions. B. User documentation should not be redundant.

A. User documentation can be redudant to provide users with multiple ways to find the answers to their questions.

Which is NOT a benefit of Client-Server Architectures?

A. it is scalable B. Easy to maintain and update. C. simple to clearly separate the presentation logic, the application logic, and the data access logic. D. Support many different types of clients and servers. Answer: B

Which of the following is not one of the 6 principles of user interface design? a. Speed b. Content awareness c. Layout d. Aesthetics

A. speed

What are the two types of documentation?

A: System Documentation Intended to help programmers and analysts understand and maintain the system after it is installed B: User Documentation Intended to help users operate the system

Which test ensures assures that the system meets the organizational need?

Acceptance testing

What is listed across the top row and what is listed down the first column of alternative matrix?

Across the top row: Different types of alternatives Down the first column: Evaluation criteria covering organizational, technical, and economic issues

What are use case diagram elements?

Actor, Name, System Boundary, and Association Relationship

What are the elements of a Use Case Diagram?

Actor, Use Case Name, System Name, Association Relationship

Which is not a step in converting a logical DFD to a physical DFD?

Add implementation details for external entities

Which of the following is NOT a step in converting a logical DFD to a physical DFD?

Add implementation details for external entities

Which of the following is NOT a step in converting a logical DFD to a physical DFD? Add necessary system-related data stores, data flows, and processes Add implementation details for external entities Add a human-machine boundary Add implementation details for data stores, data flows, and processes

Add implementation details for external entities

Steps to create a physical DFD

Add primary keys (identifiers) Add intersection tables to replace N:M relationships with 2 1:N Add foreign keys to represent relationships Add data types for all fields (formerly attributes)

What is the first step of change management?

Adjust management policies

Under which interface design principle do we attempt to avoid "squeezing in too much"?

Aesthetics

What is Whole system conversion?

All modules converted in one step

What are the different types of acceptance testing?

Alpha Testing and Beta Testing

What 2 stages is Acceptance testing usually done in?

Alpha and Beta tests

What are the stages for acceptance testing?

Alpha and Beta tests

2. What are the two types of acceptance testing? A. Alpha and beta B. Early and late C. Gamma and zeta D. AB and MN

Alpha and beta

What are two types of acceptance testing?

Alpha and beta

stages of acceptance testing

Alpha and beta testing

what are the 2 types of acceptance testing

Alpha testing Beta testing

What is Alpha Testing?

Alpha testing is a product first end to end testing to make sure it meets business requirements and function properly.

What is the difference between alpha and beta testing?

Alpha testing is performed to assure users are accepted by the system while beta testing uses real data and not test data Alpha testing is for normal acceptance testing Beta testing is for when the system is important

What is the difference between Alpha testing and Beta testing?

Alpha testing uses made-up data to test the system. Beta testing uses real data in the system and carefully monitor the system for errors.

What is the difference between Alpha vs. Beta testing?

Alpha testing: users test the system using made up data (data that does not exist legitimately in the system). Beta testing: Done in a real environment by users with real data. System is monitored for errors

HW/SW Specification: purpose and format

Also known as Hardware Software Specification. - The purpose is to communicate project needs, purchase new hardware or software, and purchasing departments for actual acquisition of hardware and software, especially in larger firms. - The format is columns consisting the standard client, standard web server, standard application server, and standard database server. The rows include the operating system, special software, hardware, and network.

What document would you use to organizes the pros and cons of design alternatives?

Alternative Matrix

What is listed across the top row and what is listed down the first column of an alternative matrix?

Alternatives are listed in the first row and different criteria in the first comments.

Give examples of an interface metaphor.

Amazon uses many: Wishlist Shopping Cart Library

Which of the following is an example of cloud computing? A) Amazon web services B) Tableau C) Visual Studio D) Python

Amazon web services

Simultaneous Conversion

Among the conversion strategies, which one of the conversion locations that places emphasis on shorter time but poses the highest risk and costliest.

Alternative matrix: what is listed across the top row and what is listed down the first column? How is the right alternative selected in a matrix?

An Alternative matrix can be used to organize the pros and cons of the design alternatives so that the best solution will be chosen in the end.It is a grid that contains the technical, economical, organizational feasibilities for each system candidate to easily make comparisons. The top row of the alternative matrix includes the evaluation criteria, relative importance, alternatives, scores and weighted scores (optional). The listed down the first column includes criteria for technical issues, economic and organizational issues that each design alternative affects the project. The best match for criteria is the highest weighted score alternative.Top row: options aka buy or make First column: criteria - technical, economic, organizational

What is the relationship between an RFP and RFI?

An RFI (request for information) is a shorter and less detailed version for an RFP (request for proposal)

Please explain the differences between an RFP and RFI.

An RFP describes in detail the system or service that is needed and solicits formal proposals from vendors. An RFI is a shorter and simpler request for information about a vendor's product or service.

What information is typically conveyed in an RFP (request for proposal)?

An RFP typically contains key facts that the vendor requires, such as a detailed description of needs, any special technical needs or circumstances, evaluation criteria, procedures to follow, and timetable.

What is a native app?

An application written to run on a specific device with specific operating system

What is the definition of Object-oriented approach?

An approach that views a system as a collection of self-contained objects, including both data and processes.

Definition of architecture design

An architecture design is a component that specifies the system's hardware, software, and network environment in the design phase.

This ER diagram element is depicted by a rectangle, and it is described by a singular noun spelled in capital letters.

An entity.

What is an interface structure diagram (ISD)?

An interface structure diagram is a document that shows all the interworking's of the screens, forms, and reports used in a system.

What is an Interface Structure Diagram?

An interface structure diagram(ISD) is one of the tools used to organize the interface in the second step of the user interface design process. This diagram shows how all the screens, forms, and reports used by the system are related and how the user navigates through the screens. Each interface element is drawn as a box and given a unique number and name. The numbers show relationships between a menu and sub-menu while lines are drawn to show how users can navigate between each form. The corresponding DFD process supported by the interface is also denoted. This is one way to draw an ISD.

What are objects in the object-oriented approach?

An object is an instantiation of a class. An object is a person, place, event, or thing about which we want to capture information. Each object has attributes that describe information about the object.

Which would normally not be a reason for a project?

An open source platform has just come on the market.

What is NOT a work area of programing?

Analysis Area

Which of the following is NOT a work area of programing? a. Development area b. Testing area c. Analysis area d. Production area

Analysis Area

At which stage of the SDLC do we identify the business requirements for an information systems project?

Analysis Phase

In what SDLC stage do we determine the business needs for an information systems project?

Analysis Phase

During what phases does unfreezing occur?

Analysis and Design

How many clicks should it take to complete an action?

Answer 3

In the implementation stage how many categories of testing are there?

Answer 4

How many steps are there in the UI design process?

Answer 5

Buttons are not the same size in a prototype application would be described by what design principle? A) Layout B) Content Awareness C) Aesthetics D) Usage level E) Consistency F) Minimize user effort

Answer C) Aesthetics

Which type is NOT one of the general documentation navigation controls? A) Table of contents B) Index C) Text Search D) Intelligent Agent E) Web Links F) Guidelines for use

Answer F) Guidelines for use

Currency and Date fields are "Unstated Norms" relating to "Cultural and Political Requirements"

Answer True

In the Interface Structure Diagram, the "Main Menu" is numbered? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. None of the Above

Answer: 0

Multi-Choice: Choose one that is part of the post implementation activities A. Provide Support B. Motivate Adoption C. Revice Management Policies D. Fix System Problems

Answer: A

Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps when transitioning to a new system? a. Unfreezing b. Restructuring c. Refreezing d. Moving

Answer: B

What is RFQ? A. Request for Question B. Request for Quote C. Request for Proposal D. Request for Information

Answer: B. Request for Quote

The goal of user interface design is a. to make the interface pleasing to the eye and simple to use b. to minimize the effort users expend to accomplish their work. c. A and B d. None of the above

Answer: C

Which of the following is not one of the four basic functions of software? A. Data Storage B. Application Logic C. Servers D. Presentation Logic

Answer: C. Servers

A user interface should be designed for a. Users with computer experience b. Users with no computer experience c. Users with work experience d. A and B

Answer: D

Which of the following is NOT a step in Change Management? a. Motivate adoption b. Revise management policies c. Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters d. Cut expenses on training

Answer: D the fourth step is Enable people to adopt (training)

Which one of the primary hardware components do not belong? A. Network B. Servers C. Client Computers D. All of the above belong

Answer: D. All of the above belong

Which of the following statements is principles of user interface design A. Layout B. Usage level C. Minimize user effort D. A and B E. All of the above

Answer: E

User interfaces have to be works of art, not functional and inviting to use. (True / False)

Answer: False

True or False: When assigning programmers it is more valuable to have a larger number of programmers?

Answer: False Minimize the number of programmers

True or False: Most potential adopter are generally Reluctant adopters?

Answer: True

In simple terms, what is cloud computing?

Any hardware and software that can be delivered as a service whenever and wherever it is needed (i.e. dropbox)

What are some problems with direct conversion?

Any problems with the new system that have not been detected during testing may seriously disrupt the organization's ability to function.

What is a thin Web- based client

Application and data access logic on the server side; always connected to server.

In a client-server architecture, which varies depending on the architecture chosen?

Application logic

Hardware and software are both _________ .

Architectural components

Definition of architecture design o Two major architectural components (hint: see next bullet point)

Architecture Design: Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer. -The objective of the architecture design is to assign the software components of the information system to the hardware devices of the system in the most advantageous ways -The two major architectural components of any system are the software and the hardware.

Definition of architecture design

Architecture design describes a system's hardware, software, and network environment.

Cultural and Political Requirements

Are specific to the countries in which the system will be used. Another important part of the design of the system's architecture is understanding the global cultural and political requirements for the systems.

Which is one of the post implementation activities? Assess the project Revise management policies

Assess the project

What are some best practices in managing programmers?

Assign programmers Coordinate activities Manage schedule to avoid costly mistakes

What are best practices for managing programmers?

Assigning Programming Tasks Coordinating activities Managing the schedule Testing Developing DocumentationMinimize the number of programmers Projects requiring a large team should be broken into a series of independent, smaller parts. Match programming tasks with programmer capabilities When skills are deficient, apply mentoring and training

Best practices for managing programmers

Assigning programmers Minimize number of programmers Projects requiring large team should be broken into series of independent, smaller parts Match programming tasks with programmer capabilities When skills are deficient, apply monitoring and training Coordinating activities Weekly (hopefully brief) meetings Create and follow standards Organize programmers' work areas

Best practices for managing programmers

Assigning programming task, Activities Coordinating activities Managing program schedule

What are the basic principles of navigation design?

Assume users have not read the manual, have not attended training, or do not readily have external help. It is important that all controls should be clear and understandable and placed in an intuitive location on the screen.

Where should the navigation area be within a layout?

At the top of the page

Menu bar

At the top of the screen, a listing of the names of menus, each of which contains a set of commands; Some of the more common types of menus include menu bars, drop-down menus, pop-up menus, tab menus, tool bars, and image maps.

What is a thick client? A. A client that contains a small portion of the application logic B. A client that contains al of most of the application logic

B

Which conversions are not suitable for minimize time? A. Direct Conversion B. Phased Conversion C. Whole System Conversion D. Simultaneous Conversion

B

What are the two types of Unit Testing? A) Black Box and Alpha Testing B) Black Box and White Box C) White Box and Alpha Testing D) Alpha Testing and Beta Testing

B) Black Box and White Box

What are the two types of Unit Testing? A) Black Box and Alpha Testing B) Black Box and White Box C) White Box and Alpha Testing D) Alpha Testing and Beta Testing

B) Black Box and White Box

What is NOT one of the 3 work areas for programming? A) Development B) Coding C) Testing D) Production

B) Coding

Which of the following is not a key factor that determines which combination of conversion strategy you should select? A) Risk B) Complexity C) Cost D) Time

B) Complexity

The three clicks rule corresponds to the Usage level UI design principle. A) True B) False

B) False It falls under the minimize effort UI design principle.

What is not part of the post-implementation activities? A) Provide support B) Motivate adoption C) Provide maintenance D) Assess the project

B) Motivate adoption

Which acquisition strategy would you use if your business need is common, in-house functional experience exists, the skills are not strategic, and the time frame is short? A) Custom development B) Purchase software package C) Outsource development to a third party

B) Purchase software package

To increase acceptance of a new system, training should focus on which of the following? A) A comprehensive list of interesting features the system provides B) The tasks that users can complete by using the system

B) The tasks that users can complete by using the system

Which of the following is NOT a best practice for coordinating programming? A) Holding regular meetings B) Use the maximum possible number of programmers given the project budget C) Implementing change control mechanisms (e.g., check in and check out code) D) Organizing programmers' work into work areas (e.g., development area)

B) Use the maximum possible number of programmers given the project budget

Under what circumstances would you choose the direct conversion strategy for system implementation? A) When there is limited time available for implementation B) When the new system is low-risk and low-cost C) When the new system needs to be implemented in modules D) When the new system requires extensive user training

B) When the new system is low-risk and low-cost

What is not a key mechanism of the user interface? A) Navigation Mechanism B) Click Mechanism C) Input Mechanism D)Output Mechanism

B)Click Mechanism

Which of these user interface design principles do not belong? A. layout B. Appearance C. Aesthetics D. Minimize user efforts

B. Appearance

Which of the following is not a type of prototype? A. Story Board B. DSL prototype C. HTML prototype D. Language Prototype

B. DSL prototype

Which of the following is NOT a type of user documentation? A. Tutorials B. Definitions C. Procedure manuals D. Reference documents

B. Definitions

What happens during Black Box Testing? A. Looks inside the module at actual code B. Focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in the specification C. Tests the interaction of modules D. Tests to ensure that the system serves organizational need

B. Focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in the specification

What is the common methodology used for the Object Oriented Approach? A. Waterfall B. Iterative Development C. All of the above

B. Iterative Development

Name the 6 principles of user interface designs A. Layout, Content Awareness, Minimizing Effort, Aesthetics, Usability, Consistency B. Layout, Content Awareness, Minimizing Effort, Aesthetics, Usage Level, Consistency C. Layout, Content Awareness, Maximizing Effort, Aesthetics, Usability, Consistency D. Layout, Content Awareness, Minimizing Effort, Aesthetics, Usability, Inconsistency E. Layout, Content Awareness, Maximizing Effort, Aesthetics, Usage Levels, Inconsistency

B. Layout, Content Awareness, Minimizing Effort, Aesthetics, Usage Level, Consistency

Which one of the following is NOT one of the location conversion strategies? A. Pilot B. Modular C. Simultaneous D. Phased

B. Modular

Which of the following is a term for a set of generic language used to illustrate the logic that should be used to program/code a module? A. Pseudoprogram B. Pseudocode C. Abstract logic tree D. Structured logic tree

B. Pseudocode

For a low-budget project, which document would be most appropriate to send to a vendor a. RFP b. RFI c. RQP d. None of the Above

B. RFI

This document explains the system to be built and criteria for selecting and solicits proposals from parties such as vendors. A. Request for Information B. Request for Proposal C. Request for Quote

B. Request for Proposal

Which of the following request is best used for smaller projects and budgets? A. Request for Proposal B. Request for Quote C. Request for Information D. Request for Lease

B. Request for Quote

What are the three characteristics that determine conversion strategies? A. Parallel, Pilot, Phased B. Risk, Time, Cost C. Risk, Management, Employees

B. Risk, Time, Cost

Where is data storage housed? A. Client B. Server C. A and B D. None of the Above

B. Server

Which of the following is NOT one of the three key principles of the OO approach? A. Encapsulation B. Summation C. Inheritance D. Polymorphism

B. Summation

If your goal is to promote acceptance of the new system by employees, then training on the new system should focus on which of the following? A. A comprehensive list of interesting features the system provides B. The tasks that users can complete by using the system

B. The tasks that users can complete by using the system

What is the first step of the UI design process? A. Organize the Interface B. Understanding the Users C. Define Standards D. Develop Prototypes E. Evaluation/Testing

B. Understanding the Users

What does UML stand for? A. Undefined Modeling Language B. Unified Modeling Language C. Unified Managing Location D. Undefined Management Language

B. Unified Modeling Language - a standard set of diagramming techniques for object-oriented systems analysis and design.

The one key driving concept of a good user interface design is... A. Aesthetics B. Usability C. Maintenance D. Mobile Access

B. Usability

3. Data access logic is A. the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements. B. the processing required to access stored data. C. the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's command. D. the process required to store data.

B. the processing required to access stored data.

Which is not one of the three work areas for programmers? A.) Development Area B.)Implementation Area C.) Testing Area D.)Production Area

B.) Implementation Area

Black box vs white box testing

BLACK Box Testing: Focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification WHITE Box Testing: Looks inside the module at actual code

What is an example of source animation?

Bar code readers

What are some examples of a source data automation?

Bar code readers Optical character recognition Magnetic stripe readers Smart cards RFID tags

Examples of source data automation

Barcode readers/scanners Optical character recognition Magnetic stripe reader Smart card RFID tags

Why do we need to understand the users during the UI Design Process?

Because each user will have different goals and intentions when using the system.

What is the "top-down" approach?

Begin with the "big picture" and break it apart into modules, gradually adding detail

What is an example of cloud computing?

Being able to stream another computer screen on a faraway device.

What are the best practices for managing programmers?

Best practice is to keep the programming team as small as possible. If a project is large enough that it requires a large number of programmers, splitting them up into teams that can work as independently as possible is the best choice

What are some best practices for effective communication between designers, developers, and stakeholders during the software development process?

Best practices for effective communication include: a) Establish clear communication channels and protocols. b) Encourage regular meetings and updates among team members. c) Use collaborative tools to track project progress, share information, and manage tasks. d) Clearly define roles and responsibilities within the team. e) Create and maintain detailed documentation, including project specifications, requirements, and design decisions. f) Encourage open and transparent communication, addressing issues and concerns as they arise.

Of Alpha and Beta testing, which of the two tests real data?

Beta testing

What does integration testing focus on?

Beta tests

Which type of testing uses real data and is monitored for errors and improvements?

Beta-testing

What is the difference between black box and white box testing?

Black Box Testing focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in the specification whereas white box testing looks inside the module at the actual code.

Difference between black box testing and white box testing

Black Box Testing is a software testing method in which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested is not known to the tester White Box Testing is a software testing method in which the internal structure/ design/ implementation of the item being tested is known to the tester.

What is black box testing?

Black Box Testing- Focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification

What is the difference between white box testing and black box testing?

Black Box Testing: Focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification White-Box Testing: Looks inside the module at actual code

What is Black Box and White Box testing?

Black Box testing checks to make sure the module meets the requirements set out in specification. White Box testing checks the code to see if it runs properly.

Black box vs white box testing?

Black box focuses on whether the unit meets the requirements stated in the specification. (external) White box looks inside the module at actual code. (internal)

What is the difference between black box testing and white-box testing?

Black box testing deals with testing of the module to ensure the requirements stated in the specification are met White box testing decomposes the module and looks at each code

Black box testing vs white box testing

Black box testing focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification. White box testing looks inside the module at the actual code.

What is the difference between black box and white box testing?

Black box testing focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification. White box testing looks inside the module at the actual code

Black Box texting definition and example.

Black box texting refers to the external behavior of the system and tests specific functions or features of a software. Example: Inputting a credential to log into a network by using the correct credentials and ensuring that it works. Also inputting the wrong credentials to ensure that it will not log in a user with the wrong credentials.

Which testing is most commonly used during unit testing?

Black-box

What is black-box testing?

Black-box testing is a method in which the tester is provided no information about the application being tested.

Plans that handle business disruptions during conversion is covered where?

Business Contingency Plan

Plans to handle potential business disruption due to technical problems during conversion should be outlined in the ____________

Business Contingency Plan

What do you need to think about when selecting an acquisition strategy?

Business need, in-house experience, project skills, project management, and time frame

What are some factors for acquisition strategy selection?

Business need, in-house experience, project skills, project management, time frame

What is an example of a navigation mechanism?

Buttons, menus

How is technical readiness achieved?

By arranging for and installing any needed hardware and software and converting data as needed for the new system.

The program design is part of which SDLC Phase? A. Planning B. Analysis C. Design D. Implementation E. Evaluation

C

What is NOT normally part of transitioning to a new system? A. Deciding on a conversion strategy B. Planning on training C. Developing the user interface screens D. Overseeing data conversion from the old system to the new system E. Preparing people for the new system

C

Which of the following four fundamental UML diagrams serves as the basis for the rest A. Class Diagrams B. Sequence Diagrams C. Use Case Diagrams D. Behavior State Machine Diagrams

C

Which of the following is not a category of testing? A. Unit Testing B. System Testing C. Usage Testing D. Acceptance Testing

C

Which types of documentation navigation provides access into the topics? A. Table of Contents B. Agent Search C. Index D. Links between documents

C

Which of these statements is false? A) Pilot Conversion is when one or more locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations B) Modular Conversion is when modules are loosely associated, they can be converted one at a time C) Phased Conversion is when all locations are converted at the same time D) Whole System Conversion is when all modules are converted in one step

C Explanation: Phased Conversion is when locations are converted in sets. Simultaneous Conversion is when all locations are converted at the same time

In a client-server architecture, which software type usually resides on the client? A) Presentation software B) Database management software C) Application software D) Web server software

C) Application software

Which of the following is not part of the principles of the user interface design? a) Layout b) Consistency c) Cost d) Usage Level

C) Cost

What is not a basic function of software? A)Data Storage B)Presentation Logic C)Data Field D)Application Logic

C) Data Field

What is NOT a primary hardware component of software? A) Client computer B) Servers C) Data storage D) Network

C) Data storage

What is the final deliverable of the design phase in software development? A) System requirements document B) User interface prototype C) Detailed design specifications D) Design review report

C) Detailed design specifications

Which of the following is NOT a category of testing? A) Unit testing B) Integration testing C) Employee satisfaction testing D) System testing E) Acceptance testing

C) Employee satisfaction testing

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface? A) Input, output, and processing B) Forms, menus, and buttons C) Navigation, input validation, and feedback D) Presentation layer, application layer, and data layer

C) Navigation, input validation, and feedback

Which one of these conversion styles minimizes risk? A) Direct conversion style B) Simultaneous conversion location C) Parallel conversion style D) Conversion of whole system

C) Parallel conversion style

Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of software testing? A) system testing B) Integration testing C) Plan testing D) Acceptance testing E) Unit testing

C) Plan testing

Who needs to carefully manage the implementation process, as will other stages of the process? A) Analysts B) Programmers C) Project manager D) Project sponsor

C) Project manager

All of these are good guidelines for documentation topics EXCEPT: A) use consistent term B) Use simple, friendly language C) Use passive voice D) Use parallel grammatical structure

C) Use passive voice

Which is NOT considered a major factor in successful change? A. Compelling personal reasons for change B. Compelling organization reasons for change C. Compelling top management support D. Demonstrated top management support

C. Compelling top management support

A UI design is made for a business. However, the design contains different size and colored buttons. Which of the following principles is MISSING? A. Minimize Effort B. Layout C. Consistency D. Aesthetics

C. Consistency

Which of these is NOT part of the steps for the Design Phase? A. Deciding whether to make, buy, or outsource B. Design how the user will interact with the system C. Deciding who should be in charge of leading the project

C. Deciding who should be in charge of leading the project

4. Which is NOT a principle for user interface design? A. Layout B. Aesthetic C. Design D. Consistency

C. Design

What type of conversion strategy would you implement if a new system instantly replaces the old system? A. Parallel Conversion B. Phased Conversion C. Direct Conversion D. Whole system conversion

C. Direct Conversion

Which of the following is NOT an acquisition strategy? A. Custom Development B. Outsource Development C. Horizontal Integration D. Purchase Software package

C. Horizontal Integration

Which is not part of the three acquisition strategy? A. Custom Development B. Purchase Software Package C. Manual Development D. Outsource Development

C. Manual Development

2. Which of the following is NOT a conversion location? A. Pilot B. Phased C. Modular D. Simultaneous

C. Modular

The layout of a screen is often divided into three boxes. Which area is NOT included in the three boxes? A. Navigation area B. Status area C. Movement area D. Work area

C. Movement area

Dave wants to know how much it would cost his company to build an additional office. Which document would he need? A. Request for Information B. Request for Proposal C. Request for Quote

C. Request for Quote

Which of the following statements is false? A. Reluctant adopters are potential adopters B. Resistant adopters should be ignored or time should not be wasted on them. C. Resistant adopters must be persuaded.

