Practice questions
97) People with phenylketonuria have high levels of urinary A) PKU. B) phenylpyruvic acid. C) phenylalanine hydroxylase. D) tyrosine. E) ontogeny
B) phenylpyruvic acid.
88. Of the following, which correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship between two variables? a. +0.95 b. +0.70 c. -0.69 d. -0.85
-0.69
23. Relative to its final adult weight, approximately how much does the brain weigh in a 2-year-old child? a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 75 percent
75 percent
37. Which reflex is exhibited when young infants fan their toes in response to the sole of their foot being stroked? a. Moro b. Babinski c. rooting d. palmar grasp
Babinski
2. What does the process of perception refer to? a. Energy from the environment is detected and transformed into neural signals. b. Energy from the environment is selected and interpreted by the brain. c. Stimuli from the environment are not attended to. d. Stimuli from the environment are permanently recorded.
Energy from the environment is selected and interpreted by the brain.
38. When young infants sense that they may be falling, which reflex do they exhibit? a. Moro b. Babinski c. rooting d. ulnar
Moro
6. Moira understands that if she wants to talk about something in the past, she adds ed to the verb. The acquisition of which type of language knowledge accounts for Moira's understanding? a. phonology b. semantics c. morphology d. pragmatics
morphology
40. According to recent research, what is required for an infant's acquisition of proficient language skills? a. adults' use of motherese b. reinforcement of infant's correct use of syntax c. lengthy contact with an adult who converses with the child d. exposure to adults who use grammatically correct forms
lengthy contact with an adult who converses with the child
78. What is the earliest age that habituation to a repeated stimulus has been demonstrated? a. prenatally b. at birth c. at 2 months of age d. at 4 months of age
prenatally
26. During the embryonic period the genital ridge begins to differentiate into the male testes or the female ovaries. What does this differentiation require? a. testosterone for males and estrogen for females b. testosterone for males and nothing for females c. nothing for males and estrogen for females d. presence or absence of a Y chromosome
presence or absence of a Y chromosome
11. Which cells in the body contain fewer than 46 chromosomes? a. heart cells b. brain cells c. sperm and ova d. lung cells
sperm and ova
129. In addition to promoting first-language skills, what results from the instruction for minority children in their native language? a. It interferes with future language learning. b. It makes the children feel stigmatized. c. It negatively affects academic achievement. d. It promotes academic achievement.
It promotes academic achievement.
121. For punishment to be effective, what should it be? a. unexpected b. consistent c. postponed d. physical
consistent
45. Of the following parts of the body, which would be the last to come under voluntary control? a. the hips b. the shoulders c. the arms d. the fingers
the fingers
98) PKU is transmitted by a A) recessive gene mutation. B) pair of dominant genes. C) dominant gene mutation. D) triad of recessive genes. E) single extra chromosome 23.
A) recessive gene mutation.
3) The idea that the human brain and human mind are separate entities was formalized in the 1600s by A) Hebb. B) Locke. C) Plato. D) Descartes. E) Pinel.
D) Descartes.
90. Why are selective breeding studies not conducted with humans? a. It would be unethical to do so. b. Evidence would be inconclusive due to polygenic inheritance. c. Family kinship studies yield more precise data. d. It is simpler and more informative to use information derived from family pedigrees.
It would be unethical to do so.
16) Darwin suggested a mechanism for evolution: A) genes. B) natural selection. C) sex. D) all of the above E) none of the above
B) natural selection.
39. Which reflex assists the infant to feed? a. Moro b. Babinski c. rooting d. palmar grasp
rooting
96) Which of the following disorders was discovered by Asbjörn Fölling, a Norwegian dentist? A) schizophrenia B) Korsakoff's syndrome C) phenylketonuria D) Parkinsonism E) Down syndrome
C) phenylketonuria
Under what circumstances do adopted children show the most positive outcomes? a) When they are adopted into transracial homes b) When they are in a long-term stable adoption c) When they are raised in working-class homes d) When they are adopted into an extended family home
b) When they are in a long-term stable adoption
Which form of attachment characterizes most North American infants? a) Secure b) Resistant c) Avoidant d) Disorganized/disoriented
a) Secure
According to Schmidt and colleagues, hypersensitivity of which brain region is associated with shyness and anxiety? a) The amygdala b) The brainstem c) The left frontal lobe d) The left temporal lobe
a) The amygdala
14. When does cellular mitosis end? a. at conception b. at birth c. at adolescence d. at death
at death
According to Piaget, at what stage do children judge wrongdoing by considering whether the action was "just an accident" versus "done on purpose"? a) Autonomous morality b) Heteronomous morality c) Oedipal morality d) Negative morality
a) Autonomous morality
What is the process through which a person adopts the morals of society? a) Accommodation b) Assimilation c) Internalization d) Individuation
c) Internalization
118. During the first few months of life, infants around the world vocalize quite similarly. What accounts for this phenomenon? a. canalization b. nonshared environmental factors c. shared environmental factors d. range of reaction
canalization
14) Darwin's theory of evolution was published in A) 1312. B) 1562. C) 1859. D) 1920. E) 1943.
1859
43. During which time period following conception are teratogens most likely to produce major structural abnormalities? a. the first two weeks b. the 2nd to the 8th week c. the 12th to the 20th week d. the 25th to the 36th week
the 2nd to the 8th week
53. What are polygenic traits determined by? a. dominant genes b. the combined influence of a number of genes c. a genetic mutation d. the combined influence of a recessive and a dominant gene
the combined influence of a number of genes
71. Which of the following causes hereditary defects such as cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, and Tay-Sachs disease? a. recessive genes b. aging ova c. mutations d. an extra chromosome
recessive genes
Which Piagetian principle is a young child demonstrating when he or she discovers that changing the shape of an object does not necessarily change its mass? a. centration b. accommodation c. assimilation d. conservation
d. conservation
Anita just looked in the mirror and saw a smudge of dirt on her cheek. If Anita is 8 months of age, what is her most likely reaction? a) She will rub at the smudge on her cheek. b) She will rub at her cheek on the mirror. c) She will wave at the mirror. d) She will turn away from the mirror.
b) She will rub at her cheek on the mirror.
What is Maria Montessori best known for? a) Creating an individualized and student-centred approach to learning b) The extensive research supporting her educational programs c) Her emphasis on stage-like progression across specific ages d) Her exclusive focus on education versus socialization
b) The extensive research supporting her educational programs
According to Olweus, what type of aggressor is most likely to become a habitual bully? a) Reactive b) Hostile c) Proactive d) Passive
c) Proactive
According to cognitive-developmental theorists, why not infants between 7 and 9 months of age begin to show evidence of attachment to a primary caregiver? a) They have learned to associate the caregiver with nourishment. b) The caregiver is meeting the infants' need for the pleasure associated with oral activities. c) They have imprinted on the caregiver. d) Their scheme for object permanence has developed.
d) Their scheme for object permanence has developed.
According to sociometric methods, what characterizes children who are categorized as controversial? a) They are actively disliked by most of their peers. b) They are liked by their peers and by their teachers. c) They are neither liked nor disliked by their peers. d) They are liked by many of their peers and disliked by many of their peers.
d) They are liked by many of their peers and disliked by many of their peers.
19. Which individuals are genetically identical? a. monozygotic twins b. dizygotic siblings c. fraternal siblings d. fraternal twins
monozygotic twins
82. What is the term for the assumption that each object has one label, and that different words refer to separate, nonoverlapping categories? a. object scope constraint b. mutual exclusivity constraint c. category constraint d. taxonomic constraint
mutual exclusivity constraint
20. What parts of the body does the mesoderm give rise to? a. the bones, the muscles, and the skin b. the nervous system, the skin, and hair c. the lungs and the digestive system d. the bones, the muscles, and the circulatory system
the bones, the muscles, and the circulatory system
113. What is the term for any event or stimulus that decreases the frequency of the behaviour that it follows? a. a punisher b. a conditioned stimulus c. a reinforcer d. an unconditioned stimulus
a punisher
44. What is the term for a set of propositions that describe behaviour? a. a theory b. a variable c. a prediction d. a definition
a theory
45. What is the term for a set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe, and explain an existing set of observations? a. a hypothesis b. a theory c. an observation d. an experiment
a theory
Which of the following could be a slogan of the educational principle known as aptitude-treatment interaction? a) "Tailor the teaching to match the student." b) "One size fits all." c) "The nail that sticks up will get hammered down." d) "To live well, you must live unseen."
a) "Tailor the teaching to match the student."
According to research evidence, what characteristic of the school would most likely lead to poor outcomes for inclusive mainstreaming of children with special needs? a) Ability tracking b) Aptitude-treatment interaction c) Minimized class sizes d) Informal curriculum
a) Ability tracking
What is the term for the social group that typically characterizes the peer interactions of children between 6 and 10 years of age? a) Peer b) Clique c) Crowd d) Segregated pairs
a) Peer
26. With a few exceptions, all neurons are formed early in development. When does this milestone occur? a. at the beginning of the embryonic period b. at the end of the second trimester of pregnancy c. at 4 years of age d. at 6 years of age
at the end of the second trimester of pregnancy
Suppose you observe a group of students who have just received the results of a midterm test. Based on current research findings, which of the following reasons would a student who views academic success as a valued attribute give a high mark? a) "The teacher likes me." b) "I'm smart and I worked hard." c) "The test was easy." d) "I lucked out."
b) "I'm smart and I worked hard."
Sachi's parents always tells her that she has "worked hard" when she succeeds, but that she "lacks ability" when she fails. What achievement orientation correlates with this pattern of parental feedback? a) Learned helplessness b) Mastery c) Relational helplessness d) Relational mastery
a) Learned helplessness
9. Which intellectual ability is dependent on the process of adaptation? a. adjusting to the changing demands of the environment b. using operational schemes effectively c. organizing general cognitive schemes d. creating symbolic schemes
a. adjusting to the changing demands of the environment
58. What is one potential shortcoming of using interviews and questionnaires in developmental research? a. Responses often change if the interview or questionnaire is re-administered to the same set of participants. b. Only a small amount of useful information is typically obtained. c. Responses may be inaccurate because participants provide socially desirable responses. d. Both interviews and questionnaires are time consuming to administer.
Responses may be inaccurate because participants provide socially desirable responses.
60. Similar to the development of form perception, an infants' perception of depth, distance, and size constancy appears in response to specific stimuli. What is the common property of these stimuli? a. They are stationary. b. They are accompanied by noise. c. They have human characteristics. d. They are in motion.
They are in motion.
59. Nerissa has a sex chromosome abnormality. She is short and has difficulty with tasks that require spatial reasoning. Based on this description, which syndrome does Nerissa have? a. Poly-X b. Turner's c. fragile-X d. Klinefelter's
Turner's
What type of child abuse is most visible? a) Psychological b) Sexual c) Physical d) Neglect
c) Physical
4. Which theory of perception ascribes much importance to the person's general knowledge stored in memory schemas? a. differentiation b. enrichment c. empiricist d. classical
enrichment
88) The most surprising finding of the human genome project is that humans have A) 7-base codons. B) many mutations. C) relatively few protein-coding genes. D) so many genes. E) more genes than corn has.
C) relatively few protein-coding genes.
53) Modern adult human brains vary in size from about A) 1,000 to 2,000 grams. B) 10 to 20 grams. C) 1,440 to 1,500 grams. D) 1,300 to 1,400 grams. E) 1,350 to 1,360 grams.
A) 1,000 to 2,000 grams.
95) Cooper and Zubek (1958) found that maze-bright rats made fewer maze errors than maze-dull rats only if both groups had A) been reared in an impoverished laboratory environment. B) been reared in an enriched laboratory environment. C) been equated for emotionality. D) received tranquilizers. E) been pretrained.
A) been reared in an impoverished laboratory environment.
33) One remaining mammalian species that lays eggs is the A) duck-billed platypus. B) hominin. C) prosimian. D) Florida walking catfish. E) orangutan.
A) duck-billed platypus.
78) Sex-linked traits that are controlled by dominant genes occur more frequently in A) females. B) males. C) neural disorders. D) XY individuals. E) both B and D
A) females.
104) The sensorimotor phase of birdsong development A) occurs just before the sensory phase. B) begins as soon a bird is hatched. C) does not exist in male birds. D) occurs most commonly in females. E) begins with subsong.
E) begins with subsong.
61) Mendel A) studied dichotomous pea-plant traits. B) began his experiments by crossing the offspring of true-breeding lines. C) collaborated with Darwin. D) all of the above E) both A and B
E) both A and B
26) Birds and reptiles are A) amphibians. B) chordates. C) vertebrates. D) all of the above E) both B and C
E) both B and C
65. Which of the following is caused by the uneven segregation of chromosomes? a. Down syndrome b. sickle-cell anemia c. fragile-X syndrome d. Huntington's disease
Down syndrome
78. What happens to parent-child relationships when they are disrupted in early adolescence? a. They tend to become even more disrupted in later adolescence. b. They typically remain strained and distant until the adolescent reaches early adulthood and leaves home. c. They typically remain strained and distant throughout the remainder of the adolescent's life. d. They typically become warmer by late adolescence.
They typically become warmer by late adolescence.
53. What is a measure said to be if it accurately measures what it is designed to measure? a. valid b. reliable c. objective d. generative
valid
Parents who are either self-centred and rigid or overzealous and providing too much stimulation tend to have infants with which type of attachment? a) Resistant b) Avoidant c) Secure d) Disorganized/disoriented
b) Avoidant
1) The general intellectual climate of a culture is referred to as its A) canon. B) guano. C) Zeitgeist. D) converging operations. E) confounds.
C) Zeitgeist.
5) Nature is to nurture as A) learning is to genetics. B) behaviorism is to ethology. C) genetics is to experience. D) both A and B E) both B and C
C) genetics is to experience.
45. Under typical circumstances, what happens to the primitive reflexes, such as the palmar grasp? a. They are present at birth and then disappear within a few months after birth. b. They are present at birth and do not disappear until a child reaches preschool age. c. They are not present at birth and appear sometime in the first 3-6 months; disappearing by 1 year of age. d. They are present at birth and never disappear.
They are present at birth and then disappear within a few months after birth.
Of the following, which would be the first characteristics to be incorporated into a toddler's self-concept? a) Pet ownership and language b) Sex and age c) Hair colour and age d) Sex and hair colour
b) Sex and age
Which of the following is an unstable external cause for an achievement outcome? a) Effort b) Ability c) Context d) Luck
d) Luck
76. Which of the following is ultrasound NOT used for? a. detecting multiple pregnancies b. detecting gross physical abnormalities c. determining the age of the fetus d. determining the presence of hereditary disorders
determining the presence of hereditary disorders
52. Which feature is least likely to attract the attention of an infant? a. complex form b. limited colour range c. curvature d. high-contrast image
limited colour range
20. Which body part grows to 75 percent of its adult weight by the age of 2 years? a. the kidneys b. the ears and eyes c. the brain d. the hips and thighs
the brain
At what age does social referencing first become evident? a) 2-5 months b) 7-10 months c) 15-18 months d) 24-27 months
b) 7-10 months
According to Rutter and other researchers, which factor has been found to be highly predictive of "effective" schools? a) Higher levels of monetary support b) A clear focus on academic goals c) The introduction of ability tracking d) The use of an "open" classroom design
b) A clear focus on academic goals
According to working-models theory, what model do infants who form resistant primary attachments construct? a) Negative models of themselves and their caregivers. b) A negative model of themselves, coupled with a positive model of others. c) Positive model of themselves and their caregivers. d) A positive model of themselves, coupled with a negative model of others.
b) A negative model of themselves, coupled with a positive model of others.
49. Which statement best summarizes the position of "theory" theorists regarding infant cognition? a. They are nurture oriented, emphasizing experiential learning. b. They combine elements of other theories, emphasizing both nativism and construc- tivism. c. They emphasize constructivism. d. They are nature oriented, emphasizing innate knowledge.
b. They combine elements of other theories, emphasizing both nativism and construc- tivism.
124. Many school-aged children use calculators to do daily arithmetic calculations. What would Vygotsky consider the calculator to be? a. a device for inner experimentation b. a tool of intellectual adaptation c. a zone of proximal development d. an electronic scaffold
b. a tool of intellectual adaptation
95. Jennifer is interested in studying whether gender messages in toy advertisements influence how children perceive themselves. Which research method should Jennifer use to best answer her question? a. clinical interview b. naturalistic observation c. case study d. controlled experiment
controlled experiment
92. Which of the following is the best example of telegraphic speech? a. "doggie is" b. "the doggie" c. "see doggie" d. "my doggie"
"doggie is"
What would be an overall slogan of Vygotsky's theory? a. "The child discovers knowledge." b. "The child develops among others." c. "Innate competencies unfold with maturation." d. "Behavioural reinforcers guide the child's development."
"The child develops among others."
Which of the following would be a slogan of neonativism? a. "Abilities arise from experiential learning." b. "The newborn arrives with much knowledge." c. "Development is totally flexible." d. "Knowledge is constructed from early reflexes."
"The newborn arrives with much knowledge."
28. How long has adolescence been recognized as a distinct phase of life? a. since early Roman times b. since the early 17th century c. since the 1950s d. since the early 20th century
since the early 20th century
28. In addition to several other pieces of evidence, Lenneberg and others have cited cross-cultural findings of a commonality in structure of early spoken and signed language as evidence for which theory of language acquisition? a. interactionist b. learning c. nativist d. empiricist
nativist
29. In addition to several other pieces of evidence, Lenneberg and others have cited commonalities in structure of Creolized languages as evidence for which theory of language acquisition? a. interactionist b. learning c. nativist d. empiricist
nativist
50. According to Piaget, what is the hallmark of thinking during the preoperational stage of development? a. object permanence b. refinement of logical analysis c. symbolic functions d. expansion of knowledge base
symbolic functions
11. In one popular science-fiction movie, the Jedi master uses sentences such as, "When 900 years old you are, look so good you will not." When he speaks in this way, the Jedi master is able to convey meaning, but his sentences do not conform to which of the following rules of the English language? a. syntax b. phonology c. morphology d. pragmatics
syntax
18. What parts of the body does the ectoderm give rise to? a. the bones, the muscles, and the skin b. the nervous system, the skin, and hair c. the lungs, the circulatory system, and the digestive system d. the nervous system, the lungs, and hair
the nervous system, the skin, and hair
87. Of the following, which correlation coefficient indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? a. +0.80 b. +0.65 c. -0.70 d. -0.89
-0.89
13. What is mitosis? a. the process of cell division that produces the gametes b. the process of cell division that occurs when portions of the chromosome pair are exchanged before the final cell division occurs c. the process of cell division that occurs in females d. the process of cell division that produces normative growth and development
the process of cell division that produces normative growth and development
65. In comparison to males, when do females experience adolescent growth spurt? a. 6 months after b. 6 months before c. 2 years after d. 2 years before
2 years before
7. What do the sperm and the ovum each contribute at conception? a. 23 pairs of chromosomes b. 2 chromosomes, one X and one Y c. 23 single chromosomes d. 2 chromosomes (X or Y) and 45 genes
23 single chromosomes
80. Yves watches a video in which a girl hides her favourite doll in a dresser drawer. Later, the girl's brother sneaks the doll from the dresser drawer and hides it under his sister's bed. Yves is asked where the girl will look for her doll when she comes back to her room, and he answers that she will look under the bed. Based on this information, how old is Yves? a. 3 years of age or younger b. at least 4 years of age c. at least 6 years of age d. between 8 and 9 years of age
3 years of age or younger
18. On average, by the time males reach their mid-20s, what percent of body weight does skeletal muscle account for? a. 24 b. 40 c. 60 d. 80
40
29. Scott, who has fathered four sons, marries Leslie, who is the mother of six daughters. If Leslie conceives a child with Scott what is the probability that the child will be a girl? a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent
50 percent
6. What percentage of genetic material does the zygote receive from the father and mother? a. 80 percent from the father and 20 percent from the mother b. 50 percent from the father and 50 percent from the mother c. 30 percent from the father and 70 percent from the mother d. 10 percent from the father and 90 percent from the mother
50 percent from the father and 50 percent from the mother
7. Margaret's newborn son Ryan is crying loudly in the delivery room and has turned bright red all over. When the nurse attempts to extend Ryan's leg, the infant pulls away from him. Based on this information, what is Ryan likely to score on the Apgar test? a. 0 to 3 points b. 4 or 5 points c. 8 to 10 points d. 15 points (or more)
8 to 10 points
75. Which of the following best describes an overextension of word meaning? a. A child uses a general word to refer to a small range of objects or events. b. A child knows more than one word for the same object or event. c. A child attempts to describe an object or event that he or she has never seen. d. A child uses a word incorrectly to describe a wide variety of objects or events.
A child uses a word incorrectly to describe a wide variety of objects or events.
78. Which statement best characterizes the use of psychophysiological research methods? a. A researcher lives within a culture or subculture and makes extensive naturalistic observations of the member's physical attributes. b. A researcher measures the relationship between physiological processes and various aspects of development. c. A researcher gathers extensive information about a few individuals regarding physical features that relate to cultural circumstances. d. A researcher randomly selects participants for the study.
A researcher measures the relationship between physiological processes and various aspects of development.
78. Steele and his colleagues found that African-American adolescents performed poorly when they thought their abilities would be assessed but performed as well as their European-American peers when the same test was presented as a non-evaluative exercise. Based on this result, what can be concluded with respect to cultural biases in IQ testing? a. A stereotype threat does not influence performance in testing situations. b. A stereotype threat can influence performance in testing situations. c. Racial and ethnic group differences in test scores are the result of motivational factors. d. Racial and ethnic group differences in test scores are the result of cultural bias in the testing materials.
A stereotype threat can influence performance in testing situations.
36) According to the simplest theory, the hominin line is composed of two different genera: A) Australopithecus and Homo. B) apes and Homo sapiens. C) apes and humans. D) old-world monkeys and new-world monkeys. E) reptiles and amphibians.
A) Australopithecus and Homo.
10) One way to study self-awareness in nonhuman animals is to confront them with A) a mirror. B) a photograph of themselves. C) an experiment. D) a frontal-lobe lesion. E) a difficult task.
A) a mirror.
83) During protein synthesis, each amino acid is carried to the ribosome by A) a transfer RNA molecule. B) a codon. C) a messenger RNA molecule. D) an operator gene. E) a mitochondrion.
A) a transfer RNA molecule.
89) How many structural (protein-coding) genes are there in the human genome? A) about 20,000 B) 1,000 times more than in the corn genome. C) 8 times more than in the mouse genome. D) 38 times more than in the mouse genome. E) about 3 billion.
A) about 20,000
65) Individuals who possess two identical genes for a particular trait A) are homozygous for that trait. B) are heterozygous for that trait. C) cannot have offspring of the same phenotype for that trait. D) cannot have offspring of the same genotype for that trait. E) none of the above
A) are homozygous for that trait.
60) According to one prominent theory, monogamy evolved in only those species A) in which each female could raise more fit young if she had undivided help. B) with opposable thumbs. C) with large brains. D) that used tools. E) all of the above
A) in which each female could raise more fit young if she had undivided help.
9) Depicted here is the cortex of the right A) parietal lobe. B) hippocampus. C) striatum. D) frontal lobe. E) prefrontal lobe.
A) parietal lobe.
100) In many modern hospitals, the blood of newborn infants is routinely screened for high levels of A) phenylalanine. B) phenylpyruvic acid. C) phenylalanine hydroxylase. D) all of the above E) both B and C
A) phenylalanine.
20) Courtship displays are important evolutionary phenomena because they A) promote the evolution of new species. B) promote extinction. C) facilitate aggression. D) encourage social dominance. E) eliminate copulation.
A) promote the evolution of new species.
32) Mammals evolved directly from A) reptiles. B) fish. C) amphibians. D) prosimians. E) primates.
A) reptiles.
18) Fitness in the Darwinian sense refers to an organism's ability to A) survive and contribute large numbers of fertile offspring to the next generation. B) remain healthy. C) win fights. D) survive. E) avoid predation.
A) survive and contribute large numbers of fertile offspring to the next generation.
80) Proteins that bind to DNA and influence the rate at which particular structural genes will be expressed are called A) transcription factors. B) autosomes. C) enhancers. D) sex-linked traits. E) mutations.
A) transcription factors.
36. Werner and Smith followed a cohort of Hawaiian children who had suffered complications at birth. What did they conclude after their assessment of the intellectual performance of this cohort at 10 and 18 years of age? a. Adequacy of postnatal environment was more predictive of intellectual functioning than perinatal complications. b. Perinatal complications were more predictive of intellectual functioning than was the postnatal environment. c. Long-term negative effects on intellectual functioning were universal, regardless of postnatal environment. d. Environmental adequacy and perinatal complications contributed about equally in predicting intellectual performance.
Adequacy of postnatal environment was more predictive of intellectual functioning than perinatal complications.
27. According to the authors of the text, what can be concluded regarding the historical and cultural factors that influence the phase of development we call adolescence? a. Adolescence is a universal phase of life that is experienced similarly across many eras and cultures. b. Adolescence is universally a difficult period of transition to adulthood. c. Adolescence as viewed by modern Western standards is a positive change that would benefit teens of all cultures. d. Adolescence, like many other areas of development, differs markedly depending on culture and era in history.
Adolescence, like many other areas of development, differs markedly depending on culture and era in history.
37. What does contemporary research on the development of the cerebrum suggest regarding the specialization of the cerebral hemispheres? a. Age-related changes in lateral specialization reflect an increasing reliance on one hemisphere over the other to perform certain functions. b. The right hemisphere matures earlier in females whereas the left hemisphere matures earlier in males. c. The hemispheres show no evidence of specialized functioning at birth. d. There is little communication between the two hemispheres in typically developing children.
Age-related changes in lateral specialization reflect an increasing reliance on one hemisphere over the other to perform certain functions.
47. Which statement best summarizes the research findings with respect to the sequence of physical maturation? a. All children go through roughly the same sequence. b. The sequence of physical development varies from culture to culture. c. The sequence of physical development varies from individual to individual. d. Although the sequence varies between individual children, the rate of development is universal.
All children go through roughly the same sequence.
74. Which statement best characterizes the different emphases of the various models of perceptual development as presented in the textbook? a. All place great importance on the role of maturation in perceptual development. b. All place little importance on the role of the environment in perceptual development. c. All vary in the importance attributed to the role of the environment in perceptual development. d. All are consistent with respect to the role of the environment in perceptual development and differ only in the role allotted to genetic or maturational influences.
All vary in the importance attributed to the role of the environment in perceptual development.
30. Nathan and Ethan are monozygotic twins. However, people seldom get the two brothers mixed up because Ethan is five centimetres shorter than Nathan. What does the difference in height imply about the two brothers? a. The two brothers have different phenotypes because Nathan is heterozygous for the "tallness" trait and Ethan is homozygous for the "tallness" trait. b. Because the brothers display different phenotypes, they must have different alleles for height. c. Although both brothers share the same underlying genotype, the environment has produced a difference in gene expression d. The two brothers have different phenotypes because Ethan is heterozygous for the "tallness" trait and Nathan is homozygous for the "tallness" trait.
Although both brothers share the same underlying genotype, the environment has produced a difference in gene expression
23. Which of the following best summarizes Noam Chomsky's view of language acquisition? a. It is heavily dependent on imitation and social interaction. b. Biological factors play a relatively minor role. c. An inborn linguist processor guides the process. d. Reinforcement of correct language structure is crucial.
An inborn linguist processor guides the process.
23) Animals with dorsal nerve cords are called A) phyla. B) chordates. C) vertebrates. D) mammals. E) amphibians.
B) chordates.
6) European ethologists focused on the study of A) invertebrates. B) instinctive behaviours. C) learning. D) both A and C E) both B and C
B) instinctive behaviours.
59) The pattern of mate bonding that is most prevalent in mammals is A) promiscuity. B) polygyny. C) monogamy. D) polyandry. E) marriage.
B) polygyny.
57) In most vertebrate species, mating is A) monogamous. B) promiscuous. C) polygynous. D) polyandrous. E) asexual.
B) promiscuous.
93) Tryon is famous for A) twin studies of IQ. B) selectively breeding so-called maze bright and maze dull strains of rats. C) studies of genetic mutation. D) research on bird song. E) the discovery PKU.
B) selectively breeding so-called maze bright and maze dull strains of rats.
30. Suppose that Baby T received two X chromosomes at the time of conception and, high levels of testosterone are released during the third month of the pregnancy. Based on this information, what can you conclude regarding the development of Baby T's reproductive system? a. Baby T will develop a female reproductive system. b. Baby T will develop aspects of both male and female reproductive systems. c. Baby T will not develop reproductive organs. d. Baby T will develop a male reproductive system.
Baby T will develop a male reproductive system.
19. Shannon and David are expecting their first child. David is in the military and has been stationed overseas. He is not sure that he can be there for the birth, and so his sister Lesley has volunteered to take his place if he cannot take leave. Based on research findings, what will be the impact of Lesley's presence? a. Because Lesley is a close family member, and Shannon's trusted companion, her presence at the birth might be beneficial, but it is not essential. b. Although Lesley is a close family member, without David present at the birth, the baby may have difficulty bonding to Shannon. c. Although Lesley is a close family member, David's presence at the birth is essential if he and Shannon are to have a healthy relationship, and crucial to the baby's feelings of love and security. d. David's and Lesley's presence or absence is irrelevant to the development of attachments to David as the father.
Because Lesley is a close family member, and Shannon's trusted companion, her presence at the birth might be beneficial, but it is not essential.
78. Which statement best characterizes an individual's understanding of beliefs and desires when he or she has acquired a theory of mind? a. Beliefs and desires are different mental states, and either or both can influence a person's conduct. b. Beliefs influence an individual's conduct only when they are concordant with that person's desires. c. Beliefs influence an individual's conduct only when they are discordant with that person's desires. d. Desires are generally more important than beliefs in determining an individual's behaviour.
Beliefs and desires are different mental states, and either or both can influence a person's conduct.
125. How do bilingual children compare to socioeconomically equivalent monolingual children with respect to language proficiency and acquisition? a. Bilingual children fail to acquire normal levels of proficiency in either language. b. Bilingual children show significant language delays when compared to monolingual children of the same socioeconomic status. c. Bilingual children show no language delays, but do display lower levels of metalinguistic knowledge. d. Bilingual children acquire normal levels of language proficiency and show some cognitive advantages.
Bilingual children acquire normal levels of language proficiency and show some cognitive advantages.
A goal of successful development that is expressed in every culture is that children should acquire the moral rules of that society. In meeting this goal, which of the following is viewed as essential for mature morality? a) Being obedient for tangible rewards. b) Fear of punishment for wrongdoing. c) Internalization of moral principles. d) Being obedient to please elders.
C) Internalization of moral principles.
41) About 200 thousand years ago, early hominins were gradually replaced in the African fossil record by A) old-world monkeys. B) accountants. C) modern humans. D) primates. E) Australopithecus.
C) modern humans.
62) Mendel's early experiments challenged the central premise upon which previous ideas about inheritance had rested. This was the premise that A) there is only one gene for each trait. B) there are two genes for each trait. C) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents. D) white seeds are dominant. E) some traits are dominant and some are recessive.
C) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents.
19) Social dominance is an important factor in evolution because dominant males often A) kill their mates. B) become seriously injured. C) produce more offspring than nondominant males. D) establish hierarchies. E) are much larger.
C) produce more offspring than nondominant males.
108) In many songbirds, the voice box or __________ is a double structure. A) high vocal center B) robust nucleus C) syrinx D) hypoglossal nucleus E) archistriatum
C) syrinx
81. Which statement is a limitation of psychophysiological methods? a. Changes in physiological responding may reflect mood swings or fatigue. b. They cannot be used with very young infants. c. Conclusions may not generalize to other contexts. d. They are likely to be inaccurate.
Changes in physiological responding may reflect mood swings or fatigue.
32. What did John Locke mean when he said that the mind of an infant is a tabula rasa? a. Children are inherently evil or sinful. b. Children are blank slates ready to learn from experience. c. Children are innately good. d. Children are incapable of learning.
Children are blank slates ready to learn from experience.
18. Suppose that the plasticity principle did not apply to development. How would this change our understanding of a child's abilities? a. Children with cognitive disabilities could be taught many skills. b. Children who grow up in poor environments would suffer inevitably from their deficiencies. c. Parental training would be vital for all children to develop normally. d. Sex differences in children's behaviour would be nonexistent.
Children who grow up in poor environments would suffer inevitably from their deficiencies.
134. Which statement best summarizes the results of Lisa Freund's studies of children's performance on a sorting task when they were allowed to practise with and without their mothers' assistance? a. Children who practised the task with their mothers showed decreased performance at test under all conditions. b. Children who practised with their mothers showed increased performance at test under all conditions. c. Regardless of whether they practised the task with their mothers, children whose mothers were not present at test showed increased performance due to decreased maternal interference. d. Regardless of whether they practised the task with their mothers, children whose mothers were present at test showed decreased performance due to increased maternal interference.
Children who practised with their mothers showed increased performance at test under all conditions.
26. Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the sensitive-period hypothesis for language development? a. Children the world over reach certain linguistic milestones at about the same age, despite cultural differences in the structure of their languages. b. Children with aphasia often recover their lost language functions without special therapy, whereas adults with aphasia usually require extensive therapeutic interventions. c. When pidgin languages arise, they are usually transformed into creoles within a single generation. d. Apes who learn language display little, if any, knowledge of syntax.
Children with aphasia often recover their lost language functions without special therapy, whereas adults with aphasia usually require extensive therapeutic interventions.
55. Paula and Frank are the excited new parents of a baby girl named Katarina. As typical new parents, they want to make certain that they keep Katarina as safe as possible. In order to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, what should Paula and Frank do? a. Make sure that Katarina's crib has soft bedding. b. Wrap her in layers of clothing to keep her warm. c. Choose to breastfeed her rather than using formula. d. Place her on her stomach to sleep.
Choose to breastfeed her rather than using formula.
22. Clovis was abandoned as an infant and spent the first five years of his life being moved from one temporary foster home to another. When he is 5, his aunt discovers Clovis's whereabouts and provides him with a great deal of understanding, love, and stimulating activities. When Clovis becomes an adult, how would you expect him to behave? a. Clovis has become angry, antisocial, and aggressive because of his early abandonment. b. Clovis has become shy and anxious because of his early abandonment. c. Clovis has no residual effects of the early experiences and has reached his fullest potential. d. Clovis may or may not show residual effects of his early experiences; there is no way of knowing for sure what he will be like as an adult.
Clovis may or may not show residual effects of his early experiences; there is no way of knowing for sure what he will be like as an adult.
11) According to the text, the phrase, "Reports of its death have been greatly exaggerated." sums up the history of A) biopsychology. B) physiology. C) Cartesian dualism. D) nature-or-nurture thinking. E) comparative psychology.
D) nature-or-nurture thinking.
34) Prosimians, hominins, and apes are all A) old-world monkeys. B) new-world monkeys. C) langurs. D) primates. E) both B and C
D) primates.
103) The male birds of many species are most likely to learn A) any birdsong that they hear during the motor phase. B) the songs of their own species that they hear during the motor phase. C) any birdsong that they hear during the sensory phase. D) the songs of their own species that they hear during the sensory phase. E) any birdsong that they hear once they have reached maturity.
D) the songs of their own species that they hear during the sensory phase.
81) DNAistoRNAas A) guanine is to uracil. B) thymine is to cytosine. C) uracil is to thymine. D) thymine is to uracil. E) uracil is to guanine.
D) thymine is to uracil.
96. Obtaining the answer to which of the following questions best exemplifies the purpose of using the wugs test to investigate language development in young children? a. Do they know how to describe the grammatical rules that they apply? b. Do they know the difference between vocables and recasts? c. Do they know when they express gender-biased language? d. Do they know that plurals in English are formed by added the s sound at the end of a noun?
Do they know that plurals in English are formed by added the s sound at the end of a noun?
127. Bandura maintained that observational learning has two advantages over other forms of learning. One is that a new response may be added through imitation of a model. What is a second advantage? a. Observational learning is possible at any age, while other forms of learning are not. b. Direct reinforcement is not needed to learn the behaviour. c. Only positive behaviours are acquired through observational learning. d. It eliminates the need for punishment.
Direct reinforcement is not needed to learn the behaviour.
68. Blair has an autosomal abnormality. Her IQ is low and she has a number of distinctive physical features, including a protruding tongue and almond-shaped eyes. Based on this information, what syndrome does Blair have? a. Turner's b. Down c. fragile-X d. Klinefelter's
Down
67) In each cell of the human body, there are normally A) 21 chromosomes. B) 21 pairs of chromosomes. C) 23 genes. D) 23 chromosomes. E) 23 pairs of chromosomes.
E) 23 pairs of chromosomes.
25) Which of the following is not true? A) All mammals are chordates. B) All chordates are vertebrates. C) All reptiles are vertebrates. D) All mammals are vertebrates. E) All vertebrates are chordates.
E) All vertebrates are chordates.
110) The canary song-control neural circuit is remarkable because the A) left descending motor circuit plays a greater role than the right. B) high vocal center is four times larger in males than in females. C) male song-control brain structures grow each spring. D) new neurons are added to the male song-control brain structures each spring. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
24) Which of the following are chordates? A) humans B) vertebrates C) Florida walking catfish D) mammals E) all of the above
E) all of the above
56) During the course of human evolution, there has been a general increase in the A) size of the brain. B) number of cortical convolutions. C) size of the cortex. D) size of the cerebrum. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
91) Epigenetic investigation, although of recent origin, has already identified A) many active areas of nongene (junk) DNA. B) various kinds of small RNA molecules. C) histone remodelling as an important mechanism by which experience can influence gene expression. D) DNA methylation as an important epigenetic mechanism. E) all of the above
E) all of the above
64) The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called A) dominants. B) phenotypes. C) genotypes. D) gametes. E) alleles.
E) alleles.
73) In Down syndrome, there is A) no guanine. B) no adenine. C) no thymine. D) no cytosine. E) an extra chromosome in each cell.
E) an extra chromosome in each cell.
50) A bird's wing and a bee's wing are A) convolutions. B) cerebral. C) convergent. D) homologous. E) analogous.
E) analogous.
52) Which species has a brain larger than the human brain? A) whale B) elephant C) chimpanzee D) all of the above E) both A and B
E) both A and B
8) Asomatognosia typically A) results from damage to the right parietal lobe. B) affects the left side of the body. C) affects both sides of the body. D) affects the right side of the body. E) both A and B
E) both A and B
99) People with PKU lack the enzyme A) that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. B) phenylpyruvic acid. C) phenylalanine hydroxylase. D) both A and B E) both A and C
E) both A and C
31) Reptiles were the first animals to A) have back bones. B) lay shell-covered eggs. C) be covered by dry scales. D) both A and B E) both B and C Answer: E
E) both B and C
84) Mitochondria are A) located in the nuclei of cells. B) located in the cytoplasm of cells. C) energy-generating structures of cells. D) both A and C E) both B and C
E) both B and C
4) Descartes's philosophy was called A) monism. B) behaviorism. C) ethology. D) mentalism. E) dualism.
E) dualism.
115) In the study of heritability estimates, increasing the genetic diversity of the subjects without introducing other changes would likely A) decrease the heritability estimate. B) confound the experiment. C) increase the accuracy of the heritability estimate. D) reduce the accuracy of the heritability estimate. E) increase the heritability estimate.
E) increase the heritability estimate.
92) RNA editing is an important epigenetic mechanism: It occurs when small RNA molecules act directly on strands of A) messenger DNA. B) junk DNA. C) histone. D) methylated DNA. E) messenger RNA.
E) messenger RNA.
111) Identical is to fraternal as A) dizygotic is to monozygotic. B) polyzygotic is to monozygotic. C) two is to one. D) culture is to experience. E) monozygotic is to dizygotic.
E) monozygotic is to dizygotic.
91. If identical twins reared together are more alike on a characteristic than identical twins reared apart, what can you infer regarding the relative roles of heredity and environment in determining that characteristic? a. Heredity plays a role. b. Environment plays a role. c. Heredity plays no role. d. Environment plays no role.
Environment plays a role.
113. According to Rowe and Plomin's research, what can you conclude if nonshared environmental influences are found to play a major role in the development of personality traits? a. Environmental differences between individuals contribute more strongly than do similarities. b. Environmental similarities between individuals contribute more strongly than do similarities. c. Environmental differences and similarities contribute equally. d. Environmental influences contribute very little, regardless of whether they are shared or unshared.
Environmental differences between individuals contribute more strongly than do similarities.
107. For IQ scores, the correlation between monozygotic twins reared apart is lower than that between monozygotic twins reared together. What does this difference indicate about the role of environmental and genetic factors in the development intellectual ability? a. Environmental factors have no impact. b. Genetic factors have no impact. c. Environmental factors have a greater influence than genetic factors. d. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute equally.
Environmental factors have a greater influence than genetic factors.
105. Suppose that a researcher finds that identical twins reared together in the same home show differences with respect to intelligence. What do those differences indicate about the role of environmental and genetic factors in the development of that trait? a. Environmental factors have more influence than genetic factors. b. Genetic factors have more influence than environmental factors. c. Both genetics and environmental factors contribute equally. d. Genetic factors are solely responsible.
Environmental factors have more influence than genetic factors.
94. When identical twins who are reared apart show differences with respect to a given psychological trait, what do those differences indicate regarding biological and environmental factors? a. Environmental factors have more influence than genetic factors. b. Genetic factors have more influence than environmental factors. c. Both genetics and environmental factors contribute equally. d. One would need information regarding the sex of twin pairs before estimating the role of genetic or environmental factors.
Environmental factors have more influence than genetic factors.
33. Frasier is an athlete who won two gold medals at the last Olympic Games; however, he seems to have real problems when it comes to balancing his chequing account. Which theory of intelligence would best explain Frasier's different levels of performance on these tasks? a. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences b. Spearman's theory of general intelligence c. Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities d. Sternberg's information-processing theory of intelligence
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
66. Mrs. Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich whole or cut into two pieces. Colin asks her to keep it in one piece because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces. How would Piaget explain Colin's request? a. He did not assimilate his sandwich. b. He did not accommodate his sandwich. c. He does not yet understand conservation. d. He does not yet understand centration.
He does not yet understand conservation.
76. Three-year-old Mackenzie has broken a plastic model airplane that belongs to his 9-year-old brother, Simon. Simon investigates to determine whether it was an accident or a deliberate action on Mackenzie's part. What does Simon's interest in the intentionality of the act demonstrate? a. self-recognition in mirrors b. repeating gestures by humans but not by objects c. talking about desires, feelings, or perceptions d. pointing to objects to redirect others' attention
He has a belief-desire theory of mind.
40. Derek is playing with a ball when it rolls under the couch. Even though he cannot see where the ball went, Derek immediately starts to search for it. According to Piaget, what accounts for Derek's behaviour in response to this event? a. He has not yet mastered object permanence. b. He has not yet mastered conservation. c. He has mastered the concept of conservation. d. He has mastered the concept of object permanence.
He has mastered the concept of object permanence.
89. Riso experienced a lack of growth hormone as a child. Now that Riso is an adult, how did he likely develop? a. He has normal adult body proportions but an extremely short stature. b. He has cognitive and emotional problems as a result of his hormone deficiency. c. He is of normal height but has childlike body proportions. d. He has developed a physique similar to that typically seen in females.
He has normal adult body proportions but an extremely short stature.
77. Despite the fact that John dislikes algebra, he studies very hard and usually does well on exams. Unfortunately, when he is asked how to do one of the problems that he had answered correctly only one week earlier, he is unable to generate the correct answer. According to Domjan's definitions of learning, what accounts for John's failure? a. He has not learned algebra. b. He has forgotten what he learned. c. He has not learned algebra. d. He has dishabituated to that specific problem.
He has not learned algebra.
117. Kyrin has several relatives who are alcoholics, who are clinically depressed, or who suffer from schizophrenia. Kyrin has decided to have a vasectomy so that he will never father any children. He explains that his children would surely have a mental illness. Is Kyrin right? a. He is wrong, because none of these disorders show any degree of heritability. b. He is overreacting, because the odds are low that his children will have a disorder. c. He is correct, because the chances are extremely high that his children will develop one or more disorders. d. He is overreacting, because if he doesn't have any of these disorders, his children would have no risk of developing them either.
He is overreacting, because the odds are low that his children will have a disorder.
50. Clyde tells his friends that even though he travels a lot and is only home about once every two weeks, his 6-month-old son still knows him. Is Clyde right? a. He is most likely exhibiting wishful thinking, because 6-month-old infants typically cannot remember faces for more than a day. b. He is probably correct, because it is typical for 6-month-olds to remember faces they have been exposed to, even if they do not see them again for 2 weeks. c. He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until infants are nearly 9 months of age. d. He has an exceptional son, because normally this ability does not emerge until children are just over 12 months of age.
He is probably correct, because it is typical for 6-month-olds to remember faces they have been exposed to, even if they do not see them again for 2 weeks.
96. According to Sternberg and Lubart's investment theory, which statement best describes a creative individual? a. He or she has a reflective cognitive style. b. He or she tends to have an IQ in the gifted range. c. He or she has a legislative cognitive style. d. He or she has high levels of extrinsic motivation.
He or she has a legislative cognitive style.
38. What does John Locke's tabula rasa metaphor imply about the newborn infant? a. He or she has an evil nature. b. He or she has a pure, virtuous nature. c. He or she has no ideas because he or she has not yet had experiences. d. He or she has instinctive ideas.
He or she has no ideas because he or she has not yet had experiences.
According to current research findings, many of Piaget's specific assertions 110. regarding human development have received little empirical support. Given these considera- tions, how should a modern developmentalist regard Piaget's theory? a. He or she should reject all of Piaget's theory and relegate it to the history books. b. He or she should ignore the current research. c. He or she should continue to seek confirmation of Piaget's theory. d. He or she should accept Piaget's theory as a detailed description of cognitive development.
He or she should accept Piaget's theory as a detailed description of cognitive development.
64. Skye abstained from alcohol early in her pregnancy, but for the last six weeks of the pregnancy she became depressed and began to drink heavily. What is the most likely outcome for Skye's baby? a. He or she will be unaffected, because Skye's drinking occurred late in the pregnancy. b. He or she will have few physical deformities but will have an increased risk of mental retardation. c. He or she will have noticeable physical deformities and an increased risk of mental retardation. d. He or she will have noticeable physical deformities but no risk of mental retardation.
He or she will have few physical deformities but will have an increased risk of mental retardation.
63. Natalie drank heavily during the first eight weeks of her pregnancy, but since then she has abstained from alcohol. What is the most likely outcome for Natalie's baby? a. He or she will be unaffected by Natalie's drinking because it occurred so early in the pregnancy. b. He or she will have noticeable physical deformities, but no risk of mental retardation. c. He or she will have noticeable physical deformities and an increased risk of mental retardation. d. He or she will have no physical deformities, but will have an increased risk of mental retardation.
He or she will have noticeable physical deformities and an increased risk of mental retardation.
39. Which of the following best characterizes a baby born at 28 weeks post-conception? a. He or she would not be able to sense light or sound, but these would develop rapidly in the neonatal period. b. He or she would not have nails, eyebrows, or scalp hair. c. He or she would have reached the age of viability, but lung function would likely be compromised. d. He or she would have poor circulation and heart function.
He or she would have reached the age of viability, but lung function would likely be compromised.
107. Which of the following is among the key criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. He focused too much attention on unconscious motivation. b. He underestimated the intellectual capabilities of young children. c. He failed to consider the active role that children play in their own development. d. He focused too much attention on the biological or maturational components of development.
He underestimated the intellectual capabilities of young children.
96. William's family is wealthy and he has always been well fed and cared for. At age 3, William was shipwrecked with his parents. During the weeks before they were rescued, William and his parents had very little to eat or drink. What will be the most likely outcome for William's health due to this experience? a. He will continue to show long-lasting effects of malnutrition. b. He will develop the symptoms of kwashiorkor. c. He will experience a catch-up growth period. d. He will fail to recover and will die within a few months.
He will experience a catch-up growth period.
68. Reginald is 6 weeks old. As part of a research study, he is presented with a sensory incongruity in which he hears his mother's voice coming from his right while his mother is sitting to his left. How is Reginald likely to react to this situation? a. He will fail to react negatively, because the various senses are not integrated yet. b. He will fail to react negatively, because infants cannot detect the location of sounds at this age. c. He will react negatively, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of enrichment theory. d. He will react negatively in this situation, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of differentiation theory.
He will react negatively in this situation, a finding that is consistent with the predictions of differentiation theory.
40. Thomas is 10 years old and has a mental age of 8, and Nick is 12 years old and has a mental age of 10, based on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. How would Terman conceptualize the relationship between the two boys' intelligence? a. He would consider Thomas to be more intelligent than Nick. b. He would consider both boys to be equally intelligent. c. He would not be able to compare the two boys because they are of different ages. d. He would consider Nick to be more intelligent than Thomas.
He would consider Nick to be more intelligent than Thomas.
92. Suppose that the similarity between pairs of individuals increases for a trait the closer the individuals are in kinship. What can you conclude regarding the relative influence of heredity and environment on the trait? a. Heredity has a greater influence than does the environment. b. Environment has a greater influence than does heredity. c. Heredity and environment have an equivalent influence. d. Heredity is the only influence
Heredity has a greater influence than does the environment.
95. If the correlation for a trait is .75 for identical twins, .55 for siblings, .23 for cousins, and .11 for genetically unrelated adopted siblings, what could you conclude regarding the contribution of heredity and environment? a. Heredity plays no role in the trait. b. Environment plays no role in the trait. c. Heredity is a prime contributor to the trait, but environment also plays a role. d. Environment is the prime contributor to the trait, with heredity making only a minor contribution.
Heredity is a prime contributor to the trait, but environment also plays a role.
83. Anne is investigating the timing of the onset of puberty in a large sample of adolescents. In her sample, she finds the correlation for identical twin pairs is almost twice that of fraternal twin pairs, which in turn, is almost twice that of singleton siblings. Based on this information, what can you conclude regarding the potential cause of pubertal timing? a. Heredity plays a strong role in physical maturation. b. Environmental factors play a strong role in physical maturation. c. Genetic regulation of hormones is the trigger for physical maturation. d. Environmental factors.
Heredity plays a strong role in physical maturation.
119. What did both Waddington and Gottesman emphasize as being important to the interaction of heredity and environment in development? a. Heredity sets limits on the extent environment can influence outcomes. b. The influence of environmental factors decreases over time. c. An individual's intelligence and personality are determined during infancy and the preschool years. d. The influence of genes is most important in early childhood.
Heredity sets limits on the extent environment can influence outcomes.
90. Devon is excited because she found a very strong correlation between teenage sexual activity and intelligence. Assuming that Devon's results are accurate, what can she conclude about teenage sexual activity and intelligence? a. High intelligence causes teenagers to have more sex. b. Having sex increases teenagers' intelligence. c. High intelligence and increased sexual activity are related. d. High intelligence increases popularity among teenagers.
High intelligence and increased sexual activity are related.
17. According to the learning perspective, what accounts for a child's increased vocabulary? a. He or she possesses a language acquisition device. b. His or her parents insist on close approximations of the correct word. c. His or her frontal lobes mature. d. He or she has mastered the basic syntax of his or her native language.
His or her parents insist on close approximations of the correct word.
13. verbal ability. Based on Thurstone's theory, how will Tyrone perform on a test designed to measure his perceptual speed? a. He will attain a low score on that test as well. b. He will attain a much higher score on that test. c. He will attain an even lower score on the second test. d. His score on that test will have no predictable relationship to his verbal fluency test score.
His score on that test will have no predictable relationship to his verbal fluency test score.
114. Suppose that a researcher reports that he or she has evidence for nonshared environmental influences on a personality trait. What data would he or she have to provide to rule out the influence of individual differences in genotype? a. Identical twins reared together displayed differences that can be attributed only to environmental influences. b. Fraternal twins differed and had experienced different environments. c. Siblings differed and had experienced different environments. d. Identical twins reared apart did not differ in personality despite environmental differences.
Identical twins reared together displayed differences that can be attributed only to environmental influences.
24. Some mothers claim that their 1-week-old infants recognize their voices. Does research evidence support this claim? a. It is unlikely due to the limited auditory discrimination ability of newborns. b. Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices and prefer her voice. c. Infants do not recognize their mothers' voices until they are several weeks old. d. Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices but do not prefer it over other female voices.
Infants as young as 1 week old can discriminate the mother's voice from other female voices and prefer her voice.
63. Which statement best summarizes the results of research studies regarding depth perception using the visual cliff apparatus? a. Infants of 2 months of age will show a change in heart rate when placed on the deep side of the cliff. b. Infants show no response to the deep side of the cliff until they are 4 months old. c. Infants who are 6 months old are willing to cross the deep side of the cliff. d. Infants show no response to the deep side of the cliff until they are nearly 1 year old.
Infants of 2 months of age will show a change in heart rate when placed on the deep side of the cliff.
103. What have studies of the acquisition of questions and negatives shown? a. Children do not typically produce utterances containing question words or negative markers until near school age. b. They are produced only after children have perfected auxiliary verbs and verb endings. c. Negative and question words emerge during the holophrastic stage. d. Initially children use a wh- word or negative markers (no, not) during the early telegraphic period.
Initially children use a wh- word or negative markers (no, not) during the early telegraphic period.
28. How is synaptic pruning analogous to a university? a. It is known for great parties but neglects teaching. b. It is so huge that students feel they are forever lost in a crowd of indifferent strangers. c. It has an impressive campus but neglects the students. d. It admits all applicants but then flunks out many in the first year.
It admits all applicants but then flunks out many in the first year.
What have factor-analytic studies demonstrated about intelligence? a. It is a single attribute. b. It is made up of three components. c. It consists of several attributes. d. It is made up of two distinct components.
It consists of several attributes.
85. What is germline gene therapy? a. It is a treatment currently being used with cystic fibrosis patients to attempt to override the effects of the cystic fibrosis genes. b. It is an experimental treatment for chromosomal abnormalities that is seldom successful. c. It is a highly controversial treatment and not used because of the ethical concerns. d. It is a treatment for genetic disorders that has been in widespread use since the early 1970s.
It is a highly controversial treatment and not used because of the ethical concerns.
136. According to Piaget, what does egocentric speech indicate about the child? a. It is a sign of use of language to mediate behaviour and facilitate performance of difficult tasks. b. It is a sign of cognitive immaturity and egocentrism that characterizes preschoolers and early-grade-school children. c. It is a sign of cognitive immaturity and should be discouraged among young children so that it does not interfere with task performance. d. It is a sign that the child is cognitively gifted.
It is a sign of cognitive immaturity and egocentrism that characterizes preschoolers and early-grade-school children.
79. Is late sexual maturation often initially a social advantage for boys and girls? a. It is a social advantage for boys and a social disadvantage for girls. b. It is a social advantage for both boys and girls. c. It is a social disadvantage for boys and a social advantage for girls. d. It is a social disadvantage for both boys and girls.
It is a social disadvantage for boys and a social advantage for girls.
51. Helen proposed a new theory of child development. Using this theory, she has successfully described and explained past behaviours but she is unable to predict or explain new observations. How should Helen's theory be categorized? a. It is a superior theory because it describes and explains past behaviour, which is more than most theories do. b. It is a weak theory because it cannot generate new research. c. It is an adequate theory because it may have some minor flaws, but in general it is good. d. It is a weak theory because if it doesn't predict or explain new observations, it is of little value.
It is a weak theory because if it doesn't predict or explain new observations, it is of little value.
59. What does evidence indicate about the timing of language turn-taking? a. It emerges gradually during the first week of life. b. It is acquired over the first year of life. c. It emerges during the preschool years. d. It is acquired when children start school and are taught language turn-taking.
It is acquired over the first year of life.
38. What property of the brain accounts for the finding that children's lateral preferences are apparent early but become stronger over time? a. It is initially not at all lateralized, but becomes lateralized with age. b. It is already lateralized at birth and becomes increasingly so with age. c. It is not fully myelinated until puberty. d. It is not fully differentiated at birth.
It is already lateralized at birth and becomes increasingly so with age.
36. According to most psycholinguists, what is the effect of the use of child-directed speech? a. It provides the child with an optimal model that may facilitate language acquisition. b. It interferes with language acquisition, and does not provide the child with correct models of language. c. It is essential for normal language acquisition. d. It is an important way of communicating with children that may facilitate acquisition.
It is an important way of communicating with children that may facilitate acquisition.
8. Which of the following statements best characterizes how Gibson viewed a child's learning of distinctive features? a. It is something children need to be taught. b. It is an intrinsically motivated process. c. It requires external reinforcement. d. It involves imposing our knowledge on our sensory experience.
It is an intrinsically motivated process.
30. You observe a newborn infant who begins to suck on a bottle filled with a flavoured solution. The infant coughs and spits the solution out. Which statement best describes the taste of the solution in the bottle? a. It is salty. b. It is flavourless. c. It is bitter. d. It is sweet.
It is bitter.
121. Which of the following best describes why effective communication progresses during childhood? a. It is due to the growth of vocabulary and cognitive skills. b. It is due to the growth of sociolinguistic understanding. c. It is due to the growth of cognitive skills and sociolinguistic understanding. d. It is due to advances in vocabulary and metalinguistic awareness.
It is due to the growth of cognitive skills and sociolinguistic understanding.
115. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence regarding the development of proficiency with semantic integrations? a. It is evident in 6- to 8-year-olds, although they are typically not aware that they have drawn an inference. b. It is well developed in 6- to 8-year-olds. c. It improves over the elementary years so that by 10 to 11 years of age children are making inferences easily but still not recognizing them as inferences. d. It is not evident until early adolescence.
It is evident in 6- to 8-year-olds, although they are typically not aware that they have drawn an inference.
20. Learning theorists believe that language acquisition is dependent on shaping and reinforcement. What does the research evidence suggest about role of reinforcement in language acquisition? a. It is important for the acquisition of new vocabulary. b. It is important for the acquisition of syntax. c. It is not important for the acquisition of either vocabulary or morphology. d. It is not important for the acquisition of pragmatics.
It is important for the acquisition of new vocabulary.
36. Dr. Clifton believes that newborns cannot experience pain and, therefore, do not benefit from the use of an anaesthetic during minor surgery. What has research found about this belief? a. It is accurate because all newborn senses are poorly developed. b. It cannot be evaluated because it is unethical to test newborns to determine if they can perceive pain. c. It is accurate because, although some senses are well developed at birth, newborns cannot experience pain. d. It is inaccurate because newborns have been shown to experience pain.
It is inaccurate because newborns have been shown to experience pain.
85. Based on what you know about the development of a belief-desire theory of mind, what would you predict about cross-cultural differences in the emergence of this ability? a. It is likely to be delayed in cultures that lack the social supports for its emergence. b. There are likely to be few cross-cultural differences after age 4 because it is universal. c. In some cultures it should be evident during infancy and toddlerhood. d. It is likely to be advanced in cultures that promote intolerance of deceit and deception.
It is likely to be delayed in cultures that lack the social supports for its emergence.
52. How does the babbling of children in families using only sign language differ from the babbling of children in families that use spoken language? a. It is similar, but slower to develop. b. It is different, and faster to develop. c. It is manual and characteristic of signing. d. It is verbal and more persistent.
It is manual and characteristic of signing.
24. Ivan, a father of three children, states that children are really no different from adults. He believes that the way to raise children is to have them take on adult responsibilities as soon as they are physically able. Which statement best describes Ivan's view? a. It is an example of what developmentalists suggest are the most effective modern child-rearing practices. b. It is more consistent with some previous periods in history than with today's modern view of child rearing in Canada. c. It is an example of what developmentalists suggest is a causal factor for the development of pathology. d. It is more consistent with today's modern Canadian view of child rearing than with views from previous periods of history.
It is more consistent with some previous periods in history than with today's modern view of child rearing in Canada.
49. What conclusion regarding the role of maturation in motor development is supported by Dennis's classic studies of Iranian orphans? a. It is necessary but not sufficient. b. It is both necessary and sufficient. c. It is not necessary; practice is sufficient. d. It is not necessary; adequate nutrition is sufficient.
It is necessary but not sufficient.
20. Which statement best describes the development of postpartum depression? a. It is universal among new mothers, regardless of their prepregnancy moods or the difficulty of their pregnancy. b. It is quite rare, and occurs only among women who experienced birth complications. c. It is rare, and primarily occurs among women whose newborns died or have serious birth defects. d. It is not universal, but is more common among mothers who were depressed or resentful prior to giving birth.
It is not universal, but is more common among mothers who were depressed or resentful prior to giving birth.
12. Stacey is a neonate who was born three weeks prior to her expected due date. Her parents are concerned about the size of her head, so they measure its length relative to the length of her body. They find that although Stacey is only 53 centimetres long, her head is 12 centimetres long. Is Stacey's head-to-body proportion unusual? a. It is not unusual for her stage of development. b. It is unusual and indicative of a problem with skeletal growth. c. It is unusual and is indicative of fluid accumulation in the brain. d. It is not unusual because Stacey was born prematurely.
It is not unusual for her stage of development.
81. A proud grandmother announces to her friends: "Yesterday my 7-month-old granddaughter clearly remembered a toy that she played with when she visited me three weeks ago." Based on the results of research on infant habituation and memory, is the grandmother's claim possible? a. It is quite possible because infants show memory for familiar events when given a cue. b. It is possible only if her granddaughter had played with the toy for several hours. c. It is not possible because this capability has not been demonstrated in infants before 1 year of age. d. It is not possible, because infants at this age habituate rapidly and, as a result, forget within a few hours.
It is quite possible, because infants show memory for familiar events when given a cue.
110. How is recall affected when an infant's memory is tested at a different place than where he or she learned the task? a. It is reduced, relative to recall at the original location. b. It is enhanced, because of the novelty of the new location. c. It is equivalent, but only if reinforcements are offered. d. It is unaffected in any systematic way.
It is reduced, relative to recall at the original location.
55. Dr. Richards is developing a questionnaire to assess shyness. He administers the questionnaire to participants in February and then again in April. The scores obtained are consistent. Based on this information, what can Dr. Richards conclude his questionnaire? a. It is adequately standardized. b. It is valid. c. It is reliable. d. It is free from cohort effects.
It is reliable.
6. Which statement best characterizes physical growth during the elementary school years? a. It is rapid and steady. b. It is slow and episodic. c. It is rapid and episodic. d. It is slow and steady.
It is slow and steady.
100. Imagine that behavioural geneticists have found a way to measure the characteristic of "punctuality." The correlation between twin pairs is .75 for identical twins and .30 for fraternal twins. Based on this information, what would a behavioural geneticist conclude about the influence of genes and environment on this trait? a. It is strongly influenced by the environment because the heritability coefficient is nearly 1.00. b. It is strongly influenced by genetics because the heritability coefficient is nearly 1.00. c. It is mildly influenced by genetics because the heritability coefficient is nearly 0.45. d. It is mildly influenced by the environment because the heritability coefficient is nearly 0.45.
It is strongly influenced by genetics because the heritability coefficient is nearly 1.00.
22. Which statement best describes current research findings regarding the auditory capacity of the neonate? a. It is not very well developed; newborns can detect only very loud sounds. b. It is difficult to assess with accuracy, because techniques for assessing neonate audition are very imprecise. c. It is surprisingly good; young infants can discriminate a large number of auditory stimuli. d. It is equivalent to that seen in adults; little improvement occurs with age.
It is surprisingly good; young infants can discriminate a large number of auditory stimuli.
98. What is the independent variable in an experiment? a. It is the behaviour that is observed or measured. b. It is different for each participant in an experiment. c. It is the factor that is manipulated or changed by the researcher. d. It is an external, uncontrolled factor that changes during the course of the experiment.
It is the factor that is manipulated or changed by the researcher.
26. For many centuries women were blamed if they failed to produce male offspring. Why was this unfair? a. Neither the father's nor the mother's contribution is the determining factor for the sex of the offspring. b. It is the father's contribution that determines the sex of the offspring. c. Both the father's and the mother's contributions vary and randomly combine to determine the sex. d. The phenomenon known as codominance applies to the determination of sex of the offspring.
It is the father's contribution that determines the sex of the offspring.
57. What is the proposed function of crying? a. It is the infant's way of venting anger or frustration. b. It is the infant's way of signalling or communicating his or her needs to caregivers. c. It is a clue that the parents have been spoiling their infant with too much attention. d. It is an indication that the infant will soon fall asleep.
It is the infant's way of signalling or communicating his or her needs to caregivers.
42. Jana tells you that her 2-day-old daughter is able to visually track an object moving above her crib. Is this ability to track movement typical of all infants? a. It is typical for a newborn, if the object is moving slowly. b. It is not typically present before the sixth or seventh month. c. It is not typically present in an infant less than one month old. d. It is typical for a newborn, but only if the object is brightly coloured.
It is typical for a newborn, if the object is moving slowly.
48. Suppose the mother of a young infant claimed that she could keep her baby in a happy mood just by maintaining one kind of rhythmic intonation. Based upon research evidence, how likely is this mother's claim? a. It is not very likely, because intonation is one of the last aspects of language to be acquired. b. It is not very likely, because infants show no differential response to adult intonation until they are capable of producing a variety of intonational patterns themselves. c. It is very likely, because infants show discrimination of intonational patterns very early and seem to recognize that they carry different meanings. d. It is very likely, because infants show remarkably adult intonation patterns themselves within the first week of life.
It is very likely, because infants show discrimination of intonational patterns very early and seem to recognize that they carry different meanings.
55. One reason that young infants often fail to grasp objects within their reach is that their eye-hand coordination is poor. What characteristics of their reaching accounts for this behaviour? a. It is visually guided rather than visually initiated. b. It is visually initiated rather than visually guided. c. It is proactive rather than reactive. d. It is reactive rather than proactive.
It is visually initiated rather than visually guided.
10. Mark and Melanie are planning to adopt a high-risk, unresponsive infant. Their doctor suggests that they be trained in how to administer the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale. According to researchers, what will be the effect of this training? a. It will have little, if any, overall impact on the infant's progress. b. It might increase their confidence in their abilities to handle the job of parenting. c. It would have a negative impact because it would show them how different from normal such an infant would be. d. It should help Melanie become responsive, but it is unlikely to help Mark become more involved in caring for his infant.
It might increase their confidence in their abilities to handle the job of parenting.
64. Which statement best characterizes the timing of the adolescent growth spurt? a. It occurs in boys prior to sexual fertility and in girls after sexual fertility. b. It occurs in boys after sexual fertility and in girls before sexual fertility. c. It occurs in both boys and girls before sexual fertility. d. It occurs in both boys and girls after sexual fertility.
It occurs in both boys and girls before sexual fertility.
138. According to Vygotsky, how does a preschooler's private speech change over time? a. It becomes even more overt during later childhood, serving as the basis for effective interpersonal communication. b. It persists at about the same level throughout childhood. c. It disappears completely when children enter the early elementary school years. d. It persists, but becomes increasingly silent, covert speech.
It persists, but becomes increasingly silent, covert speech.
124. Which of the following best characterizes the timing and duration of active language acquisition? a. It proceeds most rapidly during the preschool years but continues throughout childhood and adolescence. b. It occurs remarkably quickly so that by 5 years of age the process is complete (except for adding vocabulary). c. It is a slow, gradual process until children reach school age when the pace of acquisition greatly accelerates because of language arts instruction. d. It is a slow, gradual process that continues into adolescence.
It proceeds most rapidly during the preschool years but continues throughout childhood and adolescence.
122. Based upon current research evidence, what effect do interactions with linguistically immature siblings have on a child's language development? a. It interferes with the development of effective communication. b. It promotes the development of effective communication. c. It has little, if any, impact on effective communication skills. d. It promotes the development of syntax but not vocabulary.
It promotes the development of effective communication.
41. Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence regarding the acquisition of a first language? a. It is hindered by one-to-one conversations that contain simplified grammatical constructions. b. It may be facilitated by one-to-one interaction but does not require it. c. It can be facilitated by listening to TV programs or the conversations of adults. d. It requires one-to-one conversations.
It requires one-to-one conversations.
119. Which statement best characterizes the effects of punishment on a child's behaviour? a. It is more likely than reinforcement to result in permanent changes in behaviour. b. It is always effective for controlling behaviour. c. It always involves the teaching of appropriate behaviour. d. It temporarily suppresses the behaviour it is intended to eliminate.
It temporarily suppresses the behaviour it is intended to eliminate.
97. If the differences in IQ scores in a population were entirely a result of environmental factors, what would you expect to find about the correlation in IQ scores for twin pairs? a. It would be higher for dizygotic twins reared together than for monozygotic twins reared apart. b. It would be the same for monozygotic twins reared together and for monozygotic twins reared apart. c. It would be lower for monozygotic twins reared together than for monozygotic twins reared apart. d. It would be higher for monozygotic twins reared apart than for dizygotic twins reared together.
It would be higher for dizygotic twins reared together than for monozygotic twins reared apart.
96. If the differences in IQ scores in a population were entirely a result of genetic factors, what would you expect to find about the correlation in IQ scores for twin pairs? a. It would be higher for dizygotic twins reared together than for monozygotic twins reared apart. b. It would be the same for monozygotic twins reared together and for monozygotic twins reared apart. c. It would be higher for monozygotic twins reared together than for monozygotic twins reared apart. d. It would be lower for monozygotic twins reared together than for monozygotic twins reared apart.
It would be the same for monozygotic twins reared together and for monozygotic twins reared apart.
93. Suppose that a researcher finds that pairs of identical twins are no more similar on a trait than are pairs of fraternal twins. What can you conclude regarding the contribution of biological and environmental influences to the development of that trait? a. It is a product of nonshared environmental influences. b. It is a result of evocative gene influences. c. Its heritability coefficent is high. d. Its heritability coefficient is low.
Its heritability coefficient is low.
35. In Edgar Rice Burroughs's novel Tarzan of the Apes (c. 1930), Tarzan's character remained innately pure because he was reared as a feral child by apes, away from the corruption of human society. With whose philosophical viewpoint is this consistent? a. Thomas Hobbes (1651) b. John Locke (1690) c. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762) d. G. Stanley Hall (c. 1890)
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762)
39. Whose theory of human nature implies that the newborn infant acquires all its traits and knowledge from his or her experiences? a. John Locke b. Thomas Hobbes c. Charles Darwin d. Jean Jacques Rousseau
John Locke
61. Antonio has a sex chromosome abnormality. He is taller than most of his friends and his body proportions are slightly feminized. He scored within the normal range on a recent intelligence test, although his score for the verbal scale was lower than average. Based on this description, which syndrome does Antonio have? a. Turner's b. fragile-X c. Klinefelter's d. Supermale
Klinefelter's
82. Which statement best summarizes the research findings of Arthur Jensen regarding racial differences in intelligence? a. Level II abilities show more heritability than Level I abilities. b. Performance on Level II tasks tended to decline with age while performance on Level I tasks tended to improve with age. c. Level I tasks were performed equally well by children from all races, ethnic groups, and social classes. d. Middle-class and white children outperformed lower-income and African-American children on Level I tasks, but not on Level II tasks.
Level I tasks were performed equally well by children from all races, ethnic groups, and social classes.
52. Which statement best summarizes the results of research on the role of practice on locomotor development? a. Locomotor development is inhibited by a lack of experience and speeded by practice. b. Locomotor development proceeds on a preprogrammed schedule irrespective of the amount of experience or practice. c. For locomotor development, practice is less important than experience. d. Maturation is the only factor that influences locomotor development.
Locomotor development is inhibited by lack of experience and speeded by practice.
140. Martina is a preschooler and her mother wonders whether she has psychologi-cal problems because she talks to herself constantly. Because you are taking a course in developmental psychology she asks you if she should be concerned by Martina's behaviour. Based your knowledge from this course, how would you explain Martina's behaviour to her mother? a. Martina is displaying cognitive immaturity and she will grow out of this behaviour. b. Martina is likely developmentally delayed. c. Martina is displaying cognitive competence and she should be encouraged. d. Martina is not receiving enough social stimulation.
Martina is likely developmentally delayed.
61. Which statement best characterizes the results of experiments that have used the visual cliff apparatus with 6 1/2 month old infants? a. Fewer than 10 percent of infants would cross the shallow side, but 90 percent would cross the deep side. b. Almost all the infants refused to cross either side. c. Ninety percent of infants would cross the shallow side, but fewer than 10 percent would cross the deep side. d. The infants would cross either side when coaxed by the mother, but they would refuse to cross either side when coaxed by a stranger.
Ninety percent of infants would cross the shallow side, but fewer than 10 percent would cross the deep side.
29. One philosophical view suggests that children are "selfish egoists" who must learn to rechannel their naturally selfish interests into socially desirable outlets. What is this philosophical view, and which psychological theory does it underpin? a. Tabula rasa is the philosophical underpinning for psychoanalytic theory. b. Original sin is the philosophical underpinning for learning theory. c. Original sin is the philosophical underpinning for psychoanalytic theory. d. Tabula rasa is the philosophical underpinning for learning theory.
Original sin is the philosophical underpinning for psychoanalytic theory.
17. The holistic perspective is a dominant theme of human development. What does this perspective emphasize? a. Growth and change are continual. b. Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects of development are independent. c. Growth and change are cumulative processes. d. Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects of development are interdependent.
Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects of development are interdependent
What do researchers mean when they describe play as a "curious business"? a. Play is not as much fun for children as it appears to an adult observer. b. Unsupervised play has serious negative outcomes for intellectual and social development and should be discouraged. c. Play has significant positive effects on a child's social and intellectual development and should be encouraged. d. All children's play should be directed and controlled by adults.
Play has significant positive effects on a child's social and intellectual development and should be encouraged.
10. Keith uses a specialized video camera to record the eye movements of infants aged 3 to 6 months old as they are shown a variety of stimuli. After determining how long the infants gaze at each stimulus, he reports that the infants prefer bright red circles to other colours or shapes. Based on this description, which research method is Keith using? a. Preference b. habituation c. evoked potentials d. differentiation of perception
Preference
77. A number of studies have investigated the link between a mother's emotional state during her pregnancy and the risk to her developing baby. In general, what seems to be the consensus regarding this link? a. Isolated stressful episodes are the most frequent cause of complications. b. Prolonged, severe stress increases the risk of complications. c. There is no influence because there are no direct connection between the mother's nervous system and that of her fetus. d. Any stress can cause severe complications in the fragile fetus, especially during the last trimester of the pregnancy.
Prolonged, severe stress increases the risk of complications.
133. Rachelle and Sunjai both teach introductory calculus to high school students. Rachelle most often uses cooperative learning activities in her classes, whereas Sunjai most often uses independent, discovery-based activities. Based on this information, with which cognitive theorist would Rachelle and Sunjai most likely agree? a. Sunjai would agree with Vygotsky and Rachelle would agree with Piaget. b. Both Rachelle and Sunjai would agree with Vygotsky and neither would agree with Piaget. c. Rachelle would agree with Vygotsky and Sunjai would agree with Piaget. d. Both Rachelle and Sunjai would agree with Piaget and neither would agree with Vygotsky.
Rachelle would agree with Vygotsky and Sunjai would agree with Piaget.
102. Of the following scenarios, which one best exemplifies Elkind's concept of the "imaginary audience" that characterizes the emergence of new thought processes in adoles- cence? a. Susan receives a C in biology and decides that she hates all sciences. b. James goes boating without a life jacket because he is a good swimmer. c. Lisa hears laughing from two other girls and assumes that they have noticed the small juice stain on her skirt. d. Randy is embarrassed by a pimple on his chin and cannot stop looking in the bathroom mirror to examine it.
Randy is embarrassed by a pimple on his chin and cannot stop looking in the bathroom mirror to examine it.
44. Rory took the WISC-IV and received a score of 92. What does Rory's score mean with respect to his test performance? a. Rory scored more than a standard deviation below the mean. b. Rory scored more than a standard deviation above the mean. c. Rory's score is incorrect because the highest possible score on the WISC is 50. d. Rory's score is in the low average range.
Rory's score is in the low average range.
23. According to Piaget, which stage of development occurs between birth and 2 years of age? a. preoperational b. concrete operational c. sensorimotor d. formal operational
Sensorimotor
4. Janet has just been born. The doctor tells her parents that she has very high levels of stress hormones in her system. What does this mean for Janet's health? a. Her lung function is decreased. b. She has an increased chance of breathing normally. c. Her heart function is decreased. d. She has an increased chance of heart failure or stroke.
She has an increased chance of breathing normally.
111. Mark has just finished a longitudinal twin study of intellectual performance. He included both identical and fraternal twin pairs in his study. Based on previous research, what would you predict he will find regarding age-related changes in the similarity of their intellectual scores? a. Similarity will increase for identical twins and decrease for fraternal twins. b. Similarity will decrease for identical twins and increase for fraternal twins. c. Similarity will remain constant for identical twins and increase for fraternal twins. d. Similarity will remain constant for fraternal twins and will decrease for identical twins.
Similarity will increase for identical twins and decrease for fraternal twins.
86. Many hereditary disorders such as Tay-Sachs or phenylketonuria affect metabolic functioning. What is the prognosis for children with these disorders? a. All are lethal, so all children will not survive. b. All are treatable, so all children will live normal lives. c. Some are lethal and others are treatable through diet, hormones, or gene replacement. d. Even if treated, affected children typically have serious abnormalities that prevent normal lives.
Some are lethal and others are treatable through diet, hormones, or gene replacement.
118. What does research on factors predicting reading achievement in 5- to 6-year-olds suggest about reading readiness? a. Having had literary experiences such as stories read to them is the best predictor of reading readiness and later achievement. b. Some degree of metalinguistic awareness may be necessary before a child can learn to read. c. Metalinguistic awareness is not a prerequisite for learning to read. d. The best predictor of reading readiness is a child's level of pragmatic skills.
Some degree of metalinguistic awareness may be necessary before a child can learn to read.
27. Suppose that Baby J received both an X and a Y chromosome at the time of conception. Based on this information, what can you conclude regarding the development of Baby J's reproductive system during the third month of the pregnancy? a. No hormones will be secreted, producing a male reproductive system. b. Testosterone will be secreted, producing a male reproductive system. c. Estrogen will be secreted, producing a female reproductive system. d. No hormones will be secreted, producing a female reproductive system.
Testosterone will be secreted, producing a male reproductive system.
69. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that illustrates how the expression of an individual's genetic code can be influenced by environmental conditions. What have researchers found regarding the treatment of Down syndrome? a. Early mortality from Down syndrome can be reduced if children with the disorder are placed on a special diet right from birth. b. The physical characteristics typically associated with the disorder can be reduced through early intervention. c. The disorder can be successfully treated during the prenatal period with genetic engineering technology. d. The cognitive impairment typically associated with the disorder can be reduced through early intervention.
The cognitive impairment typically associated with the disorder can be reduced through early intervention.
74. What is one of the main disadvantages to using the case study method? a. A historical analysis of the behaviour is not possible. b. The data may not be representative of the general population. c. Hypotheses for the origin of the behaviour cannot be generated. d. Events that are rare or atypical cannot be described.
The data may not be representative of the general population.
59. What does evidence on the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy strongly suggest? a. Although alcohol can be harmful to the developing fetus, moderate drinking may help the mother lower her blood pressure during the pregnancy. b. Only the children of chronic alcoholics will suffer long-term effects. c. The effects of alcohol are clearly dose related, but there is no known safe level of consumption. d. Social drinking poses no threat to the developing fetus and mothers should just relax and enjoy as necessary.
The effects of alcohol are clearly dose related, but there is no known safe level of consumption.