C. Resistant adopters must be persuaded

Which of the following is NOT the best strategy to elongate the amount of time for a conversion strategy? A. Parallel Conversion Style B. Phased Conversion Location C. Simultaneous Conversion Location D. Conversion of Modules

C. Simultaneous Conversion Location

Which of the following is NOT a category of testing? A. Unit B. Integration C. Software D. System E. Acceptance

C. Software

In architectural components, which is not one of the four basic functions that divide software systems? A. Data Storage B. Data Access Logic C. Software Logic D. Application Logic E. Presentation Logic

C. Software Logic - all of the other responses are the four basic functions

Which of the following does the Structure Chart NOT imply? A. Selection B. Iteration C. Storyboard D. Sequence

C. StoryBoard

Sue is creating a final deliverable for her design phase. What is it called? A. System Proposal B. System Request C. System Specification D. Design Proposal

C. System Specification

Which of the following is NOT a post implementation activity? a. Institutionalizing the system b.Maintenance c. Training people to adopt system d. Project assessment

C. Training people to adopt the system

The three areas programmers work are development, testing, and _________________. A. Compilation B. Building C. Production D. Debugging E. Refining

C: Production

In the implementation phase, analysts help with: A: Programming B: Installation the software/hardware C: Testing and documentation. D: All of the Above

C: Testing and documentation.

Which is not one of the three primary hardware component? Client's computer Network Servers CEO private phone

CEO private phone

Three main thing that project manager have to balance

COST, SIZE, TIME

What are the benefits of an Object-oriented approach?

Can break a complex system down into manageable parts, programmers can work on parts individually, parts can be pieced together to form a system, modules can be easily shared, and communication is increased.

The general template that is used to define and create specific instances is

Class

What are the three primary hardware components ?

Client Computers, server, network

What are the three primary hardware components?

Client computers Server Network

The 3 primary hardware component is

Client computers Servers Network

What are the three primary hardware components?

Client computers Servers network

What are the 3 primary hardware components?

Client computers, Servers, Network

What are the three primary hardware components?

Client computers, Servers, Network

What are the three primary hardware components?

Client computers, Servers, and Network

What are the three primary hardware components?

Client computers, servers, and network.

List and describe the three primary hardware components of a system

Client computers, servers, and networks. The client computer are the input-output devices employed by the user and are usually desktops and/or laptops. Servers are multi-user computers used to store software and data that can be accessed by anyone who has permission. The network enables connections to the computers.

What are the three primary hardware components?

Client computers, servers, and the network that connects them

What are the three primary hardware components?

Client computers: Input-output devices employed by users (e.g., PCs, laptops, handheld and mobile devices, smart phones) Servers: Larger multi-user computers used to store software and data. Network: Connects the computers.

In a client-server architecture, which of the four software types usually resides on the client, which usually resides on a server, and which varies depending on the architecture chosen?

Client resides on presentation logic Server resides in data access logic and data storage Application logic may be on either or both

3 Primary Components of Hardware?

Client-computers, Servers, Network

In a client-server architecture, which of the four software types usually resides on the client, which usually resides on a server, and which varies depending on the architecture chosen?

Client-server architectures balance the processing between client devices and one or more server devices -Generally, clients are responsible for the presentation logic -The server(s) are responsible for the data access logic, and data storage -Application logic location varies depending on the Client-server architecture configuration chosen.

In a client-server architecture, which of the four software types usually resides on the client, which usually resides on a server, and which varies depending on the architecture chosen?

Client: Presentation logic Server: Data Access Logic and Data Storage Depends on architecture: Application logic

What is Cloud Computing? Example?

Cloud Computing: Computer power to computer infrastructure, applications, business processes to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service wherever and whenever. Can be implemented in a private cloud, public cloud, and hybrid cloud. Dropbox is an example of cloud computing

Which term refers to paying a vendor for use of software/hardware architecture components over a network, instead of housing that software or hardware physically within the organization?

Cloud computing

What is cloud computing, and can you name an example of cloud computing?

Cloud computing is often interpreted differently by people with more or less the same concepts. For example the National Institute of Standards and Technology defines cloud computing as "a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable resources (e.g. networks, servers, storage, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service-provider interaction". For me I see compute clouding as numerous software and hardware that enables information systems applications to dynamically scale up as workloads increase. An example of cloud computing is Amazon because they depend heavily on cloud computing for its services because it has created major data centers that work through cloud computing to manage their own operations. Furthermore it allows other companies to use this software and facilities to gain advantage from which leads to cheaper investment.

What is cloud computing?

Cloud computing is on-demand access, via the internet, to computing resources

What is cloud computing, and can you name an example of cloud computing?

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet i.e. Microsoft Azure

Psuedocode is:

Coding type language that can be implemented in any other language.

What is Pseudo code

Coding-type language that could easily be implemented in any language

How should colors be used in designing a UI?

Colors should be used carefully to separate and categorize items

Which of the following is true about color choice in designing a UI? A wide variety of colors makes the system more usable because it is inviting and aesthetic It is better to use colors with little contrast (e.g., multiple shades of red) to make it more pleasing to the eye Colors should be used carefully to separate and categorize items

Colors should be used carefully to separate and categorize items

In a HW-SW Specification, what goes in the columns and what typically goes in the rows?

Columns: Standard Client, Standard Web Server, Standard Application Server, Standard Database Server Rows: Operating System, Special Software, Hardware, Network

What are the six different types of validation checks?

Completeness check, format check, range check, check digit check, consistency check, and database check

What is cloud computing?

Computing power of infrastructure, applications, business processes to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service whenever and whenever needed

what is cloud computing?

Computing resources obtained as a service.

What is cloud computing? Name an example of cloud computing.

Computing resources obtained as a service. An example would be Dropbox.

Which of these is NOT a conversion location method? a. Simultaneous conversion b. Phased conversion c. Concurrent conversion d. Pilot conversion

Concurrent conversion

What does the network component of the hardware do?

Connects the computers

What factor of design helps a user predict what will happen next and makes the system simple to use?

Consistency

What is the single most important factor in making a system simple to use?

Consistency

What principle for user interface design reduces learning curve?

Consistency

which of the six principles of user interface design is the single most important factor in making a system simple to use?

Consistency is the single most important factor in making a system easy to use because it enables the users to predict what will happen.

_______________ awareness refers to the ability of an interface to make the user aware of the information it contains with the least amount of effort by the user

Content

What is the purpose of a Business Contingency Plan?

Contingency plans help the business withstand relatively small problems with the new system so that major business disruptions are prevented

________ strategies consist of locations, modules, and style.

Conversion

the three aspects of Conversion Strategy are:

Conversion Style, Conversion Location, Conversion Modules

Which is NOT something done as part of architecture design?

Convert DFDs and ERDs into physical process and data models

Which is NOT a step involved in preparing the technology?

Convert Logical DFDs into Physical DFDs

What are the three key project-based factors discussed in the lecture and textbook in selecting a conversion strategy?

Cost, Risk, and Time

What are the three conversion strategies?

Cost, Time, Risk

Project managers must balance

Cost, time, and size

Which of the following is NOT one of the events that happen during the implementation phase? -Finalizing documentation -Programming software -Creating program structure charts -Testing software

Creating program structure charts

If the business need is unique and some functional and technical in-house experience exists, which acquisition strategy should you choose?

Custom Development

Which acquisition strategy should you use if you desire to build in house skills? a. Customer Development b. Purchase software package c. Outsource development

Custom Development

Name one of the three acquisition strategies.

Custom Development Packaged Software Outsourcing

What are the three acquisition strategies?

Custom Development, Packages (purchased or obtained from ASP or Saas), and Outsourced Development

What are the three acquisition strategies?

Custom Development, Purchse Software Package, Outsource Development to third party

Which acquisition strategy should be used when time frame is flexible?

Custom Development/ Outsource

Which Acquisition Strategy gives exactly what you want?

Custom development

What are the three acquisition strategies?

Custom development Pre-packaged software Outsourced development

What are the three acquisition strategies?

Custom development Purchase software package (and possibly customize it) Outsource development to third party, who might

What are the three acquisition strategies?

Custom development (build from scratch) in-house Purchase software package (and possibly customize it) Outsource development to the third party

What are three acquisition strategies?

Custom development, purchase software package, and outsource development to a third party.

Name the three acquisition strategies

Custom development, purchasing a software package, outsourcing development to a third party

Under what circumstances would you choose each one?

Custom development: (build from scratch) in- house Purchase software package (and possibly customize it): Install on our own computers, or Obtain access from a software provider (SaaS) Outsource development to third party, who might: Build system from scratch for us, or Purchase software for us, customize and install it

What are the three acquisition strategies? Under what circumstances would you choose each one?

Custom development: new system from scratch, complete control over system looks and functions Packaged software: not unique needs Outsourcing: acquisition that requires in-house resources like external vendors, developers, or service providers to create or supply the system

What is included in the systems specification? A. Architecture design B. Program design C. Hardware and software specification D. All of the above

D

Which of the following is NOT a step to create physical DFD A. Add Implementation references B. Update the data elements in the data flows C. Draw a human-machine boundary D. Add more data flows

D

Server based architexture is: A) when the clients capture keystrokes B) The very fist architecture system C) outdated and never used D) A and B

D) A and B

Which one of these is a UI design principle? A) Search engines B) Cookies C) Traffic monitoring D) Aesthetics

D) Aesthetics

Which of the following is not a key mechanism of user interface? A) Navigation B) Output C) Input D) Algorithm

D) Algorithm

Which of the following is a primary hardware component? A) Network B) Client Computers C) Servers D) All of the Above

D) All of the Above

Which of the following is one of the guidelines to critique a user interface prototype? A) Minimize User Effort B) Layout C) Usage Level D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main components of the UI? A) Output mechanism B) Navigation mechanism C) Input mechanism D) Database mechanism

D) Database mechanism

Which of these Conversion Strategies does not minimize risk? A) Parallel Conversion B) Modular Conversion C) Pilot Conversion D) Direct Conversion

D) Direct Conversion

Which of these is NOT a principle for User Interface Design? A) Layout B) Content Awareness C) Aesthetics D) Prototypes

D) Prototypes

Which of the following is not an element of preparing the people in a migration plan? A) Assess costs and benefits B) Motivate adoption C) Conduct training D) Select a conversion strategy

D) Select a conversion strategy

Which of the following is NOT one of the three key project-based factors discussed in the lecture and textbook in selecting a conversion strategy? A) Time B) Risk C) Cost D) Style

D) Style

Kurt Lewin's model has a total of ____ steps. A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3

D. 3

A UI design is made for a business. However, the design contains a small font size. Which of the following principles is MISSING? A. Minimize Effort B. Layout C. Consistency D. Aesthetics

D. Aesthetics

Which document is a type of user documentation? A. Reference documents B. Procedures manuals C. Tutorials D. All of the above are types of user documentation

D. All are types of user documentation

Which of the following is an example of an Interface Metaphor? A. Shopping Cart B. Calendar C. Checkbook D. All of the above

D. All of the above

When should the custom development strategy be utilized? A. When the business need is unique B. When there is a desire to build and retain skills for the in-house team C. When there is room for flexibility and creativity D. All of the above

D. All of the above are circumstances when custom development should be utilized

Which of the following nonfunctional requirements are missing a requirement? A. Operational: technical environment, system integration, portability, maintainability B. Performance: speed, capacity, availability and reliability C. Security: system value estimates, access control, encryption and authentication, virus control D. Cultural/Political: multilingual, customization, legal

D. Cultural/Political: multilingual, customization, legal (missing: making unstated norms explicit)

Which of the following is not a component of a hardware? A.Server B. Client Computer C. Network D. Keyboard

D. Keyboard

What is NOT an element of a Migration Plan? A. Preparing the Business B. Preparing the Technology C. Preparing the People D. Preparing the Customer

D. Preparing the Customer

Which of the following is not a type of documentation navigation? A. Text Search B. Index C. Table of Contents D. Search Bar

D. Search Bar

The single most common security problem comes from _______________. A. Internally leaked secrets B. Stolen computers C. Physical theft D. Viruses E. Old hardware

D. Viruses

The usage principle for user interface design attempts to: A. Minimize user movement from one area to another B. Ensure that all interfaces have titles C. avoid squeezing in too much onto an interface D. make a distinction between ease of use and ease of learning

D. make a distinction between ease of use and ease of learning

1. In object-oriented systems, creating an object from a class is called: A. Polymorphism B. Inheritance C. Encapsulating D. Instantiation E. Casting

D: Instantiation Explanation: When you create an instance of a class, it is an object of that class and the term used is instantiation. Inheritance has to do with creating subclasses of classes that share attributes/methods but may have slight variations. Polymorphism has to do with the ability of subclasses to interpret data differently. Encapsulating just describes the basic approach of incorporating data and functions into objects. Casting is a term used in programming to convert on data type into another.

What are the 4 basic functions of software systems?

Data Storage, Data Access Logic, Application Logic, Presentation Logic

What are the four basic functions of software?

Data Storage: data to be stored Data Access Logic: the processing required to access data, often meaning database queries in SQL Application Logic: the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements Presentation Logic: they display of information to the user and acceptance of the user's command (the user interface)

What are the four basic functions of software? What are the three primary hardware components?

Data Storage: the place to store and retrieve data Data access logic: the processing required to access stored data Application logic: the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements Presentation logic: the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands The three primary hardware components: Client computers: Input-output devices employed by users (e.g., PCs, laptops, handheld and mobile devices, smartphones) Servers: Larger multi-user computers used to store software and data. Network: Connects the computers.

Which element is never included in Context Diagram:

Data Store

What does the law of conservation of data state?

Data at rest stays at rest until moved by a process Processes cannot consume or create data

What are the four basic functions of software?

Data storage Data access logic Application logic Presentation logic

What are the four basic functions of software?

Data storage Data access logic: processing required to access stored data Application logic: logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements. Presentation logic: display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands

What is the difference between data storage and data access logic?

Data storage is how the software stores information while data access logic is what process is necessary to access the information stored

What are the 4 basic functions of a software system?

Data storage, Data access logic, Application logic, Presentation logic

What are the four basic functions of software?

Data storage, Data access logic, Application logic, Presentation logic

What are the four basic functions of software systems?

Data storage, Data access logic, application logic and presentation logic.

What are the four basic functions of software?

Data storage, data access logic, application logic, and presentation logic

What are 4 basic functions of software systems?

Data storage, data access logic, application logic, presentation logic

What are the four basic functions of software systems?

Data storage, data access logic, application logic, presentation logic

What are the four basic functions of software?

Data storage: information require data to be stored and retrieved Data access logic: processing required to access data, often meaning database queries in the SQL Application logic is the logic documented in the DFDS, use cases, and functional requirements Presentation logic: display of information to the user and the acceptance of the users commands

In architectural components, what are the four basic functions software systems can be divided into?

Data storage: the place to store and retrieve data Data access logic: the processing required to access data Application logic: the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, functional requirements. Presentation logic: the display of information to the user and acceptance of the user's commands.

What is the first step in the design phase?

Decide how to build the system

What is the purpose of hardware-software specifications?

Describes the hardware and software components in detail to aid those responsible for purchasing the products. It is used if new hardware or software must be purchased and can communicate project needs. Sometimes purchasing hardware or software is done by a purchasing department so they need to know exactly what to buy.

What are the steps of the design phase?

Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) Determine the technical architecture for the system Address security concerns and globalization issues Make hardware and software selections Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) Design the programs for the underlying processes Design the way data will be stored Create final deliverable

What are the steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) Determine the technical architecture for the system Address security concerns and globalization issues Make hardware and software selections Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) Design the programs for the underlying processes Design the way data will be stored Create final deliverable - the system specification

What are the steps of the design phase?

Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) Determine the technical architecture for the system Address security concerns and globalization issues Make hardware and software selections Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) Design the programs for the underlying processes Design the way data will be stored Create final deliverable - the system specification

What are the steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) Determine the technical architecture for the system Address security concerns and globalization issues Make hardware and software selections Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) Design the programs for the underlying processes Design the way data will be stored Create final deliverable - the system specification FINAL DELIVERABLE: System Specification

What Are the steps in the design phase?

Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) Determine the technical architecture for the system Address security concerns and globalization issues Make hardware and software selections Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) Design the programs for the underlying processes Design the way data will be stored Create final deliverable - the system specification

What are the steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

Determine the preferred system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) Design the architecture for the system Make the hardware and software selections Design system navigation, inputs, and outputs Convert logical process model to physical process model Update CASE repository with additional system details Design the programs that will perform the system processes Compile final ication

What is unit testing?

Determining whether a module performs its function

What are the three primary ways of implementing a system?

Developing an in house system, buying a pre packaged system, and relying on an external vendor, developer, or service.

What are the three work areas for programming?

Development area Testing area Production area

What are the three work areas for programming?

Development area Testing area Production area

What are three types of work areas during the programming process?

Development area Testing area Production area

What are the 3 work areas for programming?

Development, Testing, and Production

What is not one of conversion Strategy? Direct Parallel Diagonal

Diagonal

Which conversion strategies is best for high risk and low cost?

Direct Conversion

Which conversion style is more difficult?

Direct conversion

Which conversion style is the most difficult? Direct conversion Parallel Conversion

Direct conversion

Direct vs. parallel (Conversion strategies)

Direct conversion replaces the old system with the new system, whereas parallel conversion keeps the old system until the new system is proven to be fully capable.

Which conversion style do you use to minimize cost

Direct conversion style

Determine the conversion strategy that minimizes cost

Direct conversion style Pilot or phased conversion location Conversion of whole system

What are the best strategies to minimize cost?

Direct conversion style Pilot or phased conversion location Conversion of whole system

What are the best strategies to minimize time?

Direct conversion style Simultaneous conversion location Conversion of whole system

What is the riskiest conversion strategy?

Direct conversion style Simultaneous conversion location Conversion of whole system

determine the conversion strategy that maximizes risk

Direct conversion style Simultaneous conversion location Conversion of whole system

What are the three riskiest conversion strategies?

Direct conversion style, Simultaneous conversion location, & Conversion of the whole system

What are the two conversion styles?

Direct conversion, Parallel conversion

Which system conversion strategies are considered low cost?

Direct conversion, Pilot/Phased conversion, Conversion of whole system

Which 3 conversion strategies (time, location, module) would you use for a project using the least cost?

Direct conversion, phased or simultaneous, whole system

What are the different conversion styles?

Direct conversion: The new system instantly replaces the old Parallel conversion: For a time both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable

Describe the 2 conversion styles.

Direct conversion: new system replaces the old Parallel Conversion: for a time, both old and new are used; old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable

What is the difference between Direct and Parallel Conversion?

Direct is the instant replacement of an old system with the new one, while parallel is the use of both simultaneously for a period of time.

What is a structure chart?

Document showing modules of the system

Which of the following is NOT one of the work "areas" for programming? -Production area -Documentation area -Development area -Testing area

Documentation area

What is an example of cloud computing?

DropBox

What are some examples of cloud computing ?

DropBox, Quick Books, and Google Drive

Example of Cloud computing

Dropbox, Gmail, Facebook, Amazon.

Dynamic Binding (in object oriented systems)

Dynamic, or late, binding is a technique (in object oriented systems) that delays identifying the type of object until run-time. As such, the specific method that is actually called is not chosen by the object-oriented system until the system is running.

Which of the following is not an important step in designing the user interface? A) Organize the interface B) Define standards C) Evaluation and testing D) Understand the users E) None of the above (i.e., all of them are steps in the process)

E) None of the above (i.e., all of them are steps in the process)

Which elements are included in the Use Case Diagram? A. Use case name B. Actors C. System Name D. Association relationships E. All the above

E. All the above

For which type of user should you focus on ease of use? For which type of user should you focus on ease of learning?

Ease of Use should be frequent and heavy users should be the focus. Ease of Learning should be infrequent users and want quick and easy ways to figure out what to do.

According to the text, if a system is used "regularly as an integral part of a job and are likely to have a majority of frequent users," should the interface emphasize "ease of learning" or "ease of use?"

Ease of use

What are significant PRO(s) of cloud computing?

Elasticity: the resources allocated can be increased or decreased quickly, based on demand. Cloud customers can obtain cloud resources in a straightforward fashion. Cloud services typically have standardized APIs (application program interfaces) Customers are billed for resources as they are used.

What is the combining of process and data into a single entity?

Encapsulation

Three key principles of the OO approach?

Encapsulation, Inheritance, and Polymorphism

What are the three key principles of the OO approach?

Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism

What is the methodology created specifically for the OO approach?

Encapsulation: the combining of PROCESS and DATA into a single entity. Inheritance is used to identify higher level, or more general, classes of objects. Polymorphism means that the same message can be interpreted differently by different classes of objects.

What is the purpose of a unit test?

Ensure that the module or program performs its function as designed in the program specification

What are the types of messages that should be an output to the user when designing a system?

Error messages - informs the user that he/she has attempted to do something to which the system cannot respond. Confirmation messages - asks the user to confirm that he/she really wants to perform the action selected. Acknowledgment messages - informs the user that the system has completed the task that was asked to do. Delay message - informs the user that the computer system is working properly. Help message - provides additional information about the system and its components/features.

The last step in the UI design process is:

Evaluate/Test

What is listed down the first column in the alternative matrix?

Evaluation criteria ( technical, economic, and organizational possibilities)

What is cloud computing, and can you name an example of cloud computing?

Everything from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service wherever and whenever needed Ex: QuickBooks

What is cloud computing, and can you name an example of cloud computing?

Everything from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes, to personal collaboration, can be delivered as service wherever, whenever needed example is gmail, apple cloud etc..

What is usually the first step in the user interface design process?

Examine Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) and use cases to develop use scenarios

What are the components of a logical DFD?