71. During her early pregnancy, Sarina was exposed to a very small "dose" of radiation during a dental procedure. How will this exposure affect her developing fetus? a. The effects will be minimized by the size of the dose and the length of the exposure. b. The effects will be variable, depending on her genetic makeup. c. The effects will be variable, depending on the timing of the exposure. d. The effects will be serious, because any radiation causes birth defects.
The effects will be variable, depending on the timing of the exposure.
14. Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-coloured card repeatedly. If the colour of the card is now changed to green, and the infant displays increased interest, what can researchers infer? a. The infant can perceive the difference between the two cards. b. The infant is not able to perceive the difference between the two cards. c. The infant prefers the green card to the blue card. d. The infant prefers the blue card to the green card.
The infant can perceive the difference between the two cards.
15. Imagine that an infant hears the sound ba over and over, until he or she loses interest and stops listening. If the sound now changes to pa, and the infant still shows no interest, what can researchers infer? a. The infant is able to perceive the difference between the two sounds. b. The infant cannot perceive the difference between the two sounds. c. The infant prefers sounds that start with "b" to sounds that start with "p." d. The infant prefers sounds that start with "p" to sounds that start with "b."
The infant cannot perceive the difference between the two sounds.
13. Suppose that an infant habituates to a series of similar stimuli. Then a new stimulus is presented and the infant reacts with a startle response. What does the infant's response indicate regarding his or her perception of the new stimulus? a. The infant detects that the new stimulus is different. b. The infant learns easily, but perception is more difficult. c. The infant's evoked potentials have been activated. d. The infant does not detect that the new stimulus is different.
The infant detects that the new stimulus is different.
108. Suppose an infant has learned to wave his or her arm to activate a video display. A few weeks later the infant does not respond an arm wave when exposed to the display until the display is briefly illuminated. What would such an observation imply with respect to the infant's learning and memory processes? a. The infant had not really learned the arm-wave response earlier. b. The infant had learned the arm-wave response, but no permanent memory of the association of the wave and the illumination of the display was stored at the time of learning. c. The infant had learned the arm-wave response, had stored it in memory, but had difficulty retrieving it when required. d. The infants must relearn operant responses such as the arm-wave response, each time they are exposed to a stimulus if the time since original learning is greater than three days.
The infant had learned the arm-wave response, had stored it in memory, but had difficulty retrieving it when required.
43. Suppose you hide a toy behind one of two screens. Then, when you take the screen away, the toy is missing. According to recent research, what would be the most likely response of an 8-month-old infant to this situation? a. The infant will search under the other screen. b. The infant will show little reaction. c. The infant will show surprise. d. The infant will try to play with the screen.
The infant will show surprise.
80. How do pregnancies in older mothers compare to those in younger mothers? a. Older first-time mothers are less likely than women in their 20s to experience difficulties with their pregnancies. b. The majority of older women have normal pregnancies and healthy babies. c. Compared to younger women, older women are less likely to received adequate prenatal care early in their pregnancies. d. Delaying childbearing until after age 35 decreases a woman's risk of spontaneous abortion or miscarriage.
The majority of older women have normal pregnancies and healthy babies.
37. Which milestone is reached by the developing fetus between 22 and 28 weeks post-conception? a. The heart and circulatory system begin functioning. b. Spontaneous movement is apparent for the first time. c. Sex differentiation and sex organ development is now completed. d. The minimal age of viability has been reached.
The minimal age of viability has been reached.
6. Jai is a developmentalist who believes in tenets of the differentiation theory of perceptual development. According to this perspective, which statement would Jai most likely support? a. Perception involves transforming a subjective reality into a personally relevant experience. b. We need to use our available schemes to interpret reality. c. The most important task of the young child is to learn to detect distinctive features. d. Sensory stimulation is often fragmented or confusing and the purpose of perception is to organize this stimulation and create meaning.
The most important task of the young child is to learn to detect distinctive features.
31. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the nativist approach with respect to language development? a. The nativist approach is incomplete and it describes, rather than explains, language learning. b. The nativist approach focuses too heavily on the environment while ignoring the biological mechanisms that underlie language development. c. The nativist approach is the most complete description of language acquisition available at the present time. d. The nativist approach can explain the development of phonology and semantics but cannot account for the emergence of syntax or pragmatics.
The nativist approach is incomplete and it describes, rather than explains, language learning.
126. According to Vygotsky, what does the term scaffolding refer to? a. The parent or teacher stays out of the child's way so that discovery happens. b. The parent or teacher assists the child with difficult parts of the task. c. The parent or teacher provides social support by having other kids nearby. d. The parent or teacher demonstrates everything so that the child learns via observa- tion and avoids making mistakes.
The parent or teacher assists the child with difficult parts of the task.
118. Parents are often puzzled when a child fails to show appropriate behaviours despite scoldings and punishments for inappropriate behaviours. Why are operant conditioning experts not surprised? a. Punishment is rarely effective in suppressing inappropriate behaviour. b. The parents have failed to reinforce the desired behaviour. c. The child has been negatively reinforced. d. Positive reinforcement is the only condition that will modify the strength of a response.
The parents have failed to reinforce the desired behaviour.
102. Which statement best defines positive reinforcement? a. The removal of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again. b. The presentation of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again. c. The presentation of a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again. d. The removal of a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again.
The presentation of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again.
116. Which statement is the best description of negative punishment? a. The removal of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again. b. The presentation of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again. c. The removal of a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again. d. The presentation of a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again.
The removal of a stimulus following a response decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again.
116. What does research with identical twins on the role of heredity in mental illness indicate? a. If one twin is diagnosed as mentally ill, it is inevitable that the second twin will eventually develop the same mental illness. b. There is no greater likelihood of the second twin showing mental illness than there would be in any two nontwin siblings. c. The second twin has an increased risk of developing the same disorder, but identical twins are usually discordant with respect to mental illness and behavioural disorders. d. Mental illness shows almost no evidence of heritability.
The second twin has an increased risk of developing the same disorder, but identical twins are usually discordant with respect to mental illness and behavioural disorders.
17. Which statement best characterizes the pattern of growth of the muscles? a. The number of fibres increase dramatically. b. The size and weight of the fibres increases. c. The number of synapses connecting the muscles to the neurons increase. d. The number of fibres present at birth is reduced by approximately 50 percent by muscular pruning.
The size and weight of the fibres increases.
31. What is an allele? a. The place on the chromosome where a specific gene is located. b. The place on the chromosome where the two chromatids are joined. c. The specific sequence of DNA that makes up a chromosome. d. The specific sequence of DNA that makes up a gene.
The specific sequence of DNA that makes up a gene.
32. Which of the following observations about language did Bickerton claim that only the nativist model could account for? a. Pidgin languages develop among adults when individuals from different language groups must suddenly coexist. b. Creolized languages are not easily understood by adolescents or adults. c. The syntactic rules of Creolized languages are remarkably similar the world over. d. Pidgin languages and Creolized languages may both be evident within a single cultural group.
The syntactic rules of Creolized languages are remarkably similar the world over.
46. Which mode of transmission occurs when a trait is controlled by a recessive gene on the X chromosome? a. The trait will be more commonly expressed in females than in males. b. The trait will be more commonly expressed in males than in females. c. The trait can be expressed only in females. d. The trait can be expressed only in males.
The trait will be more commonly expressed in males than in females.
84. When a correlation coefficient has a negative sign, what does it indicate? a. The two factors being measured move in the same direction. b. The two factors being measured move in opposite directions. c. There is no relationship between the two factors being measured. d. There is a significant relationship between the two factors being measured.
The two factors being measured move in opposite directions.
85. When a correlation coefficient has a positive sign, what does it indicate? a. The two factors being measured move in opposite directions. b. There is no relationship between the two factors being measured. c. There is a significant relationship between the two factors being measured. d. The two factors being measured move in the same direction.
The two factors being measured move in the same direction.
14. The placenta is fed by blood vessels from the mother and the embryo/fetus. How are the two blood supplies related? a. The two blood systems are interconnected so that the mother's blood flows directly into the placental villi. b. The vessel walls serve as semipermeable membranes, but the two bloodstreams do not mix. c. The placenta carries embryo/fetal waste products out but allows nothing to enter from the mother's bloodstream. d. The placenta acts as a semipermeable barrier that allows only oxygen and nutrients to pass to the embryo/fetus.
The vessel walls serve as semipermeable membranes, but the two bloodstreams do not mix.
112. Children younger than 9 or 10 years of age would have the most difficulty interpreting which of the following passive-voice sentences? a. The yellow car was hit by the green car. b. The tiny kitten was hit by the green car. c. The yellow car was washed by the two boys. d. The red-haired boy was chased by the brown horse.
The yellow car was hit by the green car.
80. If you were to compare the number of presentations of a stimulus before habituation occurred for a 1-month-old and a 12-month-old, what would you expect to find? a. The younger infant would require the same number of presentations, but only in the auditory domain. b. The younger infant would require fewer presentations. c. The younger child would require many more presentations than the older infant. d. The younger child would require fewer presentations than the older child, but only in the auditory domain.
The younger child would require many more presentations than the older infant.
27. According to Piaget, why are infants' behaviours characterized by repetitive, circular acts? a. They are trying to attract adult attention. b. Their behaviour produces interesting consequences. c. They are trying to release tension. d. Their memory span is limited.
Their behaviour produces interesting consequences.
113. Which of the following best describes the expansion of children's vocabularies between 6 and 10 years of age? a. Their receptive vocabularies expand at the rate of approximately 10 words per week. b. Their productive vocabularies expand at the rate of approximately 10 words per week. c. Their productive vocabularies expand at the rate of almost 20 words per day. d. Their receptive vocabularies expand at the rate of almost 20 words per day.
Their receptive vocabularies expand at the rate of almost 20 words per day.
66. Which factor best accounts for the fact that females are typically taller than males during middle school? a. Females are 5 centimetres taller than males right from birth. b. There is a two-year delay in the growth spurt for males in comparison to females. c. Females grow more in height than males do during the adolescent growth spurt. d. Males have lower levels of estrogen, and this hormone promotes skeletal growth and development.
There is a two-year delay in the growth spurt for males in comparison to females.
5. Which of the following statements best summarizes the view of enrichment theorists regarding objective reality and perceptual development? a. There is no objective reality; all perception is socially constructed. b. There is an objective reality, and we must interpret that reality using our cognitive schemes. c. There is an objective reality that requires no interpretation because it is the same for everyone. d. There is no objective reality, but our cognitions allow us to interpret our sensations to create our own reality.
There is an objective reality, and we must interpret that reality using our cognitive schemes.
32. What does follow-up of preterm infants during the first months at home indicate about their risk for child abuse? a. They are at an increased risk for child abuse, compared to full-term infants. b. They are at a decreased risk for child abuse, compared to full-term infants c. They have the same risk for child abuse as full-term infants. d. They have very high risk for child abuse, and the majority of preterm infants are abused.
They are at an increased risk for child abuse, compared to full-term infants.
46. Why are some reflexes termed primitive? a. They offer protection against aversive stimuli. b. They have clear adaptive value. c. They are controlled by subcortical areas of the brain. d. They are basic, simple responses that serve as the foundation for later-developing behaviours.
They are controlled by subcortical areas of the brain.
56. Are most chromosomal abnormalities lethal or nonlethal? a. They are lethal and result in spontaneous abortion. b. They are nonlethal and result in Down syndrome. c. They are nonlethal and result in fragile-X syndrome. d. They are lethal and result in eventual death during adolescence.
They are lethal and result in spontaneous abortion.
94. What does the term horizontal décalage refer to with respect to the acquisition of complex mental concepts? a. They cannot be acquired more quickly, no matter what type of training is provided. b. They can be acquired more quickly by children if appropriate verbal cues are used. c. They are usually acquired in a single step or stage. d. They are not acquired in a single step and may show uneven developmental progress.
They are not acquired in a single step and may show uneven developmental progress.
Which statement is major criticism of traditional psychometric a. They are too focused on intellectual content. b. They are too broad in their focus and encompass too many abilities. c. They are too focused on information-processing skills. d. They fail to include problem-solving abilities.
They are too focused on intellectual content.
58. When do visual looming and development of size constancy occur? a. They are present at birth. b. They do not begin to develop until near the end of the first year of life. c. They develop completely in the first 6 months of life. d. They develop at different periods during the first year of life
They develop at different periods during the first year of life
35. How do male infants react when they are circumcised without anaesthesia? a. They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show an increase in plasma cortisol afterward. b. They show little response to the surgery as long as they can hear the sound of their mother's voice during the procedure. c. They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show a decrease in plasma cortisol afterward. d. They show small changes in heart rate, but otherwise little measurable reaction.
They emit high-pitched wails during the surgery and show an increase in plasma cortisol afterward.
88. Which statement best summarizes the research findings of longitudinal studies that have assessed the intelligence quotient (IQ) of children that have participated in compen- satory education programs in comparison to those children who did not? a. They have lower initial IQ scores but then show gains. b. They do not show any significant short-term or long-term changes to their initial IQ scores. c. They have higher IQ scores throughout the elementary- and high-school years. d. They have higher IQ scores in the short-term, but then show a decline.
They have higher IQ scores in the short-term, but then show a decline.
111. How do neo-Piagetian models of cognitive development differ from Piaget's original theory? a. They incorporate the notion of parallel, distributed processing of information in human cognition. b. They incorporate the role that adults and more knowledgeable peers play in cognitive development. c. They do not incorporate the concept of stages with respect to cognitive develop- ment. d. They incorporate age-related changes in working memory and executive control processes.
They incorporate age-related changes in working memory and executive control processes.
22. Tim and Jim are twins. They look alike, except that Tim has blue eyes and Jim has brown eyes. On the basis of this information, what can you conclude about Tim and Jim? a. They must be monozygotic twins. b. They could be either monozygotic or dizygotic twins. c. They must be dizygotic twins. d. They have the same genotype but are displaying different phenotypes.
They must be dizygotic twins.
23. Bill and Jill are twins. Even though Bill is a boy and Jill is a girl, they look alike. On the basis of this information, what can you conclude about Bill and Jill? a. They must be monozygotic twins. b. They could be either monozygotic or dizygotic twins. c. They must be dizygotic twins. d. They have the same genotype but are displaying different phenotypes.
They must be dizygotic twins.
73. Which of the following best summarizes the conclusions of researchers that have examined toddlers' acquisition of words? a. They are quite slow to acquire new vocabulary, requiring many repetitions over several days before they acquire and retain new words. b. They acquire expressive words through fast-mapping and referential words through overextension. c. They often acquire new words after hearing them applied to their referents only once or twice. d. They acquire referential words through fast-mapping and expressive words through overextension.
They often acquire new words after hearing them applied to their referents only once or twice.
109. In comparison to laboratory studies, what is the primary advantage of using a field experimental design? a. They often have a real-world quality that experimental studies lack. b. They are more useful than experimental studies for determining cause-and-effect relationships. c. They are less expensive than experimental studies. d. They use a more representative sample of the general population.
They often have a real-world quality that experimental studies lack.
95. Which of the following best characterizes the acquisition of sign language by the deaf children of deaf parents? a. They begin acquiring signs much later than hearing children begin acquiring words. b. They proceed through babbling, holophrastic, and telegraphic stages just as hearing children do. c. They acquire sign language readily, but it makes learning oral communication more difficult later and is, therefore, not recommended by many educators today. d. They begin acquiring signs nearly six months earlier than hearing children begin acquiring words.
They proceed through babbling, holophrastic, and telegraphic stages just as hearing children do.
85. Why are overextensions more common in toddlers' production of words than in their comprehension? a. They are generally unable to combine words into grammatically correct sentences. b. They rely on a limited vocabulary when expressing themselves. c. They often fail to attend when parents provide proper labels for objects or events. d. They have not learned to consistently identify objects or events they encounter.
They rely on a limited vocabulary when expressing themselves.
35. Based on data collected during longitudinal studies, how do the intellectual abilities of low-birth-weight children compare to their average-birth-weight peers at 6 years of age? a. They show no intellectual deficits, regardless of their home environment. b. They show multiple intellectual deficits, regardless of their home environment. c. They show intellectual deficits if they were raised in a low-SES home. d. They show intellectual deficits if they were raised by a single parent.
They show intellectual deficits if they were raised in a low-SES home.
68. Which statement best summarizes the recent research findings regarding the ability of preschool children to take the perspective of others? a. They show little evidence of this ability. b. They show limited ability but improve markedly with age. c. They show this ability and are equivalent to older children in the elementary-school years. d. They completely lack the ability to take the perspective of others.
They show limited ability but improve markedly with age.
120. Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding communication effectiveness in younger children? a. They are often more effective than older children because they do not make assumptions about what others know and are more detailed in their descriptions. b. They are incapable of inferring the needs of their listeners. c. They are better than older children at capturing the essence of an object or situation and communicating well with fewer words. d. They show some awareness of the needs of their listeners; however, their ability to do so improves markedly over childhood.
They show some awareness of the needs of their listeners; however, their ability to do so improves markedly over childhood.
9. How do researchers collect information about infant perception using the preference method? a. They observe which toy an infant plays with the most from a large group of toys. b. They ask parents which of several toys they think their infant would like best. c. They allow infants to choose which of two or three toys they want to play with. d. They simultaneously present two or more stimuli and then observe which stimulus the infant attends to more.
They simultaneously present two or more stimuli and then observe which stimulus the infant attends to more.
73. In contrast to previous periods in history, how do most boys in modern industrialized societies view the onset of puberty? a. They are fully prepared it. b. They welcome it. c. They try to delay it. d. They are usually confused about it.
They welcome it.
42. Sickle-cell anemia is a characteristic involving incomplete dominance. Suppose that a person is heterozygous for this characteristic. What will be the state of his or her red blood cells? a. They will consist of a mixture of some normal round cells and some abnormal sickle-shaped cells. b. They will consist of normal round cells in childhood, but mutate into sickle-shaped cells by adulthood. c. They will consist of only sickle-shaped blood cells. d. They will consist of no sickle-shaped blood cells.
They will consist of a mixture of some normal round cells and some abnormal sickle-shaped cells.
34. Which theorist proposed the notion that children are selfish egoists? a. Thomas Hobbes b. Charles Darwin c. G Stanley Hall d. Sigmund Freud
Thomas Hobbes
81. In comparison to women who are between the ages of 18 and 35 when they conceive, what characterizes the environmental risks for the pregnancy of women who conceive before the age of 18? a. Those a. increased rates of exposure to disease b. Those b. decreased access to adequate prenatal care c. Those c. increased access to quality nutrition d. Those d. decreased complications during childbirth
Those b. decreased access to adequate prenatal care
88. In comparison to ethologists, what is the best characterization of the position of behavioural geneticists? a. Like ethologists, behavioural geneticists emphasize the biological basis for what makes individuals similar. b. Unlike ethologists, behavioural geneticists focus on the contribution of heredity and minimize the role of environment. c. Like ethologists, behavioural geneticists emphasize the biological basis for variation among individuals. d. Unlike ethologists, behavioural geneticists emphasize the biological basis for variation among individuals.
Unlike ethologists, behavioural geneticists emphasize the biological basis for variation among individuals.
66. Which of the following best characterizes vocabulary development after infants speak their first word? a. Vocabulary growth is slow for several months and then speeds up dramatically. b. Vocabulary immediately grows at an extremely rapid rate. c. No further vocabulary growth takes place until the child is nearly 18 months of age. d. Further increases in vocabulary occur at a slow, steady pace.
Vocabulary growth is slow for several months and then speeds up dramatically.
118. In comparing Vygotsky's and Piaget's views of cognitive development, which statement would be most accurate? a. Vygotsky believed the course of intellectual growth was more universal than Piaget assumed, but the content of intellectual growth was more variable than Piaget assumed. b. Vygotsky believed both the course and the content of intellectual growth were more universal than Piaget assumed. c. Vygotsky believed neither the course nor the content of intellectual growth was as universal as Piaget assumed. d. Vygotsky believed the course of intellectual growth was more variable than Piaget assumed, but the content of intellectual growth was more universal than Piaget assumed.
Vygotsky believed neither the course nor the content of intellectual growth was as universal as Piaget assumed.
125. development? What is one key difference between Vygotsky's and Piaget's views of cognitive a. Vygotsky focused less on self-initiated discovery and more on the social contribu- tions to cognitive growth. b. Vygotsky focused less on the social contributions to cognitive growth and more on self-initiated discovery. c. Vygotsky viewed the child as having a passive role in his or her own development, while Piaget viewed the child as having an active role in his or her own develop- ment. d. Vygotsky viewed the child as having an active role in his or her own development, while Piaget viewed the child as having a passive role in his or her own develop- ment.
Vygotsky focused less on the social contributions to cognitive growth and more on self-initiated discovery.
79. Which of the following best defines an object scope constraint? a. Words refer to whole objects rather than to parts of objects or to object attributes. b. Each object has one label, and different words refer to separate, nonoverlapping categories. c. Each word has a unique meaning. d. Novel words refer to previously unnamed referents.
Words refer to whole objects rather than to parts of objects or to object attributes.
45. In Fantz's looking-chamber experiment, which stimulus did babies prefer to gaze at? a. a cartoon face b. a light-dark pattern c. a scrambled cartoon face d. a brightly coloured square
a brightly coloured square
4. Which of the following is an example of developmental change that primarily reflects learning? a. a child taking his or her first steps at about 1 year of age b. a child speaking his or her first word at about 1 year of age c. a child solving simple arithmetic problems in Grade 1 d. a child reaching sexual maturity in early adolescence
a child solving simple arithmetic problems in Grade 1
3. Which of the following is an example of developmental change that primarily reflects maturation? a. a child taking his or her first steps at about 1 year of age b. a child solving simple arithmetic problems in Grade 1 c. a child speaking the same language as his or her parents d. a child becoming proficient at riding a bicycle
a child taking his or her first steps at about 1 year of age
106. Which of the following best illustrates negative reinforcement? a. parents withholding a child's allowance following the child's misbehavior b. parents requiring a child to complete his or her homework before watching TV c. a child being given a time out following misbehaviour d. a child whose parents do not ground or scold him or her because the child obeyed their curfew
a child whose parents do not ground or scold him or her because the child obeyed their curfew
46. Of the following stimuli, which would be most likely to attract a neonate's visual attention? a. a random display of red, white, and yellow disks b. a simple pattern c. a human face d. a bull's-eye pattern
a human face
49. Dr. Lauterbach predicts that if the temperature of a room is increased, then individuals are more likely to act aggressively. What does Dr. Lauterbach's prediction exemplify? a. a hypothesis b. empirical knowledge c. an operational definition d. a dependent variable
a hypothesis
124. Blair is interested in understanding how children's academic performance changes over long periods of time as a result of the number of friends they have. What would be Blair's best choice of research design and method? a. a microgenetic, experimental study b. a microgenetic, observational study c. a longitudinal, observational study d. a cross-sectional, experimental study
a longitudinal, observational study
86. Which of the following best characterizes the phenomenon of classical conditioning? a. changing the frequency of a behaviour that is already in the individual's repertoire b. ceasing to respond to repeated presentations of a stimulus c. a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response that is normally elicited by another stimulus d. the gradual weakening and disappearance of any learned response
a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response that is normally elicited by another stimulus
95. What typically happens to a child after a period of malnutrition or illness that is neither prolonged nor severe? a. a period of rapid, compensatory growth occurs, bringing the child up to his or her genetically programmed growth trajectory b. a period of poor appetite occurs, which keeps his or her growth rate below average c. a period of stable growth occurs, but the earlier deficits will not be made up d. a period of overeating occurs, and the child becomes obese
a period of rapid, compensatory growth occurs, bringing the child up to his or her genetically programmed growth trajectory
103. Vincent wanted his daughter to make her bed every morning before she left for school, so he gave her a quarter every time she did. Now his daughter makes her bed every morning as soon as she gets up. In this case, what did the quarters represent with respect to her bed-making behaviour? a. a negative reinforcer b. a conditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned stimulus d. a positive reinforcer
a positive reinforcer
20. Which process results in monozygotic twins? a. meiosis b. a single fertilized ovum splitting into two zygotes c. two ova released at the same time, each fertilized by a different sperm d. mitosis
a single fertilized ovum splitting into two zygotes
60. What are the typical characteristics of babies born with fetal alcohol syndrome? a. malformed arms and legs, heart defects, and hyperactivity b. blindness, deafness, and malformed hands c. a small head, unusual facial features, mental retardation, and hyperactivity d. heart defects, mental retardation, and blindness
a small head, unusual facial features, mental retardation, and hyperactivity
48. George and Elizabeth have eight children ranging in age from 3 months to 19 years. Based on their experiences with their children, George and Elizabeth tell you that they believe temper tantrums can be eliminated if a parent follows several simple steps in responding to a child when he or she has a temper tantrum. What have George and Elizabeth developed with respect to childhood temper tantrums? a. a hypothesis b. an observation c. a theory d. a definition
a theory
23. Harriet has been pregnant for about two months. If Harriet wanted to know what her baby looked like, which of the following would be an accurate description? a. a tiny human but with a very small head b. a small fish with a large head c. a tiny human d. a small human but with elongated legs and arms
a tiny human
Bernard is a 16-year-old who wants to go on a three-day trip with his friends to see a music concert. Some of his friends are female, and so they plan on renting two adjacent hotel rooms. He tells his parents about this trip, and asks if he can go. Which response would be typical of Bernard's authoritarian parents? a) "Absolutely not. Case closed." b) "Do whatever you want. It's your life. " c) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea, but we'd like to hear all the details. We can probably work something out." d) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."
a) "Absolutely not. Case closed."
Which statement most accurately reflects the research findings concerning the disciplinary style of an average parent with low socioeconomic status? a) "I cannot cope with demanding, disobedient kids." b) "The kids deserve to have an equal voice with mine." c) "I will do everything possible to help my kids succeed." d) "I should have never had kids in the first place."
a) "I cannot cope with demanding, disobedient kids."
Jari failed his geology midterm. If Jari makes an external-unstable attribution for his failure, what is he most likely to say? a) "It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn't study" b) "I was really tired during the exam, because I had to work the late shift the night before" c) "I just can't seem to catch on in my geology classes, and I don't think I'll ever learn all those terms" d) "That professor has impossible exams; if I retake the class with a different professor I'll probably do much better"
a) "It was just bad luck that most of the exam was on the one chapter I didn't study"
Which of the following statements would be used most often by a person who is classified as a proactive aggressor? a) "My self-esteem will be enhanced by dominating others." b) "Other people are adversaries who deserve to be treated with force." c) "I lack self-confidence to ask for what I want." d) "Other people are dangerous and deserve to be treated with wariness and suspicion."
a) "My self-esteem will be enhanced by dominating others."
Ivy considers Seneca to be her friend because Seneca does nice things for her, such as sharing candy or toys. When Ivy has candy or new toys, however, she does not feel any obligation to share these with Seneca. With respect to Selman's stages of social perspective-taking, at which stage is Ivy most likely to be? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
a) 1
How do Crocker and Wolfe define a self-worth contingency? a) A domain or category of outcomes on which individuals stake their self-esteem. b) A domain or category based entirely on the trait of self-esteem. c) A domain or category of personal assessment that does not influence self-esteem until adolescence. d) A domain or category independent of perceived successes or failures.
a) A domain or category of outcomes on which individuals stake their self-esteem.
According to Freud, what is the basis for the development of attachment? a) A pleasure derived from oral activities such as sucking and feeding. b) The mother acting as a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes. c) The maturing of the infant's concept of object permanence. d) Preprogrammed responses (such as smiling, crawling, and vocalizing) that help to initiate or maintain contact.
a) A pleasure derived from oral activities such as sucking or feeding.
Daniel is often subject to physical abuse at home, and is often victimized by his three older siblings. Given his home environment, what is Daniel at risk for becoming? a) A provocative victim b) A proactive aggressor c) A passive victim d) A proactive aggressor and a provocative victim
a) A provocative victim
Which statement best describes the types of Canadian families that exist today? a) A significant percentage of children live in non-stereotyped families. b) Most children live in traditional nuclear families. c) Family composition today is largely what it was 40 or 50 years ago. d) Increasing numbers of children live in homes with mothers whose full-time job is being a homemaker.
a) A significant percentage of children live in non-stereotyped families
Donna is taking her 1-year-old son Keegan to visit an infant-toddler program in which she is hoping to enrol him. Donna leaves the waiting room to fill out the registration forms, and Keegan shows no signs of concern. When she returns, she finds him happily playing with another adult, and he does not respond to her commands of "Let's go Keegan." Based on this information, how would you characterize Keegan's attachment? a) As avoidant b) As resistant c) As secure d) As inhibited
a) As avoidant
Suppose that a 5-month-old child turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches his mother and him in a playground. How would this reaction be regarded by modem developmentalists? a) As very unusual for a child this young. b) As evidence of a strong, secure attachment. c) As a typical but not universal response for a child of this age. d) As evidence of an insecure attachment bond.
a) As very unusual for a child this young.
Michelle breaks her brother's cell phone when she accidentally knocks it down the stairs. When Simon finds out, he immediately runs to their mother and declares that Michelle should be punished. How would Piaget classify Simon's moral reasoning? a) As heteronomous b) As autonomous c) As reciprocal d) As premoral
a) At heteronomous
Why is measuring young children's self-esteem through self-report difficult? a) At this stage children have difficulties with comprehension. b) At this stage children do not yet have a sense of "me". c) Self-appraisals at this age are totally unrealistic. d) They do not yet have the preoperational skills necessary for reflective thought.
a) At this stage children have difficulties with comprehension.
What aspect(s) of a child's development is influenced by parental warmth? a) Attributes in several areas of development b) Sense of security c) General obedience and level of aggression d) Self-esteem
a) Attributes in several areas of development
According to the results of several cross-cultural research studies, distinct differences exist between the parenting practices of Chinese American and European American parents. What did the data show is the predominant parenting style for Chinese Americans? a) Authoritative b) Permissive c) Authoritarian d) "Tiger parenting"
a) Authoritative
Joshua is a 17-year-old high school student, and he believes that rules are fluid, and though mutually agreed upon, they can be changed if needed. Indeed, he is know for being forgiving of his friends' occasional transgressions. Into which of Piaget's stages of moral development does Joshua's reasoning fit? a) Autonomous b) Conventional c) Heteronomous d) Premoral
a) Autonomous
According to Mary Ainsworth, what type of attachment characterizes a child who shows no concern when a caregiver leaves the child's immediate environment, and then does not seem to notice the caregiver's return? a) Avoidant b) Secure c) Resistant d) Inhibited
a) Avoidant
Isla is 14 years old, and she tells you that she thinks that most people are not dependable and are insensitive, but that most people like her when they first meet her. If you interpret Isla's comments using working-models theory, what would be her primary type of infant attachment? a) Avoidant b) Resistant c) Disoriented d) Secure
a) Avoidant
Imagine you are asked to give advice to parents of low-SES children to increase their children's scholastic success. What does the available research evidence suggest that you should encourage them to do to meet this goal? a) Become involved in school activities b) Reward their child for good grades c) Provide plenty of help with homework d) Allow their child to take full responsibility for his or her own learning
a) Become involved in school activities
At what point in the development of self-recognition does the present self emerge? a) Before the extended self. b) After the categorical self. c) At the same time as the extended self. d) At the same time as the categorical self.
a) Before the extended self.
Barenboim studied the descriptions that children provided of other people. According to that research, which of the following best captures the changes to the descriptions that children use after 6 years of age? a) Behavioural comparisons increased, and then declined rapidly after age 9. b) Psychological constructs increased, and then declined rapidly after age 9. c) Psychological comparisons declined steadily, and continued to decline after age 9. d) Behavioural comparisons initially declined, and then increased sharply after age 9.
a) Behavioural comparisons increased, and then declined rapidly after age 9.
Developing a secure attachment during infancy is associated with which of the following long-term outcomes? a) Better problem-solving skills and popularity with peers b) Lack of autonomy and greater dependance on adults c) Difficulties with identity formation d) Poor peer sociability but high levels of academic success.
a) Better problem-solving skills and popularity with peers
Based on the data gathered from numerous cross-cultural studies on aggression in males and females, which of the following conclusions has received the most support? a) Boys are both more physically and verbally aggressive than are girls. b) Boys are more verbally aggressive than girls, but are less physically aggressive. c) Boys are less likely than girls to become targets of aggression. d) Boys are more physically aggressive than girls, but are less verbally aggressive.
a) Boys are both more physically and verbally aggressive than are girls.
According to the ethological viewpoint, why do stranger anxiety and separation anxiety become less intense during the second year? a) Children increase their use of the attachment figure as a secure base to explore novel things and people. b) Children have had many opportunities by then to adapt to being separated. c) Children have gained the cognitive maturity by then to recognize that the parent will return. d) Children have developed more stable schemes for the faces of strangers and familiar companions.
a) Children increase their use of the attachment figure as a secure base to explore novel things.
What general conclusion can be drawn for the research on parenting? a) Children need love and limits. b) Inflexible, adult-devised restrictions lead to children who develop confidence because they make so few mistakes. c) Children learn self-control when allowed to make all of their own decisions. d) Love is the only important variable.
a) Children need love and limits.
What did Cheng and Kwan find when they reported differences between collectivist and individualistic types of attachment and self-worth? a) Collectivists showed stronger relationships between attachment anxiety and physical appearance. b) Collectivists showed stronger relationships between attachment anxiety and family support. c) Individualists showed stronger relationships between attachment anxiety and physical appearance. d) Individualists showed stronger relationships between attachment anxiety and family support.
a) Collectivists showed stronger relationships between attachment anxiety and physical appearance.
According to recent research, which statement best summarizes the conclusions regarding the overall effect on developing children of introducing computers into the classroom? a) Computer-assisted learning fosters creativity and the development of metacognitive skills. b) Heavy computer usage promotes isolation and disrupts peer relations, regardless of where it takes place. c) Children who are initially fascinated with the use of computers for academic subjects quickly become bored without the social atmosphere of the typical classroom. d) Children who use computers for learning are most frequently the ones who have social adjustment problems.
a) Computer-assisted learning fosters creativity and the development of metacognitive skills.
Which of the following is an educational strategy that fosters greater acceptance of children with special needs by their school mates? a) Cooperative learning teams that encourage students to assist each other b) Competitive classroom settings that challenge all students and reward individual accomplishments c) Open classroom designs d) Separate classrooms
a) Cooperative learning teams that encourage students to assist each other
Imagine you are conducting a cross-cultural research study to investigate the effect of the introduction of television to a community in Brazil. You are sure you will replicate in your Brazilian study, the results obtained from a Canadian study of children from the town of Notel. If you are correct, what will you find? a) Declines in reading skills and creativity two years following the introduction of television, for children engaged in moderate television viewing b) Increases in community involvement two years following the introduction of television, for children engaged in moderate television viewing c) Substantial cognitive and/or academic deficiencies two years following the introduction of television, for children engaged in moderate television viewing d) Declines in time spent playing with peers two years following the introduction of television, for children engaged in significant television viewing
a) Declines in reading skills and creativity two years following the introduction of television, for children engaged in moderate television viewing
Like Piaget, Nelson and Aboud emphasize peer experience as an important contributor to role-taking skills. According to their views, in which of the following situations would peer influence be greatest? a) Disagreement and conflict between friends. b) Cooperative play. c) Requiring a child to offer help to a peer. d) Unsupervised settings where children are on an "honour system".
a) Disagreement and conflict between friends.
According to working-models theory, infants who construct negative models of themselves and their caregivers should form which type of attachment? a) Disorganized/disoriented b) Resistant c) Inhibited d) Avoidant
a) Disorganized/disoriented
Which of the following is an unstable internal cause for an achievement outcome? a) Effort b) Ability c) Context d) Luck
a) Effort
Which of the following theorists would be most likely to endorse the viewpoint that an infant has an innate biological predispositions to form an attachment? a) Ethological b) Psychoanalytic c) Cognitive-developmental d) Empirical
a) Ethological
What do children have an understanding of when they know that zooming in on an object does not change the actual size of the object and when they can draw inferences from scenes that are widely separated in time? a) Form of a message b) Program content c) Hypothetical deductive reasoning d) Hypermedia
a) Form of a message
Rachelle lived with her mother and her father in their own house until her father was killed in a car accident. Now Rachelle lives with her mother, her maternal grandparents, and one of her uncles. In this example, how did Rachelle's family system change? a) From a traditional nuclear family to an extended family b) From a blended family to a single-parent family c) From a traditional nuclear family to a blended family d) From an extended family to a single-parent family
a) From a traditional nuclear family to an extended family.
Kit comes from a low-SES family. Both of his parents dropped out of high school, and neither can read well. From the time he was less than a year old, his father tried to find educational programming on television and watched with him whenever he could. Based on what you have learned, what effect will his experiences with his father and television have on Kit's behaviour? a) He will probably show significant cognitive benefits. b) He will become bored by the shows before he is old enough to gain any benefits. c) He will show little cognitive gains, given his overall family circumstances. d) He will have difficulty in sustaining focused attention when he finally enters school.
a) He will probably show significant cognitive benefits.
Which function do childhood friendships NOT serve? a) Helping children form more secure attachments with their family members b) Providing a sense of social support and security c) Contributing to the growth of social problem-solving skills d) Providing the foundations for later intimate love relationships
a) Helping children form more secure attachments with their family members
Four-year-old Dylan believes that if he steals a cookie he will be caught and punished. What is this an example of? a) Immanent justice b) Autonomous morality c) Expiatory punishment d) Inequity aversion
a) Immanent justice
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings on the effects of inclusion of children with special needs? a) Inclusion often results in declines in self-esteem due to social rejection. b) Inclusion typically results in improved academic performance and self-esteem. c) Inclusion has no advantage or disadvantage regardless of whether the children have physical or mental disabilities. d) Inclusion often results in increases in self-esteem because the children are socially accepted by peers.
a) Inclusion often results in declines in self-esteem due to social rejection.
Based on the research of Zigler, Elkind, and others, what, if any, benefits does attending a preschool have for a child? a) Intellectual benefits for economically disadvantaged children and social benefits for most children b) Intellectual and social benefits for most children, regardless of socioeconomic status c) Intellectual but no social benefits for most children, regardless of socioeconomic status d) Social benefits for economically disadvantaged children and intellectual benefits for most children
a) Intellectual benefits for economically disadvantaged children and social benefits for most children
How has the debate regarding whether attachment is categorical or continuous been resolved? a) It has not yet been resolved, but categories have been adopted in the meantime. b) It has not yet been resolved, but a continuous perspective has been adopted in the meantime. c) It has been resolved as categorial. d) It has been resolved as continuous.
a) It has not yet been resolved, but categories have been adopted in the meantime.
What is the Pre-School Implicit Application Test (PSIAT)? a) It was adapted to measure self-esteem in 5-year-old children. b) It was adapted to measure whether children in kindergarten do not yet have a sense of "me". c) It was adapted to determine whether preschool children identify themselves with more "bad" descriptors than "good" descriptors. d) It was adapted to assess which preschoolers are unable to form a sense of self.
a) It was adapted to measure self-esteem in 5-year-old children.
When children become interested in computers or video games, time is taken mostly from which other activity? a) Leisure activities, such as television or viewing other media b) Completing homework c) Spending time with family d) Social activities with peers
a) Leisure activities, such as television or viewing other media
Which of the following descriptions from recent research best characterizes the role of interactional synchronous exchanges? a) Mother-child interactional synchrony is more evident in nonaggressive dyads. b) Father-child interactional synchrony is more evident than mother-child interactional synchrony. c) Interactional synchrony is not particularly important for the formation of emotional attachment. d) Interactional synchrony is a desirable state but occurs infrequently, perhaps only once or twice a week.
a) Mother-child interactional synchrony is more evident in nonagressive dyads.
According to Selman's stages of social taking, when a child can assume the perspective of a disinterested third party and anticipate how each participant will react, which stage of role taking has the child reached? a) Mutual b) Social informational c) Self-reflective d) Societal
a) Mutual
Prentice is 14 years old, and for several years has been a victim of Jeremy and Jeremy's friends. Recently in desperation, Prentice fought back and ended up knocking Jeremy unconscious. As a result, Jeremy stopped picking on Prentice. In this case, Prentice's aggressive behaviour is likely to increase due to which principle of operant conditioning? a) Negative reinforcement b) Positive punishment c) Positive reinforcement d) Negative punishment
a) Negative reinforcement
Based on multiple research studies, Kagan concluded that differences in infant temperament are crucial to the quality of attachment style. Has follow-up research supported his conclusion? a) No, maternal behaviour is a better predictor of quality of attachment than infant temperament. b) Yes, few children who are temperamentally at risk developed secure attachments. c) No, temperament has been found to have little impact on the process of developing an attachment. d) Yes, infant temperament is a better predictor of attachment quality than maternal behaviour.
a) No, maternal behaviour is a better predictor of quality of attachment than infant temperament.
Noemi wants to do something concrete to help reduce the harmful effects of TV violence on her children, but she does not want to ban all their favourite shows. Because she is an authoritarian parent, she simply tells her children to turn off the TV whenever she catches one of them watching a program with violent content, and she refuses to listen to why they are interested in the program. Is Noemi's strategy likely to be effective? a) No, she should explain her concerns and instead encourage her children to watch nonviolent programs that provide prosocial models of behaviour. b) No, she should also watch the violent programs with her children and help them critique the programs by commenting on the consequences of violent acts, antisocial motives, etc. c) Yes, because she is reinforcing the message that the aggression shown in the programs her children prefer is undesirable. d) Yes, because strict rules are generally the best way to reduce unwanted behaviours, especially when the punisher is absent.
a) No, she should explain her concerns and instead encourage her children to watch nonviolent programs that provide prosocial models of behaviour.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the effectiveness of using nonpunitive methods to promote behavioural self-control? a) Nonpunitive methods are highly effective. b) To be effective, mild punitive measures must accompany other strategies. c) Nonpunitive methods are ineffective and sometimes produce the opposite behaviour. d) The effectiveness of nonpunitive methods is age-dependent.
a) Nonpunitive methods are highly effective.
Harrison is trying to open a door on one of his toys, but he is not succeeding. Rather than persisting, he simply stops playing with that toy and shifts his efforts to a different activity. Based on this information, what year of age is Harrison? a) Not yet 2 b) Between 2 and 3 c) Between 3 and 4 d) Between 4 and 5
a) Not yet 2
Oliver is a student who comes from a middle-class background, and he has typically done well in school up to this point. According to Good and Brophy, what type of teacher would be most likely to produce continued scholastic success for Oliver? a) One who moves at a quick pace and insists on high standards of performance b) One who is somewhat aloof and distant from his or her students c) One who moves at a slow pace, and who rewards effort over achievement d) One who is warm, encouraging, and not demanding
a) One who moves at a quick pace and insists on high standards of performance
What did the data Koschanka reported suggest? a) Only quality of caregiving predicted whether infants established secure or insecure relationships with their mothers. b) Fearful, insecurely attached infants were prone to avoidant attachments. c) Fearful, insecurely attached infants were prone to resistant attachments. d) Only infant temperament determined whether infants established secure or insecure relationships with their mothers.
a) Only quality of caregiving predicted whether infants established secure or insecure relationships with their mothers.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the stability of behavioural inhibition? a) Only the most highly inhibited and the most highly uninhibited children showed long-term stability. b) Most children showed considerable fluctuation in their levels of behavioural inhibition over time. c) Highly inhibited children tended to become less inhibited over time. d) Early measures of behavioural inhibition are highly stable regardless of whether children are rated as high low on this attribute.
a) Only the most highly inhibited and most highly uninhibited children showed long-term stability.
What does research on the impact of divorce on children and families indicate about behaviour after the divorce? a) Parenting and child behaviour often deteriorate for a year or more during the divorce crisis. b) Parenting and child behaviour often deteriorate at the time of the separation and divorce, but immediately recover. c) Children tend to become demanding and manipulative, whereas parents tend to become permissive and overindulgent. d) Parenting style shows little change during the divorce crisis, but children often react with aggressive fear or anger responses because of losing a parent.
a) Parenting and child behaviour often deteriorate for a year or more during the divorce crisis.
What characterizes the parent-child relationship when parents are permissive? a) Parents are responsive, and children are free to express themselves. b) Parents are reserved and aloof, and children are ignored. c) Parents are responsive, and children are given considerable freedom within firm boundaries. d) Parents are reserved, and children are expected to exhibit strict obedience.
a) Parents are responsive, and children are free to express themselves.
Which of the following parental behaviours are most strongly associated with high levels of self-esteem in their children? a) Parents are warm and supportive. b) Parents are autocratic. c) Parents are loving and permissive. d) Parents are directive and controlling.
a) Parents are warm and supportive.
According to Olweus, what type of victim is most likely to become targeted by the habitual bully? a) Passive victims who are reluctant to fight back. b) Provocative victims who display a hostile attributional bias. c) Passive victims who display an instrumental attributional bias. d) Provocative victims who are physically weak and socially withdrawn.
a) Passive victims who are reluctant to fight back.
Which parenting style is typical of parents whose children have low levels of achievement motivation? a) Permissive b) Authoritarian c) Authoritative d) Autocratic
a) Permissive
Zachary always wants to play his way, or not at all, and he often breaks in on other groups of children as they are playing. He is known for fighting with other children if they won't play "his way." Based on Baumrind's research, what would be your prediction for the style of parenting that Zachary's parents exhibit? a) Permissive b) Authoritarian c) Authoritative d) Uninvolved
a) Permissive
Suppose you overheard the following piece of gossip: "Jude never gets a second date with anyone because he is totally clueless about others' thoughts, needs, or wants." Based on this description, what do others see Jude as being deficient in? a) Person perception b) His extended self c) His self-esteem d) Personal agency
a) Person perception
A number of studies have investigated age-related changes in aggression that occur during the adolescent years. What is the general conclusion from these studies? a) Physical, overt forms of aggression peak early in adolescence and then gradually decline. b) Sex differences in the amount and the form of aggression virtually disappear in middle adolescence. c) Physical, overt forms of aggression continue to increase throughout the adolescent years. d) Both males and females show increases in verbal aggression and decreases in physical aggression throughout the adolescent years.
a) Physical, overt forms of aggression peak early in adolescence and then gradually decline.
Thomas and colleagues measured children's physiological responses to televised violence. They then measured the likelihood of the child seeking help when he or she heard a loud crash. Which statement best describes their findings regarding the impact of watching televised violence? a) Physiological arousal and speed of response to seek help were decreased. b) Physiological arousal and speed of response to seek help were increased. c) Physiological arousal did not change, but speed of response to seek help increased. d) Physiological arousal increased, but the child made no effort to seek help.
a) Physiological arousal and speed of response to seek help were decreased.
Suppose you see a child hit another child to take away a ball. What form of aggression have you observed? a) Proactive b) Relational c) Hostile d) Prosocial
a) Proactive
Several different Canadian research studies have produced support for the notion that the effectiveness of parenting styles is dependent on the culture in which the child is being raised. For example, the focus of Chinese parents on the inhibition of behaviour in children is associated with which parenting style? a) Punishment oriented b) Democratic oriented c) Permissive d) Authoritative
a) Punishment oriented
Patrick's bike swerves, and he accidentally runs over Austin's backpack. Austin becomes very angry and tells Patrick, "You meant to do that" and then hits Patrick. Based on Dodge's theory, what type of aggressor is Austin? a) Reactive b) Instrument c) Proactive d) Passive
a) Reactive
Adam thinks that he is popular because he easily takes over the games of other children and they comply with him. Adam is greatly disliked by nearly all his peers. Using sociometric techniques, how would you categorize Adam's peer status? a) Rejected-aggressive b) Rejected-withdrawn c) Neglected d) Controversial
a) Rejected-aggressive
Bandar is socially awkward and displays many immature behaviours. He seems to be insensitive to peer group expectations, although he understands most of the other children in his class do not like him. Using sociometric techniques, how would you categorize Bandar's peer status? a) Rejected-withdrawn b) Antisocial c) Controversial d) Rejected-aggressive
a) Rejected-withdrawn
In contrast to children who are raised in individualistic societies, children raised in collectivist societies tend to have self-concepts centred on which of the following characteristics? a) Relationships with others b) Personal preferences c) Personal attributes d) Self-achievements
a) Relationships with others
According to Kagan, an infant identified with a difficult temperament is most likely to form which type of attachment? a) Resistant b) Avoidant c) Secure d) Disorganized/disoriented
a) Resistant
Some days Rosella thoroughly enjoys spending time with her 6-month-old daughter and gives her undivided attention. On other days, Rosella is so stressed and harried that all she wants is some time to herself, and she is then indifferent to the needs of her daughter. Based on this information, what form of attachment might you expect Rosella's daughter to develop? a) Resistant b) Avoidant c) Uninhibited d) Secure
a) Resistant
Which of the following forms of attachment is associated with mothers who are inconsistent caregivers? a) Resistant b) Avoidant c) Disorganized/disoriented d) Secure
a) Resistant
Which of the following forms of attachment is associated with mothers who can be affectionate but respond to their infants only when it suits them? a) Resistant b) Avoidant c) Inhibited d) Secure
a) Resistant
What is the term for the most common form of attachment to the primary caregiver? a) Secure b) Resistant c) Avoidant d) Disorganized/disoriented
a) Secure
You are having dinner with your friend. When you arrive, his daughter Brianne runs up and tells you proudly that she is a "big girl". According to most developmentalists, what accounts for Brianne's self-categorical statement? a) She has developed an awareness of her categorical self. b) She has developed an awareness of her extended self. c) She has developed the ability to attend to the word big when others are talking about their attributes. d) She has developed the ability to attend to the spatial contrasts of self that differ from those of others.
a) She has developed an awareness of her categorical self.
How do shy children behave? a) Shy children are socially inhibited. b) Shy children enjoy solitary activities. c) Shy children do not enjoy engaging in group activities but enjoy onlooker or unoccupied play. d) Shy children do not want to interact with peers.
a) Shy children are socially inhibited.
When siblings play together, the older child typically dominates the younger. What outcome does this asymmetrical relationship have on the teacher-learner relationship in sibling interactions? a) Some positive outcomes to both, because the older child gains from playing teacher and the younger child gains from being a learner b) Some positive outcomes to the older child who gains from playing teacher, but none for the younger c) Primarily negative outcomes for the older child, but some gains for the younger child as learner d) Primarily negative outcomes for the younger child as learner, because older children typically use bullying tactics
a) Some positive outcomes to both, because the older child gains from playing teacher and the younger child gains from being a learner
Wanda has begun to crawl after he mother, wherever her mother goes. She has also started to cry when her other puts her to bed at night and leaves the room, although she doesn't cry when her father or babysitter puts her to bed. Based on this information, how would you categorize Wanda's phase of attachment formation? a) Specific b) Asocial c) Indiscriminate d) Multiple
a) Specific
According to research findings, which of the following has been proposed as the major contributor to quality of attachment? a) Style of maternal caregiving b) Infant temperament c) Parental satisfaction with the maternal role. d) Quality of the child's early feeding experiences.
a) Style of maternal caregiving.
How might a person at Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development justify returning a wallet full of money? a) Such acts are usually rewarded b) Such acts help to maintain social order c) Good people perform kind acts. d) Keeping the wallet would result in punishment
a) Such acts are usually rewarded
What do screen technologies refer to? a) Televisions, mobile computer technologies, and desktop computers b) The types of exposure to television a child may experience c) Methods of filtering technologies from the day-to-day lives of children d) Procedures for partitioning technological development from other forms of cognitive development
a) Televisions, mobile computer technologies, and desktop computers
What does the expectancy-value model of achievement performance posit? a) That expectancy for success and the value placed on succeeding are important motivations for performance. b) That teachers' expectations are associated with how children often perform. c) That children's own self-efficacy is unrelated to achievement scores. d) That contextual measures play little role in predicting performance outcome.
a) That expectancy for success and the value placed on succeeding are important motivations for performance.
Under which of the following circumstances are infants and toddlers most likely to protest when separated from their primary caregiver? a) The child cannot account for the caregiver's whereabouts. b) The separation is expected by the child. c) The separation occurs in the home environment. d) The caregiver has been an overly intrusive companion for the infant.
a) The child cannot account for the caregiver's whereabouts.
According to cognitive-developmental theory, under what circumstances is separation anxiety strongest? a) The child does not see the parent leave. b) The parent has been neglectful and dismissive. c) The parent leaves home each day on a regular schedule. d) The child has control over the parent's absence.
a) The child does not see the parent leave.
Which of the following factors decreases the likelihood that a child will be abused? a) The child is responsive. b) The child has a difficult temperament. c) The child is sickly. d) The child's parents are strict authoritarians.
a) The child is responsive.
According to the research of Berndt and Perry, when adolescents reach stage 3 or 4 of Selman's stages of social perspective taking, their notions of friendships change At this point, what do adolescents believe is an important aspect of friendship? a) The exchange of intimate thoughts and feelings. b) Reciprocation of good deeds. c) Psychological similarity between friends. d) An interest in common activities.
a) The exchange of intimate thoughts and feelings.
According to the research of Marlene Caplan and her associates, aggressive resolutions to disputes in 1-year-olds are most likely to occur under what circumstances? a) The play groups are dominated by girls. b) There is no adult supervision of the children. c) They are required to share toys with older children. d) They play groups are dominated by boys.
a) The play groups are dominated by girls.
Why might children who are raised by their biological parents have better developmental outcomes than children who are adopted into a family? a) The rearing environment that the adoptive parents provide is not compatible with the child's predispositions. b) Most adoptive parents fail to develop strong emotional ties to their adopted children. c) Adoptive parents tend to be older and are less likely to be responsive to the needs of the child. d) Adoptive parents have smaller families and are more likely to be demanding and controlling in their parenting style.
a) The rearing environment that the adoptive parents provide is not compatible with the child's predispositions.
Which of the following statements best captures the definition of a traditional nuclear family? a) The traditional nuclear family consists of a married mother and father and at least one child. b) The traditional nuclear family consists of a group of blood relatives who live together in the same household. c) The traditional nuclear family consists of a married couple with or without children. d) The traditional nuclear family consists of a group of people who are both related and unrelated and who live together in the same household.
a) The traditional nuclear family consists of a married mother and father and at least one child.
Suppose that you are conducting naturalistic research on the content of children's self-descriptions. You have gathered data from a group of children in kindergarten who were asked to describe themselves in a few short sentences at a school recital. Based upon current research, which of the following attributes would be mentioned most often? a) Their possessions b) Their emotional state c) Their likes and dislikes d) Their friends' names
a) Their possessions
Children learn to suppress their emotions and display them with a more appropriate emotion according to societal rules. What have researchers found concerning the development of this behaviour? a) There is limited ability to disguise true feelings by as early as 3 years of age. b) Boys are more skilled at complying with display rules. c) Only children in communal societies are motivated by a desire to maintain social harmony. d) Even preschoolers are particularly skilled at convincing others that their lies are true.
a) There is limited ability to disguise true feelings by as early as 3 years of age.
Based upon current research findings, which general belief about abusive parents has NOT been supported? a) They abuse all of their children equally. b) They often target only one child in the family. c) They interpret a child's normal distress as rejection. d) They are of all races, ethnic groups, and social classes.
a) They abuse all of their children equally.
In comparison with older children's friendships, what characterizes those of younger children? a) They are based on common activities. b) They have greater stability and last longer. c) They are built on mutual reciprocity. d) They are based on emotional support.
a) They are based on common activities.
Which of the following best characterizes the behaviours of children who experience a permissive style of parenting? a) They are bossy, impulsive, aggressive, and low in achievement. b) They are self-reliant, socially responsible, bossy, and achievement oriented. c) They are unfriendly, moody, easily annoyed, and selfish. d) They are aggressive, hostile, selfish, and rebellious.
a) They are bossy, impulsive, aggressive, and low in achievement.
Based upon current research evidence, which of the following best characterizes the development outcomes for children who are raised by LGBTQ2+ parents versus heterosexual parents? a) They are equally likely to be psychologically well adjusted. b) They are less likely to become socially withdrawn during adolescence. c) They are equally likely to be academically successful, yet are more likely to show delays in emotional development. d) They are more likely to show delays in the development of a personal identity.
a) They are equally likely to be psychologically well adjusted.
What form of moral reasoning do people from collectivistic cultures show when they are evaluated with Kohlberg's dilemmas of moral reasoning? a) They are judged as reasoning at the conventional level. b) They are judged as reasoning at the preconventional level. c) They rarely rise about the conventional level. d) They are rated as postconventional reasoners, regardless of the naïveté of their cognitions.
a) They are judged as reasoning at the conventional level.
In contrast to children who are raised in individualistic North American societies, how do children raised in Chinese collectivist societies behave? a) They are more autonomous/individualistic in the area of learning and achievement b) They are more autonomous/individualistic in the area of relationships and family. c) They emphasize interdependence and relatedness across all domains. d) They emphasize self-achievements over self-effacement.
a) They are more autonomous/individualistic
Which of the following best characterizes children's behaviour during the joy-in-mastery phase of achievement? a) They are pleased to master challenges, but they do not seek attention when they succeed and they are indifferent to failures. b) They seek recognition when they master challenges and expect disapproval when they fail. c) They begin to react independently to their success and failures, and show pride following successes and shame following failures. d) They show strong persistence at tasks in which they have previously been unsuccessful.
a) They are pleased to master challenges, but they do not seek attention when they succeed and they are indifferent to failures.
Which of the following best characterizes children with easy temperaments? a) They are typically in a positive mood and are open to new experiences. b) They often react vigorously to changes in their routines. c) They are quite inactive, yet are open to new experiences. d) They show high levels of behavioural inhibition.
a) They are typically in a positive mood and are open to new experiences.
Which of the following best describes how the results of Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys relates to Freud's view of how attachment develops? a) They contradict it. b) They are irrelevant to it. c) They offer modest support for it. d) They confirm it.
a) They contradict it.
Despite being warm and loving, why are permissive parents more likely to have children who are low in academic achievement? a) They grant too much autonomy and little monitoring of children's progress. b) They do not allow children to discover their own solutions to problems. c) They are not sufficiently critical of failures. d) They set high standards and praise accomplishments.
a) They grant too much autonomy and little monitoring of children's progress.
How do levels of self-esteem differ between children raised in collectivist societies and children raised in individualistic societies? a) They have lower self-esteem than their individualistic counterparts. b) They have higher self-esteem than their individualistic counterparts. c) They show levels of self-esteem that do not differ from their individualistic counterparts. d) They show more variation in their self-esteem than their individualistic counterparts.
a) They have lower self-esteem than their individualistic counterparts.
According to the results of several cross-cultural research studies, distinct differences exist between the parenting practices of Chinese and North American parents. Which statement best characterizes the behaviour of Chinese parents? a) They insist that their children display strong respect for others, as opposed to the pursuit of individual goals. b) They utilize a permissive parenting style that allows children a great deal of freedom. c) They show a non-responsive and undemanding parenting style. d) They encourage their children to develop a strong sense of independence and a high level of competitiveness.
a) They insist that their children display strong respect for others, as opposed to the pursuit of individual goals.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings of Doyle and Aboud regarding prejudicial attitudes in preschool children? a) They often display at least some understanding of ethnic categories and show a preference of their own group. b) They generally do not display stereotyping or prejudicial attitudes, regardless of the context. c) They display stereotyping and prejudicial attitudes only if they are cognitively advanced. d) They display stereotyping and prejudicial attitudes only if their parents have provided opportunities for imitation of these attitudes.
a) They often display at least some understanding of ethnic categories and show a preference for their own group.
What characterizes the parental behaviour of those children who show a high need to achieve? a) They set high standards and give praise for success. b) They offer only tangible rewards for successes. c) They are very critical of any failure. d) They are highly controlling and closely monitor academic progress.
a) They set high standards and give praise for success.
In comparison to children with siblings, what behavioural outcomes characterize only children? a) They tend to be more obedient and intellectually competent. b) They tend to have difficulties establishing peer relationships. c) They tend to be less intellectually competent. d) They tend to be less securely attached to their parents.
a) They tend to be more obedient and intellectually competent.
How socially skilled are children who have been neglected by their peers? a) They tend to be no less socially skilled than average-status children. b) They tend to be less socially skilled than average-status children. c) They tend to be no less socially skilled than rejected children. d) They tend to be less socially skilled than controversial children.
a) They tend to be no less socially skilled than average-status children.
During which phase of development is the sex difference in aggression the smallest? a) Toddlerhood b) Preschool c) Elementary school d) Adolescence
a) Toddlerhood
Does quality of friendship influence a child's adjustment and developmental outcomes? a) Yes, children with poor social skills tend to have unsupportive friendships lacking in trust. b) Yes, children with high levels of engagement and scholastic aptitude often come from conflictual families and rejecting peers, and this motivate these children to seek external validation. c) No, children with conflictual friendships are often more engaged in school activities and have better attitudes regarding academics. d) No, children with positive peer relationships often have highly controlling parents.
a) Yes, children with poor social skills tend to have unsupportive friendships lacking in trust.
Preschool teachers often believe that they can reduce children's aggression by attempting to "engineer" the environment of their classroom. In general, are these attempts effective? a) Yes, they are an effective way of reducing the incidence of aggressive acts. b) No, they have little effect on the incidence of aggressive acts. c) No, they backfire and result in an increase in aggressive acts. d) They are partially effective, as they are ineffective at controlling aggressive acts but effective in reducing the actual harm caused by aggressive acts.
a) Yes, they are an effective way of reducing the incidence of aggressive acts.
Relationships between siblings are more likely to show high levels of conflict when parents consistently pay more attention to one sibling. Who have researchers found are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment? a) Younger siblings are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that the older sibling is favoured. b) Girls are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that a brother is being favoured. c) Boys are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that a sister is being favoured. d) Older siblings are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that the younger sibling is favoured.
a) Younger siblings are particularly sensitive to unequal treatment, reacting negatively if they perceive that the older sibling is favoured.
1. What does the process of sensation refer to? a. Energy from the environment is detected and transformed into neural signals. b. Energy from the environment is selected and interpreted by the brain. c. Stimuli from the environment are attended to. d. Stimuli from the environment are permanently recorded.
a. Energy from the environment is detected and transformed into neural signals. b. Energy from the environment is selected and interpreted by the brain. c. Stimuli from the environment are attended to. d. Stimuli from the environment are permanently recorded.
39. Ryan is 5 years old, but on intelligence tests he scores at the level typical of 4-year olds. Based on the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula used by Lewis Terman, what is Ryan's IQ? a. 80 b. 99 c. 100 d. 125
a. 80
98. Which statement best summarizes the research evidence from studies that were designed to evaluate Sternberg and Lubart's investment theory? a. Creative resources were moderate to highly correlated with creativity. b. Measures of convergent thinking were most strongly correlated with creativity. c. IQ scores and creativity were negatively correlated. d. Environmental factors were not correlated with overall measures of creativity.
a. Creative resources were moderate to highly correlated with creativity.
51. Based on research regarding the role of practice on locomotor development, which statement best summarizes the conclusions regarding the role of maturation? a. It is important but not sufficient. b. It is not only important, but also sufficient. c. It plays little role in locomotor development. d. It is the only factor that influences locomotor development.
a. It is important but not sufficient.
Which statement best summarizes the research evidence regarding the influence of genes and environment on the development of divergent thinking? a. It is more heavily influenced by children's home environments than by their genes. b. It is influenced equally by children's home environments and genes. c. It is a property of maturation and is not influenced by either home environment or genes. d. It is more heavily influenced by children's genes than by their home environments
a. It is more heavily influenced by children's home environments than by their genes.
Carmen's parents have always taken an interest in her intellectual accomplishments and they urge her to do the best she can in school. Her parents have a flexible parenting style that is not overly strict, yet not overly permissive. Based on the research of McCall and colleagues, what might you expect about the stability of Carmen's IQ score? a. It might increase over time. b. It will fluctuate randomly during middle childhood and adolescence. c. It will be relatively stable and show little change once she is past preschool. d. It might show a slow steady decrease over time.
a. It might increase over time.
45. Why do psychometricians mean when they say that intelligence scores are normally distributed? a. Most scores fall in the centre of the distribution. b. Most scores fall to the far right in the distribution. c. Most scores fall to the far left in the distribution. d. Most scores fall above the upper extreme of the distribution.
a. Most scores fall in the centre of the distribution.
13. Four-year-old Laura finds a bottle of vitamins. They look just like her Easter candies, so she eats them all. How would Piaget explain Laura's error? a. She used assimilation. b. She used accommodation. c. She failed to use mental seriation. d. She failed to use horizontal décalage.
a. She used assimilation.
47. Eight-month-old infants tend to search for an object in its original hiding place even after watching the object being moved to a new location. Which statement best summa- rizes the current research data as to why this occurs? a. The infant cannot inhibit previously practised motor responses. b. The infant has forgotten where the object is. c. The infant cannot imitate what an adult demonstrates. d. The infant lacks symbolic thought.
a. The infant cannot inhibit previously practised motor responses.
72. Yuko and Teresa are both 3-year-olds who have no older siblings. Yuko lives in Tokyo, Japan, and Teresa lives in Calgary, Alberta. Based on Nelson's research findings, what type of language style would you expect each girl to develop? a. Yuko would have an expressive language style, whereas Teresa would have a referential language style. b. Both girls would have an expressive language style. c. Both girls would have a referential language style. d. Yuko would have a referential language style, whereas Teresa would have an expressive language style.
a. Yuko would have an expressive language style, whereas Teresa would have a referential language style.
20. Six-year-old Barry thought all dogs were big like his dog until he saw his friend's new Chihuahua. What does the change in Barry's understanding of dogs illustrate? a. accommodation b. centration c. object permanence d. assimilation
a. accommodation
11. Which process did Piaget propose to explain why people react to new experiences on the basis of similarities to their past experiences? a. assimilation b. accommodation c. conservation d. centration
a. assimilation
15. A young child who mistakes a plane flying high in the sky for a very small bird is demonstrating which Piagetian process? a. assimilation b. accommodation c. object permanence d. centration
a. assimilation
How did Cattell and Horn elaborate on Spearman's and Thurstone's conceptualizations of intelligence? a. by subdividing intelligence into fluid and crystallized intelligence b. by identifying a total of 180 intelligence factors through factor analysis c. by proposing a triarchic theory of intelligence d. by subdividing intelligence into verbal and nonverbal components
a. by subdividing intelligence into fluid and crystallized intelligence
According to Piaget, what is the neonate's main sensorimotor activity? a. exercising innate reflexes b. performing primary circular reactions c. performing secondary circular reactions d. learning through classical conditioning
a. exercising innate reflexes
74. Rahim and his mother are making spaghetti. She shows him how much water to put into the pot, but then realizes that it is too full and so she gets a larger pot and helps Rahim to pour the water from one pot to the other. As Rahim is doing so, his mother carefully explains that they still have the same water but by using the larger pot, the water will not boil over the sides when the spaghetti is added. What form of training is his mother using? a. identity b. reversibility c. causality d. transitivity
a. identity
8. Juan lifts the cover of a box to retrieve the toy his father has just placed there. According to Piaget, what cognitive process allows Juan to achieve his goal? a. organization b. cooperation c. coordination d. habituation
a. organization
74. Although all of the HOME sub-scales are moderately correlated with children's IQ scores, some are better predictors of intellectual performance than others. Which two scales seem to be strong predictors of future scholastic achievement? a. parental involvement and parental responsiveness b. parental involvement and the parents' disciplinary style c. parental organization of the environment and provision of age-appropriate materials d. parental responsively and the parents' disciplinary style
a. parental involvement and parental responsiveness
48. Is the order of the motor sequence of sitting, standing, and walking consistent across children? a. yes, but the age of achieving each milestone varies considerably b. yes, and the age of achieving each milestone is quite a constant c. no, as it occurs in a different order in different cultures d. no, as it occurs in a different order due to motivational factors within the individual child
a. yes, but the age of achieving each milestone varies considerably
21. Fourteen-year-old Trevor thought all he needed to do to earn an "A" was to show up for class and pay attention. In his first year of high school he got Cs in all his classes because he didn't study enough. The next year he studied almost every evening after school. What does the change in Trevor's understanding of what was necessary to succeed in school illustrate? a. assimilation b. object permanence c. accommodation d. centration
accommodation
74. Of the following methods for prenatal detection of genetic disorders, which one cannot be completed until early in the second trimester and can take an additional two weeks for test results? a. amniocentesis b. chorionic villus sampling c. ultrasound d. genetic imprinting
amniocentesis
80. Marjory is 45 years old and Jason is 51 years old. Marjory has just become pregnant and both are worried about having a child at their ages. Which prenatal screening procedure would their doctor most likely advise to rule out chromosomal abnormalities? a. an ultrasound b. amniocentesis c. chorionic villus sampling d. maternal blood analysis
amniocentesis
58. Which of the following is common to these four chromosomal abnormalities: Turner's syndrome, Poly-X syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, and Supermale syndrome? a. brittle chromosomes that have broken apart b. an abnormal number of sex chromosomes c. an extra 22nd chromosome d. an extra 21st chromosome
an abnormal number of sex chromosomes
125. A genetically introverted child might seek out situations that do not involve interactions with other people. This choice of environments will in turn influence the child's personality development. What would Scarr and McCartney call this interaction? a. a passive genotype/environment interaction b. an evocative genotype/environment interaction c. an active genotype/environment interaction d. a canalization/reaction range interaction
an active genotype/environment interaction
126. A genetically extroverted child might seek out situations that involve abundant social interactions. This choice of environments will in turn influence the child's personality development. What would Scarr and McCartney call this interaction? a. a passive genotype/environment interaction b. an evocative genotype/environment interaction c. an active genotype/environment interaction d. a canalization/reaction range interaction
an active genotype/environment interaction
30. Based upon current research, what is the plasticity of the young child's brain attributable to? a. the rapid increase in the number of neurons during infancy b. incomplete myelinization early in life c. an excess of neurons and synapses early in life d. maturation of neurons in the corpus callosum
an excess of neurons and synapses early in life
77. Based on the discussion in the text, which adolescent girl would be most likely to be diagnosed with bulimia? a. an extroverted, impulsive girl who experiences a lack of affection in the home b. a quiet, obedient girl who has reached puberty later than most of her peers c. an extroverted, impulsive girl whose parents are overly permissive d. a quiet, obedient girl who has reached puberty earlier than most of her peers
an extroverted, impulsive girl who experiences a lack of affection in the home
67. Which of the following marks the onset of the adolescent growth spurt? a. an increase in height b. a decrease in weight relative to height c. an increase in both height and weight d. a decrease in weight
an increase in both height and weight
68. Regular use of marijuana during pregnancy been found to result in which effect on the developing child? a. physical malformations, particularly of the face and neck b. newborns who are addicted and who will experience withdrawal symptoms after birth c. an increased risk for problems with language-related behaviours d. an increased life-time risk for cancer
an increased risk for problems with language-related behaviours
In terms of intelligence, what does the s factor refer to? a. an underlying intelligence factor that applies to all types of test performance b. an individual's ability to solve problems, reason, and remember c. an individual factor that is unique to a particular type of test d. the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions
an individual factor that is unique to a particular type of test
99. Three-year-old Reggie says, "The mouses runned their foots into the hole." What language error is he making with this statement? a. an object scope constraint b. a lexical contrast c. an overregularization d. a holophrastic constraint
an overregularization
114. Which of the following accomplishments of middle childhood is due to increases in morphological knowledge? a. production of more complex passive and conditional sentences b. better detection of ambiguities or the absence of important information in conversations c. analysis of the structure and meaning of unfamiliar words d. adjustments to their speech to the listener's level of understanding
analysis of the structure and meaning of unfamiliar words
24. Which of the following is considered to be the greatest hazard for the infant during the birth process? a. anoxia b. that it takes place in a nonhospital setting c. use of analgesics such as morphine d. surfactin-induced respiratory distress syndrome
anoxia
25. Dana is in the first stage of labour and the doctor informs her that he is concerned because her baby is positioned with his buttocks down in her uterus. What risk factor is most likely motivating the doctor's concern? a. anoxia b. respiratory distress syndrome c. sluggish uterine contractions d. RH incompatibility
anoxia
90. Which of the following are the most likely words to be omitted in telegraphic speech? a. adjectives and prepositions b. adjectives and auxiliary verbs c. articles and auxiliary verbs d. articles and adjectives
articles and auxiliary verbs
84. Suppose that a child heard the novel sentence "This is a biz one." According to the concept of syntactical bootstrapping, how will the child use the word biz in the future? a. in a variety of contexts, even though he or she doesn't understand what it means b. as an adjective c. to refer to objects because nouns predominate in young children's speech d. overextend the meaning of the word and apply it to objects inappropriately
as an adjective
127. Carrie is very physically fit and has excellent motor coordination. Because of these skills, her physical education teacher encourages her try out for her school's soccer team and gives her extra help at honing her skills. How would Scarr and McCartney explain the teacher's response to Carrie's behaviour? a. as a passive genotype/environment interaction b. as an evocative genotype/environment interaction c. as an active genotype/environment interaction d. as a canalization/reaction range interaction
as an evocative genotype/environment interaction
14. In contrast to Spearman and Thurstone's theories, how did Guilford depict intelligence in his "structure of intellect" model? a. as consisting of a small number of basic abilities b. as a single ability rather than two or more types of abilities c. as a set of information-processing skills d. as consisting of more than 100 primary mental abilities
as consisting of more than 100 primary mental abilities
How did Robbie Case view Piaget's concept of assimilation? a. as dependent on scaffolding b. as dependent on a zone of proximal development c. as imitation and memory d. as consolidation and automatization
as consolidation and automatization
Brennan never did well in school, but he was always considered "street smart." How would Sternberg label this component of intelligence? a. as body-kinesthetic b. as contextual c. as experiential d. as componential
as contextual
43. In comparison to an adult, how are the neonate's visual capabilities best described? a. as deficient but "working" b. as well as developed except for colour vision c. as minimal d. as well developed in all respects
as deficient but "working"
112. According to Robbie Case, how should we view the process of accommodation? a. as exploration and problem-solving b. as deductive processing c. as engagement and imitation d. as internalization
as exploration and problem solving
3. How is the infant's growth rate most accurately described? a. as quantitatively regulated b. as occurring in erratic spurts c. as steadily continuous d. as quantitatively dependent
as occurring in erratic spurts
According to Thurstone, how should intelligence be conceptualized? a. as seven primary mental abilities that arise from a single general intelligence factor b. as two main factors and five subfactors c. as seven primary mental abilities that are independent of one another d. as two abilities that are largely unaffected by experience
as seven primary mental abilities that are independent of one another
58. In general, which of the following is most highly correlated with measures of habituation and preference for novelty during infancy? a. assessments of verbal and performance IQ in the preschool period b. assessments of verbal IQ in the preschool period c. current assessment of motor DQ d. current assessment of mental DQ
assessments of verbal IQ in the preschool period
76. Which Piagetian concept is illustrated by a toddler's overextension of words to describe new objects and events that he or she encounters? a. organization b. assimilation c. egocentric speech d. accommodation
assimilation
Phoebe watches a video in which a boy hides his favourite video game in a dresser drawer. Later the boy's sister sneaks the game from the dresser drawer and hides it under her brother's bed. Phoebe is asked where the boy will look for his game when he comes back to his room, and she answers that he will look in the dresser drawer. Based on this information, how old is Phoebe? a. 3 years of age or younger b. at least 4 years of age c. not yet 6 years of age d. between 8 and 9 years of ageat least 4 years of age
at least 4 years of age
At what age do children show evidence of treating moral rules as more serious than social-conventional rules? a) 1 1/2 to 2 years b) 2 1/2 to 3 years c) 6 years d) 11 years
b) 2 1/2 to 3 years
Vladimir understands that even when he and his friend have the same information, they may have different points of view; however, Vladimir is not able to simultaneously consider in his own and his friend's perspective. Based on Selman's stages, how old is Vladimir? a) 4 to 6 years b) 6 to 8 years c) 8 to 10 years d) 10 to 12 years
b) 6 to 8 years
Which of the following is a stable internal cause for an achievement outcome? a) Effort b) Ability c) Task difficulty d) Luck
b) Ability
Although Suman recognizes that he is almost the smartest boy in the class and has lots of friends, he admits that he does not really like school. He mentions his older brother who is a good baseball player. Based on this information, how old is Suman? a) About 7-years-old. b) About 9-years-old. c) About 11-years-old. d) 13-years-old or older.
b) About 9-years-old.
"Goodness of fit" between students and schools is reflected in which of the following findings? a) Negative emotional expressivity is related to high "effortful control." b) Academic success is dependent on the teacher's pedagogical style and the child's personal and socioemotional status. c) School engagement is dependent on the teacher's pedagogical style of teaching. d) "Effortful control" is related to increased success in reading and math.
b) Academic success is dependent on the teacher's pedagogical style and the child's personal and socioemotional status.
The Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale assesses which of the following domains of self-esteem? a) Openness, contentiousness, extroversion, introversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, self-consciousness. b) Academics, appearance, approval from others, competition, family support, God's love, virtue. c) Ethnic identity, support, adjustment, quality, achievement, competencies, challenges. d) Scholastic competence, social competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, behavioural conduct, global self-worth, domain-specific self worth.
b) Academics, appearance, approval from others, competition, family support, God's love, virtue.
Alissa is 3 months old and Raquel is 6 months old. Both infants are prevented from exerting control over some event they have been able to control in the past. How will the two infants react to this situation? a) Alissa will respond with frustration, whereas Raquel will show signs of surprise. b) Alissa will respond with anger, whereas Raquel will show signs of sadness. c) Alissa will respond with sadness, whereas Raquel will show signs of anger. d) Alissa will respond with surprise, whereas Raquel will show signs of frustration.
b) Alissa will respond with anger, whereas Raquel will show signs of sadness.
Why has the number of Canadian fathers heading single-parent families risen? a) Decreased stereotyping of mothers as the best parent b) Amendments to laws governing male parental rights c) Consistent, mandated programs that provide direct teaching of empathetic responses in fathers d) A decrease in divorce rates
b) Amendments to laws governing male parental rights
According to most developmentalists, what aspect of an individual's achievement motivation is determined by the stability dimension? a) An individual's perception of the overall effort required. b) An individual's expectations for success or failure. c) An individual's evaluation of the outcome. d) An individual's perceived probability of success.
b) An individual's expectations for success or failure.
Which type of mastery motivation are children demonstrating when they first seek recognition after mastering a challenging task? a) Use-of-standards b) Approval-seeking c) Self-motivation d) Joy-in-mastery
b) Approval-seeking
Suppose that a teacher tells you that "When I am teaching a lesson, some students learn through independent discovery projects, some students learn via anecdotal stories, and some students learn through collaborative group projects." Which educational principle is emphasized by this approach? a) Representational insight b) Aptitude-treatment interaction c) Vygotskian scaffolding d) Heteronomous morality
b) Aptitude-treatment interaction
Mariana reads a story about a father who steals some groceries so that he can feed his hungry children. She is asked what the police should do when they catch the man. Mariana says they should allow him to do some work to pay for the groceries, but he shouldn't be punished given the circumstances. Based on this information, how would Piaget categorize Mariana's moral reasoning? a) At heteronomous b) As autonomous c) As expiratory d) As immanent justice
b) As autonomous
Which pattern of child rearing has been found to be associated with the highest cognitive and social competencies in grade-school children? a) Authoritarian b) Authoritative c) Permissive d) Uninvolved
b) Authoritative
Zoey and Yulia are consistent, controlling, but flexible toward the needs of their child. Which parenting style does their behaviour exemplify? a) Permissive b) Authoritative c) Authoritarian d) Uninvolved
b) Authoritative
Andrea loves her infant son and she constantly tries new ways to interact with him. She always seems to be rubbing him, bouncing him, or tickling him, and when he becomes irritable or fussy, she tries even harder to get him to interact with her. Based on this information, what form of attachment might you expect Andrea's son to develop? a) Resistant b) Avoidant c) Disoriented d) Secure
b) Avoidant
Dweck and associates had an adult respond to Grade 5 students' failures at an anagram task by either criticizing their low effort or their low ability on this task. How did these two different implied attributions affect the children's future attributions for their performance? a) The children's attribution regarding later failures remained the same regardless of the type of feedback that they received. b) Children told to work harder improved, and they attributed failures to lack of effort, an attribution associated with a mastery pattern. c) Children told to work harder later attributed failures to lack of effort, an attribution associated with a helplessness pattern. d) Those hearing comments that focused on their incorrect solutions later attributed failure to lack of ability, an attribution associated with a mastery pattern.
b) Children told to work harder improved, and they attributed failures to lack of effort, an attribution associated with a mastery pattern.