External entities, data stores, processes, data flows

Custom development can save more cost than purchase software

F

Generally speaking, information systems do not have a high performance requirements due to their stable and predictable nature. T/F

F

T/F Database Mechanism is one of the three main components of the UI

F

A variety of colors makes the system more usable because it is inviting and aesthetic.

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: Direct Conversion is when a new and old system are used until the new one proven completely capable.

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: Structure Diagram shows the human boundaries, implementation references, data flows, data elements, etc.

FALSE

true or false Architecture design is a detailed outline of the lines of code that need to be written and presented in the next of the form

FALSE

(T/F) Structure Charts show in detail the User Interface.

FALSE Use Interface Structure Diagram (ISD) Shows how all screens, forms, and reports are related Shows how user moves from one to another

T/F. Conversion of modules is less time consuming than direct conversion styles.

FALSE. Conversion of modules requires more time because modules are converted into the new system one at a time. Direct conversion is when the new replaces the old in one go.

What factors should be considered when deciding between custom development, off-the-shelf software, or a hybrid solution for a software project?

Factors to consider when deciding between custom development, off-the-shelf software, or a hybrid solution include: a) Business requirements: Determine if an off-the-shelf solution can meet your specific requirements, or if custom development is necessary to address unique needs. b) Budget: Custom development may require a higher initial investment compared to off-the-shelf solutions, but the long-term maintenance and licensing costs should also be considered. c) Time constraints: Off-the-shelf solutions may offer faster implementation, while custom development may take more time to design, develop, and deploy. d) Scalability: Consider whether the solution can accommodate future growth and changing requirements. e) Integration: Evaluate the ease of integrating the solution with existing systems and processes. f) Support and maintenance: Assess the availability of support and maintenance for both off-the-shelf and custom solutions.

(T/F) IS the following statement about change management true or false? "In most organizations, political motivation should not be used -- management should focus primarily on informational motivation."

False

(T/F) Usage Level is not a principle for User Interface Design

False

(True/False) Vendors are usually involved in custom development projects

False

(True/False) White Box Testing focuses on whether the unit meets the requirements stated in the specification

False

A direct conversion strategy is less risky than a parallel conversion strategy. True / False

False

Beta Testing is performed by users to make sure they accept the system

False

Black Box Testing looks inside the module at actual code (T/F)

False

Content awareness is the ability to make things pleasing to the eye

False

Does black box testing look inside the module at the actual code?

False

Frequently asked questions (FAQ) is an activity under institutionalizing the system

False

Post-implementation activities include correcting the logical DFDs and logical ERDs during a final JAD session with end-users. True or False?

False

T or F: Do changes that benefit the organization also benefit the individual?

False

T or F: Requirements testing tests how easy and error free the system is in use

False

T or F: White Box testing focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in the specification

False

T/F Ease of learning is for frequent users; Ease of use is for infrequent users

False

T/F. In house functional experience is required in regards to outsource development to 3rd party

False

T/F: Two types of acceptance tests is - Alpha Testing - Zeta Testing

False

The more programmers are involved in the implementation stage, the more successful the project could be. (T/F)

False

True / False: Any computer system can be successfully adopted even when management policies don't support its adoption.

False

True of False: User and System Documentation should be left until the very end of the project

False

True or False: Wireframe diagrams are hand-drawn pictures of what the screens will look like

False

True or False: 40-60% of potential adopters are ready adopters

False

True or False: Coordination can only be done through low-tech means.

False

True or False: Outsourcing is best utilized when the business need is central to the company strategy.

False

True or False? The black-box approach is used in system testing.

False

True or false: Logical Process Model shows implementation details and explains how the final system will work

False

True or false: Its always best to have the maximum # of programmers on a task

False

True/False Program design is apart of the implementation phase of the SDLC

False

True/False, The Hardware-Software Specification Diagram, the first column going down includes: Standard Client, Stand Web Server, Standard Application Server, and the Standard Database Server.

False

When created a UI output design, you want to overload the page with as much information as you can, no matter how small the details may be. (T/F)

False

Unit testing is used to assure that system serves organizational needs. True/False?

False Acceptance Testing is used to assure that system serves organizational needs. Unit testing is used to test module.

True or False: Black Box Testing looks inside the module at actual code

False - Black Box Testing focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification

The architectural components of any system are the network and the hardware.

False The architectural components of any system are the software and the hardware.

T/F: In a two tier client server architecture, a thick client has most of the application logic on the server side

False Thin client has most of the application logic on the server side. Thick client has most of the application logic on the client side.

In "Change Management" The changes that benefit an organization are necessarily benefit each individual True/False

False (Individual and organizational goals might not align)

True/False: A unit test focuses on ALL modules.

False (focuses on program modules only)

(True/False) Each class can have either an attribute or a method associated with it.

False - Each class can have both attributes and methods associated with it

Analysts do not help with testing and documentation. True or False?

False, Analyst do help with testing and documentation.

True or False: White Box testing is more common than Black Box testing because it is developed from the program specification.

False, Black Box Testing is more common because it is developed from the program specification.

In a thick client, little application logic is the client side, and most is on the server side.

False, In a thick client, most of the application logic and processing is done on the client-side.

True or False: The Conversion style Parrallel Conversion is when the New System replaces the old one immediately

False, The old and new systems are used. The old system is abandoned when the new system is proven fully capable

True or False. Developing user documentation is not a similar process to when developing interfaces.

False, User documentation first starts with the design for the general structure for the documentation and then individual components within are developed. The general structure used in most online documentation, whether reference documents, procedures manuals, or tutorials, is to develop a set of documentation navigation controls that lead the user to documentation topics.

(True/False) When drawing a DFD Diagram, a dotted line goes around the data stores.

False, a dotted line goes around entities to show human-machine boundaries

Access control is not a security requirement. True or false?

False, access control is a security requirement

Phased conversion occurs when both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable. True False

False, correct answer is Parallel conversion

A Business Contingency Plan is made to show the best case scenario of conversion to a new system. True False

False, correct answer is worst case scenario

T/F Technical Environment is special hardware, software, and requirements imposed by business needs.

False, its imposed by business requirements

True/ False: Programming consists of four work areas.

False, programming consists of three work areas, development area, testing area, and production area.

System documentation & software documentation are two types of documentations. T or F?

False, system documentation and user documentation

True/ False: The two types of acceptance testing are gamma and zeta.

False, the two types of acceptance testing are alpha and beta.

T/F: The availability and reliability requirement focuses on predicting how many users the system will have to support and protect their information.

False, they focus on the extent to which users can assume that the system will be available for them to use

True or false? Black Box testing looks inside the module at the actual code

False, this is white box testing

Following the three-clicks-rule, users should not be able to go from start to the information or action they want in no more than three clicks or keystrokes. True or False?

False, users should be able to

True/False: When project teams gather the information needed, they can only employ one of the following approaches: RFP, RFI, RFQ.

False. There is no restriction to use only one of the tools. Request for Proposal (RFP) is a document that is a formal proposal from a potential vendor, which consists of a detailed description of how they can provide the system/service needed. Request for Information is usually used for smaller projects and is shorter than the RFP, since it only contains general information and may be enough for the project. However, sometimes RFI can be used to identify the vendors capable of providing the need and is followed up by the RFP to the vendors. RFQ may be used when there is sufficient information and only a need for the price.

True or False: Black box testing looks inside the module at the actual code

False. This definition belongs with white box testing

There are 5 steps to change management?

False. 4 Steps.

True or False: A Request for Information is longer than a Request for Proposal

False. A Request for Information is shorter than a Request for proposal

Beta Testing Uses test data.

False. Beta testing uses real data.

The correct way to focus on a new system is to give a list of features?

False. Focus on what it can achieve for user.

Alpha testing is better than Beta Testing?

False. It depends on your needs. No one form of testing is better.

T/F: The most important computer asset in any organization is the equipment.

False. It is the organization's data

True or False: Quickbooks are not an example of Cloud Computing.

False. Quickbooks and DropBox are examples of Cloud Computing.

True or False: RFI is used when you need a price.

False. RFQ is used when you need a price.

True or False. The two types of documentation is system and software.

False. System and User.

T/F: The final deliverable of the Planning Phase is the System Specification

False. The final deliverable of the Design Phase is the System Specification

T/F: Black Box Testing involves looking inside a module at the actual code.

False. The process being referred to is known as white box testing. The key characteristic of Black Box testing is that you cannot see the code.

True or False? The process of combining data into a single entity is called an inheritance.

False. This is encapsulation. Inheritance is when you combine e a process and data into a single entity.

The third step of Lewin's three step model is to move, or transition, from the old system to the new (True/False)

False. This is the second step.

T/F: Black-box testing looks inside the module at the actual code.

False. This is white-box testing. Black-box testing looks at whether the requirements are met from the system specification

True or False: One of the three post-implementation activities is to encourage the organization to recommend your services to others if they are happy with their new system.

False. Three post implementation activities are support, maintenance, and project assessment.

True/False: Giving the user the ability to enter information ensures acquiring the most accurate information

False. User input should be avoided whenever possible because it results in more erroneous inputs.

True or false: 20% of problems are solved with level 1 support

False: 80% of problems are solved with level 1 support

True or False: Level 2 support staff works with level 1 support staff, while level 1 support staff works with the users.

False: Level 2 support staff works with users to resolve problems.

Once a system is installed, there are no more costs that incur over its lifetime.

False: Over a system's lifetime, more money and effort are devoted to system maintenance than to the initial development of the system, simply because a system continues to change and evolve as it is used.

T/F. Purchasing software saves costs and requires you to "reinvent the wheel" for business needs.

False: Purchasing software is cost-saving and does not require you to "reinvent the wheel" for business needs.

T/F: The final deliverable of the Planning Phase is the System Specification

False: The System Specification is the final deliverable of the Design Phase

True or False: The purpose of a wireframe diagram is to focus on the how the screen will look.

False: The purpose is to focus on the screen's functionality.

True or False? The three clicks rule describes how it must take users no more and no less than three clicks to navigate from the main menu to the information they are seeking

False: The three click rule states that it can be three clicks or less. It does not have to be three clicks all the time.

True or False: IT specialists should focus training on system features

False: They should focus on helping users accomplish their tasks

True or False: Using low-cost programmers saves time/money

False: Using too many entry level programmers will take more time/money

White Box Testing focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification. True or False?

False; Black box testing focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification.

A "thick client" is when the server contains all or most of the system's application logic.

False; In a "thick client", the client contains all or most of the application logic A "thin client" is when the server contains all or most of the application logic

External threats put at the system more at risk than internal threats.

False; Internal threats put the system at greater risk than external risks.

True or False: Pilot conversion is when one and only one location is converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations

False; It is ONE OR MORE simultaneous locations are converted

The combining of process and data into a single entity is inheritance True or False

False; The process of combining data into a single entity is called Encapsulation.

True or False: Direct Conversion is when both new and old systems are used for a time. The old is abandoned when the new system is proven capable of taking over.

False; This is parallel conversion

True or False? Behavior diagrams are used for representing data and static relationships.

False; behavior diagrams are used for representing dynamic relationships among the objects.

The program specification illustrates the organization and interaction of modules within the system, often in a hierarchical manner. (T/F)

False; it should be "structure chart."

The main goal of a good user interface design is efficiency. (T/F)

False; it should be "usability."

What are the two main types of data storage formats?

Files and databases

What is the definition of files?

Files are electronic lists of datas that have been optimized to perform a particular transaction.

What does outsourcing entail?

Finding outside developers to create/supply the system

Alternative matrix: what is listed across the top row and what is listed down the first column? How is the right alternative selected in a matrix? (hint: the one with the highest weighted score)

First Row: - Evaluation Criteria - Relative Importance(Weight) - Alternative 1 - Score - Weighted score (more than 1 alternative) First column: - Technical issues - Economic issues - Organizational issues - Total

What are the steps to create the physical DFD?

First, draw a human-machine boundary. Next, add implementation references. Lastly, add system-related data stores, data flows, and processes.

T/F

Five

Which of the following is not one of the three key mechanisms of the user interface? 1. Navigation 2. Input 3. Output 4. Flow

Flow, flow is not one of the key mechanisms... I made it up

What does black box testing focus on?

Focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification

What is Black Box Testing?

Focuses on whether the unit meets requirements stated in specification.

What is the correct training for training on a new system?

Focusing on helping users accomplish their tasks

Parallel conversion

For a time both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable.

What is Parallel Conversion?

For a time both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable.

What is a parallel conversion style?

For a time both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable.

What is Parallel Conversion?

For a time, both the old and new system are used. The old one is abandoned when the new system is proven fully capable

Two major architectural components (hint: see next bullet point)

Four basic functions of Software systems - Data storage. - Data access logic: the processing required to access stored data. - Application logic: the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements. - Presentation logic: the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands. Three primary hardware components: - Client computers: Input-output devices employed by users (e.g., PCs, laptops, handheld and mobile devices, smart phones) - Servers: Larger multi-user computers used to store software and data. - Network: Connects the computers.

Quick and easy completion of job tasks is desired for which type of user?

Frequent users

For which type of user should you focus on ease of use?

Frequent users desire ease of use - quick and easy completion of job tasks Include ways to perform tasks directly

Which user focuses on ease of use and which other user focuses on ease of learning?

Frequent users desire ease of use to make it easy to complete tasks while infrequent users desire ease of learning for easy ways to figure out what to do.

For which type of user should you focus on ease of use? For which type of user should you focus on ease of learning (hint: see "Usage level" slide from lecture)

Frequent users for ease of use Infrequent user for ease of learning

What's cloud computing?

From computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business process to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service wherever and whenever needed. IN SHORT: COMPUTING RESOURCES OBTAINED AS A RESOURCE.

What are pros of customer development strategy ?

Get exactly what we want New system built consistently with existing technology and standards Build and retain technical skills and function knowledge in-house Allows team flexibility and creativity Unique solutions created for strategic advantage

What are some examples of cloud computing?

Gmail (Public), Microsoft Exchange (Private), Amazon Web Services etc

What's the most common interface in use today?

Graphical user interface

What is the most common type of interface in use today?

Graphical user interface (GUI)

What technologies are used to create cross-platform app?

HTML5 and Javascript

What are the two major architectural components?

Hardware And Software

The major architectural components of any systems are the __________.

Hardware and Software

What are the 2 major architectural components?

Hardware and Software

What are the two major architectural components?

Hardware and Software

Two major architectural components

Hardware and software

what are the major architectural components of any system?

Hardware and software

what is the major of architectural components?

Hardware annd software

What is the focus of training on a new system?

Help users accomplish their job, not on how to use the system

What do business contingency plans do?

Helps us figure out what goes wrong and how we can keep the business running. Think about not only preventing failures but also think about mitigating potential risks.

What are the types of interface evaluation/testing?

Heuristic Evaluation Walk-Through Evaluation Interactive Evaluation Formal Usability Testing

What are the Interface Evaluation Methods?

Heuristic evaluation, Walkthrough evaluation, Interactive evaluation, Formal usability testing

What the four common approaches for interface evaluation?

Heuristic evaluation, walk through evaluation, interactive evaluation, and formal usability testing.

Which strategy is best for high risk / low risk / high cost / low cost / limited time / plenty of time

High risk: direct covernsion, simultaneous conversion, whole system conversion Low risk: parallel conversion, pilot conversion, High cost: parallel conversion, simultaneous conversion, modular conversion Low cost: direct conversion, Limited time: direct conversion, Plenty of time: parallel conversion, phased conversion, modular conversion

Which is usually the best decision in the alternative matrix?

Highest weighted score

When would a company want to custom develop their own system?

If the company's business requirements and current technical situation only urges for a unique, characteristic, and custom system which can effectively carry out tasks specific to the business.Custom development is best when teams want complete control over the way the system looks and functions. When teams face challenges that are so significant and demanding that require serious systems engineering is required to solve them.

Which phase is generally the longest and most expensive part of the development process?

Implementation

Definition of "Implementation" - what happens during the Implementation Stage?

Implementation - The building of all parts of the system: the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures

Definition of "Implementation" - what happens during the Implementation Stage?

Implementation is the stage that involves putting the plan into ACTION and CARRYING OUT all the activities necessary to achieve the project goals. Implementation is building all system parts: the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures. During this phase, the system is built, tested, and integrated.

In the development process, which phase typically has the longest duration and highest cost?

Implementation phase

What are implementation references on physical DFDs?

Implementation references: data stores, data flows, and processes. NOT external entities. Could be the field or table where they are implemented in the database, or a specific form or input screen or report output, or the type of program or language used to implement a process.

Where are non-functional requirements tested?

In System Testing

Compare and contrast pilot conversion, phased conversion, and simultaneous conversion.

In a pilot conversion, one or part of a location is converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations. In a phased conversion, locations are converted sequentially in groups until the whole system is converted. In a simultaneous conversion, all locations are converted at the same time.

Compare and contrast direct conversion and parallel conversion.

In direct conversion, the new system instantly replaces the old one. Whereas for parallel conversion, both old and new systems are used until the new one is proven fully capable. Then, the old system is abandoned.

What is an interface metaphor? Be able to recognize one

In user interface design, an interface metaphor is a set of user interface visuals, actions and procedures that exploit specific knowledge that users already have of other domains. The purpose of the interface metaphor is to give the user instantaneous knowledge about how to interact with the user interface. An example of an interface metaphor is a calendar or shopping cart

A FALSE statement about information density

Include as much information on a screen as possible to reduce the need to click around

Messages (in object oriented systems)

Information sent to an object to trigger a method (procedure call) - In Object Oriented Systems

What are the two basic strategies for motivating adoption?

Informational and political

What are the 2 motivational strategies when transitioning to the new system?

Informational: aims to convince adopters that change is necessary Political: uses organizational power to motivate change

What is used to identify hight level, or more general, classes of objects?

Inheritance (which is a mechanism where you can to derive a class from another class for a hierarchy of classes that share a set of attributes and methods)

A(n) _________ (or an object) is a specific case of a class.

Instance

What is a program specification?

Instructions at a high level of how to program the system; no standard approach.

What type of testing tests the interaction of modules?

Integration Testing

Which type of testing will discover potential errors between programs that must work together?

Integration Testing assesses whether a set of modules or programs that must work together do so without error. This type of testing helps make sure that interfaces and links between different parts work properly. This is usually after the individual modules have gone through unit testing successfully.

What type of testing is user interface testing?

Integration testing

What do Integration tests do?

Integration tests assess whether a set of modules or programs that must work together do so without error.

What characterizations are used to understand users?

Interests Typical behaviors Goals and objectives Expectations

What is an interface metaphor?

Interface Metaphor is a concept from the real world that is used as a model for the information system. The metaphor helps the user to understand the system and enables the user to predict what features the interface might provide, even without actually using the system. Sometimes systems have one metaphor, whereas in other cases there are several metaphors in different parts of the system.

Compare and contrast the three types of interface design prototypes.

Interface design prototypes include storyboards, wireframe diagrams, and wire-flow diagrams. A wireframe diagram is meant for conveying the basic content and behavior of the webpages (functionality). Storyboards are usually hand-drawn and shows how they will look like and how they will flow to one another. Wire-flow is a combination of both wireframe and storyboard. It's a series of screens to accomplish a task.

UI interface layout description

Interface should be a series of areas on the screen that are used consistently for different purposes- for example, a top area for commands and navigation, a middle area for information to be input or output, and a bottom area for status of information

Why are interface standards important?

Interface standards are important as they are the basic deigns elements on which interfaces in the system are based on.

What is the definition of aesthetics?

Interfaces should be functional and inviting to users through careful use of white space, colors, and fonts. There is often a trade off between including enough white space to make the interface look pleasing and losing so much space that important information does not fit on the screen.

What is a business contingency plan?

Is the business back up plan, if anything goes wrong we would go to the back up plan

How does the informational motivation strategy motivate change?

It aims to convince adopters that change is necessary, through clear and convincing evidence.

What is the purpose of a business contingency plan?

It allows businesses to set up a system to prevent or limit disruptions in times of emergency to the core business

Why should one use pseudo code?

It allows for one to better effectively plan and structure their code before implementation

What is the benefit of cloud computing?

It allows for organizations to access powerful computational hardware for practical applications over internet access

1)What is Black Box testing?

It focuses on weather the unit meets requirements stated in the specification

What is an interface structure diagram (ISD)?

It helps illustrate the components of the system interface and how they all work together to provide the functionality that users need. ISD shows all the screens, forms, and reports of user movement in the UI.

Why do we prototype the user interface design?

It helps the users and programmers understand how the systems will perform

What is a method?

It implements an object's behavior and it is an action that an object can perform

HW-SW (hardware-software) specification: purpose and format (what goes in the columns and what are the typical rows)

It is a document that describes what hardware and software are needed to support the application Left column: operating system, special software, hardware, network Rows: standard client, standard web server, standard application server, standard database server

information density

It is best practice to include a medium amount of information on a page/screen and provide easy navigation to reach additional information.

When to use range check in input validation?

It is best to use range check with all numeric data, if possible.

What is cloud computing?

It is everything from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service wherever and whenever needed.

What are some problems with parallel conversion?

It is more expensive than direct conversion and users have to use the old system while learning the new system at the same time.

What is implementation?

It is the building of all parts of the system: the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures

When is outsourcing used?

It is used to lower development and labor costs, and helps avoid investing capital into production assets

What is the purpose of source data automation?

It reduces duplicate work, reduces processing time, and decreases cost and probability of error.

If the application requires use of the mobile GPS, which client type should be created?

It should be created as a rich client; With rich clients, the business and data access logic are included on the device along with the presentation logic.

What are the results that ISD shows?

It shows all screens, forms, related reports, and how users move from one to another

What is an interface structure diagram (ISD)?

It shows how all screens, forms, and reports are related and how the user moves from one to another.

What is the interface structure diagram (ISD)?

It shows how all the screens, reports, and forms used by the system are related and how the user moves from one to another

What is unit testing?

It tests each module to make sure it performs its function

How does the political motivation strategy motivate change?

It uses organizational power to motivate change

What is the point of the design phase?

It will be used to decide how the new system will operate

What is a Business Contingency Plan?

It's a plan to keep the business operational in the event of a system failure or a business-critical detrimental event occurs. It involves the use of backup systems or a way to temporarily use an old system while transitioning to the new one, this helps prevent worst-case scenarios.

What are object-oriented approaches most associated with?

Iterative development RAD methodology.

What is business contingency planning?

Keeping small technology glitches in the new system from turning into major business disasters

What is a business contingency plan?.

Keeping small technology glitches in the new system from turning into major business disasters is known as business contingency planning.

What is a business contingency plan?

Keeping small technology glitches in the new system from turning into major business disasters is known as business contingency planning. Contingency plan helps the business withstand relatively small problems with the new system so that major business disruptions are prevented. A plan to address how to keep business running smoothly even if the new system has errors. In the business contingency plan, there should be an outline to handle any potential business disruptions due to technical problems during conversion. Business contingency plan is a roadmap created by the management to help business organized as a response t o future possibility events.