What underlying component is common to both Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories of moral development? a) Affective b) Cognitive c) Behavioural d) Sociocultural
b) Cognitive
According to the results of Colby and colleagues' 20-year longitudinal study of Kohlberg's original research participants, which level of moral reasoning characterized most of the participants in adulthood? a) Preconventional b) Conventional c) Postconventional, Stage 5 d) Postconventional, Stage 6
b) Conventional
Madeline is an active infant who seems to be constantly moving. Madeline is also high strung, and she protests loudly every time her parents try to change her usual routine. How would Thomas and Chess categorize Madeline's temperament? a) Slow to warm up b) Difficult c) Easy d) Disengaged
b) Difficult
Which of the following did Rutter and others find to be most characteristic of ineffective schools? a) Academic emphasis is strong. b) Discipline is strict and typically administered by the principal. c) Administrators provide strong leadership that encourages teamwork among teachers. d) Teachers assign regular homework and provide feedback.
b) Discipline is strict and typically administered by the principal.
Which of the following examples best illustrates the meaning of the term altruism? a) Visiting the elderly to earn a scouting merit badge. b) Donating blood during a community blood drive. c) A veterinarian giving medical treatment to her own family pets. d) A firefighter rescuing survivors from a factory that experiences an explosion.
b) Donating blood during a community blood drive
Based on research on the developmental course of preadolescent "chumships," which of the following was found to be the most important contributor to a young adult's sense of self-worth? a) General level of peer acceptance b) Earlier friendship status c) Attachment to primary caregiver d) Total number of friends
b) Earlier friendship status
Maite is concerned with how he compares to others in his peer group. For example, he is always trying to kick a ball farther than his friends, and he constantly wonders if he is doing as well in school as his classmates. Based on this information, what grade level of schooling is Maite in? a) Kindergarten b) Early elementary c) Middle elementary d) Late elementary
b) Early elementary
According to Kagan, an infant who forms a secure attachment is most likely to have which type of temperament? a) Difficult b) Easy c) Slow to warm up d) Uninhibited
b) Easy
Which of the following statements represents a stance taken by researchers to explain the link between poverty and maladaptive family dynamics? a) Blue collar work is associated with greater independence, and so economically stressed parents believe they are preparing their children for the world they will be entering. b) Economically stressed families experience distress and increased marital conflict, which disrupts the ability for the adults to be involved and supportive parents. c) Obedience and unquestioning respect for authority leads to self-confidence and self-reliance, and so parents in low SES families create this environment to better prepare their children for the future. d) Children in low income schools and neighbourhoods are more likely to be stubborn, impulsive, and to have low control. This causes parents to react more coercively.
b) Economically stressed families experience distress and increased marital conflict, which disrupts the ability for the adults to be involved and supportive parents.
What did reviews of research on effective schools lead Rutter and others to conclude? a) Effective schools are highly eclectic, and there are no consistent patterns regarding teaching or administration, except the enforcement of strict discipline. b) Effective schools have an academic emphasis, good classroom management of time and atmosphere, firm discipline, and teachers who work as a team. c) Effective classrooms exist and are dependent on the skills of the individual teacher, but no school has been identified as more effective than others. d) Effective schools are better funded, have small classes, use open classroom structure, and track students according to ability.
b) Effective schools have an academic emphasis, good classroom management of time and atmosphere, firm discipline, and teachers who work as a team.
Leon is a grade 6 teacher who assigns marks based on the quality of submissions, rather than the effort expended on the project. Leon's methods of grading represents which view of ability? a) Approval-seeking b) Entity c) Incremental d) Mastery
b) Entity
Which description best characterizes the systems approach to understanding family relationships? a) Only direct parent-child relationships within the family are important. b) Every person and relationship within the family affects every other person and relationship within the system. c) Sibling relationships within the family affect children's relationships outside the family system. d) Parent-child relationships within the family affect children's relationships outside the family system.
b) Every person and relationship within the family affects every other person and relationship within the system.
Suppose you are babysitting your friend's child Dionne. Dionne has snuck out of bed and is now watching late-night cartoons, which your friend has said he is not allowed to watch. Based on your knowledge of current research findings, what should you incorporate into your response in order to foster Dionne's ability to resist this same temptation in the future? a) Emphasize being caught and punished for the act. b) Explain why the act is wrong. c) Read a story where the main character is punished for similar transgressions. d) Punish him immediately.
b) Explain why the act is wrong.
Which type of self is most dependent on the development of autobiographical memory? a) Categorical b) Extended c) Personal d) internal
b) Extended
Which of the following best describes the research findings regarding sex differences in the perception and expression of aggression among elementary school students? a) Neither sex perceived relational manipulation as an aggressive act. b) Far more girls than boys expressed high levels of covert relational aggression. c) Both boys and girls expressed high levels of covert relational aggression. d) Far more boys than girls were perceived as using relational manipulation.
b) Far more girls than boys expressed high levels of covert relational aggression.
Eighteen-month-old Berat's parents have just introduced him to his newborn sister. Although Berat is curious and interested in having a sister, he becomes difficult and disruptive over the next four weeks. Based on current research, what accounts for Berat's response? a) He has not yet developed a categorical self. b) He feels neglected and less securely attached. c) He has a very strong, secure attachment to both parents. d) He has not yet developed a concept of gender identity.
b) He feels neglected and less securely attached.
According to the cognitive-developmental theory, what milestone must be achieved before an infant can form an attachment to his or her primary caregiver? a) He or she can repeat actions that bring pleasure. b) He or she acquires object permanence. c) He or she demonstrates a capacity for symbolic reasoning. d) He or she acquires the language skills to express his or her needs.
b) He or she acquires object permanence.
After a new baby arrives, mothers often devote less attention to their older children. How does this change in attention affect the older sibling? a) He or she becomes more disruptive, but the strength of the attachment relationship is not affected. b) He or she becomes more disruptive, and the strength of the attachment relationships can be affected. c) He or she forms a stronger, more secure attachment to the father. d) He or she becomes moody and withdrawn.
b) He or she becomes more disruptive, and the strength of the attachment relationships can be affected.
Which of the following patterns of nominations characterizes a child who is classified as average status? a) He or she is liked by most peers and disliked by few peers. b) He or she is liked by a moderate number of peers and disliked by a moderate number of peers. c) He or she is neither liked nor disliked by the peer group in general. d) He or she is liked by same-sex peers but disliked by other-sex peers.
b) He or she is liked by a moderate number of peers and disliked by a moderate number of peers.
Samuel's parents Lise and Rachel are lesbians who were married for several years before Samuel was born. Based on this scenario, which statement represents the most accurate prediction for Samuel's developmental outcomes relative to his peers? a) He will be slower to develop a basic gender identity. b) He will be just as cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature. c) He will be more likely to play with same-sex peers. d) He will show stronger gender intensification during adolescence.
b) He will be just as cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature.
Omar and Yusuf are brothers and they constantly seek control over the remote for the TV. Omar prefers crime dramas and Yusuf prefers situation comedies. As the boys walk to school one day, they witness one of their classmates being attacked by an older child. According to research on desensitization effects, how will Omar react to this situation? a) He will attack the older child and ask Yusuf to help him. b) He will not react at all, but Yusuf may intervene. c) He will be quicker to seek help for the victim than Yusuf. d) He will react with panic and fear that the attacker will turn on both him and Yusuf.
b) He will not react at all, but Yusuf may intervene.
Griffin just looked in the mirror and saw a spot on the nose of his image. If Griffin is 2 years old, ho will he react? a) He will ignore the image. b) He will rub at the spot on his nose. c) He will stare at the image, but ignore the spot. d) He will rub at the spot on the mirror.
b) He will rub at the spot on his nose.
According to the norm of responsibility, why does altruism increase with age? a) Improved role-taking skills help the child infer the other person's feelings. b) Improved understanding of empathic arousal produces self-reflection. c) The child is less likely to experience empathic distress. d) Children are more likely to make external attributions for the distress experienced by another person.
b) Improved understanding of empathic arousal produces self-reflection.
What does research data suggest about students being prevented from moving forward a grade ("holding back") or being allowed to jump forward a grade ("skipping")? a) Allowing a child to jump a grade is beneficial, but holding a child back is not. b) In both cases there is a social cost of removing children from age-matched peers, and that cost outweighs any academic benefit. c) In both cases individual education plans removed necessary supports and created additional confusion for the child. d) Holding a child back a grade can be effective if the child is mature for his/her age.
b) In both cases there is a social cost of removing children from age-matched peers, and that cost outweighs any academic benefit.
Is shyness a social disadvantage for children? a) It depends - outcomes vary with personality types. b) It depends - outcomes vary across cultures. c) It depends - shyness is a social disadvantage only for children in Asian cultures. d) It depends - shyness is a social disadvantage only for children with difficult temperaments.
b) It depends - outcomes vary across cultures.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the stability of temperament? a) It fluctuates considerably during the middle childhood years. b) It is moderately stable once children are 3 to 6 years old. c) It stabilizes around 8 to 10 months of age. d) It stabilizes in infancy but oscillates in adolescence.
b) It is moderately stable once children are 3 to 6 years old.
Which conclusion regarding child abuse has received the most support from current research? a) It is almost inevitable when a high-risk parent has a child with high-risk characteristics. b) It is most likely to occur in families under stress. c) It is less common today because people are better educated about parenting. d) It occurs with equal frequency in all cultures.
b) It is most likely to occur in families under stress.
Oskar and Elias are biological brothers who were born three years apart and were raised in a traditional family environment. Throughout their lives together, they have fought over many different issues. Now that both are nearing puberty, their parents are worried about whether their sibling rivalry will escalate. Based on current research, what should their parents expect will happen in the relationship between their sons? a) It will be filled with rising intense rivalry and become a source of major family stress and conflict. b) It will become more egalitarian, and competition or rivalry will most likely decline. c) It will continue in much the same way; the nature of sibling relationships does not change after the elementary school years. d) The brothers will likely begin to ignore or isolate themselves from each other, which will decrease tension in the family.
b) It will become more egalitarian, and competition or rivalry will most likely decline.
Unlike many of her classmates, Zoe is excited to take her compulsory statistics course. She views it as an opportunity to display her competency in mathematics and logical reasoning. Given this scenario, which type of achievement orientation does Zoe have? a) Learned helplessness b) Mastery c) Learned strategic d) Relational
b) Mastery
Which statement best describes the research conclusions regarding the effectiveness of empathy training to reduce aggressive behaviours? a) Empathy training has no effect on the incidence of aggressive behaviours. b) Most children exhibit a decline in aggressive behaviours following empathy training. c) Empathy training actually produces an increase in aggressive behaviours. d) Children who are classified as moderate aggressors exhibit a decline following empathy training, but there is little evidence that such training is effective in those classified as highly aggressive.
b) Most children exhibit a decline in aggressive behaviours following empathy training.
According to Patterson's research on familial contributions to aggression, what factor maintains a coercive family environment? a) Parental use of punishment b) Negative reinforcement of aggression c) A tendency for aggression to be ignored d) Positive reinforcement of aggression
b) Negative reinforcement of aggression
The French philosopher Voltaire wrote that "To live well, you must live unseen." Which sociometric category of peer status does Voltaire's statement most accurately describe? a) Popular b) Neglected c) Rejected d) Controversial
b) Neglected
Tamera and Eugene are both 6 years old, and they live next door to each other. When the two children play, Tamera is very directive, and she always insists on doing things her way. According to developmentalists, would Tamera and Eugene be considered peers? a) No, because they are not the same sex. b) No, because they don't appear to be operating as social equals. c) Yes, because they are the same age. d) Yes, because they live in the same neighbourhood.
b) No, because they don't appear to be operating as social equals.
Marta and Quentin are married to each other. They live in a home with their two children, Olivia and Ethan. This family structure exemplifies which type of family? a) Extended b) Nuclear c) Sub-systematic d) Blended
b) Nuclear
According to Parten, when children play side by side and do not try to influence the behaviour of each other, which form of play are they engaging in? a) Simple pretend b) Parallel c) Associative d) Onlooker
b) Parallel
Nine-month-old Diya and 10-month-old Elise have been placed on the floor next to each other. Each has been given the classic stacking rings toy to play with. At this age, which form of play are they most likely to engage in? a) Cooperative b) Parallel c) Complementary d) Simple pretend
b) Parallel
Baumrind's research with nursery school children and their parents indicated that impulsive, aggressive children are most likely to have what type of parents? a) Uninvolved b) Permissive c) Authoritarian d) Authoritative
b) Permissive
Phillipe's and Bernice's parents differ in their parenting style. Phillipe's parents use an authoritarian style and Bernice's parents use a permissive style. Based on this scenario, which of the following would you expect when both children are measured for levels of self-esteem? a) Both children will have a high score. b) Phillipe will have a higher score than Bernice. c) Both children will have a low score. d) Bernice will have a higher score than Phillipe.
b) Phillipe will have a higher score than Bernice.
Filip is watching an unfamiliar group of children play a game. He watches for a while and when he is sure he understands the game, he approaches the group saying, "This looks like a lot of fun, and you are all very good." "Would you mind if I joined in?" Based on Filip's approach, how would he best be classified? a) Average b) Popular c) Controversial d) Neglected
b) Popular
Even though all her friends have dried MDMA, Anita refuses to experiment because she is afraid that she will get caught and end up in jail. Anita's rationale reflects which type of moral reasoning? a) Conventional b) Preconventional c) Postconventional d) Autonomous
b) Preconventional
During which developmental phase are children most likely to assume that they are the cause of a divorce? a) Infancy b) Preschool to early elementary c) Middle to late elementary school d) Middle to late adolescence
b) Preschool to early elementary
Suppose you want to teach a child with a "helpless" orientation to respond more constructively to his or her failures. If you base your technique on the findings of Dweck's research, which of the following should you employ? a) Present easy problems to provide multiple successes for the child. b) Present a moderately difficult set of questions and provide encouragement for both successes and failures. c) Remove a token for failures but provide encouragement for a success. d) Give the child tokens as rewards for each success.
b) Present a moderately difficult set of questions and provide encouragement for both successes and failures.
What form of aggression is intended to injure another person in order to obtain a means to an end? a) Vicarious b) Proactive c) Relational d) Hostile
b) Proactive
Which of the following characteristics in increasingly mentioned in children's descriptions of others as they mature? a) Failures at tasks b) Psychological traits c) Concrete characteristics d) Interests and hobbies
b) Psychological traits
According to Barenboim's research findings, what changes occur in children's descriptions of others between the ages of 8 and 11? a) Behavioural comparisons increase. b) Psychological constructs increase. c) Behavioural constructs decrease. d) Psychological comparisons increase.
b) Psychologists constructs increase.
According to Erikson, what two aspects of parenting are important throughout childhood and adolescence? a) Acceptance and responsiveness b) Responsiveness and control c) Demandingness and control d) Warmth and acceptance
b) Responsiveness and control
Salvadore grew up in a small rural village in Bolivia, and Marty grew up in Vancouver, British Columbia. What would you expect of these two individuals' moral behaviour as adults, based on the cross-cultural research of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? a) Marty will be less likely to display postconventional moral reasoning because of his geographic location. b) Salvadore will be less likely to display postconventional moral reasoning because of his nonindustrialized society. c) Because both individuals are males, they will both achieve high levels of postconventional moral reasoning. d) Because culture has little influence on the stages that Kohlberg defined, both individuals have an equal likelihood of showing postconventional moral reasoning.
b) Salvadore will be less likely to display postconventional reasoning because of his nonindustrialized society.
One possible yardstick for measuring the role of schools in children's development is to ask if schooling promotes cognitive development. Does the research evidence support this relationship? a) Schooling is associated with increased factual knowledge, but does not promote growth in thinking skills or metacognitive knowledge. b) Schooling promotes both factual knowledge and growth in thinking skills and metacognitive knowledge. c) Schooling promotes cognitive growth but tends to diminish children's social and interpersonal skills. d) Schooling has negligible effects on cognitive growth but increases a child's interpersonal skills.
b) Schooling promotes both factual knowledge and growth in thinking skills and metacognitive knowledge.
Based upon Ainsworth's original research, which of the following is the correct ranking of attachment styles from most common to least common? a) Avoidant/secure/resistant b) Secure/avoidant/resistant c) Resistant/avoidant/secure d) Secure/resistant/avoidant
b) Secure/avoidant/resistant
Shaelynn lived in Toronto during the collapse of the World Trade Center towers in New York City. Shaelynn was sadded by the TV images of desperate people passing out photo handbills of their missing relatives, friends, and employees. Given this scenario, which factor is most likely to contribute to Shaelynn's feelings for the survivors? a) Effective role taking b) Self-oriented distress c) Passive victimization d) Hedonistic dysphoria
b) Self-orientated distress
Leah's daughter Livia was conceived through donor insemination. Since the birth, Leah has shared living quarters with her life-long friend Shane. The home environment is warm and loving, and Shane plays a supporting role in Leah's parenting. Based on this scenario, and according to research evidence, which statement represents the most accurate prediction for Livia's developmental outcomes relative to her peers? a) She will be slower to develop a basic gender identity. b) She will be just as cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature. c) She will be more likely to play with same-sex peers. d) She will show stronger gender intensification during adolescence.
b) She will be just as cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature.
Aalia is a single mother who opted to become pregnant without a spouse through donor insemination. She has raised her daughter, Irem, on her own. Based on this scenario, and according to research evidence, which statement represents the most accurate prediction for Irem's developmental outcomes relative to her peers? a) She will be slower to develop a basic gender identity. b) She will be just as psychologically well adjusted. c) She will be more likely to play with same-sex peers. d) She will show stronger gender intensification during adolescence.
b) She will be just as psychologically well adjusted.
Beatrice is an only child, and Shelby has both a sister and a brother. Otherwise, both Shelby and Beatrice have similar home environments and family structure. Based on this description, which statement is the most accurate prediction of Beatrice's behavioural characteristics? a) She will have higher self-esteem, but poorer peer relationships. b) She will be more obedient and slightly more intellectually competent. c) She will be more disruptive and more selfish. d) She will have lower achievement motivation, but better peer relationships.
b) She will be more obedient and slightly more intellectually competent.
Five-month-old Trevor and 12-month-old Sondra are left in the care of a babysitter for an evening. According to the research on separation anxiety, how is each child likely to behave? a) Trevor will show more distress than Sondra when he realizes that his mother has left. b) Sondra will show more distress than Trevor when she realizes that her mother has left. c) All other things being equal, both Trevor and Sondra will show about the same degree of distress after their mother leaves. d) If the babysitter is warm and responsive, neither child is likely to show significant distress when his or her mother leaves.
b) Sondra will show more distress than Trevor when she realize that her mother has left.
In order to foster mastery orientation in a child, what should an adult emphasize in his or her feedback? a) Emphasize the natural abilities of the child and keep pointing out how clever the child is. b) Suggest that errors mean the need for a change in the child's strategy. c) Compare the child's performance to others. d) Identify the child's weaknesses and suggest alternative tasks in areas of strength.
b) Suggest that errors mean the need to a change in the child's strategy.
What does the adaptive regulation of emotions involve? a) Maintaining or suppressing negative emotions. b) Suppressing some forms of emotional arousal, while maintaining or intensifying others. c) Maintaining or intensifying positive emotions. d) Suppressing all negative emotions.
b) Suppressing some forms of emotional arousal, while maintaining or intensifying others.
A girl imagines that an unknown boy shown on TV will feel lonely and sorry because he just lost both parents during a natural disaster. What is the girl experiencing? a) Passive victimization b) Sympathetic empathic arousal c) Self-oriented distress d) Inhibitory control
b) Sympathetic empathic arousal
According to Hoffman, what do individuals experience when they are most likely to behave altruistically? a) Self-oriented distress b) Sympathetic empathic arousal c) Prosocial guilt d) Hedonistic prosociality
b) Sympathetic empathic arousal
Why do the textbook authors state that studying the impact of computers and television separately is no longer valuable? a) Children generally spend media time playing games, and so these measures are no longer useful. b) Television shows can be streamed through mobile computer devices, and computer games can be played on televisions, so the line between the two is blurred. c) Computers play a minor role in the lives of young children. d) Young users are drawn to user-friendly computer devices and away from television, so television measures are uninformative.
b) Television shows can be streamed through mobile computer devices, and computer games can be played on televisions, so the line between the two is blurred.
Which of the following statements regarding cross-cultural influences on temperament is most accurate? a) Boys show higher levels of effortful control. b) The Inventory of Children's Individual Differences was developed as a reliable cross-cultural child temperament inventory. c) Girls show higher levels of surgency. d) Variation between temperament cross-culturally is low for both boys and girls.
b) The Inventory of Children's Individual Differences was developed a reliable cross-cultural child temperament inventory.
There is ample research evidence for a strong positive correlation between the amount of televised and video violence that is viewed and overt aggressive behaviour in children. Based on these findings, which of the following is the most accurate conclusion? a) Viewing televised and video violence causes children to behave more aggressively. b) The amount of televised and video violence predicts the likelihood of aggressive behaviour. c) Viewing televised and video violence has no further effect on those children who are inherently aggressive. d) Regardless of the content, children who behave aggressively watch more television and play more video games than do nonaggressive children.
b) The amount of televised and video violence predicts the likelihood of aggressive behaviour.
Which of the following best describes the use of social referencing by a young child? a) The child shows an understanding that emotional expression is not condoned by adults in most situations. b) The child uses the emotional reactions of others as a source of information to guide his or her reactions. c) The child uses the parent or other caretaker as an attachment object. d) The child shows a growing ability to communicate using emotional expression.
b) The child uses the emotional reactions of others as a source of information to guide his or her reactions.
Suppose you are conducting a blind observation of a group of children as they work on a construction project, and you record the frequency and context of retaliatory aggressive acts. Later you learn that the children who committed the most acts of retaliation had been previously categorized as reactive aggressors. Given this scenario, under what circumstances did you record the most incidents of retaliation? a) The initial act involved unprovoked physical aggression. b) The context for the initial act involved intentional ambiguity. c) The initial act involved accidental physical contact. d) The context for the initial act involved relational intent.
b) The context for the initial act involved intentional ambiguity.
Research findings have supported the notion that an infant's behaviour impacts the development of the parent-child attachment relationship. What is the consensus regarding the outcome when an infant is highly irritable or unresponsive? a) Most parents never develop a satisfying relationship with these infants. b) The development of satisfying relationships is more difficult, but not impossible. c) Because most infants are perceived as lovable and responsive by their biological parents, there will be little impact on attachment. d) As long as strong bonding occurred in the first few hours following birth, the relationship is not disrupted.
b) The development of satisfying relationships is more difficult, but not impossible.
According to ethological theory, what produces attachment-related fears? a) Lack of responsiveness from the infant's caregiver. b) The infant's general apprehension regarding unfamiliar or potentially threatening contexts. c) Lack of consistency from the infant's caregiver. d) The infant's inability to understand the absence of his or her caregiver.
b) The infant's general apprehension regarding unfamiliar or potentially threatening contexts.
What does learning theory suggest that the development of attachment depends on? a) Oral activities such as sucking and eating. b) The mother becoming a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes. c) Maturity of object permanence concept. d) Preprogrammed responses that serve to initiate or maintain contact.
b) The mother becoming a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding preschoolers' awareness of the psychologist characteristics of others? a) They have no awareness of the psychological characteristics of others. b) They are aware of the psychological characteristics of others even if they do not necessarily demonstrate that knowledge in all contexts. c) They rely heavily on psychological characteristics as a basis for making playmate choices. d) They understand that situational factors influence the psychological characteristics that a person displays.
b) They are aware of the psychological characteristics of others even if they do not necessarily demonstrate that knowledge in all contexts.
In comparison to the friendships of younger children, what characterizes those of older children? a) They are based on common activities. b) They are based on mutual trust. c) They involve a high degree of parental support. d) They are related to the proximity of school mates.
b) They are based on mutual trust.
According to cross-cultural research, how do the achievement attitudes of Chinese children differ from those of children raised in North America? a) They are more tolerant of failure. b) They are less tolerant of failure. c) They are more likely to view learning a task as an achievement. d) They are less likely to view learning as a personal virtue.
b) They are less tolerant of failure.
According to sociometric methods, what characterizes children who are categorized as popular? a) They are actively disliked by most of their peers. b) They are liked by their peers and by their teachers. c) They are neither liked nor disliked by their peers. d) They are liked by many of their peers and disliked by many of their peers.
b) They are liked by their peers and by their teachers.
Which of the following best characterizes the outcome for children who display a hostile attributional bias? a) They become chronic bullies who are seldom victims of aggression themselves. b) They are more likely to become reactive aggressors and provocative victims. c) They are more likely to become passive victims of aggression who are chronically victimized. d) They become proactive aggressors and reactive victims.
b) They are more likely to become reactive aggressors and provocative victims.
According to Dweck and associates, many teachers unwittingly fosters a sense of learned helplessness through their feedback for a child's successes and failures. Which of the following patterns of attribution are these teachers most likely to use? a) They attribute to luck and failure to lack of effort. b) They attribute success to high effort and failure to low ability. c) They attribute success to high ability and failure to unfair testing conditions. d) They attribute success to hard work and failure to low ability.
b) They attribute success to high effort and failure to low ability.
Which of the following best characterizes the change in infants' social responses at about 7 to 9 months of age? a) They begin to show distinct preferences for social over nonsocial stimuli. b) They begin to show differential responses to individuals and a clear preference for a particular companion. c) They change from multiple attachments to one or two specific attachments. d) They start to become less anxious around strangers.
b) They begin to show differential responses to individuals and a clear preference for a particular companion.
Which statement best defines the children who are categorized as media literate? a) They are less likely to watch noneducational television programs. b) They can interpret the form of television messages. c) They understand how to operate across a variety of media platforms. d) They prefer to read than to watch media.
b) They can interpret the form of television messages.
According to current research findings, what characterizes abusers? a) They have high self-esteem and self-confidence. b) They learn through experience that violence is a common reaction to frustration. c) They do not love their children. d) They favour authoritative parenting over authoritarian parenting.
b) They learn through experience that violence is a common reaction to frustration.
What characterizes the parental behaviour of those children who show a low need to achieve? a) They set high standards and give praise for success. b) They offer only tangible rewards for successes. c) They offer encouragement regardless of success or failure. d) They monitor their children's academic progress, but also allow autonomy.
b) They offer only tangible rewards for successes.
According to research evidence, why is empathy a poor predictor of altruistic behaviour in young children? a) They are less able to experience vicarious emotions. b) They often fail to understand why they feel emotionally aroused. c) They have not yet developed the capacity to experience empathy. d) They are less likely to experience personal distress when they are emotionally aroused.
b) They often fail to understand why they feel emotionally aroused.
Which of the following best characterizes children with difficult temperaments? a) They are inactive, yet are open to new experiences. b) They often react vigorously to changes in their routines. c) They are quite inactive and somewhat moody. d) They show high levels of behavioural inhibition.
b) They often react vigorously to changes in their routines.
Based upon longitudinal studies, what happens to close friendships from preschool through middle childhood? a) They are relatively stable, and friendship networks tend to expand. b) They often remain stable, but friendship networks tend to reduce in size. c) They are generally unstable, as friendship networks tend to expand. d) They are unstable, as friendship networks tend to reduce in size.
b) They often remain stable, but friendship networks tend to reduce in size.
Which of the following strategies is employed by parents whose children show low levels of altruistic behaviour? a) They praise the child for acts of kindness. b) They provide tangible rewards for sharing or helping. c) They model altruism in their own lives. d) They give affectionate explanations when the child causes harm to others.
b) They provide tangible rewards for sharing or helping.
How do students from cultures that stress cooperative and collaborative approaches to learning perform in school? a) They excel in the traditional classroom. b) They spend more time seeking the attention of peers. c) They spend more time seeking the attention of the teacher. d) They struggle with group work.
b) They spend more time seeking the attention of peers.
How do the developmental achievements of children tend to change as the number of parental marital transitions increases? a) They improve due to an increase in the variety of role models. b) They worsen due to inconsistent parenting. c) They improve depending on context. d) They remain constant.
b) They worsen due to inconsistent parenting.
Which of the following techniques for controlling aggression involves punishing aggressive acts without providing potentially reinforcing attention? a) Incompatible-response b) Time out c) Modelling or coaching d) Empathy training
b) Time out
What does research indicate about use of the Internet at home? a) Use leads to an over-dependency on outside sources for information. b) Use facilitates academic performance. c) Use is detrimental if chat platforms are used prior to age 5-years-old. d) Use is instrumental in facilitating creativity.
b) Use facilitates academic performance.
Which of the following best characterizes the parental style associated with a secure attachment relationship? a) Unresponsive and impatient b) Warm and responsive c) Warm, yet unpredictable d) Inconsistent
b) Warm and responsive
Suppose the mother of a 4-week-old infant claims that her infant displays interest, happiness, and fear. Based on current research evidence, is this mother's claim valid? a) Yes, because infants first begin to display distinct emotions at about 4 weeks old. b) Yes, because even newborns display these particular emotions. c) No, because even trained observers cannot reliably identify distinct emotions in infants that young. d) No, because fear and interest are not evident in infants that young.
b) Yes, because even newborns display these particular emotions.
Parents often consider school reputation when deciding about where to buy or rent a home. Does research evidence support this as a valid reason for making this decision? a) Yes, schools located in good neighbourhoods are usually more effective. b) Yes, the scholastic atmosphere of some schools promotes high achievement and positive attitudes. c) No, it is the IQ and attitudes of the children and their parents that make the difference in levels of scholastic achievement, not the school. d) No, although individual teachers can make a difference, it is a myth that some schools are more effective than others.
b) Yes, the scholastic atmosphere of some schools promotes high achievement and positive attitudes.
2. When Ophelia was 10 years old she completed the original Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. She answered all the questions that a typical 5- or 6-year-old would answer, but none of the questions a typical 7 or 8-year-old would answer. Based on this information, what is Ophelia's mental age? a. 5 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10
b. 6
32. he identified? What does Howard Gardner suggest about the seven intellectual abilities that a. They are interrelated, with talents in one area generally being associated with deficits in other areas. b. Each is linked to a specific area of the brain, and emerges at different points in development. c. They are interrelated, with talents in each area showing the same general level of development at any given age. d. Each generally does not emerge until later in life, after individuals have been exposed to a wider range of experiences.
b. Each is linked to a specific area of the brain, and emerges at different points in development.
5. When a test reports a child's intelligence as a single score, what does this imply that the test designer believes? a. The child's pattern of errors reveals her intelligence. b. Intelligence is mainly or entirely a general factor. c. Creativity is the same as intelligence. d. Intelligence is a group of distinctly separate abilities.
b. Intelligence is mainly or entirely a general factor.
25. Which statement describes cognitive behaviour in the sensorimotor period? a. Individuals can understand the concept of reversibility. b. Schemes revolve primarily around sensory and motor capabilities. c. Mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world. d. Individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions.
b. Schemes revolve primarily around sensory and motor capabilities.
14. Four-year-old Brittany mistakes her next-door neighbour's new pet rabbit for a kitten. How would Piaget explain Brittany's error? a. She used accommodation. b. She used assimilation. c. She failed to use object permanence. d. She failed to use conservation.
b. She used assimilation.
76. Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding the correlation between the home environment and IQ? a. A mother's IQ predicts her child's IQ better than does the quality of the home environment after age 4. b. The quality of the home environment predicts IQ better than does a mother's IQ after age 4. c. A mother's IQ is the better predictor of her child's IQ than is the home environment at all ages. d. The quality of the home environment is the better predictor of a child's IQ at all ages.
b. The quality of the home environment predicts IQ better than does a mother's IQ after age 4.
59. Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding the behavioural outcome of children who engage in a great deal of pretend play during the preschool? a. They are more reclusive and less popular. b. They are more curious and creative. c. They are less likely to form healthy friendships. d. They are less able to distinguish between appearance and reality.
b. They are more curious and creative.
1. How do the trimesters of a pregnancy relate to the stages of the development of the new child? a. They are equivalent and refer to stages of skeletal growth. b. They are unrelated. c. They do not include one of the stages. d. They include one e
b. They are unrelated.
Which of the following best summarizes when the Bayley Scales of Infant development are most useful? a. They are used to predict an infant's later IQ or scholastic achievements b. They are used to chart an infant's developmental progress and diagnose neurological disorders c. They are used to measure early information-processing skills d. They are used to assess an infant's temperament and level of attachment to adults
b. They are used to chart an infant's developmental progress and diagnose neurological disorders
According to Piaget, what is intelligence? a. a form of equilibrium in which one's mind is in a balanced, harmonious relationship with the environment b. a basic life function that helps an organism adapt to its environment c. the way in which a child acquires symbolic schemes d. how well a child performs on problem-solving tasks
b. a basic life function that helps an organism adapt to its environment
81. In Arthur Jensen's classification scheme of intellectual abilities, what do Level II abilities include? a. attentional processes, short-term memory, and associative skills b. abstract reasoning skills and the ability to manipulate words and symbols to form concepts c. the capacity to move between flexible and rigid states of thought d. acquired knowledge about culturally relevant concepts
b. abstract reasoning skills and the ability to manipulate words and symbols to form concepts
12. René sees a cow (an animal he has not seen before) and calls out, "Doggie!" Which Piagetian process does René's reaction demonstrate? a. egocentrism b. assimilation c. accommodation d. organization
b. assimilation
131. Which of the following best accounts for why children who engage in play with more skilled partners become more proficient? a. accelerated development of the theory of mind module b. availability of guided participation c. accelerated development of context-independent learning d. availability for opportunities for deferred imitation
b. availability of guided participation
42. How is deviation IQ determined? a. by comparing the child's mental age to his or her chronological age b. by comparing the child's performance with that of other children of his or her own age c. by adding up correct answers and comparing the total to an adult's performance d. by subtracting missed items from 100 and dividing by the child's chronological age
b. by comparing the child's performance with that of other children of his or her own age
86. According to Piaget, which period of development occurs from the age of 7 through to age 11? a. sensorimotor b. concrete operational c. preoperational d. formal operational
b. concrete operational
23. Sergei has been studying music for three years. When he first started his studies he had a hard time describing musical pieces accurately, but now he is able to pick out the period, style, and genre of most pieces. According to Cattell, what type of intelligence is responsible for Sergei's current ability? a. fluid b. crystallized c. practical d. creative
b. crystallized
50. Which theory of motor development portrays the infant as an active explorer who chooses actions and applies motor skills to achieve his or her goals? a. experiential b. dynamical systems c. locomotory systems d. maturational
b. dynamical systems
61. Gerald's dad is upset over some bad news and he starts to cry. Five-year-old Gerald quickly brings over his favourite teddy bear for his dad to hold, and tells his dad that he will feel better if he hugs "teddy." What Piagetian concept does this child-parent interac- tion illustrate? a. animistic reasoning b. egocentrism c. transductive reasoning d. accommodation
b. egocentrism
70. Which of the following best characterizes the long-term outcome of individuals that were characterized as gifted in Terman's longitudinal study of intelligence? a. a higher than normal rate of ill health, alcoholism, and delinquent behaviour b. high productivity in their chosen occupations c. an increased risk for suicide d. a decline in intellectual achievement and accomplishment
b. high productivity in their chosen occupations
93. Michelle is an 8-year-old who shows an understanding of seriation, class- inclusion, and conservation of number and amount but fails to understand other types of conservation problems. According to Piaget, what is the term for this behaviour and what does it indicate about Michelle's cognitive development relative to the average child? a. perpendicular décalage, indicating that she is advanced b. horizontal décalage, indicating that she is within the normative range c. perpendicular décalage, indicating that she is somewhat delayed d. horizontal décalage, indicating that she is severely cognitively disabled
b. horizontal décalage, indicating that she is within the normative range
What are the three components of Robert Sterberg's conceptualization of intelligence? a. verbal fluency, numerical ability, and memory b. information processing, an experiential component, and practical intelligence c. crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and transient intelligence d. artistic intelligence, performance intelligence, and rational intelligence
b. information processing, an experiential component, and practical intelligence
121. According to Vygotsky, the longitudinal observation of a child's development sharing would be appropriate for which type of research? a. ontogenetic b. microgenetic c. phylogenetic d. sociohistorical
b. microgenetic
52. According to Piaget, what stage of development occurs from age 2 through to age 7? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational
b. preoperational
Which behaviour related to mental states emerges earliest in infancy? a. self-recognition in mirrors b. repeating gestures by humans but not by objects c. talking about desires, feelings, or perceptions d. pointing to objects to redirect others' attention
b. repeating gestures by humans but not by objects
31. Suppose that you observe a child intentionally move blankets and pillows that are covering toys she wants. What Piagetian period is this behaviour characteristic of? a. the first sensorimotor substage b. the middle of the sensorimotor period c. the end of the sensorimotor period d. the pre operational period
b. the middle of the sensorimotor period
What is an infant's developmental quotient based on? a. the rate of habituation and visual reaction time b. the scores obtained on the motor and mental scales c. visual reaction time and the score from the motor scale d. the rate of habituation and the score from the Infant Behavioural Record
b. the scores obtained on the motor and mental scales
119. In contrast to Vygotsky, what was the focus of Piaget's theory? a. the role of memory and strategy selection in cognitive growth b. the self-directed nature of cognitive growth c. the biological maturation necessary for cognitive growth d. the sociocultural context in which cognitive growth occurs
b. the self-directed nature of cognitive growth
120. In contrast to Piaget, what was the focus of Vygotsky's theory? a. the self-directed nature of cognitive growth b. the sociocultural context in which cognitive growth occurs c. the role of memory and strategy selection in cognitive growth d. the biological maturation necessary for cognitive growth
b. the sociocultural context in which cognitive growth occurs
16. Which statement best summarizes the research findings concerning prepared childbirth classes and father involvement in the birth experience? a. beneficial but not essential b. essential to the delivery of a healthy baby and establishment of a strong father-infant bond c. of no particular benefit or harm d. of little effect under normal conditions but adds to the dangers of a high-risk pregnancy
beneficial but not essential
70. What is the most likely explanation for the decrease in the average age of onset for menarche over the past 100 years? a. better nutrition and medical care b. changes to hormone production due to environmental hazards c. increased acceptance of adolescent sexuality d. decreased separation of the societal roles of females and males
better nutrition and medical care
31. Nathaniel is an infant who has been exclusively breast-fed from birth. At what age would you expect that Nathaniel will first show a preference for the scent of a T-shirt or a brassiere worn by his mother? a. less than 24 hours after birth b. between 1 and 2 weeks of age c. about 1 month of age d. 3 to 4 months of age
between 1 and 2 weeks of age
46. Modern tests of intelligence calculate IQ as a deviation score. When this method of reporting is used, the scores of 68 percent of all individuals will fall within what range? a. between 100 and 130 b. between 85 and 115 c. between 85 and 100 d. between 75 and 115
between 85 and 115
6. When does the period of the zygote take place during prenatal development? a. after implantation when the zygote first begins to differentiate b. between conception of the new zygote and implantation in the uterus c. after conception takes place and the zygote undergoes meiosis d. after conception takes place and the zygote undergoes mitosis
between conception of the new zygote and implantation in the uterus
56. At what age do most typically developing infants begin to babble? a. in the first few hours after they are born b. during the first month c. between the ages of 2 and 3 months d. between the ages of 4 and 6 months
between the ages of 4 and 6 months
108. In which order do children generally acquire verbal labels for spatial contrasts? a. wide/narrow, deep/shallow, big/little, high/low b. high/low, big/little, deep/shallow, wide/narrow c. deep/shallow, wide/narrow, high/low, big/little d. big/little, high/low, wide/narrow, deep/shallow
big/little, high/low, wide/narrow, deep/shallow
22. Piaget believed that intellectual development occurs in a fixed sequence. Which factor(s) did he base this belief on? a. assimilation and accommodation b. cultural and social experiences and expectations c. biological maturation d. circular reactions and organization
biological maturation
34. Linguistic universals are a joint product of which processes? a. biological maturation, the language acquisition device, cognitive development, and the linguistic environment b. biological maturation, cognitive development, and the linguistic environment c. the language acquisition device and cognitive development d. biological maturation and the language acquisition device
biological maturation, cognitive development, and the linguistic environment
49. What congenital abnormalities are associated with prenatal exposure to toxoplasmosis? a. heart defects b. deafness c. deformed arms and legs d. blindness and central nervous system damage
blindness and central nervous system damage
18. The measurement of which of the following characterizes the use of the evoked potential method for studying sensation? a. conditioned response b. deferred imitation of what is seen c. the infant's conscious but unspoken thoughts d. brain waves from the sensory projection areas
brain waves from the sensory projection areas
81. Once a baby is conceived, how can genetic abnormalities be detected? a. by blood testing of the fetus in the second trimester b. by amniocentesis, because it is the only way to detect abnormalities prenatally c. by at least three relatively low-risk procedures that can be used to detect many types of abnormalities d. by several procedures that can be used to detect many types of abnormalities, although most pose considerable risk to the fetus
by at least three relatively low-risk procedures that can be used to detect many types of abnormalities
Suppose that you are conducting naturalistic research on the content of children's self-descriptions. You have gathered data from a group of children in kindergarten who were asked to describe themselves in a few short sentences at a school recital. Based upon current research, which of the following statements would be typical of your participants? a) "I'm the biggest girl in my class" b) "I like fun people" c) "I have a backpack and a puppy" d) "Mark and April and Liam and Nathan are my best friends"
c) "I have a backpack and a puppy"
49. Which of the following tests would best fit with Vygotsky's view of how to assess a child's intellectual abilities? a. Kaufman's Assessment Battery for Children b. Bayley's Scales of Infant Development c. the WISC-IV d. dynamic assessment
d. dynamic assessment
Coral scored 100 percent on her statistics midterm. If Coral makes an internal-stable attribution for her success, what is she most likely to say? a) "It was just good luck that most of the exam was on the material I had time to study" b) "I was calm and relaxed the day of the exam because I was able to get a good night's sleep the night before." c) "I have always been good at statistics; I guess I just have a natural ability in that area" d) "The professor makes the whole course so easy to understand that it is virtually impossible to do poorly in the class"
c) "I have always been good at statistics; I guess I just have a natural ability in that area"
John has just hit his classmate Mark. A friend tells John that he should not hit Mark. If John is reasoning at a preconventional level, which of the following rationales should the friend use to convince John not to repeat his behaviour? a) "You should never hurt anyone." b) "It's against the rules." c) "The teacher will punish you if you do." d) "Mark is my friend."
c) "The teacher will punish you if you do."
Suppose you overhear a group of students discussing the results of their Psychology midterm. Based on current research findings, which of the following statements would be made by the student with an external achievement attribution? a) "I can't understand her during the lecture because she talks too fast." b) "I was tired because I was called in to work the graveyard shift the night before." c) "The test was too hard and was unfair." d) "I am never going to learn this material; I am no good at Psychology."
c) "The test was too hard and was unfair."
Suppose you conduct a research study in which you show children of various ages an hour-long television show about a crime. The show features a female character who is initially very helpful and friendly toward the police. Later, it becomes evident that her behaviour was deceitful because she had committed the crime. Some of your participants recognize that her friendliness was an intent to deceive, and some do not. Based on current research evidence, how old are the children who recognized her deceptive intent? a) 5 or 6 years b) 7 or 8 years c) 10 or 11 years d) 15 or 16 years
c) 10 or 11 years
Giulia and Zara live in the same neighbourhood. The girls consider themselves best friends because they enjoy jumping on the trampoline at Giulia's house and splashing in the pool at Zara's house, but also because they care when the other has hurt feelings, they work together on homework, and they defend one another against those they mutually dislike at school. Given this example, how old are the two girls? a) 3 years b) 7 years c) 11 years d) 15 years
c) 11 years
At about what age do playmates start describing their ongoing play activities to each other, saying things like "Oops, I drop it" and "Me, too"? a) 10 to 12 months b) 15 to 18 months c) 20 to 24 months d) 30 to 36 months
c) 20 to 24 months
Yael, Tarita, and Amelia are engaged in a role-playing game based on their favourite series of books. As they play, most of their time is spent discussing who will be which character, and which part of the story they will re-enact. If this development in their play is recent, how old are the girls likely to be? a) 3 to 4 years b) 5 to 6 years c) 7 to 8 years d) 10 to 12 years
c) 7 to 8 years
Magdalene is reading a story with her father. At one point in the story the main character encounters a strange dog at the playground. Magdalene's father asks her how she thinks the character will react to the dog. Magdalene responds, "It would depend, he might be excited or he might be frightened." Based on this description, what is the minimum age that Magdalene is likely to be? a) 2 years old b) 4 years old c) 8 years old d) 12 years old
c) 8 years old
In the case of an infant whose behaviour appears in line with Freud's slogan of "I love whoever feeds me," for the infant, what has the person doing the feeding become? a) An erotic stimulus b) A primary reinforcer c) A secondary reinforcer d) A neutral stimulus
c) A secondary reinforcer
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding father-infant relationships and attachment? a) Although fathers provide an important role as playmates, they add little to the attachment relationships that an infant develops. b) A secure father-infant attachment often disrupts a secure relationship to the mother. c) A secure father-infant attachment may buffer the potentially negative effects of an insecure mother-infant attachment relationship. d) As a rule, infants form a less secure attachment with their fathers than with their mothers.
c) A secure father-infant attachment may buffer the potentially negative effects of an insecure mother-infant attachment relationship.
Which statement best summarizes the conclusions of research regarding conflict in sibling relationships? a) It is quite rare in sibling interactions. b) It occurs at a high frequency in many interactions between siblings. c) Although it is a normal part of sibling relationships, positive interactions tend to be more frequent. d) It occurs only when parents show favouritism toward one of the children.
c) Although it is a normal part of sibling relationships, positive interactions tend to be more frequent.
Suppose an infant encounters a friendly person who is a stranger to him or her. Which of the following persons would be most likely to evoke a fear reaction in a 6- to 12-month-old infant? a) An adult who offers a toy b) A preschool child who offers a toy c) An adult who picks up the infant play or talk d) Another infant who is crying
c) An adult who picks up the infant to play or talk.
Li Mei is 8 months old. She turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches her mother and her at the grocery store. How would this reaction be regarded by modern developmentalists? a) As unusual in a child of that age. b) As evidence that Li Mei insecurely attached. c) As a typical response to a stranger for a child that age. d) As an indication that Li Mei is tired or hungry.
c) As a typical response to a stranger for a child that age.
Dakota, Blake, and Anisa are engaged in a role-playing game based on their favourite TV show. As they play, most of their time is spent discussing who will be which character, and which episode will be re-enacted. Based on this description, how would you categorize their play behaviour? a) As cooperative social pretend b) As simple pretend c) As complex social pretend d) As complementary and reciprocal
c) As complex social pretend
Kaoru is taking her 1-year-old son, Oscar, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she is hoping to enrol him. Oscar eagerly explores the waiting room until Kaoru leaves to fill out the registration forms. Oscar becomes somewhat upset, and when the other parents try to calm him down, their attempts are unsuccessful. When Kaoru returns Oscar stops protesting and then offers a toy to one of the other parents. Based on this information, how would you characterize Oscar's attachment? a) As uninhibited b) As resistant c) As secure d) As avoidant
c) As secure
When Issac was assessed for socioemotional development, he showed little distress when his mother left him alone in a room and he tended to ignore her when she returned. Based on Kagan's research, how would Issac's temperament be categorized? a) As difficult b) As easy c) As slow to warm up d) As indiscriminate
c) As slow to warm up
When do self-evaluative emotions begin to be displayed in the absence of an external observer? a) Between the ages of 2 1/2 months to 7 months. b) At about 1 year of age. c) At middle childhood. d) At adolescence.
c) At middle childhood.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the effects of divorce on boys versus girls? a) Boys are more negatively affected than girls. b) Girls are more negatively affected than boys c) Both boys and girls are adversely affected, but they may show their distress in different ways. d) Both boys and girls are affected than is generally assumed, and most children adjust to the change quickly
c) Both boys and girls are adversely affected, but they may show their distress in different ways.
Cummings and colleagues found that child bystanders intervened in bullying incidents for which of the following reasons? a) Boys were motivated by a high sense of self-efficacy. b) Girls were motivated by high levels of empathy and had lower levels of pro-bully attitude. c) Both boys and girls were motivated by a sense of social justice. d) Both boys and girls were motivated according to adult social expectation.
c) Both boys and girls were motivated by a sense of social justice.
According to Piaget, the transition from heteronomous to autonomous morality depends on what developmental process? a) Cognitive maturation b) Social experience and social interactions c) Both cognitive maturation and social intervention d) Maturation of the central nervous system
c) Both cognitive maturation and social interaction
At what point in development do children's friendships begin to be based on psychological compatibility? a) Changes in late adolescence b) Changes at about the same time that children reach puberty to allow for more opposite-sex relationships to be included under the term friendship c) Changes in late childhood as children become more interested in mutual interests d) Changes at different times for males and females, with male friendships changing earlier in childhood than those of females
c) Changes in late childhood as children become more interested in mutual interests
According to Harter, how do children evaluate themselves? a) Children evaluate themselves in terms of only two domains prior to adolescence. b) Children develop a global appraisal of self-esteem prior to being able to evaluate their competencies in various domains. c) Children first evaluate their competencies in many different areas and then integrate them into an over-all evaluation. d) Children struggle with making self-appraisals until they are in late elementary school.
c) Children first evaluate their competencies in many different areas and then integrate them into an over-all evaluation.
Research suggests that children differ in terms of the importance they assign to various competency domains, as demonstrated by which of the following? a) Children rate the evaluations of others over their own evaluation. b) The social looking glass plays no role as children get older and begin to evaluate their own performance independent of the views of others. c) Children who rate themselves as very competent in the areas they view as important have higher self-worth. d) Children rely on the social looking glass for development of their self-esteem.
c) Children who rate themselves as very competent in the areas they view as important have higher self-worth.
What did Main and Weston conclude from their research regarding the role of mothers and fathers in an infant's attachment and social responsiveness? a) If the child was securely attached to the mother, quality of attachment to the father had little impact on social responsiveness. b) Child who were securely attached to the father but not to the mother were less socially responsive than children attached to their mothers. c) Children who were securely attached to both parents were happier and socially responsive. d) Children were only securely attached to the father if he was residing in the home.
c) Children who were securely attached to both parents were happier and socially responsive.
Secure attachment is related to self-awareness, as shown by which of the following accurately reported findings from research? a) Children, 2 and 3-years old, with both resistant and avoidant attachments, developed complex awareness of themselves before their attached counterparts, but fell behind their secure age-mates on awareness of their mothers. b) Insecurely attached children, 2 and 3-years old, failed to develop even simple awareness of themselves or their mothers, and were often unable to answer basic questions, such as their names or genders. c) Children, 2 and 3-years old, with avoidant attachments refused to engage with either their own or their mother's image in the rouge task. d) Securely attached children, 2 and 3-years old, had a more complex awareness of themselves and their mothers than infants with insecure attachments.
c) Children, 2 and 3-years old, with avoidant attachments refused to engage with either their own or their mother's image in the rouge task.
In comparison to Parten, what did Howes and Matheson focus on in their classification of play? a) Social complexity rather than cognitive complexity. b) Complex social behaviours rather than simple social behaviours c) Cognitive complexity rather than social complexity d) Play that was not classified as pretend or fantasy play
c) Cognitive complexity rather than social complexity
Ethan and Daris are best friends. If both boys are younger than 8 years of age, what is the principal basis for friendship? a) Common cultural backgrounds b) Similarity of cognitive reasoning skills c) Common activities d) Reciprocal emotional responses to conflict
c) Common activities
According to the textbook, what is one Western cultural value that may be in conflict with the development of altruism? a) The pursuit of money and material possessions b) An emphasis on the need for schooling and higher education c) Competition and individual goals d) The norm of social responsibility
c) Competition and individual goals
Valentia sees an unfamiliar group of girls playing jump rope on the sidewalk. She rushes over and tells them she knows a much better way to jump rope, and tells them she will show them how to jump her way. Based on Valentia's approach, how would Valentia best be classified? a) Average b) Popular c) Controversial d) Rejected
c) Controversial
Which level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development corresponds to the heteronomous stage proposed by Piaget? a) Preconventional b) Premoral c) Conventional d) Postconventional
c) Conventional
Suppose that you observe two children playing side by side. They are interested in one another's activities and continuously influence each other's behaviours. According to Parten, what form of play are they engaging in? a) Simple pretend b) Parallel c) Cooperative d) Onlooker
c) Cooperative
What is the correct developmental sequence for emotional understanding, from earliest to latest? a) Empathetic responding/social referencing/discriminate facial expressions. b) Empathetic responding/discriminate facial expressions/social referencing. c) Discriminate facial expressions/social referencing/empathetic responding. d) Social referencing/empathetic responding/discriminate facial expressions.
c) Discriminate facial expressions/social referencing/empathetic reasoning.
What form of attachment are infants most likely to form when they have experienced abuse from their primary caregiver? a) Resistant b) Avoidant c) Disorganized/disoriented d) Inhibited/disinhibited
c) Disorganized/disoriented
During which phase of development do peer pressures to conform have the most impact? a) Early childhood b) Middle childhood c) Early adolescence d) Late adolescence
c) Early adolescence
Of the following, which set of emotions is most closely tied to a child's understanding of socially acceptable behaviour? a) Interest, distress, disgust, and contentment. b) Anger, surprise, fear, and sadness. c) Embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride. d) Joy, happiness, frustration, and boredom.
c) Embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride.
Alejandro was expecting his grandmother to give him a toy that he had been asking for. He was disappointed when he opened his grandmother's present and found that she had given him socks and underwear instead. Based on the research into the acquisition of emotional display rules, what emotions might you expect Alejandro to exhibit? a) If Alejandro is at least 4 years old, he should be able to appear truly delighted by his grandmothers gift. b) If Alejandro is over the age of 6, he should be able to appear truly delighted by his grandmother's gift. c) Even if Alejandro is 8 years old, he may not be able to successfully mask his disappointment. d) Alejandro will openly express resentment when he sees the gift, regardless of his age.
c) Even if Alejandro is 8 years old, he may not be able to successfully mask his disappointment.
Which of the following statements about cross-cultural variance in the variance in the development of self-concept is accurate? a) Children in many industrialized countries of Europe saw individuals who were preoccupied with personal concerns are maladjusted. b) Haitian children in south Florida had statistically lower scores on self-concept than white children. c) First Nations children in Canada develop self-concepts as part of an intergenerational knowledge transfer within their culture. d) The self-concept in Chinese children was found to be socially oriented across all domains.
c) First Nations children in Canada develop self-concepts as part of an intergenerational knowledge transfer within their culture.
In comparison to the data regarding the influence of televised violence, what conclusions can be drawn from the preliminary evidence regarding the impact of violent content in video games? a) Games have very little impact, because they are interactive, rather than passive. b) Games have a negligible impact, because children understand that the games do not represent real-life situations. c) Games cultivate aggressive habits in much the same way as televised violence does, but the competitive aspect of games adds an additional element for increased risk. d) Games are less harmful, because children are more likely to identify with the hero or heroine, rather than with the aggressor.
c) Games cultivate aggressive habits in much the same way as televised violence does, but the competitive aspect of games adds an additional element for increased risk.
Imagine that you are a preschool teacher and you suspect that your student Eric may be the victim of physical abuse. When his classmate Holly broke a classroom toy and began to cry, Eric did not respond in the same way as most of the other children. Based on this description, how did Eric respond to Holly's distress that aroused your suspicions? a) He approached Holly and gave her a hug. b) He ignored Holly's cries and continued playing with his toy. c) He became angry and slapped Holly. d) He asked you to help her fix the toy.
c) He became angry and slapped Holly.
When Wilson first saw a violent movie, he was frightened and distressed. But now that he has seen several such movies, he is barely affected by them. In fact, he often laughs with his friends when a character is killed. According to most developmentalists, why has Wilson's attitude changed? a) He has developed a mean-world belief. b) He has experienced violence indoctrination. c) He is desensitized to violence. d) He has developed a violent social stereotype.
c) He is desensitized to violence.
Which of the following outcomes is more likely to characterize a child who has experienced physical abuse as opposed to abuse through neglect? a) He or she flounders academically and may have to repeat a grade. b) He or she shows symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. c) He or she displays hostility and aggression and has disordered peer relationships. d) He or she forms resistant attachments to his or her parents.
c) He or she displays hostility and aggression and has disordered peer relationships.
Which of the following best describes an infant who has developed an attachment for a specific adult? a) He or she cries more in the presence of that specific adult. b) He or she smiles more at strangers. c) He or she maintains proximity with that specific adult. d) He or she becomes apathetic when not in the proximity of that specific adult.
c) He or she maintains proximity with that specific adult.
Raoul's mother wants to help him understand that failures are a part of learning and something that can be overcome. If she wants to motivate Raoul to succeed, which of the following should she tell him? a) He is smart b) The work was easy c) He tried a good strategy d) The work was very difficult
c) He tried a good strategy.
Gabriel's parents Hassan and Matt are gay men who are married. Based on this statement, what does research evidence predict for Gabriel's developmental outcomes relative to his peers being raised by heterosexual parents? a) He will be slower to develop a basic gender identity. b) He will be more likely to play with same-sex peers from early toddlerhood on. c) He will be just as cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature. d) He will show stronger gender intensification during adolescence.
c) He will be just as cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature.
William is a 22-year-old college student and he believes that "rules are rules," pure and simple. Furthermore, he is sure that if he breaks a rule, he will eventually be punished for it in some way. Into which of Piaget's stages of moral development does William's reasoning fit? a) Autonomous b) Conventional c) Heteronomous d) Premoral
c) Heteronomous
Consider this exchange between a parent and his or her two-year-old: "Let me help with that." Two-year-old: "I do it myself." Now consider this exchange between a parent and his or her 12-year-old child: "Where are you going?" "Out." "What are you going to do?" "Nothing." What do the determined two-year-old and the evasive 12-year-old have in common? a) His or her drive toward moral consistency b) His or her quest for heteronomous morality c) His or her quest for autonomy d) His or her drive toward identification
c) His or her quest for autonomy
Which of the following best describes the incompatible-response technique for reducing aggressive behaviour? a) Negatively reinforcing undesirable conduct and positively reinforcing cooperative acts such as sharing. b) Temporarily removing a child from the setting in which he or she is misbehaving. c) Ignoring undesirable conduct and reinforcing cooperative acts such as sharing. d) Modelling nonaggressive solutions to conflict.
c) Ignoring undesirable conduct and reinforcing cooperative acts such as sharing.
Moss's research on attachment-based intervention training programs with at risk mothers has yielded which of the following results? a) No change in attachment but a reduction in maltreatment. b) Reduction in resistant behaviour. c) Increased parental sensitivity compared to the control group. d) A rejection of Bowlby's ideas.
c) Increased parental sensitivity compared to the control group.
Felix received a D on his most recent term paper, and he doesn't think his grade is fair. Although his paper was not as good as most of the other students' papers in the class, he feels he deserves a better grade because he worked hard. Based on this description, Felix's emphasis on his perceived effort reflects which view of ability? a) Entity b) Approval-seeking c) Incremental d) Mastery
c) Incremental
Which of the following best summarizes the results of Shweder and colleagues' cross-cultural research comparing age-related changes in moral development of children living in India and in the United States? a) American children increasingly viewed issues as matters of universal moral principles, whereas Indian children did not. b) Both groups of children increasingly viewed issues as involving universal moral principles. c) Indian children increasingly viewed issues as matters of universal moral principles, whereas American children did not. d) Both groups of children increasingly viewed issues as involving universal moral principles.
c) Indian children increasingly viewed issues as matters of universal moral principles, whereas American children did not.
Of the following, which group of emotions is the earliest to appear? a) Embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride. b) Anger, surprise, fear, and sadness. c) Interest, distress, disgust, and contentment. d) Anger, contentment, guilt, and fear.
c) Interest, distress, disgust, and contentment.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding social competency? a) It is not dependent on relational context. b) It begins in young adulthood. c) It contributes to global self-esteem. d) It begins in early infancy.
c) It contributes to global self-esteem.
According to most developmentalists, what is the effect of interactions between children of different ages? a) It is detrimental because of the asymmetry of status, particularly for the younger child. b) It is stressful for most children and therefore avoided. c) It increases prosocial and leadership skills in older children and helps younger ones to learn when to seek assistance. d) It adds little because the experiences are redundant with sibling interactions.
c) It increases prosocial and leadership skills in older children and helps younger ones to learn when to seek assistance.
You are observing a mother interacting with her 1-year-old infant. When the mother departs for several minutes, the infant shows little or no distress. Based on this observation, what would you conclude regarding the infant's attachment relationship? a) It is secure b) It is resistant c) It is avoidant d) It is disorganized
c) It is avoidant
Which of the following conclusions regarding the stage sequences of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been supported by the findings of longitudinal studies? a) It varies with religious affiliation. b) It is highly inconsistent across cultures. c) It is invariant and consistent. d) It is invariant, but the criteria for each stage are inaccurate.
c) It is invariant and consistent.
According to current research findings, how does the context of the situation influence the expression of stranger anxiety? a) It is intensified if a stranger first approaches the caregiver rather than the child. b) It is reduced if a stranger first approaches the child and uses child-directed speech to engage his or her attention. c) It is reduced if a stranger interacts with the caregiver and then allows the child to participate in the interaction. d) It is intensified when caregivers greet the stranger in a friendly way.
c) It is reduced if a stranger interacts with the caregiver and then allows the child to participate in the interaction.
Which of the following best describes the research findings regarding the stability of aggression in males and females? a) It is stable over time for males but not females. b) It is unstable over time for males but not females. c) It is stable over time for both females and males. d) It is unstable over time for both males and females.
c) It is stable over time for both females and males.
What has been found to be the impact of television on children's lives? a) Negative in almost all measures of development b) Positive in the areas of family relations and academic achievement c) Less uniformly negative than many critics have claimed d) Positive on almost all measures of development
c) Less uniformly negative than many critics have claimed
What parental characteristic is positively correlated with the degree of sibling rivalry? a) Socioeconomic status b) Levels of educational achievement c) Level of marital conflict d) Efforts to monitor children's activities
c) Level of martial conflict
According to the research of Hildy Ross and Avigail Ram, the quickest and least negative resolutions between siblings in a play situation reflect what characteristics? a) Pre-existing positive sibling relationships b) Parental style c) Low-conflict situations d) High-conflict situations
c) Low-conflict situations
Even though Vincenzo is not very good at the logical reasoning required in his philosophy class, he looks forward to each lecture because he is interested in this topic. He views this course as a way to improve his skills. Given this scenario, which type of achievement orientation does Vincenzo have? a) Learned strategic b) Learned helplessness c) Mastery d) Relational
c) Mastery
Stewart investigated the nature of attachment relationships between siblings using a procedure like Ainsworth's strange situation task. Which of the following conclusions did his research evidence support? a) Evidence of an avoidant attachment was found only in siblings who have rarely shown sibling rivalry. b) Most of the infants reacted to their older sibling in ways that indicated an insecure attachment. c) Most of the infants reacted to their older sibling in ways that indicated a secure attachment. d) Older children with avoidant attachments to the parents were most likely to pay attention to the distress of their infant sibling.
c) Most of the infants reacted to their older sibling in ways that indicated a secure attachment.
According to Dunn's research, which mothers are most successful at promoting positive behaviours that their older children direct toward their younger sibling? a) Mothers who give the older child extra, focused attention and are sympathetic to the older child's brooding or negative responses b) Mothers who begin to reduce attention to the older child before the birth of a sibling to desensitize them to the coming events c) Mothers who give the older child quality time and actively discourage negative responses toward the infant d) Mothers who explain to the older child that negativity will not be tolerated and actively punish any negative responses
c) Mothers who give the older child quality time and actively discourage negative responses toward the infant
What is the term for a parent-child relationship characterized by shared positive affect? a) Mutually prosocial b) Mutual relational c) Mutually responsive d) Shared relational
c) Mutually responsive
Amanda is 14 years old, and for several years has been a victim of Julie and Julie's friends. Recently in desperation, Amanda turns around and tells Julie what she really thinks of her. Everyone in the hallway hears and becomes interested in the verbal screaming match. As a result, Julie and her friends no longer harass Amanda. In this case, Amanda's aggressive behaviour is likely to increase due to which principle of operant conditioning? a) Positive reinforcement b) Positive punishment c) Negative reinforcement d) Negative punishment
c) Negative reinforcement
Carter appears to be shy and somewhat withdrawn. He is not talkative, rarely tries to enter games with other children, and seldom calls attention to himself. Using sociometric techniques, how would you categorize Carter's peer status? a) Rejected b) Controversial c) Neglected d) Average status
c) Neglected
Which of the following is the most accurate generalization about the extent to which media technologies are part of an average Canadian child's life? a) The time spent in school far outranks the amount of time children are exposed to media technologies. b) Although media technology is a part of most children's lives, most children average only 30-60 minutes of viewing each day. c) Next to sleeping, exposure to media technology is the most prevalent activity in the average child's life. d) During the peak viewing years, children average six hours of program viewing daily.
c) Next to sleeping, exposure to media technology is the most prevalent activity in the average child's life.
Eder studies children's self-concepts by asking them to choose between two descriptive statements. Do her findings support those obtained using the method of self-description? a) Yes, self-description provides a good estimate of self-concept for children of all ages. b) No, self-description overestimates the understanding that younger children have of their own characteristics. c) No, self-description underestimates the understanding that younger children have of their own characteristics. d) They do partially; self-description provides a good estimate of self-concept only in elementary school-aged children.
c) No, self-description underestimates the understanding that younger children have of their own characteristics.
Qiang is watching a group of children who are playing with Lego blocks, and occasionally he makes comments such as "Want some more blocks?" On the other hand, he does not sit down and play with the Lego himself. Which form of play does Qiang's behaviour exemplify? a) Associative b) Cooperative c) Nonsocial d) Parallel
c) Nonsocial
Which of the following best exemplifies the cognitive-developmental explanation for development of attachment? a) Oral activities, such as sucking and eating, are reinforcing. b) The mother serves as a conditioned stimulus. c) Object permanence is acquired. d) Innate responses mature.
c) Object permanence is acquired.
What did a recent meta-analysis of the impact of Sesame Street worldwide report? a) Increases in preschool vocabularies but reductions in pre-reading skills b) A reduction in racial and ethnic stereotypes, but a simultaneous decrease in the likelihood of child viewers having ethnically diverse friends c) Overall positive cognitive gains d) Increases in literacy and numeracy, but a reduction in social reasoning
c) Overall positive cognitive gains
What characterizes the parent-child relationship when parents are authoritative? a) Parents are responsive, and children are free to express themselves. b) Parents are reserved and aloof, and children are ignored. c) Parents are responsive, and children are given considerable freedom within firm boundaries. d) Parents are reserved, and children are expected to exhibit strict obedience.
c) Parents are responsive, and children are given considerable freedom within firm boundaries.
According to Selman, what do children believe about others during the stage of social-informational role taking? a) Even when others have received the same information as they have, others may have a different perspective. b) Others will always share their perspective. c) Perspective differ only when the others have received different information than they have. d) All persons' perspectives match the view of the majority of the individuals within a group.
c) Perspectives differ only when the others have received different information than they have.
Gnepp tested the ability of 8-year-olds to make judgments of other children's traits. The children were asked to base their judgments of an unfamiliar child on a small sample of the child's previous behaviours. Which of the following best summarizes Gnepp's findings? a) There were no significant differences between the inferences made by popular children and by less-popular children. b) Popular children tended to outperform their less popular agemates because the popular children had more advanced role-taking skills. c) Popular children outperformed their less popular agemates, even when their role-taking skills were comparable. d) Regardless of whether they were labelled as popular of unpopular, children with good role-taking skills outperformed children with poor role-taking skills at this age.
c) Popular children outperformed their less popular agemates, even when their role-taking skills were comparable.
Josh and Matt are working side-by-side in a Grade 3 art class. Josh accidentally spills paint all over Matt's project. Matt doesn't say anything but he thinks to himself, "You did that on purpose because my project was better." If Matt then begins to plan to break Josh's sculpture, he would be classified as what type of aggressor? a) Reactive b) Physical c) Proactive d) Passive-aggressive
c) Proactive
What is the term that developmentalists use to classify victims of aggression who are themselves oppositional and irritating to their peers? a) Retaliatory b) Proactive c) Provocative d) Relational
c) Provocative
According to Hoffman, which disciplinary strategy is most effective in promoting moral maturity? a) Love-withdrawal b) Direct punishment c) Rationales d) Permissiveness
c) Rationales
According to research evidence, which of the following techniques is most likely to foster resistance to temptation in the absence of external surveillance? a) Punitive measures that arouse anxiety about committing the forbidden act. b) Rationales that spell out the negative consequences for committing the forbidden act. c) Rationales that spell out why committing the forbidden act is wrong. d) Nonpunitive measures that arouse fear of direction and punishment.
c) Rationales that spell out why committing the forbidden act is wrong.
If an individual at the preconventional level of moral reasoning had to choose between stealing and letting a loved one die, what would that person do? a) Refuse to steal because it is against the law. b) Steal because there is a social obligation to protect people we love. c) Refuse to steal because he or she might be caught and punished for stealing. d) Steal because human life is more important than societal law.
c) Refuse to steal because he or she might be caught and punished for stealing.
If an individual at the conventional level of moral reasoning had to choose between stealing and letting a loved one die, what would that person do? a) Refuse to steal because he or she might be caught and punished for stealing. b) Steal because people might get mad if the loved one dies. c) Refuse to steal because it was against the law. d) Steal because human life is more important than societal law.
c) Refuse to steal because it was against the law.
Suppose you conduct a longitudinal study of peer status in grade-school children. Your primary interest is to correlate patterns of peer status with an increased risk for antisocial behaviour later in life. Further suppose you replicate the findings of other research discussed in the textbook. What sociometric status did you find was associated with the highest risk? a) Controversial b) Neglected c) Rejected d) Rejected-withdrawn
c) Rejected
Based on current research findings, a difficult temperament is most likely to yield which form of attachment? a) Insecure b) Disorganized/disoriented c) Secure d) Habituated/dishabituated
c) Secure
Whereas some prosocial responses can be observed in children as young as 2 to 3 years of age, others are seldom observed until the elementary school years. What two responses are characteristics of this latter stage of development? a) Sympathy and helping b) Compassion and sharing c) Sharing and helping d) Sympathy and compassion
c) Sharing and helping
During her pregnancy, Melinda spent much time day-dreaming about her new baby. She always envisioned a happy smiling infant and the joy that she would have feeding and dressing and playing with her child. Unfortunately, Melinda's infant expressed a very difficult temperament after birth, and Melinda now finds herself disappointed. She finds her infant's behaviours aversive and reacts harshly to what she perceives as unreasonable demands. How would you characterize Melinda's reaction to her child? a) She lacks emotional regulation. b) She lacks competent emotional intelligence. c) She and her infant lack goodness-of-fit. d) She and her infant lack fulfillment of emotional expectancies.
c) She and her infant lack goodness-of-fit.
Which of the following abilities best describes understanding of emotional display rules? a) Recognizing other people's feelings. b) Recognizing one's own feelings. c) Suppressing negative emotions in favour of positive emotions. d) Adjusting the intensity of one's emotional respones.
c) Suppressing negative emotions in favour of positive emotions.
According to the child-effects model, which behavioural influences are most important to a child's developmental trajectory? a) That of the children in response to societal norms b) That of parents toward the children c) That of the children toward their parents d) That of the parents in response to societal norms
c) That of the children toward their parents
According to Patterson, what should be modified to reduce a child's aggression? a) The child's behaviour b) The parents' behaviours c) The family system d) The teachers' behaviours
c) The family system
How is an extended family unit defined? a) Some of the individuals are blood relatives, and some individuals are step relatives. b) The individuals are a mother, a father, and at least two dependent children. c) The individuals are blood relatives from more than one nuclear family who live together in the same household. d) Some of the individuals are unrelated through family, but live together in the same household.
c) The individuals are blood relatives from more than one nuclear family who live together in the same household.
Which of the following best describes the Japanese amae principle? a) The infant has an innate sense of superiority. b) The infant is wary of strangers from birth. c) The infant feels totally dependant on its mother. d) The infant feels comfortable in crowded places.
c) The infant feels totally dependant on its mother.
Which concept relates best to the finding that self-knowledge and self-esteem depend, to a large extent, on how others perceive and react to a child's behaviour? a) Self-appraisal b) Relational self-worth c) The looking-glass self d) Identity achievement
c) The looking-glass self
According to research findings, what data provide support for the link between secure attachments in infancy and later achievement motivation? a) The parents permit free exploration and impose few boundaries. b) The parents provide lavish praise. c) The parents provide more stimulating environments. d) The parents are more demanding of proper behaviour.
c) The parents provide more stimulating environments.
According to research findings, children typically show better adjustment to a divorce when they live with which parent? a) Their mother b) Their father c) The same-sex parent d) The opposite-sex parent
c) The same-sex parent
According to Dweck, which of the following would a child with a mastery orientation offer as a reason for failure on a test? a) The test was challenging. b) I am just not good at that subject. c) The test was unfair. d) I was unlucky.
c) The test was unfair.
How did 15-year-old students in Canada perform out of 72 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries? a) Their scores were significantly lower than scores of same-aged students in the United States. b) They outperformed students in Singapore. c) Their scores have improved substantially over time. d) They performed very differently depending on socioeconomic status.
c) Their scores have improved substantially over time.
How do LGBTQ2+ parents compare to heterosexual parents? a) They are superior parents to heterosexual parents. b) They are more likely to be authoritarian than heterosexual parents. c) They are as knowledgeable about effective child-rearing practices as heterosexual parents. d) They are less attached to their children than heterosexual parents.
c) They are as knowledgeable about effective child-rearing practices as heterosexual parents.
Based on recent research, which of the following describes the ability of 7-to 10-month-old infants to discriminate and interpret emotions? a) They are just beginning to discriminate emotions in others. b) They are clearly able to discriminate various emotions, but not yet able to interpret the emotions of others. c) They are clearly able to discriminate various emotions, to interpret the emotions of others, and show social referencing. d) They are not yet able to discriminate various emotions, to interpret the emotions of others, or to engage in social referencing.
c) They are clearly able to discriminate various emotions, to interpret the emotions of others, and show social referencing.
Based on current research evidence, which statement best describes adult and peer influences on adolescent socialization? a) They exert opposing pressures. b) There is an additive influence because peers and parents typically advocate the same behaviours. c) They are interactive forces working together to contribute to development. d) They are equal but unrelated influences.
c) They are interactive forces working together to contribute to development.
According to sociometric methods, what characterizes children who are categorized as neglected? a) They are actively disliked by most of their peers. b) They are liked by their peers but disliked by their teachers. c) They are neither liked nor disliked by their peers. d) They are liked by many of their peers and disliked by many of their peers.
c) They are neither liked nor disliked by their peers.
Which statement best summarizes behavioural outcomes of children of divorce? a) They fear intimacy and withdraw from relationships. b) They do not find happiness in love relationships. c) They are pessimistic about the success of their own marriages. d) They are optimistic that their own marriage will be successful.
c) They are pessimistic about the success of their own marriages.
How does the behaviour of custodial mothers change following a divorce? a) They become extremely warm and loving. b) They become very permissive and overindulgent. c) They become inconsistent in disciplining their children. d) They become extra sensitive to their children's needs.
c) They become inconsistent in disciplining their children.
What parental characteristic defines a simple stepparent home? a) They travel long distances to visit their other children. b) They have full-time careers outside the home. c) They do not both have biological children living in the home. d) The both have biological children living in the home.
c) They do not both have biological children living in the home.
Which of the following characterizes that developmental time course of wary reactions to strangers? a) They emerge at about 2 months but disappear by the age of 12 months. b) They emerge at about 9 months and gradually increase in intensity through to 24 months. c) They peak at 8 to 10 months and then gradually decline in intensity. d) They peak at about 24 months and then rapidly decline in intensity.
c) They peak at about 8 to 10 months and then gradually decline in intensity.
Which of the following best summarizes the recent Canadian statistics regarding childbearing among married couples? a) They have children immediately once they are married, but have fewer children. b) They postpone childbearing, but then have multiple children closely spaced together in age. c) They postpone childbearing and opt for a small number of children. d) They have children immediately once they are married, and have multiple children closely spaced in age.
c) They postpone childbearing and opt for a small number of children.
Which of the following descriptions best characterizes the role of synchronous exchanges in the development of attachment? a) They promote reciprocal attachment only if the infant has an easy temperament. b) They promote the formation of an infant's attachment to the caregiver, but have little impact on the caregiver's attachment to the infant. c) They promote reciprocal attachment between caregivers and infants. d) They promote the formation of a caregiver's attachment to the infant, but have little impact on the infant's attachment to the caregiver.
c) They promote reciprocal attachment between caregivers and infants.
In comparison to children who rarely view Sesame Street, what characterizes children who are heavy viewers of this program? a) They show insecure attachments. b) They are bored by other television shows. c) They show meaningful cognitive gains. d) They are often rated as gifted by their teachers.
c) They show meaningful cognitive gains.
Talia wants her twins to be well prepared when they enter Grade 1, but she has heard conflicting evidence about the impact of educational television programs on children's cognitive development. Because you are taking a course in developmental psychology, Talia asks for your advice. Based on the evidence from the research studies reviewed in the text, what is the best information you could provide regarding the long-term effects on children who watch these types of programs? a) They are more likely to develop problems with executive functions and will have trouble paying attention to classroom lessons. b) They typically score lower on cognitive tests than peers who watch little or no TV. c) They tend to be better prepared for learning when they begin formal schooling. d) They show definite cognitive gains, but are more likely to show deficits in their socialization skills.
c) They tend to be better prepared for learning when they begin formal schooling.
Which of the following best characterizes the effect on the infant when the mother is severely depressed? a) They are still generally able to form a secure parent-infant attachment relationship. b) They tend to become hyperactive and fussy, developing a difficult temperament. c) They tend to become angry and may mimic her depressive symptoms. d) They will develop disorganized attachments.
c) They tend to become angry and may mimic her depressive symptoms.
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence from cross-cultural studies of attachment styles? a) They are quite consistent across both industrialized and nonindustrialized societies. b) They very markedly from culture to culture and seem to reflect differences in child-rearing orientations. c) They vary somewhat with child-rearing goals, but most infants in all cultures develop secure attachment relationships. d) They are consistent across industrialized societies.
c) They vary somewhat with child-rearing goals, but most infants in all cultures develop secure attachment relationships.