First principle of user face design deals with

Layout

Definitions of the 6 principles of user interface design

Layout The screen is often divided into three boxes Navigation area (top) Status area (bottom) Work area (middle) Information can be presented in multiple areas Ideally, areas will remain consistent in size, shape, and placement Minimize user movement from one area to another Content awareness All interfaces should have titles Menus should show where you are where you came from to get there It should be clear what information is within each area Fields and field labels should be selected carefully Use dates and version numbers to aid system users Aesthetics Interfaces need to be functional and inviting to use Avoid squeezing in too much, particularly for novice users Design text carefully Be aware of font and size Avoid using all capital letters Colors and patterns should be used carefully For example, to separate or categorize items For touch screens, bright colors/backgrounds can help reduce glare and hide fingerprints. Usage level Some people will be frequent, heavy users of the system Frequent users desire ease of use - quick and easy completion of job tasks Include ways to perform tasks directly (e.g., short-cut keys) Other people may use the system infrequently Infrequent users desire ease of learning - quick and easy ways to figure out what to do Include careful menu designs, tool tips, and extensive help systems Mobile devices: Use standardized gesture interactions to enhance the user's ease of learning and ease of use. Consistency Elements are the same throughout the application Enables users to predict what will happen Reduces learning curve Considers elements within an application and across applications Pertains to many different levels Navigation controls Terminology Report and form design Minimize user effort Three clicks rule Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes Touch screens are ideal for information display but not data entry. When possible, provide selection tools instead of requiring typing (We'll come back to this on a future slide)

What are the 6 guidelines to critique a user interface prototype?

Layout Content Awareness Aesthetics Usage Level Consistency Minimize User Effort

What are the principles of user interface design?

Layout Content Awareness Aesthetics Usage Level Consistency Minimize User Effort

Definitions of the 6 principles of user interface design

Layout Content awareness Aesthetics Usage level Consistency Minimize user effort

What are the Principles for User Interface Design?

Layout Content awareness Aesthetics Usage level Consistency Minimize user effort

Six principles of user interface design

Layout, Content Awareness, Aesthetics, Usage Level, Consistency, Minimize User Effort

What are the six principles fo user interface design?

Layout, Content Awareness, Aesthetics, Usage Level, Consistency, Minimize User Effort

Definitions of the 6 principles of user interface design.

Layout, Content Awareness, Aesthetics, User Experience, Consistency, Minimize Effort

What are the main Principles for User Interface Design?

Layout, Content awareness, Aesthetics, Usage level, Consistency, Minimize user effort

What are the principles of user interface design?

Layout, Content awareness, aesthetics, usage level, consistency, minimize user effort

What are the five principles for user interface design?

Layout, Context Awareness, Aesthetics, Usage Level, Consistency, Minimize User Effort

What are the 6 principles of user interface design?

Layout, content awareness, aesthetics, usage levels, consistency, minimize user effort

List the six principles of user interface designs

Layout, content awareness, usage level, aesthetics, minimize user effort, and consistency.

what is the first step in the design process?

Learn about the users of the interface.

What is Level 1 vs Level 2 Support?

Level 1 - Broad knowledge Level 2 - Knows the ins and outs of the machine

What are Level 1 and Level 2 support?

Level 1 Support - Broad knowledge Unresolved issues passed to Level 2 Support - specialists in the application system

What are Level 1 and Level 2 support?

Level 1 Support - Broad knowledge; Support for basic customer issues such as solving usage problems and fulfilling service desk requests that need IT involvement. Unresolved issues passed to Level 2 Support - Specialists in the application system. Support personnel with deep knowledge of the product or service, but not necessarily the engineers or programmers who designed and created the product.

What are Level 1 and Level 2 support?

Level 1 involves simple customer requests that require limited IT support, Level 2 escalates into more in-depth problems

What is the difference between level 1 support and level 2 support?

Level 1 support provides broad knowledge. Level 2 support is a specialist in the application system; solves issues that level 1 can't.

What is Level 1 and Level 2 Support.

Level 1: Support staff that have very broad computer skills and can respond to a wide range of requests. Level 2: Support staff members are people who know the application system well and can provide expert advice.

What are Level 1 and Level 2 support?

Level 1: support staff have very broad computer skills and are able to respond to a wide range of requests, from network problems and hardware problems to problems with commercial software and with the business application software developed in house. Level 2: support staff members are people who know the application system well and can provide expert advice. For a new system, they are usually selected during the implementation phase and become familiar with the system as it is being tested

Define Access Control Requirement:

Limitation on who can access what data

What is one way navigation design prevents mistakes?

Limits user choices

Alternative matrix: what is listed across the top row and what is listed down the first column?

Listed across the top row is Relative Importance Listed down the first column are the Evaluation Criteria

In a two-tiered client server architecture, what is a thin client mean?

Little application logic on the client side

What is the difference between logical and physical data flow diagrams?

Logical DFDs do not contain any indication of how the system will actually be implemented when the information system is built; they simply state what the new system will do. Physical DFDs contain additional details that describe how the system will be built.

What are major differences between logical and physical process models

Logical process models do not contain any indication of how the system will actually be implemented when the information system is built; they simply state what the new system will do. Physical process models are created to show implementation details and explain how the final system will work. They contain same components as the logical process models. However, they provide additional details to describe how they system will be built.

Difference between logical and physical process model?

Logical process models do not have any indication of how the system will be implemented, it only states what the new system will DO. Physical process models are created to show implementation details and explain how the final system will work. These details can have references to actual technology, format of info moving through process, and any human interaction involved.

When moving into the design phase, All of the ______work from Systems Analysis is converted to the ______

Logical, Physical

What is white box testing?

Looks inside the module at actual code White Box Testing means the testing of a software solution's internal coding and infrastructure.

What does white Box Testing look for inside?

Looks inside the module at the actual code

What does "unfreezing" mean?

Loosening up peoples' habits and norms; hopefully "unfreezing" started happening between the analysis and design phases.

What are advantageous of obtaining access to software packages through an application service provider?

Low cost of entry and short setup time

What are the 3 important Post-implementation activites?

Maintain, Asses, Support

What are the steps of the design phase?

Make the System, Buy a pre-built System, Outsource development to 3rd-party Determine issues with technical feasibility, security, and global issues Determine Hardware/Software requirements Build the UI - Use a simple approach and not overwhelm users with choice or unnecessary features. Build a Flow-Chart showcasing actions users must take, keep it within "3 clicks" Determine how data will be stored/transferred Build Final Deliverable

What are some basic output design principles?

Manage information load Utilize various report types Minimize bias

What are the basic output design principles?

Manage information load Utilize various report types Minimize bias

How should management motivate change for when developing a new system?

Management should motivate the change by developing the change through the viewpoint of the people affected by the change. Management should consider the costs and benefits and understand the perceptions of costs, benefits, and certainty from the new system.

What are messages in the object-oriented approach?

Messages are information sent to objects to trigger methods (methods implement an object's behavior).

Object-Oriented programming languages can have:

Methods, which implement an object's behavior, and Attributes, which describe information about the object. Examples of O-O programming languages are C++ and C#

How do microservices architecture and monolithic architecture differ, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

Microservices architecture consists of small, independently deployable services that communicate with each other to form a larger application. Each service is responsible for specific functionality and can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently. In contrast, a monolithic architecture is a single, large application that contains all the functionality within a single codebase and deployment unit.

An example of an interface metaphor

Microsoft Windows uses the concepts of "files" and "folders" to replicate a physical workspace

Example of an interface metaphor

Microsoft Windows uses the concepts of "files" and "folders" to replicate a physical workspace.

Who are most likely to have a divergent set of costs and benefits?

Middle Managers and Supervisors

Which of the 6 principles of UI design incorporates the 3 clicks rule?

Minimize User Effort

Compare and contrast modular conversion and whole-system conversion.

Modular conversion occurs when modules that are loosely associated are converted one at a time. In a whole system conversion, all modules are converted in one step.

What are the three elements of a conversion strategy?

Modularity, style, and location

When should interface evaluation be implemented?

Most organizations save interface evaluation for the very last step in the SDLC before the system is installed. However, interface evaluation should be performed while the system is being designed so that any major problems can be identified and corrected.

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

Navigation Mechanism, Input Mechanism, Output Mechanism

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

Navigation Mechanism, Input mechanism, Output mechanism

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

Navigation Mechanism: the way the user gives instructions to the system and tells it what to do. Input Mechanism: way in which the system captures information Output Mechanism: way in which the system provides info to the user.

What are the three layout areas?

Navigation area (top) Status area (bottom) Work area (middle)

What are the three layout areas?

Navigation area (top), Status area (bottom), Work area (middle)

Three layout areas (see "Layout" slide from lecture)

Navigation area (top): provides users with ways to navigate through the system Status area (bottom): displays the user's input/output Work area (middle): contains status information about what the user is doing

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

Navigation mechanism Input mechanism Output mechanism

What is a navigation mechanism?

Navigation mechanism provides way for users to tell system what to do

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

Navigation mechanism, input mechanism, and output mechanism

What are three key mechanisms of the user interface?

Navigation mechanism, input mechanism, and output mechanism

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

Navigation mechanism, input mechanism, and output mechanism.

What are the three components of the user interface?

Navigation mechanism: way in which the user gives instructions to the system and tells its what to do Input mechanism: way in which the system captures information Output mechanism: way in which the system provides information to the user

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

Navigation, Input, Output

What are three key mechanisms of the user interface?

Navigation, Input, and Output

Direct Conversion

New system replaces the old.

Are skills strategic if purchasing software package?

No

Should you assume that users have read the user manual before using a system?

No

Which of the following is information that is NOT added during the steps of converting logical models to physical models?

Numbering of data flows

Which of the following is not a type of documentation? A) User B) Objective C) Sytem

Objective

direct conversion

Of the different conversion styles used as a conversion strategy, which one poses a high risk, but with low cost in a short time?

In a client-server architecture, which of the four software types usually resides on the client?

Of the four software types, presentation logic usually resides on the client. Presentation logic revolves around how the user interacts with/views the program.

What is the difference between a thick and thin client

On the thick client, the application logic is on the client side and handles the presentation and application logic. On the thin client, there is little application logic on the client side and its mostly on the server side which also handles the data access logic and data storage

What is pilot conversion?

One (or more simultaneous) locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations

what is the pilot conversion strategy?

One (or more simultaneous) locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations. Note: Pilot can turn into phased

How does a pilot conversion work?

One or more locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations

Pilot Conversion

One or more locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations

What is Level 1 Support?

Operates help desk, has broad computer skills and are able to respond to a wide range of requests.

What are the four categories of nonfunctional requirements?

Operational Performance Security Cultural and Political

What are the major sources of change requests?

Operations group reports Users Other system development projects Underlying software or network changes Senior management

Name one key mechanism of a UI

Output mechanism

What acquisition strategy do you use when business needs are not core to the organization?

Outsource Development to 3rd Party

Which acquisition strategy does not have in-house functional experience?

Outsourcing

If the business need is common and the time frame is short, which acquisition strategy should you choose?

Packaged System

What are the three key roles in any change management initiative?

Page 408-409 1. The sponsor of the change - the person who wants the change. This person is the business sponsor who first initiated the request for the new system. 2. Change agent - the person(s) leading the change effort. The change agent, charged with actually planning and implementing the change, is usually someone outside of the business unit adopting the system and therefore has no direct management authority over the potential adopters. 3. Potential adopter, or target of the change - the people who actually must change. These are the people for whom the new system is designed and who will ultimately choose to use or not use the system.

What are the types of prototypes?

Paper Sketches, Wireframe Diagrams, HTML Prototype, and Language Prototype

o What are the types of prototypes?

Paper sketches Wireframe diagrams: showing a box outline where elements will be placed HTML prototype: a prototype using Web tools Language prototype: a prototype using the programming language the final product will be coded in

What are the types of prototypes?

Paper sketches, Storyboards, wireframe diagrams, wire-flow diagrams, and more realistic models

What interface design prototype uses the simplest technique?

Paper-based storyboard

A company decides to keep using the old system together with a new one until it is established. What type of conversion is this?

Parallel

Which one does not minimize cost in a conversion strategy? Direct Parallel

Parallel

Which conversion style has the highest cost

Parallel Conversion Style

To minimize risk:

Parallel conversion style Pilot conversion location Conversion by modules

What are the best strategies to minimize risk?

Parallel conversion style Pilot conversion location Conversion by modules

determine the conversion strategy that minimizes risk

Parallel conversion style Pilot conversion location Conversion by modules

Determine the conversion strategy that maximizes cost

Parallel conversion style Simultaneous conversion location Conversion of modules

What strategy is best for minimizing risk?

Parallel conversion style, Pilot conversion location, Conversion by modules

Explain parallel (style) conversion

Parallel conversion would be if a company decided to still use the old system simultaneously with the new system until the new system is completely established

Which system conversion strategies are considered high cost?

Parallel conversion, simultaneous conversion, modular conversion

What is Level 2 Support?

People who know the application system well can can provide expert advice

The migration plan focuses on preparing what 3 key elements for implementation of the system?

People, Organization (business), Technology

alpha testing

Performed by users to assure they accept the system; frequently repeats earlier tests

Which Conversion Location has the longest time conversion strategy

Phased Conversion Location

Name a conversion location method?

Phased conversion

Physical DFD vs Logical DFD

Physical DFD contains the same components as the logical DFD, and the same rules apply. The basic difference between the two models is that a physical DFD contains additional details that describe how the system will be built.

What is a human-machine boundary?

Physical DFDs differentiate human and computer interaction by a human-machine boundary, a line drawn on the model to separate human action from automated processes.

Which of the following is not a factor in hardware/software factor? Performance Cost Function Physical Size

Physical Size

What is the difference between Pilot conversion and Phased conversion?

Pilot = One or more locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations. Phased = Locations are converted in sets.

Which of these is incorrect? Direct Conversion: High Risk-Low Cost - Short Time Parallel Conversion: Low Risk - High Cost - Long Time Pilot Conversion: High Risk - High Cost - Medium Time Simultaneous Conversion: High Risk - High Cost - Short Time

Pilot Conversion: High Risk - High Cost - Medium Time

Pilot vs. phased vs. simultaneous

Pilot conversion One or more locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations Phased conversion Locations are converted in sets Simultaneous conversion All locations are converted at the same time

What are the different location conversions?

Pilot: One or more simultaneous locations converted first to work out bugs before extending conversion to the rest. Phased: Locations are converted in sets and separately from each other Simultaneous: All locations are converted at the same time

Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of software testing? -Unit testing -Plan testing -System testing -Acceptance testing -Integration testing

Plan testing

Waht is the definition of architecture design?

Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers & what hardware &software will be used for each computer

what is the architecture design?

Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer.

Definition of architecture design

Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer

What is architecture design?

Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer

Architecture Design

Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer.

Define architecture design.

Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer.

Definition of architecture design

Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer.

What is an architecture design?

Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer. Assign the software components of the information system to the hardware devices of the system in the most advantageous way.

What is Architecture design?

Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer. Achitectural design is a technological and artistic concept of designing or fabricating structures and understanding various building materials and forms.

Definition of architecture design o Two major architectural components

Plans for how the system will be distributed across computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer. Architectural design is a technological and artistic concept of designing or fabricating structures and understanding various building materials and forms

What is a business contingency plan?

Plans that should be made to ensure that the business can continue its operations even in the event of technical glitches in the new system.

What is a business contingency plan?

Plans to handle business disruption due too technical problems during conversion.

What is a business contingency plan?

Plans to handle potential business disruption due to technical problems during conversion

What is polymorphism in the object-oriented approach?

Polymorphism means that the same message can be interpreted differently by different classes of objects.

Data Processing Logic

Preparing data for storage. Can occur on a client or a server depending on architecture.

Elements of Migration Plan

Preparing the Business Preparing the Technology Preparing the People.

What are the three steps of the Migration Plan?

Preparing the Business, Preparing the Technology, Preparing the People

What are the three elements of a migration plan?

Preparing the Business, Preparing the Technology, and Preparing the People.

What are elements of a Migration Plan?

Preparing the business, Preparing the technology, Preparing the people

What are the three elements of a migration plan?

Preparing the business, Preparing the technology, Preparing the people

What are the elements of a migration plan?

Preparing the business, technology, people

What are the 3 key elements for implementation of the system?

Preparing the technology Preparing the people Preparing the organization

The migration plan focuses on preparing 3 key elements for implementation of the system.

Preparing the technology, preparing the budget, preparing the organization.

The primary software components of a system consist of:

Presentation logic, application logic, data access and data storage

What are the Basic Principles of Navigation Design?

Prevent the user from making mistakes, simplify recovery of mistakes, & use consistent grammar order.

Three-clicks rule

Principle #6 of UI Design; Minimize User Effort; Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes

What are the 3 different ways cloud services can be implemented?

Private cloud, Public cloud, and Hybrid cloud

What are the Four elements of a DFD?

Process Data Flow Data Store External Entity

Describe the purpose of program specifications (Ch. 10)

Program Specifications are written documents with the purpose of describing individual modules in detail so that programmers will know what to code. They are instructions on how to program these modules and must be clear and easy to understand so that programmers will not be slowed down by vagueness or incomplete instructions. Program specifications can also pinpoint design problems that exist in the structure chart.

What is program specification?

Program specification shows instructions at a high level of how to program the system and includes program information, events and triggers, inputs and outputs, pseudocode, and additional notes and comments.

What happens during the implementation phase?

Programmers will write programming code

Physical DFDs will be shared with

Programmers/Designers

Who are the people involved in implementation?

Project Manager - manage implementation process, along with other stages of the process Analyst - help with testing and documentation (often not the one to program, install of customize system "at least in large organizations") Programmers/ other Technical Specialists Quality Assurance Professionals (in large organizations)

Which person involved with implementation is in charge of carefully managing the implementation process?

Project manager

What is project manager need to do in implementation?

Project manager needs to carefully manage the implementation process, as with other stages of the process.

Who is involved during the implementation phase?

Project managers, analysts, programmers, and quality assurance professionals.

What is a project team review?

Project team review focuses on the way the project team carried out its activities. Each project member prepares a short two-to three- page document that reports on and analyzes his or her performances.

What are the pros and cons of building in house?

Pros: -Get exactly what you need -New system built consistently w/ technology and standards -Build and retain technical skills and function knowledge in-house -Allows team flexibility and creativity -Unique solutions created for strategic advantage Cons: -Requires significant time and effort -May add to existing backlogs -May require skills we do not have -Often costs more -Often takes more calendar time -Risk of project failure

What are the pros and cons of outsourcing?

Pros: -Hire expertise we don't have -May save time and money -Lower risk -Some consultants specialize in systems integration Cons: -No opportunity to build in-house expertise -Reliance on vendor -Future options limited -Security concern - potential loss of confidential information -Performance based on contract terms

What are the pros and cons of purchasing a pre-packaged software?

Pros: -No need to "reinvent the wheel" for common business needs -Tested, proven product -Cost savings -Time savings -Utilize vendor's expertise -Some customization may be possible Cons: -Rarely a perfect fit -Organizational processes must adapt to software -Reliance on vendor for maintenance and future enhancements

What are the pros and cons of purchasing a pre-made software package?

Pros: Already made, it's a tested and proven product, saves on cost and time, utilizes vendors' expertise, and some customization may be possible. Cons: It's rarely a perfect fit, organizational processes must adapt to the new software, must rely on vendor for maintenance and future upgrades, won't develop any in-house skills, unique needs of the customer may not be met, and it may require system integration.

What are the pros and cons of outsourcing?

Pros: Can hire an expert which the company does not have, may save time and money, it's a lower risk hiring someone who knows what they're doing instead of trying to learn it quickly, and some consultants specialize in system integration. Cons: There is no opportunity to build in house expertise, must rely on the vendor, future options are limited, there's a potential security threat - may lose some confidential information, and performance is based on the contract terms.

What are the pros and cons for custom development?

Pros: Get exactly what the customer wants, new system built consistently with existing technology standards, gain technical skills and function knowledge in-house, allows for team flexibility and creativity, and unique solutions are created for an advantage. Cons: Requires significant time and effort, may add to the backlog, might require skills the employees may not have, can cost more, can take up more time, and there is a risk of project failure.

What tools are used to establish a good interface design?

Prototypes Interface structure Wireframe diagram

What are the 3 important POST-implementation activities?

Provide SUPPORT: Assistance in using the system Provide MAINTENENCE • Repair or fix discovered bugs or errors • Add minor enhancements to provide added value ASSESS the project • Analyze what was done well • Discover what activities need improvement in the future

What are 3 post-implementation activities?

Provide support: Provide assistance in using the system Provide maintenance: Repair or fix any discovered bugs or errors, Add minor enhancements to system Assess the project: Analyze what was done well and discover activities need that could be improved in the future

What does a Navigation mechanism do?

Provides the way for users to tell the system what to do.

What are the three main activities for institutionalizing a new system?

Providing support, providing maintenance, and assessing the project.

Which of the following is a term for a set of generic language used to illustrate the logic that should be used to program/code a module?

Pseudocode

Which of the following is a term for a set of generic language used to illustrate the logic that should be used to program/code a module? A. Pseudoprogram B. Structured logic tree C. Pseudocode D. Abstract logic tree

Pseudocode

What is pseudocode?

Pseudocode is a coding-type language that could easily be implemented in any language; is used to communicate what needs to be written, using programming structures and a generic language that is not program language-specific.

What is pseudocode?

Pseudocode shows how code should be written without using a specific programming language

What is a coding-type language that could easily be implemented in any language?

Pseudocode, because it acts as a rough draft for finalized code. Purpose: so users of various coding languages can code anything based off a simple code

what acquisition strategy can be install in own computer

Purchase software package

What is an RFI?

RFI (Request for information): A shorter and less detailed version to obtain general information about their products and services. It could be used to determine which vendors have the capacity to perform a service. For smaller, cheaper projects with small budgets.

WHAT is an RFI

RFI stands for Request for Information. it's a document that a company uses to request information about a product or service from suppliers. It's like a short simple version of an RFP.

What are the purposes of RFI's, RFQ's, and RFP's?

RFI's - Request For Information: short, less detailed request sent to potential vendors to get general information about their products and services. sometimes used to figure out if a vendor can perform a service RFQ's - Request for Quote: The list of equipment is really complete, the vendor only needs to provide a price for them, no need for analysis or description. RFP's - Request for Proposal: document soliciting a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider. It describes in detail the system or service needed. Vendors respond by describing how they can supply those needs.

What is an RFP?

RFP (Request for proposal): solicits proposals from vendors, developers, or service providers. Explains the system to be built and the criteria for selecting applicants. Use commonly when outsourcing work to a service provider. Contains: Description of the desired system Special technical needs or circumstances Evaluation criteria Instructions on how to respond Desired schedule

What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ? What are their purposes? (ch7)

RFP (request for proposal) - Definition: a document that solicits a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider. RFPs describe in detail the system or service that is needed, and vendors respond by describing in detail how they could supply those needs. -Purpose: Project teams employ several approaches to gather additional information that is needed. RFP (request for information) - Definition: An RFI is a shorter, less detailed request that is sent to potential vendors to obtain general information about their products and services. -Purpose: the RFI is used to determine which vendors have the capability to perform a service. It is often then followed up with an RFP to the qualified vendors. RFQ (request for quote) - Definition: RFQ responses provide the cost of meeting a specific need. -Purpose: The RFQ is used when a list of equipment is so complete that the vendor need only provide a price, without any analysis or description of what is needed.