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding children's compelling need to remain "connected"? a) Internet addiction is a recognized disorder in the DSM-5. b) The compulsion to constantly check messages and to be connected reduces anxiety and depression. c) Thirty-nine percent of children and young adolescents sleep with their phones. d) Children diagnosed with ADHD show reduced symptoms given the distraction of remaining connected.
c) Thirty-nine percent of children and young adolescents sleep with their phones.
Which grade-school children face the greatest risk of serious adjustment problems later in life? a) Those who are controversial children during grade school b) Those who are neglected by their peers during grade school c) Those who are rejected by their peers during grade school d) Those whose peer acceptance status is very unstable
c) Those who are rejected by their peers during grade school
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately reflect statements in the text regarding infants and children and their daily average of media exposure? a) Forty-three percent of infants under one-year-of-age access some type of mobile computer device every day. b) Seventy-six percent of 2-year-olds access some type of mobile computer device every day. c) Total exposure to media technology for 2- to 4-year-olds can reach as high as three hours a day. d) Total use of media technology for 4- to 8-year-olds can reach as high as seven hours a day.
c) Total exposure to media technology for 2- to 4-year-olds can reach as high as three hours a day.
123. When Amber's father picked her up from her preschool class on Wednesday, he was surprised to find that she had learned eight new words that day. According to Vygotsky, what type of development does Amber's increased vocabulary represent? a. ontogenetic b. sociohistorical c. phylogenetic d. microgenetic
d. microgenetic
Farid believes that in his role as parent he influences his children, but he also believes that they influence his behaviour as well. This type of belief is consistent with which model of family interaction? a) Parent-effects model b) Child-effects model c) Transactional model d) Family-effects model
c) Transactional model
Which of the following characterizes the research findings regarding the effect of socioeconomic status on child- rearing practices? a) There are no consistent differences in parenting style that are dependent on social class. b) Upper- and middle-class parents place more stress on respect for authority, and staying out of trouble. c) Upper- and middle-class parents tend to be more authoritative and place more stress on independence and ambition. d) Economically disadvantaged and working-class parents tend to be more permissive and stress the importance of independence and ambition.
c) Upper- and middle-class parents tend to be more authoritative and place more stress on independence and ambition.
Which of a child's peers are most often the targets of a habitual bully's aggression? a) Any of their peers b) Other aggressive children c) Weak, socially isolated children d) Children who cause them accidental harm
c) Weak, socially isolated children
According to researchers, when do children first begin to assess their competence by using a peer group for reference? a) As soon as a sense of categorical self is firmly established. b) During the early preschool years. c) When they enter the stage of industry versus inferiority. d) When they enter the stage of identity versus role confusion.
c) When they enter the stage of industry versus inferiority.
Which of the following is associated with research examining the DRD4 receptor gene in children? a) Parental effects on the child's temperament/personality are striking in the early years but have no discernable impact by middle childhood. b) Maternal levels of positive emotionality predicted shyness in children. c) Young children demonstrated lower effortful control in the context of negative parenting behaviors. d) Parental factors had little effect on their children's emotions at any age.
c) Young children demonstrated lower effortful control in the context of negative parenting behaviours.
139. speech? Which statement best characterizes Vygotsky's interpretation of private a. It is meaningless, egocentric commentary on self-actions. b. It is an attempt to exclude others from a child's activities. c. It is active verbal output that guides one's t thoughts. d. It is a passive verbal report of one's thoughts.
c. It is active verbal output that guides one's t thoughts.
41. Garth tells you that his 10-year-old cousin Amanda recently completed an intelligence test that translated raw scores into deviation IQ scores. Garth knows that Amanda's score was 120, but he is not sure what this means. What should you tell him regarding Amanda's score? a. She scored below the mean for her age group. b. She answered 120 questions correctly on the test. c. She scored above the mean for her age group. d. She answered the same number of questions correctly as the average 12-year-old child.
c. She scored above the mean for her age group.
92. Richard is not yet able to sort a group of 10 different-sized buttons from the largest to the smallest. Based on Piaget's theory, what has Richard failed to develop? a. a scheme for conservation of size b. a scheme for understanding reversibility c. an understanding of the seriation operation d. an understanding of the spatial operation
c. an understanding of the seriation operation
10. How can the research goal of description be summarized? a. as How b. as Best c. as What d. as Why
c. as What
6. What is the Piagetian term for an organized pattern of thought or action that the child constructs to make sense of his or her experience? a. adaptation b. concept c. scheme d. accommodation
c. scheme
71. In order to better understand the factors that might produce exceptional skills, Dr. Zittleman carefully observed and extensively questioned three child prodigies. Based on this information, what type of research was Dr. Zittleman conducting? a. case study b. correlational c. survey d. experimental
case study
72. Which research method did Darwin and others use in compiling their "baby biographies"? a. structured observation b. cross-sectional comparison c. case study d. clinical interview
case study
93. What is the developmental outcome of short-term malnutrition in childhood? a. physical and mental retardation, even after nutrition improves b. smaller stature for his or her age, even after nutrition improves c. catch-up growth when nutrition improves d. marasmus when nutrition improves
catch-up growth when nutrition improves
11. Which principle of development does the disproportionately large size of the neonate's head relative to his or her trunk and legs reflect? a. proximodistal b. cephalodistal c. cephalocaudal d. proximocaudal
cephalocaudal
46. Infants and children typically show earlier motor and muscular control of activities involving the neck and upper extremities than those involving the legs. Which of the following is responsible for this developmental trend? a. plasticity b. lateralization c. proximodistal d. cephalocaudal
cephalocaudal
12. What does ideographic development consist of? a. changes that characterize most individuals b. changes that are specific to the individual c. changes that result from the unfolding of a genetic "blueprint" d. changes that optimize developmental outcomes
changes that are specific to the individual
11. What does normative development consist of? a. changes that characterize most individuals b. changes that are specific to the individual c. changes that result from experience and environmental influences d. changes that optimize developmental outcomes
changes that characterize most individuals
84. As an infant, Sabrina habituated very rapidly to changes in her environment. Now that it is time to enter school, the teacher tells Sabrina's parents that he thinks Sabrina should be tested for placement in a special class. Based on research on infant habituation, what type of child would be included in this class? a. children with advanced intellectual skills b. children with visual impairments c. children with general cognitive delay d. children with attention deficit disorder
children with advanced intellectual skills
77. Francine and her husband Jack are carriers of a genetic defect that results in a fatal metabolic disorder. Francine has just been told that she is pregnant. Which prenatal testing procedure would give Francine and Jack the earliest and most informative results regarding the health of their fetus? a. ultrasound b. amniocentesis c. chorionic villus sampling d. genetic imprinting
chorionic villus sampling
95. According to research evidence, which principle of learning best accounts for the effect of specific stimuli on the formation of our attitudes, emotions, fears, and prejudices? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. habituation d. shaping
classical conditioning
130. Lochlain uses the Gaelic word for truck when conversing in English with his English-speaking grandparents. What does this represent? a. morphological misunderstanding b. an overregularization c. an underextension d. code-mixing
code-mixing
131. Maria uses the Italian word for soup when conversing in English with her English-speaking grandparents. What does this represent? a. morphological understanding b. code-mixing c. an underextension d. an overregularization
code-mixing
132. David uses the Cree word for blanket when conversing in English with his English-speaking grandparents. What does this represent? a. code-mixing b. an overregularization c. an underextension d. morphological misunderstanding
code-mixing
43. Children of mixed-race parents often have skin that is lighter than that of one parent but darker than that of the other parent. What genetic factor accounts for this outcome? a. recessive traits b. genetic mutations and crossing-over c. codominance of traits d. transmission of sex-linked characteristics
codominance of traits
63. When comparing language production and language comprehension, what general pattern of development has been revealed? a. none, because it depends on the particular item or syntactic structure being considered b. production and comprehension generally proceed at about the same rate c. production is typically ahead of comprehension d. comprehension is typically ahead of production
comprehension is typically ahead of production
89. Mastering which cognitive process is the hallmark achievement of the concrete operational period? a. conservation b. permanent transitivity c. centration d. abstract reasoning
conservation
90. When a child recognizes that the physical properties of objects remain the same, despite changes in appearance, what has been mastered? a. inductive reasoning b. centration c. conservation d. object permanence
conservation
53. Daphne Maurer and colleagues demonstrated a developmental progression in the ability to use different pieces of information for face recognition. According to their research findings, what is the correct developmental sequence? a. contours/features/configural processing b. features/contours/configural processing c. configural processing/features/ contours d. contours/configural processing/features
contours/features/configural processing
83. What is the term for a systematic relationship between two measured variables? a. correlated b. controlled c. congruent d. contingent
correlated
17. Genetic uniqueness is ensured by the Mendelian principle of independent assortment and by another process that occurs during meiosis. What is that process? a. crossing-over b. gene transformation c. polygenic inheritance d. gene splicing
crossing-over
Low-SES parents are more inclined to endorse aggressive solutions to conflict, and to encourage their children to respond forcefully when provoked by peers. The development of what personality characteristics are fostered by these practices? a) An instrumental attribution bias, resulting in the child becoming a proactive aggressor. b) A learned-helpless orientation, resulting in the child becoming a passive victim. c) A resentful orientation, resulting in the child becoming a chronic bully. d) A hostile attributional bias, resulting in the child becoming a reactive aggressor.
d) A hostile attributional bias, resulting in the child becoming a reactive aggressor.
According to working-models theory, what model do infants who form primary attachments construct? a) Negative models of themselves and their caregivers. b) A negative model of themselves, coupled with a positive model of others. c) Positive model of themselves and their caregivers. d) A positive model of themselves, coupled with a negative model of others.
d) A positive model of themselves, coupled with a negative model of others.
Studies of adopted children have shown that adoptees often display higher rates of learning difficulties and emotional problems when compared to their peers who are raised by their biological parents. According to the textbook, what is one reason for this? a) Adoptive parents tend to be older and are less likely to be responsive to the needs of the adopted child. b) Most adoptive parents fail to develop strong emotional ties to their adopted children. c) Adoptive parents have smaller families and are more likely to be demanding and controlling in their parenting style. d) Adopted children are more likely to have special needs or other pre-existing conditions.
d) Adopted children are more likely to have special needs or other pre-existing conditions.
Adoption practices in some countries are changing from a confidential system to a more open system. Which statement best summarizes the preliminary research evidence on the presence of the birth mother in a child's life? a) Adopted children who have no contact with their birth mothers are more likely to be securely attached to their adoptive parent. b) Contact with the birth mother disrupts the attachment relationship the adopted child has with the adoptive parent. c) Contact with the birth mother undermines self-esteem in adopted children. d) Adopted children are more satisfied with information about their roots when they can share information or have contact with their birth mothers.
d) Adopted children are more satisfied with information about their roots when they can share information or have contact with their birth mothers.
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the principle of learned helplessness? a) Yusuf pushes at the door, but the door does not open because it is locked. Even though the door is always locked, Yusuf keeps trying to open it. b) Normally, Petra wakes up, climbs out of her crib, and opens the door. This morning the door would not open, but Petra kept trying to push it open. c) Whenever Mateo tried to open the door in the past, it was locked and would not open. One day, Mateo tried to open the door and was surprised that his effort was successful. d) Ajla tries to open the closest door several times, but each time it does not open because it is locked. This morning the door was not locked, but Ajla did not bother to try to open it.
d) Ajla tries to open the closet door several times, but each time it does not open because it is locked. This morning the door was not locked, but Ajla did not bother to try to open it.
Marcel is an even-tempered baby who always seems to be smiling and gurgling, and his parents can count on him to be sleepy when it is nap time. Based on this description how would you categorize Marcel's temperament? a) As slow to warm up. b) As difficult. c) As disengaged. d) As easy.
d) As easy
Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence for the phases of primary attachments, from earliest to latest? a) Multiple attachments/asocial/specific attachments b) asocial/multiple attachments/specific attachments c) Multiple attachments/specific attachments/asocial d) Asocial/specific attachments/multiple attachments
d) Asocial/specific attachments/multiple attachments
If the behaviour of a child's primary attachment figure changes substantially, how will this affect the child's attachment relationship with the caregiver? a) Once a secure or insecure attachment is formed, it does not change. b) Only secure attachments will change. c) Only insecure attachments will change. d) Both secure and insecure attachments can change.
d) Both secure and insecure attachments can change.
Which of the following theorists' research is most compatible with the family social system approach? a) Piaget b) Freud c) Vygotsky d) Bronfenbrenner
d) Bronfenbrenner
According to Gilligan's research, the definition of morality should be broadened to include which of the following concerns? a) Rights and intentions b) Intentions and justice c) Emotional responses d) Caring and interpersonal relationships
d) Caring and interpersonal relationships
Research findings support the conclusion that mothers who have less education are more likely to exhibit what type of disciplinary style? a) Permissive b) Uninvolved c) Self-discipline d) Coercive
d) Coercive
At what stage of cognitive development do children first begin to understand that a person can experience two or more emotions at the same time? a) Early preoperational b) Late preoperational c) Formal operational d) Concrete operational
d) Concrete operational
Daphne is 11 months old and her brother Nillson is 2 years old. On a recent visit their aunt brought her new puppy with her, and watched both children's reactions when she first set the puppy on the floor. Given your knowledge of social referencing, how did Daphne and Nillson respond? a) Nillson looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy, whereas Daphne looked at her after approaching the puppy. b) Both children looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy. c) Both children approached the puppy before looking at their aunt. d) Daphne looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy, whereas Nillson looked at their aunt after approaching the puppy.
d) Daphne looked at their aunt before approaching the puppy, whereas Nillson looked at their aunt after approaching the puppy.
Infants who display the least common attachment style show an unusual, mixed reaction when their mother returns following a brief separation. What is the term for this type of attachment? a) Habituated/dishabituated b) Resistant c) Avoidant d) Disorganized/disoriented
d) Disorganized/disoriented
When does a child begin to display complex emotions? a) At 4 weeks of age. b) During the first year of life. c) During the second year of life. d) During the third year of life.
d) During the third year of life.
According to research evidence, what is most effective in promoting academic achievement among underachieving minority students? a) Directly teach children and parents the importance of learning about the language and culture of the majority. b) Routinely pass underachieving children during the elementary years so they will not get discouraged and drop out of school. c) Place underachieving children in the lower-ability track so they will be challenged at their level and not be frustrated. d) Encourage parents to become active participants in their child's academic and other school-related activities.
d) Encourage parents to become active participants in their child's academic and other school-related activities.
Following remarriage and establishment of a blended family, what characteristic is of particular benefit to boys? a) Sharing a room with step-siblings b) Practising role-taking skills with their stepmother c) Becoming more dependent on their biological mother d) Gaining a male role model in the form of a caring stepfather
d) Gaining a male role model in the form of a caring stepfather
According to Kohlberg, what form of moral reasoning predominates during adolescence and emerging adulthood? a) Naive hedonism b) Morality of contract c) Moral relativism d) Good boy/good girl morality
d) Good boy/good girl morality
What impacts the long-term success of social skills training? a) Age, with adolescents in established peer groups showing greater gains than adolescents without established peer groups b) Gender, with boys showing greater rates of improvement than girls c) Having passive, inhibited friends d) Having coercive, mistrusting parents
d) Having coercive, mistrusting parents
Data collected from a variety of research programs supports which conclusion regarding the presence of siblings for a child? a) Having siblings is necessary for optimal social and cognitive development. b) Having siblings prevents children from becoming selfish and egocentric. c) Having siblings threatens a child's sense of emotional security and instrumental competence. d) Having siblings has some advantages but is not necessary for successful development.
d) Having siblings has some advantages but is not necessary for successful development.
What is the critical characteristic of a person who commits an act of hostile aggression? a) He or she is frustrated by someone or something. b) He or she acts impulsively rather than with thought or deliberation. c) He or she experiences anger or some other strong emotion. d) He or she inflicts harm for its own sake, rather than as a means to an end.
d) He or she inflicts harm for its own sake, rather than as a means to an end.
Why has Hoffman's conclusion that rationale-based induction is the most effective disciplinary technique been criticized? a) He tested as few as four children in some treatment conditions. b) He did not compare male and female children. c) He applied physical discipline to children in some research groups. d) He was unable to establish a casual link between induction and morality.
d) He was unable to establish a casual link between induction and morality.
Thomas finds a wallet full of cash on the counter of the men's restroom. He immediately turns it in to campus security. If Thomas generally reasons at Kohlberg's Stage 2, how would he most likely justify his actions? a) He would be punished for keeping the wallet b) His act helped to maintain social order c) He is a good person, and good people perform acts of kindness d) His action is likely to be rewarded
d) His action is likely to be rewarded
When a person observes a model engage in an altruistic behaviour, such as donating to a charity, what effect does it have on the observer's future behaviour? a) Little effect on willingness to donate, regardless of setting b) Immediate effects on willingness to donate, if assessed in the same setting c) Immediate and long-term increases in willingness to donate, if assessed in the same setting d) Immediate and long-term increases in willingness to donate, even when assessed in a different setting
d) Immediate and long-term increases in willingness to donate, even when assessed in a different setting
Carlos is often involved in incidents of proactive aggression. Which of the following would be the best technique for his parents and teachers to use to reduce his proactive aggression? a) Social-cognitive training b) Negative reinforcement combined with modelling and coaching c) Incompatible-response combined with negative reinforcement d) Incompatible-response combined with time outs
d) Incompatible-response combined with time outs.
According to the findings from cross-cultural research studies, what factor best accounts for differences in academic achievement? a) Age of entry to formal schooling b) Amount of time spent completing homework c) Parental expectations and involvement d) Instructional style and parental expectations and involvement
d) Instructional style and parental expectations and involvement
Which of the following best characterizes the timing of the development of an infant's sense of self? a) It is present from the time of birth. b) It is well established by the age of 6 months. c) It is fully formed by the age of 12 months. d) It develops gradually over the first two years of life.
d) It develops gradually over the first two years of life.
What aspect of Kohlberg's theory provided the core extension of Piaget's view of moral reasoning? a) It develops earlier. b) It develops in variable stages. c) It is more closely tied to stages of cognitive development. d) It extends far beyond early adolescence.
d) It extends far beyond early adolescence.
What conclusion can be drawn from research on the impact of Sesame Street on intellectual and academic measures as a result of regular viewing of the program? a) It has benefited only already advantaged children. b) It has benefited only moderately disadvantaged children. c) It has widened the intellectual and academic gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children. d) It has narrowed the intellectual and academic gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children.
d) It has narrowed the intellectual and academic gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children.
According to Piaget, why might equal-status contact with peers lead to autonomous morality? a) It increases the child's respect for authority. b) It undermines the child's self-respect and self-confidence. c) It provides additional models for moral behaviour. d) It illustrates that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed.
d) It illustrates that rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed.
What effect does the addition of a stepfather have on the custodial mother's children? a) It produces a loss of self-esteem in boys, but not in girls. b) It increases acting-out behaviour in both boys and girls. c) It produces depression and withdrawal in boys. d) It increases self-esteem in boys.
d) It increases self-esteem in boys.
Which of the following best describes the authoritative pattern of parenting? a) It is warm, and children are free to express themselves as they see fit. b) It is fair but reserved, and children know the rules and the consequences for breaking the rules. c) It is reserved and aloof, and few demands are placed on the children. d) It is warm, and children are allowed considerable freedom within firmly established guidelines.
d) It is warm, and children are allowed considerable freedom within firmly established guidelines.
In general, how does universalistic moral thinking change as a person ages? a) It remains stable b) It always increases c) It always decreases d) It my increase or decrease
d) It may increase or decrease
What development has the regulation of emotion in young children been found to be related to? a) Autonomy b) Internal working model of attachment c) Object permanence d) Language skills
d) Language skills
According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues, what behavioural outcome is associated with behavioural control for discipline? a) Anxiety and depression b) Antisocial tendencies in adolescence c) Animosity toward others d) Low self-esteem
d) Low self-esteem
Which of the following consequences is NOT associated with higher amounts of television viewing and use of screen technologies in children? a) Poor diet and limited exercise b) A higher risk for future obesity c) Exposure to inappropriate adult content d) Lowered risk for anxiety and depression
d) Lowered risk for anxiety and depression
Which of the following is most likely to be facilitated by the emergence of mature role-taking skills in a child? a) Personal agency b) Attribution identity c) Multiple social contacts d) Meaningful friendships
d) Meaningful friendships
What do we call a person's ability to understand how information is conveyed and presented through symbols such as pictures, images, and sequenced film? a) Media cognition b) Observational learning through media c) Technological exposure d) Media literacy
d) Media literacy
In comparing families today with those of 50 years ago, which of the following statements is the most accurate? a) Adults are having more children due to increased resources. b) Adults are marrying at earlier and earlier ages. c) Fewer married adults live in poverty. d) More adults are deciding not to marry at all.
d) More adults are deciding not to marry at all.
A mother claims that her 8-month-old daughter sometimes hangs her head in shame and seems embarrassed when disciplined. According to recent research findings, is the mother's claim valid? a) Yes, because these emotional displays are evident within the first year. b) Yes, because by that age children have acquired for self-evaluation. c) No, because distinct emotions do not emerge until the first year. d) No, because infants that age do not have the cognitive maturity and self-recognition that lie behind those emotions.
d) No, because infants that age do not have the cognitive maturity and self-recognition that lie behind those emotions.
Based on current research evidence, which of the following best describes the contribution of shared and nonshared environmental influences on temperament? a) Shared environmental influences and shared environmental contributors to an individual's temperament. b) Nonshared environmental influences and shared environmental influences contribute equally to an individual's temperament. c) Shared environmental influences have little, if any, impact on an individual's temperament. d) Nonshared environmental influences are the strongest environmental contributors to an individual's temperament.
d) Nonshared environmental influences are the strongest environmental contributors
From observational research, the number of altercations between very young siblings can be very high. Many of these contentious interactions continue during the preschool and grade-school years. What happens to the behaviour of siblings in these cases? a) Older siblings tend to become more compliant, whereas younger siblings tend to become more dominant and aggressive. b) Both the older and the younger siblings tend to become more dominant and less compliant. c) Older brothers tend to become more dominant and aggressive, whereas older sisters tend to become more compliant. d) Older siblings tend to become more dominant and aggressive, whereas younger siblings tend to become more compliant.
d) Older siblings tend to become more dominant and aggressive, whereas younger siblings tend to become more compliant.
Tobias comes from an economically disadvantaged background, and he has typically performed poorly in school. His parents are sensitive to his needs and wonder if a change in teaching style would be beneficial. According to Good and Brophy, what type of teacher should they look for to increase Tobias's success? a) One who encourages competition between students b) One who provides opportunities for the students to do independent work c) One who is very demanding d) One who is warm and encouraging
d) One who is warm and encouraging
What did Katz and colleagues call an organized set of feelings and thoughts that parents have about their own emotions and those of their children? a) Maternal characterization of temperament (MCT). b) Parental promotion of complex emotional understanding (PPCEU). c) Parental emotional display rules (PEDR). d) Parental meta-emotion philosophy (PMEP).
d) Parental meta-emotion philosophy (PMEP).
What characterizes the parent-child relationship when parents are authoritarian? a) Parents are responsive, and children are free to express themselves. b) Parents are reserved and aloof, and children are ignored. c) Parents are responsive, and children are given considerable freedom within firm boundaries. d) Parents are reserved, and children are expected to exhibit strict obedience.
d) Parents are reserved, and children are expected to exhibit strict obedience.
Compared to both nonaggressive and proactive-aggressive children, what type of aggression characterizes a reactive aggressor? a) Relational b) Instrumental d) Passive d) Physical
d) Physical
Which of the following best summarizes the findings of Goodenough's research regarding patterns of aggression between the ages of 3 and 5 years? a) Verbal aggression gradually declined and was replaced by physical aggression. b) Physical aggression gradually increased, replacing relational aggression. c) A slow, steady decline was observed for all forms of aggression. d) Physical aggression gradually declined and was replaced by verbal aggression.
d) Physical aggression gradually declined and was replaced by verbal aggression.
In which of Piaget's stages of moral-development are children either unaware of rules or make up rules informally while they play? a) Moderate b) Heteronomous c) Autonomous d) Premoral
d) Premoral
According to the ethological perspective, what is the basis for the development of attachment? a) Pleasure derived from oral activities such as sucking and feeding. b) The mother acting as a conditioned stimulus for positive outcomes. c) The maturation of the infant's concept of object permanence. d) Preprogrammed responses that help to initiate or maintain contact between infant and mother.
d) Preprogrammed responses that help to initiate or maintain contact between infant and mother.
Which of the following research designs would you recommend to an elementary school teacher who wanted to assess the relationship between her students' sociometric popularity and their career success at age 25? a) Retrospective b) Case c) Ethnographic d) Prospective
d) Prospective
Gavin is described as trying to dominate and control his peers. He is also described as a braggart, who is uncooperative, critical, and hypersensitive to criticism. Using sociometric techniques, how would you categorize Gavin's peer status? a) Neglected b) Antisocial c) Controversial d) Rejected-aggressive
d) Rejected-aggressive
Which of the following statements regarding Canadian research on self-esteem is accurate? a) Self-esteem programs in schools are largely unsuccessful. b) Global self-worth develops independently of aerobic fitness and body mass index in children. c) Boys are less concerned about body image than girls are. d) School programs aimed at improving body image in preadolescents make an overall improvement in feelings of self-esteem.
d) School programs aimed at improving body image in preadolescents make an overall improvement in feelings of self-esteem.
Naadir feels proud that he can help to fix things around the house and tutor his brother in math. What is Naadir's pride in his skills called? a) Identity b) Self-control c) Self-concept d) Self-esteem
d) Self-esteem
Which of the following best represents the research findings regarding changes to self-esteem as children get older? a) Self-esteem decreases for most children. b) Self-esteem decreases only for socially immature children. c) Self-esteem decreases for males to greater degree than it does for females. d) Self-esteem depends on both how children view themselves and how they are viewed by others.
d) Self-esteem depends on both how children view themselves and how they are viewed by others.
Maddie is drawn to violent television programs and horror movies. Despite reassurance by her parents, she has become afraid of other people and is convinced that she may come to harm. Based on this description, how would a developmentalist account for Maddie's fear? a) She has experienced desensitization. b) She had experienced indoctrination. c) She holds a socially ambiguous stereotype. d) She holds a mean-world belief.
d) She holds a mean-world belief.
According to Harter, how do 8-year-old children rate themselves regarding their social, cognitive, and physical competencies? a) Uniformly high or low in all domains b) Understanding their competencies c) Overestimating their competencies d) Similarly to how teachers and peers perceive them
d) Similarly to how teachers and peers perceive them
Dalisy started elementary school last year. She never seemed to want to play any of the new games that her classmates invented at recess, and now her classmates don't include her when they plan games or activities. Based on the research by Thomas and Chess, what type of temperament is Dalisy most likely to have? a) Difficult b) Easy c) Disengaged d) Slow to warm up
d) Slow to warm up
Developing an insecure attachment during infancy is associated with which of the following long-term outcomes? a) A lack of autonomy and greater dependence on adults during the preschool years. b) Poor adjustment and psychosocial problems in adolescence. c) Decreased peer popularity in adolescence. d) Social and emotional withdrawal, and lower levels of curiosity during the preschool years.
d) Social and emotional withdrawal, and lower levels of curiosity during the preschool years.
What is the term for the process by which children acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviours that are considered desirable within their society? a) Social actualization b) Social intensification c) Social identification d) Socialization
d) Socialization
Based on cross-cultural research, a strong positive correlation between age and level of moral maturity has been reported in various settings. Does this finding support or disconfirm Kohlberg's theory? a) Disconfirm b) Partially support and partially disconfirm c) Theoretically neutral with respect to Kohlberg d) Support
d) Support
Which of the following do the textbook authors argue is in part responsible for ethnic differences in school achievement? a) Lower overall ability b) Peer rejection c) Explicit negative stereotyping d) Teacher expectancy effects
d) Teacher expectancy effects
Which of the following best describes the entity view of ability? a) The belief that one's ability can be improved through increased effort and practice. b) The tendency to persist at challenging tasks after previously failing at those tasks. c) The tendency to make external-unstable attributions for successes and failures. d) The belief that ability to not influenced much by effort or practice.
d) The belief that ability is not influenced much by effort or practice.
Research has shown that the aggression-instigating effects of active, violent video games are greater than those of passive program exposure to violence. However, what does research by Adachi and Willoughby suggest? a) There is no link between violent video games and increased levels of aggression in children. b) These effects are particularly pronounced in early elementary school and are not of concern as children get older and more cognitively mature. c) Only sexualized content increases levels of aggression in children. d) The competitive element to violent video games is linked to increased levels of aggression in children.
d) The competitive element to violent video games is linked to increased levels of aggression in children.
Which of the following best captures the research findings of Gurucharri and Selman's five-year longitudinal study of the development of role-taking skills? a) They do not depend on the social context. b) They develop in an invariant, stage-like sequence. c) They do not depend on general cognitive development. d) They develop in an invariant, stage-like sequence.
d) The develop in an invariant, stage-like sequence.
Research findings support the conclusion that urban African American parents are more likely to exhibit coercive and controlling styles of parenting. What did the textbook authors conclude from this finding? a) This style of no-nonsense parenting is maladaptive. b) This parenting style represents a pattern of hostility that requires behavioural intervention to affect a course correction and longer-term change. c) This finding is problematic because authoritarian parenting has been shown to be the optimal form of parenting for all cultures and subcultures. d) The middle-class pattern of authoritarian parenting may not be the most adaptive pattern for all ecological niches.
d) The middle-class pattern of authoritarian parenting may not be the most adaptive pattern for all ecological niches.
According to Koschanska's integrative theory of attachment, what is/are the most important contributor(s) to attachment? a) The parents quality of caregiving b) The infant's own temperament c) The personalities of others in the home d) The parents' caregiving and the infant's temperament
d) The parents' caregiving and the infant's temperament
According to the findings of Whiting's cross-cultural research, what societal characteristics tend to produce children with higher levels of altruistic behaviour? a) The country is industrialized. b) Resources are plentiful, and cost of living is low. c) The society stresses the norm of individualized, nuclear families. d) The society stresses the norm of communal, family living.
d) The society stresses the norm of communal, family living.
According to Piaget, what characterizes the moral reasoning of 10- to 12-year-olds? a) Their belief that accidents such as falling down or losing something are punishments for misdeeds. b) Their focus on the magnitude of the misdeed rather than the harmdoer's intentions. c) Their belief that rules are absolutes in games and in life. d) Their focus on the harmdoer's intentions rather than the magnitude of the misdeed.
d) Their focus on the harmdoer's intentions rather than the magnitude of the misdeed.
Based on current research, what is the most likely long-term outcome for the relationships of a child who was raised in a stepparent family consisting of a biological father and a stepmother? a) Their relationships in the family will be fraught with conflict. b) Their relationships in the family will be trouble-free. c) Their relationships in the family will be avoidant. d) Their relationships in the family will become stronger over time.
d) Their relationships in the family will become stronger over time.
Which of the following best captures the view of most developmentalists regarding peer contacts? a) They play no special role in children's development. b) They are a source of pressure that can interfere with cognitive development. c) They are stressful because of unfavourable social and skill-level comparisons. d) They are important because they are more equal status than adult-child contacts.
d) They are important because they are more equal status than adult-child contacts.
Which conclusion is best supported by current research evidence regarding the sexual orientation of most children who are reared by cohabiting same-sex parents? a) They voluntarily choose gay or lesbian orientations because of social learning. b) They have genetic factors that increase the likelihood of being gay or lesbian. c) They become gay or lesbian themselves due to cognitive schemas. d) They are just as likely to be heterosexual as are children who are reared by heterosexuals.
d) They are just as likely to be heterosexual as are children who are reared by heterosexuals.
Regarding the general developmental outcomes for children who are reared by cohabiting same-sex parents, which conclusion is best supported by current research evidence? a) They are likely to become depressed and socially withdrawn during puberty. b) They are likely to become aggressive with their peers. c) They are likely to show confusion during gender identification. d) They are likely to be as well-adjusted as the children of heterosexual parents.
d) They are likely to be as well-adjusted as the children of heterosexual parents.
Which of the following behavioural responses best summarizes the research findings regarding the reactions of abused children to the distress of another child? a) They respond no differently to peers than do non-abused children. b) They respond with exaggerated concern because of their own frequent experiences of being distressed. c) They tend to ignore the distress of others or withdraw from interaction. d) They are more likely to give angry, aggressive responses toward the distressed child.
d) They are more likely to give angry, aggressive responses toward the distressed child.
According to Weiner, which of the following patterns of causal attribution for successes and failures characterizes low achievers? a) They attribute successes to stable, internal factors, and failures to unstable, internal factors. b) They attribute successes to stable, external factors, and failures to stable, internal factors. c) They attribute successes to unstable, internal factors, and failures to stable, external factors. d) They attribute successes to unstable, external factors, and failures to stable, internal factors.
d) They attribute successes to unstable, external factors, and failures to stable, internal factors.
According to Weiner, which of the following patterns of causal attribution for successes and failures characterizes low achievers? a) They attribute successes to stable, internal factors, and failures to unstable, internal factors. b) They attribute successes to stable, external factors, and failures to stable, internal factors. c) They attribute successes to unstable, internal factors, and failures to stable, external factors. d) They attribute to unstable, external factors, and failures to stable, internal factors.
d) They attribute successes to unstable, external factors, and failures to stable, internal factors.
According to current research evidence, what is the impact of educational programs on promoting prosocial behaviours? a) They have little impact, either in the short or long term. b) They have minor impact in the short term, and then only when an adult is present during viewing. c) They have a marked positive impact in both the short term and long term. d) They have a positive impact in the long term, but only when an adult encourages the child to use the information.
d) They have a positive impact in the long term, but only when an adult encourages the child to use the information.
According to current research, what is the key characteristic of the children who form a peer group? a) They do not differ in age by more than 12 months. b) They have the same socioeconomic and cultural background. c) They are the same sex. d) They have equal status within the group.
d) They have equal status within the group.
What has research evidence indicated are the effects of computer-assisted instruction, learning to program, and other uses of computers? a) They have produced few identifiable benefits, although no negatives have been found either. b) They have produced benefits intellectually and academically, but peer relations suffer because of the isolation that occurs with use. c) They have increased learner enjoyment, but no intellectual or academic benefits have been reported. d) They have produced positive outcomes motivationally, intellectually, academically, and socially.
d) They have produced positive outcomes motivationally, intellectually, academically, and socially.
Omar's parents allow him considerable freedom and give him the autonomy to make decisions about his own activities. Which parenting style does Omar's parents behaviour exemplify? a) Demanding b) Unresponsive c) Responsive d) Undemanding
d) Undemanding
121. Inherent in the cross-sectional method is the possibility that age and cohort will be confounded. In addition to the age of the subjects, what other variable could influence the results? a. the ethnic background of the subjects b. an observer bias c. differences between groups in their interpretation of the experiences that they have shared d. differences between groups in the experiences they had during the time period in which they grew up (e.g., 1970s vs. 1990s)
d. differences between groups in the experiences they had during the time period in which they grew up (e.g., 1970s vs. 1990s)
16. What does the developing embryo depend on for its metabolic functions? a. the amnion b. the mesoderm c. the ectoderm d. the placenta
d. the placenta
25. Robert Sternberg's triarchiac theory of intelligence includes an information processing component. This component corresponds most closely to which of the following theorists' conceptualizations of intelligence? a. Spearman's concept of a g factor b. Cattell and Horn's concept of crystallized intelligence c. Thurstone's concept of primary intelligence d. Cattell and Horn's concept of fluid intelligence
d. Cattell and Horn's concept of fluid intelligence
73. Julienne and Norene are two mothers who have just had a HOME inventory completed. The researchers assigned a much higher score in their assessment of Julienne's home. Based on this information, what would you predict for the children's IQ scores, all other things being equal? a. Norene's children will tend to have higher IQ scores than Julienne's children. b. The children in both homes will have similar IQ scores if the homes are in similar neighbourhoods. c. Norene's children have average IQ scores, but they will show poor levels of social adjustment. d. Julienne's children will tend to have higher IQ scores than Norene's children.
d. Julienne's children will tend to have higher IQ scores than Norene's children.
19. Four-year-old Hope thought her next-door neighbour's new pet rabbit was a kitten until she realized that it hopped instead of walked and it didn't purr at all. How would Piaget explain Hope's understanding of her neighbour's pet? a. She used assimilation. b. She failed to use accommodation. c. She failed to use centration. d. She used accommodation.
d. She used accommodation.
79. Which statement best summarizes the results of recent research regarding group differences in IQ obtained by the use of traditional tests? a. They result almost entirely from biases in the content of intelligence tests. b. They disappear almost completely when tests are translated into different dialects. c. They become even more pronounced on tests designed to be culture fair. d. They are not solely attributable to biases in the content of intelligence tests.
d. They are not solely attributable to biases in the content of intelligence tests.
5. Which statement best summarizes Piaget's view as to why children often hold erroneous explanations for real-world events? a. They do not attend to the explanations adults give. b. They do not remember the explanations that adults give. c. They lack curiosity and so do not question adults' explanations. d. They construct their own explanations based on their experiences.
d. They construct their own explanations based on their experiences.
129. Which statement best summarizes the research findings of Pratt and colleagues as to when parents offer the most support to a child during a learning situation? a. They show advanced ability. b. They ask for help. c. They express anger and frustration. d. They show decreased ability.
d. They show decreased ability.