What do RFP RFI and RFQ stand for?

RFP - Request for proposal RFI - Request for information RFQ - Request for quote

What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ? What are their purposes?

RFP - request for proposal, a document that solicits a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider - RFPs describe in detail the system or service that is needed, and vendors respond by describing in detail how they could supply those needs RFI - request for information, useful for smaller projects with smaller budgets. - shorter, less detailed request that is sent to potential vendors to obtain general information about their products and services -sometimes used to determine which vendors have the capability to perform a service. often then followed up with RFP to qualified vendors RFQ - request for quote, used when a list of equipment is so complete that the vendor only needs to only provide a price, without analysis or description of what is needed.

Request for Quote (RFQ) definition

RFP pertains to a document used by a business to ask a service/company for a price of a product or service.

What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ and what are their purposes?

RFP- Request for Proposals Solicits proposals from vendor, developer, or service provider Explains the system to be built and criteria for selecting among applicants RFI- Request for Information a shorter and less detailed version RFQ- Request for Quote use when you just need a price

What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ?

RFP: Request for Proposal RFI: Request for Information RFQ: Request for Quote

What is an RFQ?

RFQ: (Request for quote): used only when you need a price. Used when a list of equipment is so complete that the vendor only needs to provide a price without any analysis or description of what is needed.

What is the Rational Unified Process (RUP)?

RUP is a methodology created specifically for following the object-oriented approach to analysis, design, and implementation. It emphasizes iterative, incremental development, and prototyping.

What does RUP stand for?

Rational Unified Process

What is the methodology created specifically for the OO approach?

Rational Unified Process (RUP)

What are the Categories of Potential Adopters

Ready Adopters Resistant Adopters Reluctant Adopters

Which type of potential adopters generally fall into the range of 20% to 30%?

Ready Adopters & Resistant Adopters

What are the categories of potential adopters?

Ready Adopters (20-30%), Resistant adopters (20-30%), Reluctant adopters (40-60%)

o What is source data automation? Know examples

Reduces duplicate work and processing time Decreases cost and probability of error Can be obtained by using the following technologies: bar code readers / scanners optical character recognition magnetic stripe readers smart cards RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags

What are reference documents?

Reference Documents are designed to be used when the user needs to learn how to perform a specific function (ex, adding a new record)

which type of user documentation lists the system functions?

Reference document

How is the weighted score for each criterion in the alternative matrix calculated?

Relative Importance (Weight) of the criteria is multiplied by the Score (1-5) for each criterion

What is a con of outsourcing?

Reliance of vendors. An independent contractor might decide to sub-contract some work. You don't get a voice in the hiring process for outsourcing firms. That may lead to future complications.

What is an example of an output mechanism?

Reports

a shorter, less detailed request [than an RFP] that is sent to potential vendors to obtain general information about their products and services

Request for Information (RFI)

What is the main difference between RFP and RFI?

Request for Information (RFI) is focused on establishing a relationship with a vendor. Request for Proposal (RFP) pertains to a specific project where it asks for a detail information regarding the project's goals, aims, and who will be involved in the process.

What is an RFP?

Request for Proposal

What does the term RFP stand for and what is its purpose?

Request for Proposal - It solicits proposals from developers and service providers, vendors, and explains the criteria for selecting among applicants.

What can a project team use to gather additional information?

Request for Proposal(RFP): Document which solicits a formal proposal from a potential service provider Request for information(RFI): Usually done on smaller projects with small budgets Request for Quote(RFQ): Only needs a price for equipmment.

What is an RFP?

Request for Proposal, a document that solicits a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider.

What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ? What are their purposes?

Request for Proposals (RFP) - solicits proposals from vendor, developer, or service provider. Also explains the system to be built and criteria for selecting among applicants. Request for Information (RFI) - as shorter and less detailed request that is sent to potential vendors to obtain general information about their products and services. Sometimes used to determine which vendors have the capability to perform a service. Request for Quote (RFQ) - use when you just need a price without any analysis or description of what is needed.

What is an RFP? RFI? RFQ?

Request for Proposals (RFP) is a document soliciting a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider. This described in detail the system or service that is needed, and vendors respond by describing in detail how they could supply those needs Request for Information (RFI) is for smaller projects with smaller budgets. Used to get general information and to see which vendor has the capabilities to perform that service. Request for Quote (RFQ) is used when you just need the price.

What is an RFP?

Request for Proposals (RFP): Solicits proposals from vendor, developer, or service provider.

What does RFQ stand for?

Request for Quotation

is used when you only need the vendor to provide a price [without any analysis or description of what is needed]

Request for Quote (RFQ)

What does the term RFQ stand for and what is its purpose?

Request for Quote - This is used when you want to request a quote from a vendor for a specific item or list of items.

What is an RFI?

Request for information

What is a shorter and less detailed version of an RFP?

Request for information (RFI)

What is an RFI and it's purpose?

Request for information (RFI)- a shorter and less detailed version of RFP

_________________________, a document that solicits a formal proposal from a potential vendor, developer, or service provider, and then explains system to be built and criteria for selecting among applicants

Request for proposal (RFP)

What is an RFP and it's purpose?

Request for proposal (RFP) - The buyer invites the seller to submit a proposal for completing the specified work

What is an RFP and it's purpose?

Request for proposal (RFP)- solicits proposal from vendor, developer, or service provider and explains the system to be built and criteria for selecting among applicants

What does RFP, RFI, and RFQ mean?

Request for proposals (RFP), Request for information (RFI), Request for quote (RFQ)

What is an RFQ and it's purpose?

Request for quotation -used when you just need a price

What do you use when you need to get a price?

Request for quote

System testing involves these five tests.

Requirements Testing Usability Testing Security Testing Performance Testing Documentation Testing

1. What are the 5 types of systems testing?

Requirements testing - insures integration did not cause new errors Usability testing - sees how easy/error-free system is in use Security testing - assures security functions are handled properly Performance testing - makes system work under high volumes of activity Documentation testing - analysts check documentation accuracy

What are the 5 system tests?

Requirements, Usability, Security, Performance, Documentation

What are the main disadvantages to custom development?

Requires significant time and effort May add to existing backlogs May require skills we do not have Often costs more Often takes more calendar time Risk of project failure Large Cost associated with developing it

What are some classic mistakes during implementation?

Research-oriented development Using "low-cost" personnel to save money/time Lack of code control Inadequate testing

What are the 3 types of potential adopters?

Resistant, Reluctant, Ready

What are the 4 steps of change management?

Revise management policies Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters Motivates adoption Enable people to adopt

What are the 4 steps of change management

Revise management policies asses costs and benefits of models of potential adopters motivate adoption enable people to adopt

What are the 4 steps of change management?

Revise management policies2. Assess costs and benefits models of potential adopters3. Motivate adoption4. Enable people to adopt (training)

_______ - Involves processing on the mobile device using its resources. Presentation logic, application logic, and data access logic on the client side.

Rich Client

In mobile application architecture, what should be created if the camera or GPS is only occasionally connected to the server?

Rich client

What are the key factors in selecting a conversion strategy?

Risk Cost Time

What are the 3 key factors in selecting a conversion strategy?

Risk - Seriousness of consequences of remaining bugs Cost - Parallel requires for paying 2 systems for a period of time Time - Parallel, Phased & Modular require more time

What are key factors in selecting a conversion strategy?

Risk, Cost, Time

What are the 3 conversion characteristics?

Risk, Cost, Time

What are the three important factors you must consider when choosing a conversion strategy?

Risk, Cost, Time

What are three key factors in selecting a conversion strategy

Risk, Cost, Time

The key factors in selecting a conversion strategy

Risk, Cost, and Time

What are the key factors in selecting a conversion strategy?

Risk, Cost, and Time

What key factors are used in selecting a conversion strategy?

Risk, Cost, and Time

What are the 3 key factors that determine which combination of conversion strategy you select?

Risk, cost, and time

What are the key factors in selecting a conversion strategy?

Risk, cost, and time

What are the three key factors in selecting a conversion strategy?

Risk, cost, and time.

3 key factors that determine which combination of conversion strategy you select

Risk, cost, time

What falls under "Revise Management Policies" under steps of change management?

SOPs, measurements and rewards, resource allocation

What is meant by the term scalable?

Scalability is the ability to increase or decrease the storage and processing capacity with ease. It is important when dealing with large sets of data.

What is Scope creep

Scope creep happens when new requirements are added to the project after the original project scope was defined and "frozen."

What does Black Box Testing Focuses On?

Seeing whether the unit meets requirements stated in the specification.

Is Data Storage housed in the client or Server?

Server because the server provides the service to the client while the client simply accesses the data.

Use case diagram

Serves as a basis or starting point for the rest of the diagrams

RFI (request for information)

Shorter and less detailed version of RFP

What is psuedocode?

Shorthand notation for programming which uses a combination of informal programming structures and verbal descriptions of code.

What should you do in the motivation strategy?

Should focus on supporting and encouraging "ready adopters" and winning over the "reluctant adopters."

What is a Physical Process Model?

Show the implementation details and explain how the system will work, including: -Actual, specific technology -Format of information through processes -Human interaction with system.

Definition and Purpose of Structure Chart

Shows all components of code in a hierarchical format Illustrates the organization and interactions of the different program modules

What is a Structure chart?

Shows all components of code that must be included in program at high level arranged in hierarchical format that implies: Sequence = in what order components are invoked Selection = under what condition module in invoked Iteration = how often component is repeated Illustrated organization and interactions of different program modules/pieces of code within program to analysts and programmers so program can be developed by many programmers working independently

What is an interface structure diagram (ISD)

Shows how all screens, forms, and reports are related Shows how user moves from one to another

Why is the ISD important?

Shows how all the screens, forms, & reports are related Shows how user moves from one to the other

What is the purpose of Pseudocode?

Shows software dev/programmer the logic to be followed when writing the real code for the system

What makes a good user interface design?

Simple to use Pleasing to the eye Minimizes the user effort Uses space effectively Balance simplicity against enough information

Two major architectural components

Software and Hardware

Name the major architectural components of any system.

Software and hardware

What are the major architectural components if any system?

Software and hardware

What are the two major architectural components?

Software and hardware.

Example of Cloud Computing?

Software as a service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), Platform as a service (Paas) Amazon web services, Microsoft Azure, Dropbox, Google docs, Adobe creative cloud, Salesforce

What are the four basic functions of software? What are the three primary hardware components?

Software systems can be divided into four basic functions: 1.) Data Storage: the place to store and retrieve data 2.) Data access logic: the processing required to access stored data 3.) Application logic: the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements 4.) Presentation logic: the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands The three primary hardware components: 1.) Client computers: Input-output devices employed by users (e.g., PCs, laptops, handheld and mobile devices, smartphones) 2.) Servers: Larger multi-user computers used to store software and data. 3.) Network: Connects the computers.

For which type of user should you focus on ease of use? For which type of user should you focus on ease of learning (hint: see "Usage level" slide from lecture)

Some people will be frequent, heavy users of the system Frequent users desire ease of use - quick and easy completion of job tasks Include ways to perform tasks directly (e.g., short-cut keys) Other people may use the system infrequently Infrequent users desire ease of learning - quick and easy ways to figure out what to do Include careful menu designs, tool tips, and extensive help systems

What is source data automation? Know examples

Source data automation collects data from an event in a form that can be read by a computer, when and where it takes place. Eliminates incorrect information from finding its way to the computer

What is source data automation? Know examples.

Source data automation is a method for transaction process systems to capture data in an electronic format. It reduces duplicate work and processing time. It also decreases cost and probability of error Examples: barcode readers/scanners, optical character recognition, magnetic stripe readers, smart cards, and RFID (radio frequency identification) tags

Define Technical Environment Requirement

Special hardware, software, and network requirement imposed by business requirements

Which of the following is not a type of operational requirement? Technical Environment System Integration Portability Speed

Speed

Which of the following is not one of the 6 principles of user interface design? A. Layout B. Content Awareness C. Aesthetics D. Consistency E. Minimized user effort F. Speed G. Usage level

Speed

What are the performance requirements when designing a system?

Speed requirements - the time within which the system must perform its functions. Capacity requirements - the total and peak number of users and the volume of data expected. Availability and reliability requirements - the extent to which the system will be available to users and the permissible failure rate due to potential errors.

Steps to create a physical DFD

Step 1: Add implementation reference: Start with the existing logical DFDs and add references to the ways in which the data sores, data flows, and processes will be implemented. Step 2: Draw a Human- Machine Boundary Step 3: Add system-related data stores, data flows, and processes Step 4: Update the Data Elements in the Data Flows Step 5: Update the Metadata in the Computer-Aided Software Engineering Repository

What are the steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

Step 1: Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) Step 2: Determine the technical architecture for the system Step 3: Address security concerns and globalization issues Step 4: Make hardware and software selections Step 5: Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) Step 6: Design the programs for the underlying processes Step 7: Design the way data will be stored Step 8: Create final deliverable - the system specification

What are the three major steps in preparing the technical aspects of the new system for operations?

Step 1: Install the hardware Step 2: Install the software Step 3: Convert the data

Data Storage

Storing data for later use, typically occurs on a server

What are the types of prototypes?

Storyboards Wireframe Diagrams Wireflow Diagrams HTML Prototype Language Prototype

What are the different forms of Prototypes in User Interface Design?

Storyboards, wireframe diagrams, wire-flow diagrams, and more realistic models

Motivation Strategies

Strategies should focus on supporting and encouraging resistant adopters (20%-30%) to win over reluctant adopters (40%-60%).

Parallel Development Strengths and Weaknesses?

Strengths Reduces overall project time (compared to Waterfall)Reduces the need for rework; with shorter time frame, less chance of requirements changing Weaknesses Creating subprojects requires careful design decisions Integrating subprojects at the end can be complex and difficult

V-model strengths and weaknesses

Strengths Simple and straightforward Quality improves through the emphasis on testing Including Quality Assurance expertise early in the project strengthens system quality Weaknesses Rigid Difficult to use in a dynamic business environment

Strengths and weakness of waterfall

Strengths System requirements identified long before construction beginsRequirements are "frozen" as project proceeds - no moving targets allowed Weakness Must wait a long time before there is "visible" evidence of the new systemTakes a long time from start to finish

2 Key Documents in Designing Program

Structure Chart - Shows all components of code in a hierarchical format - Illustrates the organization and interactions of the different program modules Program Specification - Instructions at a high level of how to program the system; no standard approach - Include program information, events and triggers, inputs and outputs, pseudocode, and additional notes and comments

· What are the two major groupings of UML diagrams?

Structure diagrams - for representing data and static relationships; Behavior diagrams - for representing dynamic relationships among the objects.

What are the two major groupings of UML diagrams?

Structure diagrams - for representing data and static relationships; Behavior diagrams - for representing dynamic relationships among the objects

What are the two major groupings of UML diagrams?

Structure diagrams are used for representing the data and static relationships that are in an information system. Behavior diagrams provide the analyst with a way to depict the dynamic relationships among the instances or objects that represent the business information system

2 Major groupings of UML diagrams

Structure diagrams- to represent data & statistic relationships Behavioral diagrams- to represent dynamic relationships between objects

1. There are two "placeholder" tools used in testing modules. What are they? A. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and hardcoded values (placeholders for values) B. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and shell values (placeholders for values) C. Mods (placeholders for modules) and shell values (placeholders for values) D. Shells (placeholders for modules) and mod values (placeholders for values)

Stubs (placeholders for modules) and hardcoded values (placeholders for values)

o What are the 3 important POST-implementation activities?

Support Maintenance Project assesment

What is the final deliverable of the design phase?

System (Conveys exactly what system the development team will implement during the implementation phase)

What are the two types of documentation?

System Documentation • Intended to help programmers and analysts understand and maintain the system after it is installed User Documentation • Intended to help users operate the system

What are the two types of documentation?

System Documentation (helps programmers and analysts understand and maintain the system after it is installed) and User Documentation (helps user operate the system)

What are the two types of documentations in the implementation phase?

System Documentation - Designed to help the programmers and analysts understand and maintain the system after install. User Documentation - Intended to help the users operate the system.

What are the two types of documentation?

System Documentation describes the different parts of the system and User Documentation helps user operate the system

What is the final deliverable of the design phase?

System Specification

what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

System Specification

What are the 3 important POST-implementation activities?

System Support System Maintenance Project Assessment

What are the 3 most important POST-implementation activities? Describe each.

System Support - providing help for the users to use the system through the following approaches: - On-Demand training - Online support - FAQs - Help Desk - Level 1 and Level 2 support staff System Maintenance - refining the system to ensure it continues to meet the business needs and consists of: - Change Requests from five sources Project Assessment - to understand the successes of the system and project activities and needed improvements and includes two parts: - Project Team Review - System Review

What are the three post-implementation activities?

System Support, Project Assessment, System Maintenance

What are the 3 important POST-implementation activities?

System Support: Operations group helps users with questions about the system's functions System Maintenance: Process of refining the system to ensure it meets business needs Project Assessment: Process of understanding what aspects made the system successful and what needs to be improved. (not standard in most organizations)

In which of the 4 categories do you test non-functional requirements?

System Testing: This step of the testing process is the most high-level and comprehensive in terms of scope. Requirements that have less to do with the functionality of the system, and more to do with situation-specific issues that may arise at a higher level.

What are System Tests?

System analysts ensure that the system meets business requirements, usability, security, and performance under heavy load.

What are the two types of documentation?

System and User documentation

What are the two types of documentation?

System documentation (helping technical staff and analysts) and user documentation (helping users)

two types of documentation

System documentation and User documentation

What is middleware? How does it work?

System software that translates between different vendors' software. The client software asks the middleware to reformat the message into a standard language understandable by the server software.

What is the final deliverable from the design phase?

System specification

What is the final deliverable of the design phase?

System specification

What is the name and purpose of final deliverable of the design phase?

System specification: It conveys exactly what system the development team will implement during the implementation phase

In which of the 4 categories do you test non-functional requirements?

System testing

In which of the 4 categories do you test non-functional requirements?

System testing category

List the security requirements

System value estimates Assess control Encryption and authentication Virus control

Which is not a major type of Conversion Strategies? Style Locations Systems Modules

Systems

How can a system be designed to be used by both experienced and first-time users?

Systems should be set up so that the commonly used functions can be accessed quickly, pleasing the experienced users. To assist the novice users, guidance should be readily available, perhaps through the "show me" functions.

What is the one key driving concept of a good user interface?

Systems that are easy to use and Systems that are easy to learn

T or F : When a list of equipment is so complete that the vendor need only provide a price, without any analysis or description of what is needed, the RFQ is used.

T

(T/F) The purpose of architecture design is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware.

TRUE

True or false; Data Storage is housed in the Server.

TRUE

What are the five types of documentation navigation?

Table of contents, index, text search, agent search, links between documents

Tangible vs Intangible benefits

Tangible Benefits: Can be quantified and measured easily. Intangible Benefits: Results from an intuitive belief that the system provides

What are the operations requirements for system design?

Technical environment requirements System integration requirements Portability requirements Maintainability requirements

What are the 4 kinds of operational requirements?

Technical environment, system integration, portability, and maintainability.

What is listed in the first column of the alternative matrix

Technical issues, economic issues, organizational issues, criterion, total

How to achieve technical readiness?

Technical readiness is achieved by arranging for and installing any needed hardware and software, and converting data as needed for the new system. These arrangements, while essen- tial, are usually the least difficult of all the issues dealt with in the migration plan.

What happens in use scenario testing?

Testing is done by moving through each use scenario to ensure that it works correctly.

What are the three main aspects you must consider when choosing a Conversion Strategy?

The Conversion Style, Conversion Locations, Conversion Modules

What is the major architectural components of any of the system are

The Hardware and Software

What is the final deliverable of the design phase?

The System Specification which can include the following: ⦁ Recommended System Acquisition Strategy ⦁ System Acquisition Weighted Alternative Matrix ⦁ Architecture Design ⦁ Hardware and Software Specification ⦁ Interface Design ⦁ Physical Process Model ⦁ Program Design Specification ⦁ Physical Data Model ⦁ Data Storage Design ⦁ Updated CRUD Matrix ⦁ Updated Case Repository Entries

What is content awareness?

The ability of an interface to make the user aware of the information it contains with the least amount of effort by the user

What is content awareness?

The ability of an interface to make the user aware of the information it contains with the least amount of effort by the user.

What is Direct Conversion?

The abrupt change that involves the instant replacement of the old system with the new system. This conversion is simple and straightforward, but risky.

Object-Oriented Approach

The basic premise of object orientation is that all things should be treated as objects that have both data (attributes) and processes (behaviors). An object changes or accesses its own attributes only through its behaviors.

What is implementation and it's parts?

The building of all parts of a system. Which is the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures.

What is part of Implementation?

The building of all parts of the system: the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures

Definition of Implementation?

The building of all parts of the system: the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures.

When to use custom development as an acquisition strategy?

The business need is unique In-house functional and technical experience exists There is a desire to build in-house skills The project has highly skilled project manager and a proven methodology The time frame is flexible

When should you use Custom Development?

The business need is unique. In-house functional and technical experience exists. There is a desire to build in-house skills. The project has a highly skilled project manager and a proven methodology. The time frame is flexible.

Who does system documentation help?

The collection of documents that describes the requirements, capabilities, limitations, design, operation, and maintenance of a system, such as a communications, computing, or information processing system.

How are the components of a structure chart read?

The components are read from top to bottom, left to right, and are numbered by a hierarchical numbering scheme in which lower levels have additional level of numbering (1.1.1, 1.1.2...)

Portability requirements

The extent to which the system will need to operate in other environments. Less portability requirements allow for quicker adaption.

1. What are the steps of the design phase, and what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

The final deliverable of the design phase 1. determines the acquisition strategy on whether to make, buy or outsource. 2. Determine the technical architecture of the system. 3. Address security concerns and globalization issues. 4. Make Hardware and Software selection based on the requirements. 5. Determine the user interaction with the system in terms of interface, input, and output. 6. Design the program for underlying processes. 7. Design the way data will be stored (ER).

What is the final deliverable of the design phase and what does the deliverable include?

The final deliverable of the design phase is the System Specification and the System Specification includes: Alternative Matrix, Architecture Design, Hardware and Software Specification, Interface design, physical process model, Updated CASE repository, program design specifications, physical data model, CRUD matrix, and data storage design.

What are the four categories of testing?

The four categories of testing are unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.

What are Level 1 and Level 2 support?

The goal of most help desks is to have the level 1 support staff resolve 80% of the help requests they receive on the first call. If the issue cannot be resolved by level 1 support staff, a problem report is completed (often using special computer system designed to track problem reports) and passed to a level 2 support staff member. - level 2 support staff members know the application system well and can provide expert advice.

What is the goal of user interface design?

The goal of user interface design is to make the interface pleasing to the eye and simple to use while minimizing users' efforts to accomplish their work.

What is the goal of a wireframe diagram?

The goal of wireframe diagrams is to enable the developers to focus on the screen's functionality, not on how it looks.

What is Parallel Conversion?

The gradual conversion strategy in which, for a time, both the old and new systems are used simultaneously. The old system is abandoned, usually in 1-2 months, after intense comparison of the two systems.

What does the implementation phase consist of?

The implementation phase consists of developing and testing the system's software, documentation and new operating procedures.

What does the implementation phase consist of?

The implementation phase consists of developing and testing the systems software, documentation, and new operation procedures.

What is the 'three-clicks rule'?

The information a user desires should take no more than three mouse clicks to reach.

What is the definition of layout?

The interface should be a series of areas on the screen that are used consistently for different purposes—for example, a top area for commands and navigation, a middle area for information to be input or output, and a bottom area for status information.

_______ depicts the "business view" of the data; omits implementation details.

The logical entity relationship diagram (ERD)

What is a Logical Process Model?

The logical entity relationship diagram (ERD) depicts the "business view" of the data; omits implementation details. Having determined the data storage format, physical data models are created to show implementation details and to explain more about the "how" of the final system.

What is the difference between logical and physical DFD's?

The main difference is that physical DFD's include how the system will be built while the logical DFD does not.

What is a legacy database?

The name legacy database is given to those database which are based on older technology

What is navigation mechanism?

The navigation mechanism provides the way for users to tell the system what to do

Direct conversion

The new system instantly replaces the old

What is Direct conversion?

The new system instantly replaces the old

What is direct conversion?

The new system instantly replaces the old

What is the direct conversion style?

The new system instantly replaces the old

What is object-oriented?

The object-oriented approach views a system as a collection of self-contained objects, including both data and processes

What is the Object Oriented approach?

The object-oriented approach views a system as a collection of self-contained objects, including both data and processes.

What is the object-oriented approach?

The object-oriented approach views a system as a collection of self-contained objects, including both data and processes. Object-oriented systems focus on capturing the structure and behavior of information systems in modules (objects) that encompass both data and processes.

What is the one key driving the concept of a good user interface design?

The one key driving concept of a good user interface design is usability because the system is easy to use and easy to learn.

How is the right alternative selected in a matrix?

The one with the highest weighted score, but it may not be the best for your project.

Application Logic

The parts of a process handled by the application. Application Logic typically occurs on a client

What is the physical process model?

The physical process model shows the implementation details and explains how the system will include actual, specific technology, the information format, and human interaction with the system.

What is Architecture Design?

The plan for how the information system components will be distributed across multiple computers, and what hardware, operating system software, and application software will be used on each computer.

What is an architecture design?

The plan for how to distribute components (logics data etc) across servers as well as figuring out what type of hardware and software to use

What is source data automation and what are some examples?

The process of collecting data at their point of origin in digital form. It eliminates much of this duplicated effort, delay extra handling, and potential for error by initially collecting data in digital form Ex: Barcode readers, scanners, and optical mark reader.

What is change management?

The process of helping them adjust to the new system and its new work processes without undue stress

What is the purpose of unit testing?

The purpose of a unit test is to ensure that the module or program performs its function as defined in the program specification. Unit testing is performed after the programmer has developed and tested the code and believes it to be error free.

Design Phase

The purpose of the analysis phase is to figure out what the business needs. The purpose of the design phase is to decide how to build it. System design is the determination of the overall system architecture—consisting of a set of physical processing components, hardware, software, people, and the communication among them—that will satisfy the system's essential requirements. Activities & Deliverables of the Design Phase: 1) Determine preferred system acquisition strategy (make, buy, outsource) DELIVERABLE: Alternative Matrix 2) Design the architecture for the system. DELIVERABLE: Architecture Design 3) Make hardware & software selections. DELIVERABLE: Hardware & Software Specification 4) Design system navigation, inputs, & outputs. DELIVERABLE: Interface Design 5) Convert logical process model to physical process model. DELIVERABLE: Physical process model (DFD's) 6) Update CASE repository w/ addtl system details. DELIVERABLE: Updated CASE repository 7) Design the programs that will perform the system processes. DELIVERABLE: program design specifications 8) Convert logical data model to physical data model. DELIVERABLE: physical data model (ERD) 9) Update CASE repository w/ addtl system details. DELIVERABLE: Updated CASE repository 10) Revise CRUD Matrix. DELIVERABLE: CRUD Matrix 11) Design the way in which the data will be stored. DELIVERABLE: Data storage design 12) Compile final system specification. DELIVERABLE: System Specification; all of the above deliverables combined & presented to approval committee

What are the major architectural components of a system?

The software and the hardware

The major architectural components of any system

The software and the hardware.

What is the purpose of a structure chart in program design?

The structure chart is an important technique that helps the analyst design the program for the new system. The structure chart shows all the components of code that must be included in a program at a high level, arranged in a hierarchical format that implies sequence, selection, and iteration. The numbering usually is in the forms of 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc.

What makes a system usable?

The system is easy to use and easy to learn. A usable interface will reduce effort, enabling the user to focus attention on the task at hand, not on making the system work.

What is the final deliverable of the design phase?

The system specification -Contains all of the following design documents: Physical process models, physical data model, architecture design, hardware and software specifications, interface design, data store design, and program.

What is the final deliverable for the Design Phase?

The system specification.

What happens during the implementation phase?

The system's software is being tested and developed by engineers - this phase includes documentation and new operating procedures

What is the three-step process argued by Kurt Lewin for managing organizational change?

The three-step process was: Unfreeze, Move, and Refreeze. Unfreeze means to basically prepare the organization to break current habits and norms so that the new system being developed can be possible. Move means to migrate from the old system to the new. This involves a migration plan that incorporates many issues that must be addressed. First a conversion strategy is selected to determine the style from which to switch from the old to the new system. Plans to handle potential business disruptions due to technical problems during conversion should be prepared in the business contingency plan. Hardware and software arrangements should be completed. The major part of moving means to also help the people who are affected by the change. The last step is to Refreeze, meaning to ensure that the new systems functions correctly and becomes the new standard of performing the business function it was designed for.

What are the two main groups of UML (unified modeling language) diagrams?

The two main groups are structure diagrams and behavior diagrams. -Structure diagrams: represents data and static relationships -Behavior diagrams: represents dynamic relationships among the objects

For methodology for object oriented approach explain architecture centric

The underlying architecture of the evolving system drives the specification, construction, and documentation of the system

What is source data automation?

The use of automated methods of data entry that reduce time spent, cost, and errors.

What does the output mechanism define?

The way the system provides information to users or other systems

Key things needed in A DFD

There are 3 main keys: 1) Human Machine Boundries 2) Implementation References 3) System Related Data Stores, flows, and overall processes.

How many principals are there in UI design?

There are 6 main principals in UI design.

Businesses buy packaged software because:

There are thousands of available software programs that have been created to serve various purposes, and it's inexpensive.

What are Acceptance Tests?

These tests are done to confirm that the system is complete, meets the business needs that prompted the system to be developed, and is acceptable to the users.

What are Unit Tests?

These tests focus on one unit which can be the program or a program module. These tests ensure that the module or program performs its function as defined in the program specification.

What is the purpose of a procedure manual?

They are a type of documentation that describe how to perform business tasks

Why are classes arranged in a hierarchy?

They are arranged in a hierarchy in order to group common sets of attributes and methods so that it's easier to find specific methods by first searching for a general shared characteristic, and narrowing it down to a specific class.

What are the benefits of a client-server architecture?

They are scalable. They can support different types of clients and servers. If a server fails, only the applications requiring that server are affected - therefore, highly reliable.

What do Integration Tests Asses?

They assess whether a set of modules or programs that must work together do so without error.

What is the responsibility of an analyst?

They help with the processes testing and documentation

What is the key functionality of menus in regard to Content Awareness?

They should show you: where you are & where you came from to get there

What purpose does Requests for Proposals (RFPs) serve?

They solicit information from providers

In two-tiered client-server architecture, what is the difference between a thick and thin client?

Thick Client: Most of application logic on the client side, handles presentation and application logic Thin Client: Little application logic on the client side; most shifted to the server side, handles data access logic and data storage

In a two-tiered client server architecture, a _____ client has most of the application logic on the client side.

Thick client

In a two-tiered client-server architecture, what is the difference between a thick and thin client?

Thick client - most of the application logic on the client side Thin client - little application logic on the client side; most shifted to server-side

Define Thick and Thin clients.

Thick client does not require a network connection and can work independently by processing and storing workload locally. Thin Client relies on a network connection to run data processing.

What is the difference between a thick-client and a thin client?

Thick client means that most of the application logic is on the client side while thin client means that there is little application logic on the client side and it is shifted more to the server side.

What is the difference between a thick and thin client?

Thick client: most of application logic on the client side Thin client: little application logic on the client side; most shifted to server side

Between thick clients and thin clients architecture, which one handles more of the application logic?

Thick clients

What is the difference between thick and thin clients?

Thick clients contain all or most of the application logic. Thin clients contain a smaller portion but are more popular

In a two-tiered client-server architecture, what is the difference between a thick and thin client?

Thick clients handle a majority if not all of the application logic, thin clients handle a small amount or none of the application logic.

Thick client vs. a thin client

Thick clients have most of the application logic shown on the client side, whereas thin clients have little application logic on the client side (most shifted to server side).

What is a physical data flow diagram?

This is a data flow diagram that will show how a system will be implemented through various databases, programs, processes, and physical hardware.

What is the purpose of the HW/SW Specification?

This is used if new hardware or software must be purchased and communicates project needs. It is an actual acquisition of hardware and software that may be done by a purchasing department, especially in larger firms.

What is polymorphism?

This means one message can be interpreted differently by different class objects.

What is in the Integration Tests test stage?

This stage assesses whether a set of modules or programs that must work together do so without error.

What is the three clicks rule? Which of the 6 user interface design principles does it correspond to?

Three clicks rule- Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes. Principle: Minimize User Effort

Three-Tiered Client-Server Architecture

Three-tier adds a "specialized" server - one for application logic; one for database tasks

A screen is divided into how many boxes for a user interface layout?

Three. o Navigation area (top) o Status area (bottom) o Work area (middle)

Which is not part of the use case diagram elements? a. Actor B. Time C. Name D. System Boundary E. Association Relationship

Time

Which of the following is one of the three elements of a conversion strategy? Time , Space, Organizational, Spiritual

Time

What is the objective of Architecture Design?

To assign the software components of the information system and to the hardware devices of the system in the most advantageous way.

What Is the purpose of a client server architecture?

To balance the processing between client devices and one or more server devices.

What is the role of a project manager?

To carefully manage the implementation process, as with other stages of the process.

What is the purpose of integration tests?

To ensure that the interfaces and linkages between different parts of the system work properly

What is the purpose of unit testing?

To ensure that the module or program performs its function as defined in the program specification

What is the purpose of testing?

To ensure that the system performs as outlined in the specifications

What is a key mechanism of the user interface

To guide and make navigation of a system appealing and easy.

What is the purpose of Inheritance?

To identify higher level, or more general, classes of objects

What does "refreezing" mean?

To institutionalize and make efficiency the new way of doing things.

Purpose of a business contingency

To prepare for the worst case scenario

What is the purpose of the Interface Structure Diagram?

To show how all screens, forms, and reports are related to each other

What is the purpose of an Interface Strucure Diagram?

To show how all the screens, forms and reports are related as well as how the user moves form one screen to the other.

Alternative matrix: what is listed across the top row and what is listed down the first column? How is the right alternative selected in a matrix?(ch7)

Top Row: -Evaluation Criteria -Relative Importance(Weight) -Alternative # - Score(1-5 scores to indicate how well the alternative meets the criteria)* - Weighted Score(weights to indicate the relative importance of the criteria) First Column: -Technical Feasibility - Economic Feasibility - Organizational Feasibility Assign weights to indicate the relative importance of the criteria, and assign scores to indicate how well the alternative meets the criteria. Weights and scores are added to the alternative matrix to create a weighted alternative matrix that communicates the project's most important criteria and the alternatives that best address them.

The ________________ begins with the "big picture" and breaks it apart into modules, gradually adding detail.

Top-down, modular approach

what are examples of standard interface icons?

Trash can = Delete Floppy disk = Save home - Home page

(T/F) Is Customer Development one of the acquisition strategies?

True

(T/F) A thick-client is when most, or all, of the Application Logic on the client side.

True

(T/F) Motivate adoption is one of the four steps of change management?

True

(T/F) Online support includes FAQs.

True

(T/F) The design phase decides how the new system will operate.

True

(T/F) The systems analyst most likely will not do the actual acquisition of hardware and software

True

(T/F) Usability is the one key driving concept of a good interface.

True

(True/False) The final deliverable of the design phase is System specification.

True

(True/False) The goal of post-implementation activities is to institutionalize the use of the new system.

True

(True/False) The three key factors in selecting a conversion strategy are Time, Cost, and Risk

True

1. Userinterface testing is one of the four approaches to integration testing?

True

A human-machine boundary helps to differentiate different actions that are done by either a person or an automated process. T/F

True

Add implementation references is one of the steps in creating the physical DFD

True

An example of an asymmetric encryption algorithm is public key encryption

True

Are these three primary hardware components, Client computers, Servers, and networks. True or false

True

Capacity Requirements is a type of Performance requirement.

True

Changing the logical data model into a physical data model is one of the activities of a data storage design. True/False

True

Contingency plan A document that list procedures for dealing with the worst case scenario and work- arounds focuses on keeping the business up and running in the event of IT problems True / False

True

Data that is input into the system must be validated to ensure accuracy. T/F

True

Dropbox is an example of cloud computing. True or False?

True

Generally, the two approaches for entering inputs into a computer system are online processing and batch processing. T/F

True

In alpha testing, do users test the system using made-up data?

True

In beta testing, users work with real data. True or False?

True

Pre-packaged software should be purchased when the business need is not unique.

True

Pseudo code is intended for human reading rather than machine reading.

True

Pseudocode is a term for a set of generic language used to illustrate the logic that should be used to program/code a module (true or false)

True

Steps to create a physical database design includes Adding Primary keys, intersections, and foreign keys? T/F

True

T or F. Direct conversion is an abrupt change that involves the instant replacement of the old system with the new system?

True

T or F: Beta Testing uses real data not test data

True

T or F: The selection factors for the custom development strategy are that the business need is unique, in-house experience is functional and technical, there is a desire to build in-house skills, the project a has highly skilled project manager and a proven methodology, and the time frame is flexible.

True

T/F Microsoft 365 is an example of SaaS

True

T/F When assigning programmers, it is important to minimize the number of programmers.

True

T/F. Acceptance tests are conducted in Planning

True

T/F. Navigation area is one of the 3 layout areas.

True

T/F: In client-server architectures, clients are responsible for the presentation logic

True

T/F: Management should adapt SOPs, measurements, and rewards to support the new system.

True

T/F: Use case diagram gives context for the rest of the diagrams.

True

The "freeze" step in Lewin's three step model focuses on support and maintenance of the to-be system (true/false)

True

The difference between pilot conversion and phased conversion is that the pilot one only has 2 time periods while the phased one has more than 2 time periods. (T/F)

True

The most popular kind of database for applications development today is the relational database. True/False

True

The physical DFD contains the same components as the logical DFD. T/F

True

There are five steps to perform to make the transition to the physical DFD. True or False.

True

These are the steps in Change Management? T/F 1) Revise management policies 2) Asses costs and benefits models of potential adopters 3) Motivate adoption 4) Enable people to adopt

True

True / False: The two major architectural components are hardware and software.

True

True / False: Whole system conversion, installing the entire system at one time is the most common.

True

True or False - Informational strategies are targeted toward persuading potential adopters that benefits outweigh costs. Use memos, presentations, other communication approaches. Often most effective to stress the reduction of problems (more believable) than the creation of opportunities (tougher sell).

True

True or False - Reluctant adopters are apathetic and tend to go with the flow. Enlisting the ready adopters and garnering their enthusiasm can strongly influence the reluctant adopters to go along with the change.

True

True or False - Resistant adopters often cannot be influenced, so focus change management plans on the groups we can successfully influence.

True

True or False - Strategies should focus on supporting and encouraging ready adopters and helping them win over the reluctant adopters.

True

True or False. It is possibly, and often preferable, to create redundant documentation in different formats and organizations

True

True or False: Analysts help with testing and documentation

True

True or False: Black Box Testing is when we focus on whether the unit meets the requirements stated in the specifications

True

True or False: Black-box and white-box testing are part of unit testing

True

True or False: Examples of cloud computing are Quickbooks Online and Dropbox

True

True or False: In UI design color choice, colors should be used carefully to separate and categorize items.

True

True or False: Infrequent users desire ease of learning?

True

True or False: Internal security threats (e.g., loss or theft of data by current or former employees) are a bigger problem than external security threats (e.g., hackers, viruses, stealing of data from competitors).

True

True or False: Paper sketches are a type of a prototype.

True

True or False: The most common methods of prototyping are Paper sketches, Wireframes , HTML

True

True or False: Two key driving concepts of good user interface design includes it being easy to use and learn.

True

True or False? A plan that is used in the worst case scenario during a conversion is a Business Contingency Plan

True

True or False? Non-functional requirements are converted into system requirements described in the architecture design document.

True

True or false: the 2 major architectural components are hardware and software specifications?

True

True or false? An example of an interface metaphor is putting a trashcan symbol to represent deleting

True

True/ False: Pseudocode is not written in a programming language, and it should serve as an outline of the code.

True

True/ False: The following is one of the four functions of software: Data access logic: processing required to access stored data.

True

True/False Risk, Cost, and Time are the key factors in selecting a conversion strategy

True

True/False, The dotted line on the physical data flow diagram represents the human-machine boundary and the communicate how much the process (and what parts) of the process is automated.

True

True/False. Custom Development is one of the acquisition strategies.

True

True/False: An acceptance test is one of the general test stages.

True

True/False: Risk, cost, and time are the 3 key factors that determine which combination of conversion strategy you select.

True

True/False: The Physical DFD contains the same components as the logical DFD

True

White boxing looks inside the actual code

True

Windows 7 Pro is an example of an Operating System

True

T/F: Dropbox is an example of cloud computing

True - Dropbox is a cloud-based file storage service.

(True/False) Usability is the one key driving concept of a good user interface design.

True - It should accommodate users who use the system heavily and users who use it occasionally.

Cloud Computing combines multiple network storage devices into what appears to be single storage unit.

True or **False** This is Virtualization, not Cloud Computing

T/F White box testing requires working knowledge of the internal workings of the system

True, this is opposed to blackbox testing which does not require one to know the inner workings.

True/False : The User documentation is intended to help the users operate the system.

True- the user documentation can help the user learn how to navigate through basic functions of the system

True of False: HW-SW specification have different number of columns and the same rows.

True.

True or False: A HTML Prototype built with the use of Web pages created in hypertext markup language

True.

There are five advantages with client-server architecture.

True/False? Answer: False

Design phase shows the process of the new system will work?

True/False? Answer: True

The structure card can be completed in more than one step?

True/False? Answer: True

True or False? Attributes describe information about an object such as sales person's name, phone number, and e-mail.

True: Attributes describe information about the object

Hierarchy of Classes in Object Oriented Systems

Typically, classes are arranged in a hierarchy whereby the superclasses, or general classes, are at the top, and the subclasses , or specific classes, are at the bottom.

What are the steps of a User Interface design process?

Understand Users - Create personas to define users into groups based on what interests them, what behaviors they have, and what they expect from your product. Organize Interface - Group together how the UI elements will be displayed on a single screen through a Interface Structure Diagram which includes: forms, reports, how a user navigates from one screen to another. Define Standards - Specify why you added certain elements to the ISD: (checkout cart, selectable calender, etc) Develop Prototypes - A mockup that will provide a rough estimate of what the final design will look like. Can be made with Wireframes, HTML mockups, or even a design doc with pseudocode. Final Evaluation (Testing) - After multiple prototypes select the best approach based on feedback/needs.

The first step in the UI design process is:

Understand the Users

What are the 5 steps in UI design process?

Understand the Users Organize the Interface Define Standards Develop Prototypes Evaluation / Testing

What are the User Interface Design Process?

Understand the Users Organize the Interface Define Standards Develop Prototypes Evaluation / Testing

What are the 5 steps in UI design process?

Understand the users Organize the interface Define standards Develop prototypes Evaluation/Testing

What are the steps to transition to a new system?

Unfreeze people from old norms Transition to new system Refreeze to new system

What are the three "steps" for transitioning to a new system?

Unfreezing, Moving, and Refreezing.

What diagramming methodology was created specifically for the object-oriented approach?

Unified Modeling Language (UML) < -- Incorrect, The book states that UML is not a methodology

What are the 4 categories of testing?

Unit Testing - test each module. Does it perform its function? Integration Testing - Test the interaction of modules. Do they work together? System Testing - Tests to assure that the software works well as part of the overall system, including nonfunctional requirements. Acceptance Testing - Tests to assure that the system serves organizational needs.

What are the 4 categories of testing? Define each

Unit Tests: It focus on one unit a program or program module that performs a specific function that can be tested. It is to ensure that the module or program performs its function as defined in the program specification. It performed after the programmer has developed and tested the code and believes it to be error free. Integration Tests: Integration tests assess whether a set of modules or programs that must work together do so without error. They ensure that the interfaces and linkages between different parts of the system work properly. System tests: System tests are usually conducted by the system analysts to ensure that all modules and programs work together without error. System testing is similar to integration testing, but is much broader in scope. Acceptance tests: Acceptance tests are done primarily by the users with support from the project team. The goal is to confirm that the system is complete, meets the business needs that prompted the system to be developed, and is acceptable to users.

What type of testing does alpha testing and beta testing belong to?

Unit testing

What are the 4 categories of testing?

Unit testing Integration testing System testing Acceptance testing

What are the four categories of testing?

Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing.

What are the 4 categories of testing?

Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.

What are the 4 categories of testing? Define them.

Unit testing: Tester focuses on whether the unit meets the requirements stated in program specs. Integration testing: Done by moving through each and every use case scenario System testing: test ensures that changes made from integration did not make new errors. Also that all modules and programs work together without error. Acceptance testing: Done by users with support from project team. Goal is to confirm that the system is complete and meets all needs.

What is the primary goal of unit testing?

Unit tests focus on one unit, a program or a program module that performs a specific function that can be tested. The primary goals of unit testing is to ensure that the program or program module performs its function as defined in the program specification.

What are the 4 testing categories?

Unit tests, Integration tests, System tests, Acceptance tests

What are the four stages of testing to find errors in programming?

Unit tests, Integration tests, System tests, Acceptance tests

What are the 4 categories of testing?

Unit/component testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing

2. What is the one key driving concept of a good user interface design?

Usability

What is a trait of a good user interface design?

Usability

What is the key driving concept of a good user interface design?

Usability

What is the one key driver concept for a good user interface design?

Usability

What is the one key driving concept of a good user interface design?

Usability

What is the one key driving concept of a good user interface design?

Usability: the system is easy to use and learn

What is the one key driving concept of good user interface design?

Usability: the system is easy to use and learn

which of the six principles of user interface design addresses frequent employment and infrequent employment of the system?

Usage level refers to the ability of the user interface to accommodate both frequent and infrequent users of the system.

What are the four fundamental UML diagrams, and which of the four serves as the basis or starting point for the rest?

Use Case Diagrams (Basis) Class Diagrams Sequence Diagrams Behavior State Machine Diagrams

How would you minimize risk in a conversion strategy?

Use a parallel conversion style Do conversion by modules Use a pilot conversion location

What are the four dominant UML diagramming techniques?

Use case class sequence behavioral state machine

Four fundamental UML diagrams

Use case diagrams Class diagrams Sequence diagrams Behavioral state diagrams

Which of the following is NOT a best practice for coordinating programming? -Implementing change control mechanisms (e.g., check in and check out code) -Holding regular meetings -Use the maximum possible number of programmers given the project budget -Organizing programmers' work into work areas (e.g., development area)

Use the maximum possible number of programmers given the project budget

HW-SW specification: purpose?

Used if new hardware or software must be purchased Communicates project needs Actual acquisition of hardware and software may be done by a purchasing department -- especially in larger firms.

What is the alternative matrix used for? How is it broken down?

Used to combine several feasibility analyses into one matrix. It includes technical, economic, and organizational feasibilities. In addition, the matrix assigns weights to indicate the relative importance of the criteria.

What is the difference between User Interface and Graphic User Interface?

User Interface is the portion of the system that directly interacts with users. Graphical user interface (GUI): user interface that utilizes colors and graphics not just text.

What are the types of Integration Testing?

User Interface testing -Tests each interface function Use-scenario testing -Ensures that each use scenario works correctly Data flow testing -Tests each process in a step-by-step fashion System interface testing - Ensures data transfer between systems

What is the role of user testing in the software development process, and what are some common user testing methods?

User testing plays a crucial role in the software development process, as it helps ensure that the system meets the needs and expectations of its users. By involving users in the testing process, developers can identify and address usability issues, functionality gaps, and other problems before the system is fully deployed.

what is the acceptance tests are primarily done by?

Users

Navigation design assumptions

Users have not read the manual, have no training, and do not have external help readily available

What is the definition of content awareness?

Users should always be aware of where they are in the system and what information is being displayed.

What is the 3 clicks rule and which user interface design principle does it belong to?

Users should be able to go from start or main menu of a system to the info or action they want in 3 mouse clicks/keystrokes or less. It belongs to the minimize effort principle.

What is the 3 clicks rule?

Users should be able to go from start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three clicks or keystrokes

What is the 3 clicks rule?

Users should be able to go from start or the main menu to the information or action they want in no more than 3 clicks

What is the three-click-rule?

Users should be able to go from start to the information or action they want in no more than three clicks or keystrokes. This rule ensures that the interface is not overwhelming complicated for the end user when wanting to preform a task. Falls under the Minimize Effort Principle.

What is Three clicks rule?

Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than 3 mouse clicks

What is the 3 clicks rule?

Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes

What is the three clicks rule?

Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes

what are the three clicks rule?

Users should be able to go from the start or main menu of a system to the information or action they want in no more than three mouse clicks or three keystrokes

What is the greatest problem facing experienced designers when it comes to interface design?

Using space effectively

o What is the methodology created specifically for the OO approach?

Using the OO approach, analysts and designers focus on the objects (customers, reservations, payments) and the attributes and methods associated with each of them These differentiate the OO approach from the traditional, or structural, approach to both analysis/design and programming. The OO approach to analysis/design, then works to create meaningful documentation in the analysis/design phases that will directly translate into the way the system is coded using an OO programming language. • Encapsulation • Inheritance • Polymorphism

Waterfall's 2 variants and goals?

Variations of the traditional waterfall -Parallel Development -V-model The goal is to complete each phase thoroughly before moving forward to ensure correct and high-quality outcomes

What is the object-oriented approach?

Views a system as a collection of self-contained objects, including both data and processes.

Explain the term virtualization.

Virtualization refers to the creation of a virtual device or resource, such as a server or storage device.

In Systems Analysis, we figure out ...

WHAT the business needs

What are the three work areas for programming?

Weekly meetings, Create and follow standards, and Organize programmers' work areas

What is a business contingency plan?

What do we do if things go very wrong during conversion? Technical glitches may occur during the transition Is the old system still available? If not, how do we keep the business running? Can manual procedures be used for a short time?

What is a user interface?

What is used for a user to interact with a computer such as an application or software.

What is a thick client?

When a client contains all or most of the application logic.

What is a direct conversion?

When a new system instantly replaces the old an implementation process that involves essentially "switching off' the current system entirely and "switching on" the new system to take its place all at once. The old system is no longer available for use from that point onward.

When is it appropriate to use an RFI?

When a small project with a small budget needs a less detailed request sent to vendors for product and service information.

What is a whole system conversion?

When all modules are converted in one step

Give an example of an interface metaphor.

When an app requests for permission into your photos or current location.

What is a parallel conversion?

When both systems are used at the same time, then eventually you stop using the old system.

Black-box testing is used for normal unit testing. When do you use white-box testing?

When complexity is high

What is a site map?

When developing a web site, a site map can be a useful tool to organize the content. A site map helps analysts clarify how all the information on the site fits together and helps establish the hierarchy of information on the site. There is no standard format for a site map: some are drawn as a hierarchy while others look more like a network of nodes.

implementation phase

When does scope creep become particularly troublesome? Planning phase, Analysis phase, Design phase, Implementation phase

What is a phased conversion?

When locations are converted in sets.

What is Modular conversion?

When modules are loosely associated, they can be converted one at a time.

What is modular conversion?

When modules are loosely associated, they can be converted one at a time.

When do you use a Cross Platform vs a Mobile web app?

When more functionality is needed. Cross-Platform is commonly used with HTML or Java with overlaying interface. Mobile Web app is browser-based; platform independent. Most limited user experience.

What is pilot conversion?

When one or more locations are converted to work out bugs before extending to other locations.

When are RFIs used?

When only information about which vendors can perform a service is needed.

What is Direct Conversion?

When the new system instantly replaces the old

What is the three clicks rule?

When users are able to go from the start/main screen of a system to obtain information or action you want in no more than three clicks

Black box testing is best used when...

When you want to see if the unit meets the requirements stated in the specification

Example of Cloud Computing

Where computing power or infrastructure can be delivered over the cloud as a service. Example: Google Stadia, a cloud gaming service where users can instantly play from a large selection of high quality games.

Alpha Testing

Where users test a system using made-up information

What kind of testing unit looks inside the module to examine the code itself?

White Box Testing

What is the name for the type of unit testing that looks inside the module to examine the code itself?

White box testing

What testing looks inside the module at actual code?

White-Box Testing

_ testing looks inside the module at actual code

White-box

Differences between the Whole System and Module-by-module

Whole system conversion: All modules converted in 1 step Modular conversion: When modules are loosely associated, they can be converted one at a time

Whole system vs. module-by-module

Whole system conversion: all modules converted in one step Modular conversion: when modules are loosely associated, they can be converted one at a time

What type of conversion module converts all modules in one step?

Whole-system Module

What are the types of prototypes? Paper sketches

Wire-frame diagram HTML prototype Language prototype

What diagram is used to convey the basic content and behavior of the screens in the system?

Wireframe diagram

Which of the following are tools used in creating a good user interface design?

Wireframe diagram (a simple blue print type model of a page), interface structure diagram (a visual overview of the interface relations), and prototypes (a preliminary model)

In a two-tiered client-server architecture, what is the difference between a thick and thin client?

With a "thick client" setup, the client contains all or most of the application logic; with a "thin client" setup, a server contains all or most of the application logic.

In architecture design terminology, what is the difference between a thick client and a thin client?

With a "thick client" setup, the client contains all or most of the application logic; with a "thin client" setup, a server contains all or most of the application logic.

The largest single component of any systems development project in terms of both time and cost could be:

Writing programs

What is program specification?

Written documents that include explicit instructions on how to program pieces of code. Needs to clearly state what the program is to do without making any commitment as to how this is to be done.

Does In-house functional and technical experience exists if outsourcing?

Yes

Do analysts help with testing and documentation?

Yes. System analysts design a variety of tests that will be performed on the new system. They also may conduct tests to verify that the system actually does what it was designed to do. It is the responsibility of the system analyst to finalize the system documentation and develop the user documentation.

Acceptance testing is generally done in two stages: a) Alpha tests and beta tests b) Black-box tests and white-box tests c) Integration tests and systems tests d) Unit tests and module tests e) Inductive tests and deductive tests

a

As compared to integration testing, system testing: a) Is much broader in scope b) Uses production data (rather than test data) c) Is done by hand-picked end-users (rather than systems analysts) d) Involves both black-box and red-box testinge) Makes more extensive use of stubs

a

Which of the following is NOT an approach to integration testing? a) Use-case testing b) User interface testing c) Use scenario testing d) Data flow testing e) System interface testing

a

What is pseudocode?

a basic structure of a code without a specific language

Why is it more preferable to focus on usability rather than efficiency?

a byproduct of focusing on usability is efficiency and accuracy

N-tiered Client-Server Architecture

a client-server architecture concept in software engineering where the presentation, processing and data management functions are both logically and physically separated.

What is Pseudocode?

a detailed outline of the liens of code that need to be written.

RFQ (Request for Quotation)

a formal request for the suppliers to prepare bids, based on the terms and conditions set by the buyer

Language prototype

a language prototype is an interface design prototype built in the actual language or by the actual tool that will be used to build the system. Language prototypes are designed in the same way as HTML prototypes. (They enable the user to move from screen to screen, but they perform no real processing.)

what is RFI

a request for information

What is RFI?

a request for information of a shorter or simpler version of a RFP

UML

a standard set of diagramming techniques for object-oriented systems analysis and design.

What is a business contingency plan?

a strategy for how your organization will respond to important or business-critical events that knock your original plans off track.

In a two-tiered client-server architecture, what is the difference between a thick and thin client? a) A thick client performs all or most of the data processing, while a thin client relies on the server for data processing. b) A thick client relies on the server for data processing, while a thin client performs all or most of the data processing. c) A thick client is a physical server, while a thin client is a virtual server. d) A thick client is a virtual server, while a thin client is a physical server.

a) A thick client performs all or most of the data processing, while a thin client relies on the server for data processing.

__________ testing is done primarily by the users with support from the project team and assures the system serves organizational needs. a) Acceptance b) System c) Integration d) Unit

a) Acceptance

A software development company is in the final stages of testing their new project management software. They want to ensure that the software is easy to use and all the features are working properly. Which type of testing would be the most appropriate to perform in this situation? a) Alpha testing b) Beta testing c) Regression testing d) Integration testing

a) Alpha testing. Alpha testing is typically performed by the software development company or a select group of users to ensure that the software is functioning properly before releasing it to a wider audience. This type of testing is particularly useful for identifying any usability issues and testing features in a controlled environment.

Which of the following are steps to create a physical DFD?

a) Draw a human-machine boundary b) Add implementation references c) Add system-related data stores, data flows and processes (backups, exceptions, audit trails) d) All of the Above Answer: All of the Above

Which of the following do NOT require implementation references in a physical DFD? a) External entities b) Data stores c) Processes d) Data flows

a) External entities

What are the steps to creating a sequence diagram?

a) Identify objects b) Add messages c) place lifeline and execution occurrences

Which of the following is NOT a step in the design phase? a) Identifying system requirements b) Creating a physical model of the system c) Developing and evaluating alternatives d) Preparing a system proposal

a) Identifying system requirements. This step is part of the system analysis phase, not the design phase.

Which of these are ways to prevent mistakes in navigation design? a) Limit choices b) Display commands that cannot be used c) Confirm actions that are difficult or impossible to undo d) All of the above

a) Limit choices c) Confirm actions that are difficult or impossible to undo

Which of the following is NOT a category of potential adopters? a) Resilient b) Reluctant c) Resistant d) Ready

a) Resilient

What are the four categories of testing? a) Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing b) Unit testing, functional testing, system testing, and regression testing c) Unit testing, integration testing, performance testing, and acceptance testing d) Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and regression testing

a) Unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. These are the four categories of testing typically used in software development.

A user interface is:

a) Where users interact with analysts in a JAD session b) An online forum for users for discussion and comments relating to system proposals c) Where users interact with the system , for example: screen displays with navigation mechanisms, forms that capture data and reports generated by the system d) An extension of use-cases e) Carefully crafted monitoring devices that keep a log of all user on-line activities, web sites and applications that have been used and quantity of time spent. Answer: C

Which is NOT one of the circumstances for the custom development acquisition strategy? a. Business is common b. In-house functional and technical experience exists c. Desire to build in-house skills d. Time is flexible

a. Business is common

Client-based architectures are where the:

a. Client computer is responsible for presentation logic b. Client computer is responsible for application logic c. Client computer is responsible for data access logic d. The server stores the data e. All of the above Answer: E

Which conversion strategy is the best for low cost and limited-time projects? a. Direct b. Pilot c. Phased d. Whole-System

a. Direct

What is one of the conversion styles? a. Direct Conversion a. Direct Conversion b. Pilot Conversion c. Phase Conversion d. Simultaneous Conversion b. Pilot Conversion c. Phase Conversion d. Simultaneous Conversion

a. Direct Conversion

Which of the following statements regarding IT security is TRUE? a. Internal security threats (e.g., loss or theft of data by current or former employees) are a bigger problem than external security threats (e.g., hackers, viruses, stealing of data from competitors) b. Security and privacy laws and standards in the United States have become less stringent and more flexible in recent years. c. The most important asset to protect in any organization is the hardware. d. Encryption determines who can access data and authentication determines what type of access is permitted

a. Internal security threats (e.g., loss or theft of data by current or former employees) are a bigger problem than external security threats (e.g., hackers, viruses, stealing of data from competitors)

Which of the following statements about information density is true? a. It is best practice to include a medium amount of information on a page/screen and provide easy navigation to reach additional information. b. It is best practice to include as much information on a screen as possible to reduce the need to click around.

a. It is best practice to include a medium amount of information on a page/screen and provide easy navigation to reach additional information.

Which of the following is NOT an important post-implementation activity? a. Managing coordination between programmers b. Assessing the project c. Providing support d. Providing maintenance

a. Managing coordination between programmers

Which of the following is one of the 3 key factors affecting the decision of a conversation? a. Project Time b. Project Size c. Project Benefits d. Project Support from management

a. Project Time

Which of the following statements described the navigation mechanism? a. Provides a way for users to tell the system what to do b. Defines the way that system captures information c. Defines the way the system provides information to users or other systems d. Avoid cramming info, careful with designing and colors

a. Provides a way for users to tell the system what to do

Which is a term for a set of general language used to illustrate the logic that should be used to program a module?A. PseudoprogramB. PseudocodeC. PythonD. Basic

a. Pseudocode

Which population of adopters should be motivated using organizational power?

a. Ready adopters 20-30% b. Resistant adopters 20-30% c. Reluctant adopters 40-60% C

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using a client-server architecture? a. They are similar because all software packages reside on the same physical computer b. It is easier to separate presentation, application, and data access logic to be independent c. They can support many different types of clients and servers (e.g., with different operating systems) d. They are scalable -- it is easy to increase or decrease storage and processing capabilities of the servers.

a. They are similar because all software packages reside on the same physical computer

1. In a two-tiered client-server architecture, what is the difference between a thick and thin client?

a. Thick client → most of application logic on client side b. Thin client → little application logic on client side; most shifted to server side

T/F: There are 5 steps in the user interface design process? a.True b.False

a. True - 1. Understand the users, 2. Organize the interface, 3.Define standards, 4. Develop Prototypes, 5. Evaluation/testing

The black-box and white-box approaches apply to which type of testing? a. Unit testing b. Integration testing c. System testing d. Acceptance testing

a. Unit testing

Which of the following is one of the work "areas" of programming? a. production area b. documentation area c. unit testing d. acceptance testing

a. production area

What is implementation? a. the building of all parts of the system: the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures b. explain how the system works c. thoroughly examine and evaluate the viable options, coming up with a solution and plan d. coming up with the software and hardware

a. the building of all parts of the system: the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures

Which of the following statements about change management is FALSE? a.) In most organizations, political motivation should not be used -- management should focus primarily on informational motivation. b.) Management should adapt SOPs, measurements, and rewards to support the new system

a.) In most organizations, political motivation should not be used -- management should focus primarily on informational motivation.

what are steps to create a physical dfd?

add implementation references, draw a human machine boundary, add system related data stores, data flows, and processes, update data descriptions and meta data

What are the two types of acceptance testing?

alpha testing and beta testing

What is a deliverable of a system acquisition strategy

alternative matrix

What is an object?

an instance of a class

In mobile architecture (where the client is a mobile device), what is a thin Web-based client?

application and data access logic on the server side; always connected to server.

what is the difference between a thick and thin client?

application logic on the client side as opposed to the shift to the server

Output, input, navigation

are 3 key components for UI

A social media company is planning to launch a new feature that allows users to schedule posts. They have developed a prototype and want to test it in a real-world environment before releasing it to the public. Which type of testing would be the most appropriate to perform in this situation? a) Alpha testing b) Beta testing c) User acceptance testing d) Performance testing

b) Beta testing. Beta testing is typically performed by a select group of actual users in a real-world environment to ensure that the software works as intended and to identify any bugs or needed improvements. This type of testing can provide valuable feedback and help identify any issues that may have been missed during earlier testing phases.

As analysts move from logical design to physical design, one of the actions they will do is: a) Create physical use cases, with real triggers and processes b) Create physical DFDs c) Create actual programs d) Develop HIPO charts e) Develop Gantt diagrams

b) Create physical DFDs

A mobile app development company has completed the initial design phase for their new app, but they want to ensure that the interface is consistent and easy to navigate. Which step in the UI design process should they focus on next? a) Evaluation/Testing b) Define standards c) Develop prototypes d) Organize the interface

b) Define standards. The third step in the UI design process is to define standards for the interface. This involves establishing guidelines for the layout, typography, color scheme, and other design elements to ensure consistency throughout the app. By defining standards, the design team can ensure that the app is easy to navigate and provides a consistent user experience.

What is the one key driving concept of a good user interface design? a) Complexity b) User-friendliness c) Aesthetics d) Novelty

b) User-friendliness. A good user interface should be easy to use and intuitive for the user.

Which of the following is NOT a tool for supporting adoption? a. Resource allocation b. Assess costs and benefits of change c. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) d. Measurements and rewards

b. Assess costs and benefits of change

Normally, analysts will be working on _________ while the programmers are writing code. a. Developing specifications for the enhancements to the system that were not able to include in this version b. Creating various kinds of tests c. Putting together the system prototype d. Filing materials into a system binder

b. Creating various kinds of tests

What four functions make up the basic building blocks of an information system? a. Hardware, software, database, circuits b. Data storage, data access logic, application logic, presentation logic c. Server virtualization, storage virtualization, storage area network, cloud computing

b. Data storage, data access logic, application logic, presentation logic

Which of the following tasks is carried out by the analyst during the Implementation Stage in large organizations? a. Programming b. Documentation c. Installing d. All of the above are correct

b. Documentation

What is not one of the 3 primary hardware components? a. Client computers b. Employee computers c. Network d. Servers

b. Employee computers

Which of the following are NOT Key factors in selecting a conversion strategy? a. Risk b. Management c. Cost d. Time

b. Management

Creating an architecture design begins with the__________ a. Functional requirements b. Non-functional requirements c. A and B d. None of the above

b. Non-functional requirements

Which of following is unit testing? a. Tests the interaction modules b. Test each module c. Test to assure that the software works well as part of the overall system, including nonfunctional requirements d. Test to assure that the system serves organizational needs

b. Test each module

Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of a conversion strategy? a. Modularity (whole system or by modules) b. Time (paced or delayed) c. Location (pilot or phased or simultaneous) d. Style (direct or parallel)

b. Time (paced or delayed)

Which of the following is NOT one of the three elements of a conversion strategy? a. Modularity b. Type c. Style d. Location

b. Type

What are some examples of source data automation

bar code scanners, RFID tags, smart cards, optical character recognition, magnetic stripe readers

What type of grouping of UML diagrams is used for representing the dynamic relationships among objects?

behavior diagrams

What are the two approaches to unit testing?

black-box testing and white-box testing

What is parallel conversion?

both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable

_______ help the business withstand relatively small problems with the new system so that major business disruptions are prevented.

business contingency plans

Designing interfaces that are pleasing to the eye relates to which user interface design principle? a) Layout b) Customization c) Aesthetics d) Appearance

c) Aesthetics

Every part of a system that is not automated will: a) Be ignored in the implementation of the system b) Be drawn as only logical DFDs not physical DFDs c) Be outside the human-machine boundary d) Go back through the analysis phase to become automated e) Will be drawn as diamond shapes on the structure charts

c) Be outside the human-machine boundary

The Human-Machine Boundary a) Is the keyboard and screen b) Builds on research in ergonometry c) Is a line drawn on the physical DFD to separate human action from automated processes d) Is a part of developing the HCI interface e) Separates where manual processes are separated by human completed processes

c) Is a line drawn on the physical DFD to separate human action from automated processes

Which of the following is NOT one of the three acquisition strategies? a) Purchase packaged software b) Outsourcing c) Trading d) Custom Development

c) Trading

Which is not a type of prototype? a. HTML prototype b. Language prototype c. Computer design prototype d. Wireframe

c. Computer design prototype

Which of the following is NOT a pro of a custom development acquisition strategy? a. New system is consistent with existing technology and standards b. Flexibility c. Cost savings d. Strategic advantage from unique solutions

c. Cost savings

Which is NOT one of the four categories of testing? a. Unit Testing b. Integration Testing c. Development Testing d. Acceptance Testing

c. Development Testing

Which conversion strategy is the best for high risk? a. Pilot Conversion b. Parallel Conversion c. Direct Conversion d. Modular Conversion

c. Direct Conversion

Which of following described about program specifications? a. Shows all components of code in a hierarchical format b. Illustrates the organization and interactions of the different program modules c. Instructions a t a high level of how to program the system; no standard approach d. Depicts the "business view" of data; omits implementation details

c. Instructions a t a high level of how to program the system; no standard approach

Which is NOT one of the four functions of software? a. Data storage b. Data access logic c. Network Logic d. Presentation Logic

c. Network Logic

Which is NOT a principle for User Interface Design a. Layout b. Content awareness c. Simplicity d. Aesthetics e. Usage level f. Consistency g. Minimize user effort

c. Simplicity

1. There are two "placeholder" tools used in testing modules. What are they? a. Mods (placeholders for modules) and shell values (placeholders for values) b. Shells (placeholders for modules) and mod values (placeholders for values) c. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and hardcoded values (placeholders for values) d. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and shell values (placeholders for values)

c. Stubs (placeholders for modules) and hardcoded values (placeholders for values)

Which of the following is not one of the 6 guidelines to critique a user interface prototype? a. Layout b. Content Awareness c. Uniqueness d. Usage Level e. Consistency

c. Uniqueness The 6 guidelines to critique a user interface prototype are Layout, Content awareness, Aesthetics, Usage level, Consistency, and Minimize user effort.

What must each use case always have? a. 10 steps in the normal course b. one or more exceptions c. a unique use case ID d. the name of the person who created the use case

c. a unique use case ID - it is important for tracking and referencing a specific use case

Which of the following acquisition strategies have in-house functional experience a. outsourcing, custom development b.packaged system, outsourcing c. custom development. packaged system d. All of the above

c. custom development, packaged system

Testing starts with the tester's developing a... a. test objective b. test sequence c. test plan d. test case

c. test plan

what are the 3 primary hardware components?

client computer Servers Network

In mobile architecture (where the client is a mobile device), what is a rich client ?

client that involves processing on the mobile device using its resources. Presentation logic, application logic, and data access logic on the client side.

what is heuristic evaluation?

compare design to checklist

types of input validation

completeness check format check range check check digit check consistency check database check

What approach is becoming more common to use?

computer based training

Informational strategies aim to _____

convince adopters that change is necessary, through clear and convincing evidence

what is virtualization

creation of a virtual device or resource

What are three acquisition strategies?

custom development (build from scratch) in-house, purchase software package (possibly customize it), outsource development to third party

The two fundamental documentation types are: a) System documentation and integration documentation b) Screen documentation and batch documentation c) User documentation and online documentation d) System documentation and user documentation e) Acceptance documentation and integration documentation

d

Which of these are basic principles of of input design? a) The goal is to simply and easily capture accurate information for the system b) Reflect the nature of the inputs c) Find ways to simplify their collection d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Using the Basic User Principles of Navigation Design, what should we assume about users? a) Have not read the manual b) Have not attended training c) Do not have external help readily at hand d) All of the above

d) All of the above - They are all that we will need to assume about users

Which of the following is NOT an acquisition strategy? a) Custom development b)purchase software package c)outsource d)implementation

d) Implementation

In most automated cases, data stores from logical DFDs will be converted to: a) Binary tables b) CD Rom disks c) Paper files d) Into database files / tables e) Encrypted hexadecimal values

d) Into database files / tables

Which of the following is not a general function of any application program? a) Data storage b) Presentation logic c) Data access logic d) Linked-list modules e) Application logic

d) Linked-list modules

A software development company is creating a new web-based project management tool. They want to ensure that the tool is easy to use and meets the needs of their target audience. Which step in the UI design process should they focus on first? a) Develop prototypes b) Define standards c) Organize the interface d) Understand the users

d) Understand the users. The first step in the UI design process is to understand the users and their needs. This involves researching and analyzing the target audience to determine their preferences, habits, and expectations. By understanding the users, the design team can create an interface that is intuitive and easy to use.

Which of the following is a part of user interface design? a. Navigation b. Input c. Output d. All of the above

d. All of the Above. Navigation, Input and Output are all part of User Interface Design.

Which is not a step in the UI design process? a. Organizing the interface b. Developing prototypes c. Understanding the users d. Creating documentation

d. Creating documentation.

Which is the one of the strategies for a "high risk" factor? a. Parallel b. Modular c. Pilot d. Direct

d. Direct

Which is NOT a category of Potential Adopters? a. Ready Adopters b. Reluctant Adopters c. Resistant Adopters d. Easy Adopters

d. Easy Adopters

Which of the following statements is the strength of Custom developments? a. No need to "reinvent the wheel" for common business needs b. Cost savings c. Time savings d. Get exactly what you want

d. Get exactly what you want

Which is NOT one of the three primary hardware components? a. Client computers b. Servers c. Network d. Hard drive

d. Hard drive

A company decides to keep using the old system together with the new system until the new system is established. What kind of conversion is this? a. Phased (location) b. Simultaneous (location) c. Direct (style) d. Parallel (style)

d. Parallel (style)

The system inputs and outputs will be designed along with a plan or ____________ of the way the system's features will be navigated. a. Blueprint b. Compass c. Instructional Guide d. Roadmap e. FAQ

d. Roadmap

What is the name for the type of unit testing that looks inside the module to examine the code itself? a. Cardboard box testing b. Orange box testing c. Black box testing d. White box testing

d. White box testing

Which of the following is not a step to create the physical DFD? a. Draw the human machine boundary b. add system related data stores, data flows and date processes c. add implementation references d. add intersection tables

d. add intersection tables

Which of the following is not appropriate for a user interface icon/metaphor: a. Trash can for delete b. disk for save c. Shopping cart for checkout d. check mark for an error

d. check mark for an error

In a client-server architecture, which usually resides on a server

data access logic and data storage

What are the four basic functions of software?

data storage data access logic application logic presentation logic

What four functions are the basic building blocks of any information system?

data storage, data access logic, application logic, and presentation logic

What 4 basic functions can software system be divided into?

data storage, data access logic, application logic, and presentation logic.

What are the four basic functions of software?

data storage, data access logic, application logic, presentation logic

what are 2 DFD components

data stores and data flows

What is a legacy database?

databases which are based on older technology

Architecture Design

defines how the software components of the information system will be assigned to the hardware devices of the system

Non-functional Requirements ______________.

determine the attributes of a system, such as security, performance, maintainability, scalability, and usability.

Functional Requirements _______________.

determine what the system is designed to accomplished.

What technologies are used to create cross-platform apps (hint: Web-based)

develop in web-based technologies and use framework to deploy to multiple devices.

Considering conversion style, conversion locations, and conversion modules, the riskiest approach is probably

direct, simultaneous, whole-system

What is the correct focus of training on a new system?

don't assume users will "figure it out", focus training on the user's specific job and accomplish their tasks

Which of the following is the principal for User Interface: a) Layout b) Content Awareness c) Aesthetics d) Consistency e) All of the above

e) All of the above - They are all the principal for User Interface: -Layout -Content Awareness -Aesthetics -Consistency Minimized User Effort Usage Level

In program design, which NOT an activity done by analysts? a) Determine what program will be written b) Create instructions for the programmers about how the code should be written c) Identify how the pieces of code will fit together d) Create physical data flow diagrams e) Develop the database schema

e) Develop the database schema

Which of the following false regarding outsource development to third party? a) Business need not core to business b) In house functional or technical experience does not exist c)Decision to outsource is a strategic position d) Highly skilled project manager that matches scope of the outsourcing deal e) The business need is unique

e) The business need is unique

Which of the following is not a principle for User Interface Design? a. Minimize User Effort b. Aesthetics c. Consistency d. Layout e. Adoption Rate

e. Adoption Rate

Which of the following is a principle of user interface design? a. Layout b. Aesthetics c. Content awareness d. Consistency e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Designing an architecture can be_______________. a. Tedious and therefore younger members of the team are usually urged to take the lead. b. Easy and therefore more experienced members of the department take the lead. c. Difficult and therefore outside consultants are often sourced to do the task. d. Difficult and therefore experienced internal members are sourced to the task e. C and D

e. C and D

Which type of user should you focus on ease of use? For which type of user should you focus onease of learning

ease of use = for frequent, heavy users ease of learning = infrequent users

what is listed across the top row of the alternative matrix

evaluation criteria, relative importance, alternative #, score, weighted score

What is cloud computing?

everything from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service wherever and whenever needed.

what is cloud computing?

everything from computing power to computing infrastructure, applications, business processes to personal collaboration can be delivered as a service wherever and whenever needed.

What are the method for Design Prototype ? a) Paper Sketches b) Wireframe Diagram: showing a box outline where element will be placed c) HTML prototype: a prototype using Web tools d) Language Prototype: a prototype using Programing language the final product will be code in e) A and B f) All of the above

f) All of the above - All of these are method for Design Prototype

T or F: A sequence diagram illustrated the objects that participate in a use case and the messages that pass between them over time for multiple use cases

false

o What is the correct focus of training on a new system? (hint: it is NOT trying to explain every system feature)

focus on helping users accomplish their tasks

What is the parallel conversion strategy?

for a time, both old and new systems are used. The old is abandoned when the new is proven fully capable

What are the factors in hardware and software selection?

function and features, performance, legacy databases, hardware and OS Strategy, cost of ownership, Political preference, vendor performance

what is the goal of most help desks?

have the level 1 support staff resolve 80% of requests on the first call

1. In a client-server architecture, which of the four software types usually resides on the client, which usually resides on a server, and which varies depending on the architecture chosen?

i. Balance processing between client devices & 1 or more server devices ii. Generally clients responsible for presentation logic & servers responsible for data access logic & data storage iii. Application logic location varies depending on CS configuration chosen

1. What are the three primary hardware components?

i. Client computers: input-output devices employed by users (PCs, laptops, handheld & mobile devices, smart phones) ii. Servers: larger multi-user computers used to store software & data iii. Network: connects computers

What are the four basic functions of software?

i. Data storage: most information systems require data to be stored & retrieved ii. Data access logic: processing required to access stored data iii. Application logic: logic documented in DFDs, use cases, & functional requirements iv. Presentation logic: display of information to user & acceptance of user's commands

________ is the building of all parts of the system: the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures

implementation

Level 2 support staff is usually selected during which phase?

implementation stage

what are factors of acquisition strategy selection?

in house experience, project skills, project management, business need, time frame

Where are data access and data storage logic stored in the client-server architecture?

in the server

Examples of benefits of a to-be system?

increased pay, opportunity for promotion, existing skills stay valuable, less unpleasant aspects

What is the difference between information and political adopters?

informational: convince adopters that change is necessary through convincing evidence political: uses organizational powers to motivate change

What is a specific realization of any object?

instance

An object is an ______ of a class.

instantiation

What are the different types of prototypes used during the design phase?

interface design and language prototype

The _____________ ______________ are the basic design elements that are common across the individual screens, forms, and reports within the system.

interface standards

What is a rich client?

involves processing on the mobile device using its resources. Presentation logic, application logic, and data access logic on the client side.

Hardware and Software Specification (column & row)

is a document that describes what hardware and software are needed to support the application. Typical columns: Standard Client, Standard Web Server, Standard Application Server and Standard Database Server Rows: Operation System, Special Software, Hardware, Network

External Entity

is a person, organization, organization unit, or system that is external to the system, but interacts with it (e.g., customer, clearinghouse, government organization, accounting system). The external entity typically corresponds to the primary actor identified in the use case. External entities provide data to the system or receive data from the system, and serve to establish the system boundaries.

system documentation

is intended to help programmers and analysts understand system's features, hardware architecture, and programming

Definition of "Implementation" - what happens during the Implementation Stage?

is the building of all parts of the system: the software itself, documentation, and new operating procedures.

What is input mechanism?

it defines the way the system captures information

What is output mechanism?

it defines the way the system provides information to users or other systems

what is the 3 clicks rule?

it is used to minimize user efforts factor and users should be able to go from start of the system to the information they want in 3 clicks

What is the request for information (RFI)?

it's a type of procurement document whereby the buyer requests a potential seller to provide various pieces of information related to a product or service.

6 principles of user interface design

layout content awareness aesthetics usage level consistency minimize user efforts

what are the principles of user interface design?

layout content awareness aesthetics usage level consistency minimize user efforts

6 Principles of user interface design

layout, content awareness, aesthetics, usage level, consistency, and minimize user effort

What are the 6 principles of UI design?

layout, content awareness, aesthetics, usage level, consistency, minimize user efforts

What is a module?

lines of program code that perform a single function that work together to form a program

Regarding aesthetics, novice or infrequent users prefer interfaces with _____ density.

low density

Which of the following is not one of the three layout areas? navigation area (top), status area (bottom), work area (middle), Map area (side)

map area (side)

The ________ plan involves preparing the business, technology, and people.

migration

Elements of a conversion strategy

modularity, location, style

What are the three layout areas?

navigation area (top), status area (bottom), work area (middle)

What provides the way for users to tell the system what to do?

navigation mechanism

what are the three fundamental parts of a user interface?

navigation mechanism input mechanism output mechanism

What are the three key mechanisms of the user interface?

navigation mechanism, input mechanism, output mechanism

What is the direct conversion strategy?

new system instantly replaces the old

When to Outsource Development?

o The business need Is not core to the business o In-house functional or technical experience does not exist o The decision to outsource is a strategic decision o The project has a highly skilled project manager at the level of the organization that matches the scope of the outsourcing deal o The time frame is short or flexible

When to use a Packaged System?

o The business need is common o In-house functional experience exists o The project skills are not strategic o The project has a project manager who can coordinate vendor's efforts o The time frame is short

In a two-tiered client-server architecture, what is the difference between a thick and thin client?

o Thick client - most of application logic on the client side o Thin client - little application logic on the client side; most shifted to server side

What are the three system supports?

on-demand training, online support, and help desk

What are the most important security issues for a system?

page 249-254 1. No Unauthorized (External Users) has access to internal data 2. Encryption and Authentication is an essential part of the architecture design 3. Antivirus and other measures must be taken to prevent any kind of virus from corrupting the system. 4. Confidential data should be only accessed to high-level authority.

What is the purpose of the structure chart in program design?

page 319-320 The structure chart is an important technique that helps the analyst design the program for the new system. The structure chart shows all the components of code that must be included in a program at a high level, arranged in a hierarchical format that implies sequence (in what order components are invoked), selection (under what condition a module is invoked), and iteration (how often a component is repeated).

What is the primary goal of unit testing?

page 384-387 The purpose of a unit test is to ensure that the module or program performs its functions as defined in the program specification. Unit testing is performed after the programmer has developed and tested the code and believes it to be error free. These tests are based strictly on the program specification and may discover errors resulting from the programmer's misinterpretation of the specifications. Unit tests are often conducted by the systems analyst or, sometimes, by the programmer who developed the unit. INCLUDES: 1. Integration Tests 2. System Tests 3. Acceptance Tests

Which conversion style minimizes risk?

parallel conversion style

Which conversion strategies have the highest cost?

parallel conversion, simultaneous conversion, and conversion of modules

What is alpha testing?

performed by users to assure they accept the system; frequently repeats earlier tests but utilizes manufactured (not real) data

The data flow diagrams (DFDs) created during analysis are modified to show these implementation decisions, resulting in a set of ____________.

physical DFDs

What does architecture design do?

plans for how the system will be distributed across the computers and what hardware and software will be used for each computer

Cultural and ______________ requirements are specific to the countries in which the system will be used.

political

_______________ means that the same message can be interpreted differently by different classes of objects.

polymorphism

In a client-server architecture, which of the four software types usually resides on the client?

presentation logic - how the user interacts with/views the program

In a client-server architecture, which of the four software types usually resides on the client, which usually resides on a server, and which varies depending on the architecture chosen?

presentation logic: how the user interacts with/views the program. resides on a server: data access logic and data storage. varies depending on the architecture: Application logic

Cloud computing can be implemented in 3 ways:

private cloud, public cloud, and hybrid cloud

In the interface structure design, what does the bottom number in each box represent?

processes in the DFD

Detailed instructions called ____________ are developed so that during construction, the programmers know exactly what they should be creating.

program specifications

People involved in implementation

project manager, analyst, programmers or other technical specialists

An interface design ________________ is a mock-up or a simulation of a computer screen, form, or report.

prototype

What are the 3 important POST-implementation activities?

provide support provide maintenance assess the project

what does rup stand for?

rational unified process

What is denormalization?

reduces the number of joins that must be performed in a query, thus speeding up data access.

Three type of User documentation are:

reference documents, procedure manuals, tutorials

What are the three types of user documentation?

reference documents, procedures manuals, and tutorials

types of user documentation

reference documents, procedures manuals, tutorials

What is raw data?

refers to all the data that are stored within the tables of the database, and it is calculated via a bottom-up approach.

What is Cohesion?

refers to how well the lines of code within each structure chart module relate to each other.

What is listed in the top row of the alternative matrix?

relative importance alternatives (1,2,3..) score (usually 1-5) weighted score

What are Tangible benefits?

revenue that the system enables the organization to collect and cost savings.

what are the 4 steps of change management?

revise management policies access cost and benefits motivate adoption enable people to adopt.

In mobile architecture (where the client is a mobile device), what is a rich client and what is a thin Web-based client? What technologies are used to create cross-platform apps

rich client- involves processing on the mobile device using its resources. presentation logic application logic, and data access logic on the client side thin web-based client- application and data access logic on the server side, always connected to server cross-platform frameworks are use to create cross platform apps

What are the 3 key factors in selecting a conversion strategy?

risk, cost, time

Which conversion location do you use to minimize time

simultaneous conversion location

Two major architectural components

software and hardware

What are the two major architectural components?

software and hardware

Maintainability requirements

specify the business requirement changes that can be anticipated. Not all changes are predictable, but some are and may also define the update cycle for the system, such as the frequency with which new versions will be released

The ___________ , illustrates the organization and interactions of the different pieces of code within the program to analysts and programmers so that the program can be developed by many programmers working independently.

structure chart

what are the two major groupings of UML diagrams?

structure diagrams and behavior diagrams

Conversion Strategy consists of:

style, location, modules

what are the three conversion strategies?

style, location,modules

During the initial part of the design phase what does the project team create?

system requirements

what is the final deliverable of the design phase?

system specification: It is a structured description of the system and its functions. The aim is to define, quantify and describe features and characteristics.

name 3 types of documentation navigation

table of contents agent search index

What are the five types of documentation navigation?

table of contents, index, text search, intelligent agent, web-like links

what is walkthrough evaluation?

team simulates movement through components

Unit Testing

test individual units or pieces of code for a system

What is an interface structure diagram?

that defines the basic structure of the interface. It is used to show how all the screens, forms, and reports used by the system are related and how the user moves from one to another. Most systems have several ISDs, one for each major part of the system.

Why does the object oriented approach use the Agile methodology rather than the waterfall development model?

the agile approach allows the OOP to break things down into modules and create the system one piece at a time rather than focusing largely on planning like the waterfall development

What is encapsulation?

the combining of process and data into a single entity

What is presentation logic?

the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user's commands

What is application logic?

the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases, and functional requirements.

Definition of architecture design

the plan for how the information system components will be distributed across multiple computers and what hardware, operating system software, and application software will be used on each computer

What is a user interface?

the portion of the system that directly interacts with users

What is data access logic?

the processing required to access data

What is data access logic?

the processing required to access stored data

What is Polymorphism?

the same message can be interpreted differently by different classes of objects

Polymorphism

the same messages can be interpreted differently by different classes of objects.

What is the final deliverable of the design phase?

the system specification

What is the goal of informational strategy in motivation adaption?

to convince potential adopters that the change is for the better.

What is the objective of architecture design?

to determine how the software components of the information system will be assigned to the hardware devices of the system.

The goal of an informational strategy in motivation adaption is to convince potential adopters that the change is for the better. T/F

true

True or False Magnetic Stripe readers are an example of source data automation.

true

What are the two "placeholder" tools used in testing modules?

tubs and hardcoded values

What are the three types of user documentation?

tutorials, reference documents, procedures manuals

What are the 5 steps in UI design process?

understand the users, organize the interface, define standards, develop prototypes, evaluation/testing

What is the focus of the system review?

understanding the extent to which the proposed costs and benefits from the new system that were identified during project initiation were actually recognized from the implemented system

a program or a program module that performs a specific function that can be tested is:

unit test

what are the 4 categories of testing

unit testing integration testing system testing acceptance testing

What are the 4 categories of testing?

unit, integration, system, and acceptance

Which UML diagram serves as a basis or starting point for the rest?

use case diagram

What are the four fundamental UML diagrams, and which of the four serves as the basis or starting point for the rest?

use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and behavioral state machine diagrams; The use case diagrams typically serve as the foundation for the rest.

What approach can you use to understand the user?

use personas to develop characters of various user groups -interests -typical behavior -Goals and objectives expectations

What term describes an outline of steps that the users perform to accomplish some part of their work, created in the design phase, and only portrays a single path?

use scenario

What is inheritance?

used to identify higher level, or general classes of objects.

the most important feature of a UI

user friendly-ness

What is Graphical User Interface (GUI)?

user interface that utilizes colors and graphics

Acceptance tests are done primarily by the _____ with support from the project team.

users

what is interactive evaluation?

users try out the system

What is beta testing?

uses real data, not test data; actual users monitor for errors or needed improvements

What is the greatest problem in user interface design?

using space effectively

What is source data automation? Know examples

using special hardware devise to capture data o Most important principle of input design is to capture the data in an electronic format at the original source or as close to the original as possible example: Barcodes

under what conditions would you choose the "make" acquisiiton strategy

when we want to build/retain technical skills, allows for flexibility, unique solutions

Is a rich client similar to a thick client in a two-tiered client server architecture?

yes, similar to the thick client, a rich client has most of the application logic on the client side.

Define and describe the 3 primary work areas for programmers?

· The Development Area: This is where all the codding occurs · The Testing Area: Separate area where testing happens. · The Production Area: Where system implementation happens

What are the 3 post-implementation activities?

• System Support • System Maintenance • Project Assessment

Purchase software package if:

•Business need is common •In-house functional experience exists •Skills are not strategic •Project manager can coordinate vendor's efforts •Time frame is short

Custom development (build from scratch) in-house

•Business need is unique •In house functional and technical experience exists •Desire to build in house skills •Project has a highly skilled project manager and proven methodology •Time frame is flexible

Custom development (build from scratch) in-house

•Business need is unique•In house functional and technical experience exists •Desire to build in house skillsProject has highly skilled project manager and proven methodology •Time frame is flexible

What are the steps of the design phase?

•Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) •Determine the technical architecture for the system •Address security concerns and globalization issues •Make hardware and software selections •Determine the way that users will interact with the system (interface, inputs, and outputs) •Design the programs for the underlying processes •Design the way data will be stored

What are the steps to create physical DFDs?

•Draw a human-machine boundary •Add implementation references •Add system-related data stores, data flows and processes (E.g., backups, exceptions, audit trails, etc.) •Update data descriptions and metadata in the CASE repository

Which classic mistakes should you avoid when handling programmers?

•Research-oriented development: of you use state-of-the art technology, lengthen planned time •Using "low-cost" personnel to save money/time: of using a significant number of entry level personnel, lengthen planned time •Lack of code control: use a source code library to keep programmers from changing the same code at the same time •Inadequate testing: always allocate enough time for formal testing

What are Key Factors in Selecting a Conversion Strategy?

•Risk seriousness of consequences of remaining bugs •Cost parallel requires paying for two systems for a period of time simultaneous requires more staff to support all locations •Time parallel, phased, and modular require more time

CH7: What are 3 acquisition strategies?

☺Custom Dev (Make) ☺Purchase Prepackaged Software ☺Outsource

CH7: What are the steps of the design phase?

☺Determine system acquisition strategy (make, buy, or outsource) ☺Determine the technical architecture for the system ☺Address security concerns and globalization issues ☺Make hardware and software selections ☺Determine the way that users will interact with the system(interface, inputs, and outputs) ☺Design the programs for the underlying processes ☺Design the way data will be stored ☺Create final deliverable - the system specification

CH7: What are the benefits of Outsourcing (Acquisition Strategy)?

☺Hire Expertise You Don't Have ☺Possible Cost Savings ☺Possible Time Savings ☺Better Allocation of Your Team's Time

CH7: What are the benefits of Purchasing Prepackaged Software (Acquisition Strategy)?

☺Simple ☺Fast ☺System Support ☺Cost Savings

CH7: What are the benefits of Custom Development (Acquisition Strategy)?

☺Unique ☺Exact ☺Contemporary Technologies ☺Competitive Advantage

What are the three primary hardware components in terms of software?

⦁ Client computers: input-output devices employed by users. Ex: PCs, laptops, mobile devices ⦁ Servers: larger multi-user computers used to store software and data, accessed by people with special permission. ⦁ Networks: connect the computers