Which statistical procedure is used to identify the separate abilities assessed by a test? a. trend analysis b. linear regression c. partial correlation d. factor analysis
d. factor analysis
98. According to Piaget, when does the formal operational period of development occur? a. from birth through to age 2 b. from age 2 through to age 7 c. from age 7 through to age 11 d. from age 11 through adulthood
d. from age 11 through adulthood
48. What does the dynamic assessment approach to intellectual assessment attempt to evaluate? a. crystallized intelligence that is not culture specific b. nonverbal information-processing skills c. general intellectual capabilities in infants d. learning of new material when provided with instruction
d. learning of new material when provided with instruction
69. In comparison to their less intelligent peers, which of the following best characterizes the developmental outcome of the gifted children in Terman's study? a. severe psychological instability b. difficulty in establishing or maintaining stable relationships c. general unhappiness and low satisfaction with life d. more successful emotional adjustment
d. more successful emotional adjustment
9. Suppose that researchers find that the average Canadian infant begins to stand alone at the age of 10 months. What type of development would this be an example of? a. psychoanalytic b. ideographic c. nonrepresentative d. normative
d. normative
What type of motions are involved in secondary circular reactions? a. unique and directed toward no specific target b. unique and directed toward the infant's own body c. repetitive and directed toward the infant's body d. repetitive and directed toward external objects
d. repetitive and directed toward external objects
105. What is the term for the variable that is observed or measured during an experiment? a. dependent b. independent c. confounding d. bi-directional
dependent
7. A researcher videotaped preschoolers at a playground for a study of the frequency of cooperative behaviours. What was the researcher's goal? a. description b. explanation c. operationalization d. optimization
description
8. Which research goal establishes the facts of development? a. optimization b. adaptation c. explanation d. description
description
116. What are investigators who prefer the cross-cultural approach often looking for? a. longitudinal rather than cross-sectional changes b. similarities rather than differences c. cross-sectional rather than longitudinal changes d. differences rather than similarities
differences rather than similarities
94. When a group of students get together and brainstorm to come up with ideas for a classroom project, they usually hope that their ideas will be original and creative. Groups that contain which individuals will be most successful at meeting this goal? a. convergent thinkers b. with high levels of crystallized intelligence c. with high levels of practical intelligence d. divergent thinkers
divergent thinkers
129. According to Scarr and McCartney, when are passive genotype/environment correlations most important? a. during adolescence b. during middle childhood c. during infancy and early childhood d. during the prenatal period
during infancy and early childhood
37. Some parents frequently expand, recast, or otherwise extend their children's speech while others rarely do so. What effect does the frequent use of expansions and recasts have on language acquisition? a. no apparent effect on language acquisition b. Inhibition of language acquisition c. earlier acquisition of syntactic principles d. facilitation of vocabulary acquisition, but not syntax
earlier acquisition of syntactic principles
5. During which phase of development do children experience the most rapid rate of growth? a. early infancy and the preschool years b. early infancy and early adolescence c. the preschool and elementary school years d. the preschool years and late adolescence
early infancy and early adolescence
81. Which of the following patterns of the timing of sexual maturation is most likely to confer social disadvantages to the adolescent? a. early maturation in males b. early maturation in females c. late maturation in females d. normal maturation in males
early maturation in females
23. What is the term for the intense interest in the newborn that is displayed by new mothers and their partners? a. familial engagement b. bonding c. engrossment d. engaged responsiveness
engrossment
79) Which of the following is a short segment of DNA that determines the rate at which a protein will be synthesized by a particular structural gene? A) ribosome B) enhancer C) codon D) nucleotide E) codon segment
enhancer
3. If researchers find that experience and environmental influences are critical to perceptual learning, which theory of perceptual development is supported? a. nativist b. differentiation c. enrichment d. psychobiological
enrichment
60. Lexis is conducting research related to moral development in children of different ages. She asks each participant in her study the same set of questions, in the same order. Which research method is Lexis using? a. clinical interview b. case study c. ethnography d. structured interview
ethnography
76. Erika has been living in an Inuit community for the past three years in an attempt to understand how the Inuit culture affects different aspects of development. Based on this example, which research method is Erika using? a. structured observational b. ethnography c. cross-sectional d. clinical
ethnography
123. Scarr and McCartney propose that the attributes that an individual inherits will affect the behaviour of other people toward that individual. What did they call this type of influence? a. passive b. evocative c. active d. cooperative
evocative
20. Which method of studying infant perception involves the measurement of brain activity? a. preference b. evoked potential c. habituation d. high-amplitude sucking
evoked potential
93. Which method of research allows the developmentalist to make appropriate inferences about cause and effect? a. naturalistic observation b. quasi-experimental c. correlational d. experimental
experimental
97. Which research design involves experimenter control of an independent variable? a. correlational b. experimental c. quasi/natural d. hypothetical
experimental
85. According to recent research, which of the following is the best predictor of IQ test performance and academic competency? a. family income b. race c. age level d. school attendance
family income
58. Because diethylstilbestrol mimics many of the effects of endogenous gonadal hormones, exposure to this drug would be predicted to have the largest effect on the sexual development of which of the following? a. males b. females c. both sexes equally, as long as the infant is born full-term d. both sexes equally, but only if the baby is premature
females
84. During which period of development does the thyroid gland first begin to produce the hormone thyroxine? a. fetal b. early infancy c. late infancy d. early childhood
fetal
65. Cigarette smoking by pregnant women is associated with an increased risk of which congenital abnormalities? a. facial abnormalities and neonatal death b. increased life-time risk for cancer c. fetal growth retardation and neonatal death d. phocomelia and neonatal death
fetal growth retardation and neonatal death
2. Sam and Nina are in the delivery room, waiting for the birth of their first child. The doctor tells them that Nina is 5 centimetres dilated. Which stage of labour is Nina in? a. first b. second c. third d. indeterminate
first
Helen has been studying music for three years. When she first started her studies she had a hard time playing new pieces accurately, but now she is able to quickly sight-read most new pieces. According to Cattell, what type of intelligence is responsible for Helen's current ability? a. fluid b. crystallized c. practical d. creative
fluid
73. Axel has a sex chromosome abnormality. He has severe mental retardation and shows some evidence of repetitive self-stimulatory behaviour. Based on this description, what disorder does Axel have? a. Supermale b. fragile-X c. Turner's d. Klinefelter's
fragile-X
72. Which abnormality of the sex chromosomes is the major cause of mental retardation and is linked to infantile autism? a. Turner's syndrome b. Klinefelter's syndrome c. fragile-X syndrome d. Down syndrome
fragile-X syndrome
According to Charles Spearman, which 2 factors should be used to conceptualize intelligence? a. verbal skills and mathematical skills b. fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence c. analytic intelligence and creative intelligence d. general and specific factors
general and specific factors
87. What do behavioural geneticists study? a. genetic influences on behaviour b. environmental influences on behaviour c. biological influences on behaviour d. genetic and environmental influences on behaviour
genetic and environmental influences on behaviour
121. Suppose that two children differ in IQ by 20 points. According to Gottesman's range of reaction principle, what is the difference due to? a. genetic differences in intellectual potential b. differences in environmental favourableness c. genetic differences in intellectual potential, depending on whether the environment of rearing was similar d. ethnic variations in educational practices
genetic differences in intellectual potential, depending on whether the environment of rearing was similar
3. Which period comprises the first two weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation? a. embryonic b. germinal c. fetal d. critical
germinal
21. Scott is a 4-month-old infant who is taking part in a research study investigating auditory perception. As Scott sucks on a pacifier he hears soft music playing and he begins to drift off to sleep. As he falls asleep, he stops sucking on the pacifier and the recording switches to his mother's voice reading a story. In this example, what research method is the researcher using? a. preference b. evoked sucking c. habituation d. high-amplitude sucking
high-amplitude sucking
52. Raj is colour blind, yet every one of his four children has normal colour vision. Which of Raj's grandchildren are most likely to be colour blind? a. his son's sons b. his daughter's sons c. his son's daughters d. his daughter's daughters
his daughter's sons
51. Matt is colour blind, yet both of his parents and his sibling have normal colour vision. One of Matt's grandparents is also colour blind. Which of Matt's grandparents is most likely to be colour blind? a. his maternal grandfather b. his maternal grandmother c. his paternal grandfather d. his paternal grandmother
his maternal grandfather
109. What is one criticism that has been raised concerning Piaget's theory? a. his focus on schooling as one of the primary factors underlying cognitive develop- ment b. his focus on the cognitive development of female subjects c. his notion of social context as the primary force behind cognitive development d. his notion of sharp, distinct transitions between different stages of cognitive development
his notion of sharp, distinct transitions between different stages of cognitive development
Which of the following is the best predictor of whether or not a child will succeed in an academic setting? a. his or her IQ or aptitude-test scores b. his or her prior course grades c. his or her motivation and interests d. his or her cognitive style
his or her prior course grades
34. What is the term for a person who carries two dominant or two recessive genes for a particular trait? a. heterozygous b. homozygous c. codominant d. corecessive
homozygous
35. Quillian has straight hair, which is a recessive trait. What can you conclude regarding Quillian's genotype? a. She is heterozygous. b. She could be either heterozygous or homozygous. c. She is homozygous. d. She is polygenic.
homozygous
6. Alicia has just been born. When the doctor checks her physical condition after severing the umbilical cord, she receives a score of 3 on the Apgar test. Five minutes later, Alicia receives the same score. Based on this information, what is Alicia's doctor likely to do? a. immediately call for emergency assistance b. administer a Brazelton test to confirm Alicia's score on the Apgar test c. administer a Bayley test for motor responses d. place Alicia to her mother's breast and assist with the first feeding
immediately call for emergency assistance
133. Sherry has recently been appointed as a kindergarten teacher in a school in Nunavut. She discovers that most of the children do not speak English. Based on current research regarding second-language acquisition, what should Sherry do to maximize self-esteem and language acquisition among her pupils? a. provide some of the instruction in the Aboriginal language and some in English b. immerse children by providing all instruction in English c. provide all of the instruction in the Aboriginal language but encourage family members to converse with the child only in English d. provide all of the instruction in the Aboriginal language and discourage the children from communicating with each other in their Aboriginal language at recess
immerse children by providing all instruction in English
61. Margrete holds up her arms to indicate that she wants her dad to pick her up, and her dad lifts her onto his shoulders. Margrete's behaviour is an example of which of the following processes? a. imperative gestures b. contextual turn-taking c. declarative gestures d. metalinguistic communication
imperative gestures
68. Today's children are taller and heavier, and reach sexual maturity earlier than previous generations. What did Tanner ascribe this trend to? a. improved medical care and better nutrition b. changing societal norms of sexuality c. Darwinian natural selection d. environmental pollutants that have produced genetic changes
improved medical care and better nutrition
97. When is the earliest that classical conditioning has been demonstrated with infants? a. prenatally b. in the first few days after birth with a limited number of responses and under optimal conditions c. not until the end of the first year, because of the immaturity of the infant's information-processing system d. only after age 2, when brain maturation is nearly complete
in the first few days after birth with a limited number of responses and under optimal conditions
79. Which outcome is associated with increased maternal levels of cortisol during pregnancy? a. decreased emotionality in the newborn b. increased emotionality in the newborn c. organic failure to thrive d. obesity by age 2
increased emotionality in the newborn
92. What causes sexual maturation in males? a. increases in the levels of estrogen b. increases in the levels of testosterone c. decreases in the levels of estrogen d. increases in the levels of cortisol
increases in the levels of testosterone
99. What is the term for the variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher during the course of an experiment? a. independent b. dependent c. confounding d. bi-directional
independent
2. During which developmental period do the most rapid gains in body height occur? a. infancy b. early childhood c. middle childhood d. adolescence
infancy
64. Suppose that a previously disadvantaged child has been placed into a loving adoptive home. The adoptive parents provide an enriching environment. Based upon the cumulative deficit hypothesis, which effect will the transition have on the child's IQ? a. initially positive, and it may be sufficient to bring IQ into the normal or above- normal range b. initially negative, and further losses accrue over time c. initially positive, but gains are temporary and are insufficient to bring IQ into the normal range d. inconsistent effects depending on the individual aspects of the new environment
initially positive, and it may be sufficient to bring IQ into the normal or above- normal range
31. Peter tells his wife that he thinks that their 4-year-old, Maria, is a good girl. When Maria misbehaves, Peter states that she is exploring and learning, and it is important for them to teach her more appropriate behaviour. Which of the following philosophical positions are Peter's views consistent with? a. original sin b. innate purity c. tabula rasa d. psychoanalytic sin
innate purity
40. In which of his doctrines did Jean Jacques Rousseau emphasize the active role of the child as a self-motivated explorer? a. tabula rasa b. innate purity c. original sin d. developmental plasticity
innate purity
130. Kuczynski and associates studied the behaviours that young children (16 to 24 months of age) were likely to imitate. According to their research findings, what behaviours were the older children most likely to imitate? a. affective b. aggressive c. socially-inappropriate d. instrumental
instrumental
83. According to the research of Baron-Cohen and colleagues, even children with autistic disorder are likely to show the development of which mental process? a. theory of mind module b. shared attention mechanism module c. eye-gaze direction detector d. intentionality detector
intentionality detector
64. What is the term for recognizing information through one sensory system that is usually received via a different modality? a. intermodal perception b. extrasensory perception c. stereoptic differentiation d. transubstantiated awareness
intermodal perception
65. While blindfolded, a person feels the various surfaces of an object and correctly identifies it as a file for smoothing wood. What perceptual process accounts for this ability? a. object literacy b. intermodal perception c. imagined optic flow d. horoptical fusion
intermodal perception
66. Suppose that you are searching through your book bag to make sure that you brought your flash drive with you as you walk across campus to the computer lab. You do not stop to look in your bag but rather find it by patting the pocket where you always place it. Which perceptual process allows you to accomplish this task? a. object literacy b. intermodal perception c. imagined optic flow d. horoptical perception
intermodal perception
57. Which data-collection methods would be most affected by individual and age-related differences in verbal skills? a. interviews and questionnaires b. naturalistic observation c. structured observation d. controlled experiments
interviews and questionnaires
58. Infant babbling often sounds as if the child has learned the "tune" before the words. What aspect of language is being referred to by the word "tune"? a. syntax b. intonation c. semantics d. pragmatics
intonation
48. In which state of arousal does the typical newborn spend the largest proportion of time? a. irregular sleep b. crying c. alert inactivity d. drowsy
irregular sleep
54. When Baby T rocks his head back and forth while lying on his back in the crib, he perceives that images of close objects show more motion than objects across the room. What is the term for this visual cue? a. stereopsis b. kinetic c. perspective d. binocular
kinetic
56. Depth cue abilities emerge at different ages. What is the correct developmental sequence for these depth cue categories, from youngest to oldest? a. pictorial cues/binocular cues/kinetic cues b. pictorial cues/kinetic cues/binocular cues c. binocular cues/pictorial cues/kinetic cues d. kinetic cues/binocular cues/pictorial cues
kinetic cues/binocular cues/pictorial cues
97. In Sternberg and Lubart's investment theory of creativity, what are three of the factors that tend to converge in creative individuals? a. divergent thinking, extrinsic motivation, and a higher than average IQ b. knowledge within a given area, intrinsic motivation, and a supportive environment c. intrinsic motivation, convergent thinking, and self-confidence d. extrinsic motivation, a supportive environment, and a willingness to take sensible risks
knowledge within a given area, intrinsic motivation, and a supportive environment
94. Ahmad and his parents are living in a refugee camp because a civil war in their country has displaced them from their land. Their diet consists of rice, corn, milk, and whatever wild vegetation that they can procure. Very occasionally they are able obtain meat by capturing small animals that invade the camp. Based on this description, what disorder would you expect Ahmad to develop? a. deprivation dwarfism b. kwashiorkor c. nonorganic failure-to-thrive d. marasmus
kwashiorkor
98. Tasha is growing up in an impoverished family. The family has enough money to buy rice, pasta, and beans, but Tasha gets very little meat, dairy, or vegetables in her diet. If Tasha continues on this restricted diet, what condition will she likely develop? a. anorexia nervosa b. kwashiorkor c. marasmus d. anemia
kwashiorkor
45. To which process does Adele Diamond attribute the A-not-B error? a. lack of ability to inhibit previously made motor responses b. lack of memory of the object c. lack of object permanence d. lack of the ability to efficiently coordinate tertiary schemes
lack of ability to inhibit previously made motor responses
102. Which of the following best summarizes the results of current research with respect to the cause of nonorganic failure-to-thrive syndrome? a. presence of metabolic disorders that interfere with digestion b. presence of growth-retarding illnesses throughout infancy and early childhood c. lack of adequate nutrition d. lack of a close emotional attachment with caretakers
lack of adequate nutrition
73. What shortcoming of the case study approach is exemplified by the early "baby biographies"? a. lack of generalization b. artificiality c. inflexible procedures d. lack of control
lack of generalization
127. Bilingual children often score as high, or higher, than their monolingual peers on which of the following types of tasks? a. language proficiency b. short-term memory c. spatial memory d. contextual intelligence
language proficiency
5. What is the term for the developmental process that underlies a change in response to experience? a. maturation b. biological process c. learning d. physical development
learning
18. Which theory of language development emphasizes the processes of imitation and reinforcement? a. learning theory b. Chomsky's theory c. nativist theory d. interactionist theory
learning theory
123. If Gail is interested in studying the timing of changes that occur as children reach puberty, what is the best research method for her to use? a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. cross-correlational d. cross-longitudinal
longitudinal
126. Suppose that a researcher is interested in studying the stability of behaviour over time and the individual differences that are characteristic of that temporal change. Which of the following research designs would he or she most likely use? a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. field d. microgenetic
longitudinal
97. Which illness is the result of a diet that supplies both insufficient calories and insufficient protein? a. anemia b. marasmus c. kwashiorkor d. anorexia nervosa
marasmus
132. Robert is interested in understanding how his pupils acquire the ability to count using their fingers. In order to answer his question, which research design should he use? a. sequential b. microgenetic c. cross-sectional d. longitudinal
microgenetic
21. During the second month of prenatal development, what does the embryo begin to look like? a. more like a human, and the sex of the embryo is clearly identifiable externally b. like a small ball, but the sex of the embryo is not yet identifiable externally c. less like a ball, and the sex of the embryo is clearly identifiable externally d. more like a human, but the sex of the embryo is not yet clearly identifiable externally
more like a human, but the sex of the embryo is not yet clearly identifiable externally
92. Jason participated in a study designed to measure personality traits. A significant positive correlation was found between the personality traits of openness and extroversion. If Jason's score in openness is extremely low, what would be his score on a test that measures extroversion? a. opposite to his score on the openness scale b. most likely at the high end of the extroversion scale c. most likely at the low end of the extroversion scale d. no different from his score on the openness scale
most likely at the low end of the extroversion scale
36. Which of the following four types of intelligence does Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences include? a. fluid, crystallized, experiential, and contextual b. word fluency, numerical reasoning, spatial ability, and inductive reasoning c. musical, spatial/existential, linguistic, and intrapersonal d. general memory, visual perception, retrieval ability, and processing speed
musical, spatial/existential, linguistic, and intrapersonal
27. In addition to several other pieces of evidence, Lenneberg and others have cited early specialization of the brain's hemispheres as evidence for which theory of language acquisition? a. interactionist b. learning c. nativist d. empiricist
nativist
30. Which theory of language development emphasizes the notions of "sensitive periods" and "linguistic universals"? a. learning b. nativist c. interactionist d. empiricist
nativist
112. Darius wants to determine if the timing of puberty is affected by malnutrition. He plans to check the age of sexual maturation in malnourished and adequately nourished adolescents. What would be the most appropriate research method for his study? a. structured observational b. natural or quasi-experimental c. ethnographical d. laboratory experimental
natural or quasi-experimental
64. Suppose that a researcher observes a group of children at a neighbourhood playground and records the amount of time that each child spends engaging in various activities. Based on this description, what data collection method is the researcher using? a. correlational observation b. naturalistic observation c. controlled experimentation d. case study documentation
naturalistic observation
65. If a researcher wanted to know how a child behaves in his or her everyday environment, which research technique would be most appropriate? a. interview or questionnaire b. the clinical method c. naturalistic observation d. structured observation
naturalistic observation
114. Ned has been throwing food at lunch, so his preschool teacher makes Ned sit in the time-out chair for three minutes. The teacher's response exemplifies which principle of operant conditioning? a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative punishment d. negative reinforcement
negative punishment
104. What is the term for the process whereby the removal of a stimulus after a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again? a. positive reinforcement b. punishment c. classical conditioning d. negative reinforcement
negative reinforcement
115. Terri has been abused constantly by her stepsisters, and she runs away from home to escape the abuse. Terri's running away exemplifies which principle of operant conditioning? a. positive reinforcement b. positive punishment c. negative punishment d. negative reinforcement
negative reinforcement
76. When Morgan discovered that she was pregnant, she tried hard to take special care of herself to ensure that she and her new baby would be healthy. She started taking megadoses of vitamin supplements to ensure that both she and the baby had ideal nutrition. Is Morgan doing the right thing? a. no, because she will probably have a spontaneous abortion b. no, because is exposing her baby to potentially harmful teratogens c. yes, but she should also increase her mineral supplements d. yes, she is doing the best thing to ensure a healthy pregnancy and a healthy infant
no, because is exposing her baby to potentially harmful teratogens
136. Isaac is interested in studying the effects of maternal drug use during pregnancy on the developing fetus. He proposes recruiting pregnant volunteers from a local neighbourhood where numerous drug addicts are known to live. He argues that because all participants would be volunteers, it would not be unethical to administer controlled doses of various drugs to the pregnant women. Under current ethical guidelines, would Isaac's research proposal be accepted? a. yes, because the participants would be volunteers and would not have to agree if they didn't want to b. no, because he would have to recruit women who were not yet pregnant and follow them through the entire pregnancy c. no, because the potential harm to the unborn infants would be too great d. yes, because the women who are using drugs have already put their unborn infants at risk
no, because the potential harm to the unborn infants would be too great
13. Beth has just had an ultrasound and is devastated to learn that although the placental membranes have grown, the embryonic disk has not. Given what you know about the survival rate of zygotes, should Beth be surprised? a. yes, because the survival rate is about 80 percent b. yes, because the survival rate is about 50 percent c. no, because the survival rate is about 25 percent d. no, because the survival rate is about 10 percent
no, because the survival rate is about 25 percent
Do recent research findings regarding the acquisition of concrete-operational 108. tasks support the developmental sequence proposed by Piaget? a. yes, because they emerge in a consistent, fixed order b. no, because they emerge in a consistent, fixed order c. yes because they emerge in a variable order d. no, because they emerge in a variable order
no, because they emerge in a variable order
Hala and Chandler found that children between the ages of 3 and 5 years delight in "deceiving" a second player in a treasure-search game by destroying evidence of the location of the treasure or laying down false trails. Do these results support Piaget's claim? a. no, preoperational children are incapable of perspective taking. b. yes, preoperational children are incapable of perspective taking. c. no, a full understanding of perspective taking emerges during the formal operational stage. d. yes, perspective taking first emerges during the sensorimotor period.
no, preoperational children are incapable of perspective taking.
50. Stephan's parents are very articulate and provide an environment that is rich in verbal stimuli. Stephan's mother states that because of this environment, he began to use telegraphic speech when he was only 6 months old. Would a developmentalist accept the mother's statement as plausible? a. no, but only if he or she supports the nativist view of language development b. yes, but only if he or she supports the learning view of language development c. no, regardless of his or her view of language development d. yes, but only if he or she supports the interactionist view of language development
no, regardless of his or her view of language development
135. Lena wants to know whether young children can be taught to have certain phobias. She argues that previous research has indicated that phobias can be taught and that there is nothing unethical about continuing such research. Do current ethical guidelines support Lena's position? a. no; such procedures could cause psychological harm to the participants. b. yes; if the procedure has been allowed in the past c. yes; as long as parents give informed consent d. no; use of such procedures has established that it is not possible to teach a child to have a phobia.
no; such procedures could cause psychological harm to the participants.
114. What is the major disadvantage of the quasi-experimental approach? a. vulnerability to observer bias b. nonstandardized treatment of research participants c. contrived or artificial situations d. nonrandom assignment of participants to groups
nonrandom assignment of participants to groups
112. How does the influence of shared and nonshared environmental factors on intellectual development change with age? a. nonshared factors increase and shared factors decrease b. shared factors increase and nonshared factors decrease c. both nonshared factors and shared factors decrease d. both nonshared factors and shared factors increase
nonshared factors increase and shared factors decrease
13. Kayla started walking at 12 months of age, just like her three brothers and her seven cousins. Most children start walking at about this age. What type of development does this example illustrate? a. optimization of development b. holistic development c. normative development d. ideographic development
normative development
16. Based on the results of research studies that have used the preference method, which of the following stimuli are infants most likely to prefer? a. familiar rather than novel b. novel rather than familiar c. stimuli presented to their right visual field d. stimuli presented to their left visual field
novel rather than familiar
36. According to Piaget, the development of which of the following is the hallmark characteristic of successful completion of the sensorimotor period? a. object permanence b. symbolic abstraction c. decentration d. conservation
object permanence
67. Which of the following best summarizes the research findings of Nelson regarding the type of words that infants were first to use? a. action words b. question words c. object words d. a random mixture of action words and questions
object words
26. What defines a preterm infant? a. one born more than three weeks prior to his or her estimated due date b. one born smaller than expected for his or her gestational age c. a newborn to 1-month-old infant d. any infant at the moment that the first stage of labour begins
one born more than three weeks prior to his or her estimated due date
42. Which of the following has been found to be essential, and sufficient, if the acquisition of syntax is to proceed normally? a. exposure to other people conversing b. a high rate of imitation of adult language c. one-to-one conversations with a proficient speaker d. parental reinforcement of correct grammatical usage
one-to-one conversations with a proficient speaker
133. According to the ethical guidelines for research outlined in the text, which of the following best describes how children can participate in research? a. without the consent of the parent or other adult in charge if the child agrees to participate b. without the consent of the parent or other adult in charge if the child is informed of all features of the research c. with the child's consent, as long as his or her name does not appear with his or her data d. only with the informed consent of the parent or other adult in charge
only with the informed consent of the parent or other adult in charge
23. Which of the following would be the most likely response of a newborn infant to his or her mother singing? a. orientation and attention b. orientation and decreased attention c. turning away and decreased motor behaviors d. turning away and soft, rhythmic crying
orientation and attention
30. Garrett tells you that he believes that it is crucial for a parent to establish ground rules for acceptable behaviour, from day one. Garrett confides that everyone knows that all children will be naughty. Which philosophy does Garrett likely believe in? a. tabula rasa b. innate purity c. experiential purity d. original sin
original sin
32. What is the most commonly experienced infectious disease among infants and preschoolers? a. mumps b. measles c. chicken pox d. otitis media
otitis media
74. Jennessa is a toddler and embarrasses her parents by referring to any man with dark hair as daddy. What is the term for Jennessa's semantic error? a. overextension b. underextension c. verbal limitation d. production constraint
overextension
21. According to the empiricist perspective, children's progress in language acquisition occurs in response to adults reinforcing their children's grammatically correct speech and failing to respond to grammatically incorrect or uninterpretable speech. Does current research evidence support this view? a. partially, as reinforcement may influence vocabulary acquisition but not the acquisition of syntax b. partially, as reinforcement may influence the acquisition of syntax but not the development of vocabulary c. yes, reinforcement influences both vocabulary or syntax acquisition d. no, reinforcement does not influence either vocabulary or syntax acquisition
partially, as reinforcement may influence vocabulary acquisition but not the acquisition of syntax
122. Scarr and McCartney propose that the rearing environment that biological parents provide is influenced to some extent by their genes and, therefore, is correlated with the child's genotype. What did they call this type of influence? a. passive b. evocative c. active d. cooperative
passive
117. Which of the following is a strong predictor of the child's reading skill in grade school? a. holophrastic pidginization b. underextensions of meaning c. syntactical bootstrapping d. phonological awareness
phonological awareness
3. What type of language knowledge is a child demonstrating when he or she engages in word play and says such things as stop, bop, rop, dop, clop, mop but never says sgap, tpir, or sbum? a. phonology b. semantics c. morphology d. pragmatics
phonology
If an English-speaking child shows a preference for the nonsense word blek over bkel, of which component of language has he or she acquired knowledge? a. phonology b. semantics c. syntax d. pragmatics
phonology
122. According to Vygotsky, developmental studies comparing various animal species would be most appropriate for which type of research? a. ontogenetic b. sociohistorical c. microgenetic d. phylogenetic
phylogenetic
88. Which endocrine gland plays a signalling role to some endocrine glands, thus serving as a "master gland"? a. thyroid b. hypothalamus c. adrenal d. pituitary
pituitary
43. Which motor behaviour is exhibited by 90 percent of typically developing infants by 15 months of age? a. playing pat-a-cake b. standing alone c. walking well d. building a tower of two blocks
playing pat-a-cake
12. Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a complex pattern. Then you present a second face and assess whether the infant's heart rate changes when the second face appears. Which research method are you using? a. preference b. habituation c. evoked potentials d. high-amplitude sucking
habituation
85. When you become bored because your surroundings remain stable over time, which type of learning are you demonstrating? a. classical conditioning b. negative reinforcement c. operant conditioning d. habituation
habituation
127. Caleb is 12 years old and as part of an ongoing research study he has been assessed for "creativity" every six months for the past six years. Now that Caleb understands what is expected on the test, his answers have become more creative and he achieves higher scores. What accounts for Caleb's increased performance? a. selective attrition b. observer influences c. cohort effects d. practice effects
practice effects
14. Which type of language knowledge has been acquired when a child knows how to take turns in a conversation and adjusts his or her vocabulary to fit the listener's needs? a. phonological b. semantic c. syntactic d. pragmatic
pragmatic
109. Five-year-old Samantha often modifies the complexity of her speech when talking with her classmate Georges because he is just learning English. The development of which of the following accounts for the shift in her speech pattern when speaking to Georges? a. syntactical bootstrapping b. vocable knowledge c. taxonomic constraints d. pragmatic knowledge
pragmatic knowledge
13. Heinz is just learning to talk and he already says "please" and "thanks" and waits his turn in a conversation. What aspect of language knowledge has Heinz acquired? a. morphology b. syntax c. semantics d. pragmatics
pragmatics
15. Suppose that you overhear a 5-year-old child talking to her 2-year-old brother and then a bit later to her mother. You notice that she spoke to her 2-year-old brother more slowly and with a less sophisticated vocabulary. What aspect of language knowledge does her change in speech style reflect? a. phonology b. semantics c. syntax d. pragmatics
pragmatics
11. Becca, a 3-month-old, is placed in a chamber and shown two different pictures at the same time. The researcher carefully records how long Becca looks at each picture. In this example, which method is the researcher using? a. preference b. habituation c. evoked potentials d. differentiation
preference
65. IQ score? Which of the following is a better predictor of academic achievement than an a. cognitive style b. previous school grades c. scores on standardized achievement tests d. interest in the subject matter
previous school grades
28. Daniel is 3 months old and he loves to suck his thumb. He does it over and over again, every chance he gets. Daniel's behaviour is characteristic of which stage of cognitive development? a. coordination of secondary schemes b. primary circular reactions c. secondary circular reactions d. coordination of tertiary schemes
primary circular reactions
12. Which of the following is among the substantiated benefits of natural or prepared childbirth? a. a dramatically shorter labour time for mothers b. an absence of pain for mothers c. a lower probability that babies will display birth defects d. increased social support for mothers
increased social support for mothers
79. Yvonne is designing a research study to determine whether infants can discriminate between sounds of different frequencies. In order to answer her question, which research method should Yvonne use? a. naturalistic observation b. clinical interview c. psychophysiology d. structured observation
psychophysiology
113. What is the term for studies that compare children in two naturally existing situations? a. cross-sectional b. experimental c. quasi-experimental d. correlational
quasi-experimental
66. Anne, a moderate smoker and moderate drinker, has just discovered that she is pregnant. What does most research suggest that Anne should do in order to make sure that her baby develops as healthily as possible? a. quit both smoking and drinking immediately b. quit smoking, but there is no need for her to stop drinking socially c. quit drinking, and take megadoses of vitamins C and E to counteract the effects of the cigarettes d. quit drinking, but there is no need for her to quit smoking
quit both smoking and drinking immediately
44. Genetically linked disorders that are severely handicapping or lethal are typically, but not always, transmitted by which gene pattern? a. recessive b. dominant c. codominant d. polygenic
recessive
52. What is a measure said to be if it consistently gives the same results? a. valid b. reliable c. objective d. generative
reliable
57. Which of the following abilities defines the term dual representation? a. representing an object simultaneously as an object itself and as a representation of something else b. switching between precausal and transductive reasoning when problem solving c. representing objects in three-dimensional space that have previously been experi- enced in two-dimensional space d. using transductive reasoning to represent objects in three-dimensional space
representing an object simultaneously as an object itself and as a representation of something else
30. What is the most immediate threat to the survival of preterm infants? a. respiratory distress syndrome b. maintaining a constant body temperature due to lack of body fat c. an increased risk of infection due to an immature immune system d. susceptibility to sudden infant death syndrome
respiratory distress syndrome
Which of the following abilities depends on an individual's crystallized intelligence? a. responding accurately to questions about general, culturally-based information b. solving complex mathematical problems quickly and accurately c. solving novel problems and thinking creatively in new situations d. understanding spatial relationships
responding accurately to questions about general, culturally-based information
7. What is the Piagetian term for the mental structures that the child uses as a basis for responding to either old or new experiences? a. schemes b. assimilation c. accommodation d. cognitive equilibrium
schemes
1. Which stage of labour begins when the head of the fetus passes through the cervix and ends when the baby is born? a. indeterminate b. first c. second d. third
second
29. Fiona is 6 months old, and her grandfather just bought her a new toy that squeaks when she presses it. She loves the new sound that she has discovered and she makes the toy squeak over and over again. Fiona's behaviour is characteristic of which stage of cognitive development? a. coordination of secondary schemes b. primary circular reaction c. secondary circular reaction d. tertiary schemes
secondary circular reaction
8. When Petrov told his 3-year-old sister that "I hit the bat that flew into the attic with my baseball bat," his sister was very confused and wondered how the long wooden stick that her brother often carried could possibly fly. When Petrov's sister is able to recognize that the word bat can have two different meanings, what aspect of language knowledge will she have acquired? a. phonology b. syntax c. pragmatics d. semantics
semantics
24. Yves is 8 months old. According to Piaget, which period of development is Yves in? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. reflexive motor d. sensory operational
sensorimotor
129. Amy wants to determine the optimal age for the introduction of an AIDS education program in her school district. She is also interested in assessing the short- and long-term impact of the program on sexual health. Which research design should she choose? a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. sequential d. quasi/natural experiment
sequential
130. A researcher studied the effects of a preschool enrichment program on the IQ of children starting at 2, 3, or 4 years of age. Each age group was assessed at the end of the first year of the program for short-term effects and then again 5 years later for long-term effects. Which research design does this study exemplify? a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. sequential d. cross-longitudinal
sequential
106. Jane and Elaine are identical twins who are 4 years old. Jane and Elaine's parents always make a special effort to ensure the two girls are dressed differently and receive different presents on their birthday. According to Rowe and Plomin, the behaviour of their parents would be considered as examples of which type of influence? a. shared hereditary b. nonshared environmental c. shared environmental d. nonshared hereditary
shared hereditary
74. What effect does prenatal malnutrition have on the developing child? a. only short-term, immediate effects on birth weight b. no short-term effects, but long-term effects on growth and intelligence c. short-term effects and long-term effects, the extent depending on adequacy of diet after birth d. no short-term or long-term effects; infants are protected because they can extract all of the nutrients they need from the mother
short-term effects and long-term effects, the extent depending on adequacy of diet after birth
55. Lawrence knows that a quarter is exactly the same size regardless of whether he looks at it from far away or from up close. In order to understand this concept, what aspect of visual perception has Lawrence acquired? a. looming b. size constancy c. interposition d. optic flow
size constancy
70. Cocaine use during pregnancy has been associated with which outcome(s) for the developing child? a. sluggish, irritable, and inattentive infant behaviour b. an increased risk for drug abuse and addiction once the child reaches adolescence c. physical malformations, particularly of the face and limbs d. accelerated fetal growth, and oversized newborns who are at an increased risk for anoxia during birth
sluggish, irritable, and inattentive infant behaviour
35. Why do adults simplify the vocabulary, structure, and length of their utterances when speaking to children? a. so that their speech matches the level of the utterances produced by the child b. so that their speech is just below the level of the utterances produced by the child c. so that their speech is just above the level of the utterances produced by the child d. so that their speech is characteristic of the order of the words in a child's utterances
so that their speech is just above the level of the utterances produced by the child
56. Based on contemporary research, which of the following characteristics of infant behaviour is the best predictor of intelligence scores in the preschool period? a. speed of habituation to repetitive stimuli b. amount of babbling and other vocalizations c. developmental quotient d. performance on tests of object permanence
speed of habituation to repetitive stimuli
53. According to autostimulation theory, what will an infant do when he or she experiences a visually stimulating environment? a. cry less frequently b. cry more frequently c. spend more time in REM sleep afterward d. spend more time in non-REM sleep afterward
spend more time in non-REM sleep afterward
56. According to recent research, respiratory apnea is cited as the major causal factor for which infant disorder? a. respiratory distress syndrome b. REM sleep disorder c. persistent drowsy disorder d. sudden infant death syndrome
sudden infant death syndrome
41. Of the following, which one is a permanent, life-long reflex? a. stepping b. swallowing c. Moro d. Babinski
swallowing
33. Constructing mental images is a prominent feature of which aspect of sensori- motor intelligence? a. tertiary circular reactions b. symbolic problem solving c. reflex activity d. coordination of secondary schemes
symbolic problem solving
10. The sentence "The speeding the raced city through streets car" would be difficult for an English speaker to understand because it violates a basic set of rules of the English language. What rules are violated? a. syntax b. morphology c. semantics d. pragmatics
syntax
9. When a child advances from utterances such as "No he going" to "He's not going," what aspect of language knowledge has he or she acquired? a. morphology b. syntax c. semantics d. pragmatics
syntax
103. Which of the following is the best description of the way in which formal- operational children approach tasks such as the "pendulum" problem? a. with unplanned trial and error b. with premature closure c. creatively d. systematically
systematically
127. According to Vygotsky, what does the term zone of proximal development refer to? a. tasks that are learned when children are placed together without adult supervision b. tasks that are similar in the level of cognitive understanding required to successfully complete them c. tasks that are completely mastered by the child in the previous level of cognitive understanding d. tasks that are too complex for the child to complete alone but that can be accom- plished with guidance and encouragement from a partner who is more skilled
tasks that are too complex for the child to complete alone but that can be accom- plished with guidance and encouragement from a partner who is more skilled
81. What is the term for the assumption that words label categories of similar objects that share common perceptual features? a. object scope constraint b. category constraint c. taxonomic constraint d. lexical contrast constraint
taxonomic constraint
93. Calvin says "Mommy up!" while reaching upward with his arms. What speech pattern is Calvin's statement an example of? a. holophrastic speech b. telegraphic speech c. overextension d. overregularization
telegraphic speech
73. What are children taught when they undergo identity training? a. to remember more information about themselves so they will be more self-confident b. that the name of an item gives that item its identity and that an item can have different names c. memory skills so they can better remember the identity of objects after they have seen them d. that a transformed object or substance is the same regardless of its new appearance
that a transformed object or substance is the same regardless of its new appearance
128. What did Scarr and McCartney consider when they proposed that passive, active, and evocative gene influences all contribute to determine developmental outcomes? a. that the environment can influence or alter a child's genetic makeup b. that both the child's and parents' genetic makeup can influence the environments that a child experiences c. that genetic factors set limits on the extent to which environmental influences can affect developmental outcomes d. that the influence of heredity is very indirect, mainly influencing the characteristics others see and react to
that both the child's and parents' genetic makeup can influence the environments that a child experiences
75. What does ethnography require of a researcher? a. that he or she lives within a culture or subculture and makes extensive observations b. that he or she gathers extensive information about one or a few individuals c. that he or she randomly selects participants from different cultures to participate in the study d. that he or she measures the relationship between physiological processes and various aspects of the culture
that he or she lives within a culture or subculture and makes extensive observations
101. Sometimes children will correctly use irregular words such as feet or went for a time and then begin making errors such as foots or goed. What do these errors indicate? a. that the child is spending too much time hearing other children's errors b. that the parents have not provided sufficient reinforcement and feedback for correctly using these words c. that the child is highly motivated d. that there has been an advance in the child's syntactical knowledge
that there has been an advance in the child's syntactical knowledge
100. When young children overregularize and produce forms such as tooths, satted, or goed, as well as correct forms (e.g., walked, played, and cars), what are they demonstrating? a. that they do not yet understand grammatical transformation rules b. that they have learned a rule for producing word endings, but they have failed to retrieve the correct form of an irregular word c. that they are imitating the "baby talk" of other young children d. that their parents must be providing poor language models for them or failing to correct the child's mistakes
that they have learned a rule for producing word endings, but they have failed to retrieve the correct form of an irregular word
9. If a physician wanted to detect both subtle and severe behavioural or neurological problems in an infant, what would be the most appropriate test to use? a. the Apgar test b. the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale c. the Wechsler Infant Attention Scale d. the Bayley Scales of Infant Intelligence
the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale
36. If Meryl believes strongly in the tabula rasa philosophy, what is she LEAST likely to be concerned with? a. the IQ of her child's father b. how stimulating her child's environment is c. what kinds of role models her child has d. the books she reads to her child
the IQ of her child's father
56. The emergence of which of the following is an important precursor to the exploration of objects using both hands? a. prereaching movements using the palmar grasp b. maturational acquisition of the ulnar grasp c. the ability to reach inward to the midline of the body d. the ability to reach outward from the midline of the body
the ability to reach inward to the midline of the body
How did Binet and Simon define mental age? a. the child's current age in years and months b. the age that best fits the child's current level of intellectual performance c. the child's ultimate intellectual potential d. the ratio of a child's current abilities to his or her chronological age
the age that best fits the child's current level of intellectual performance
103. In this study, what is the independent variable? a. the age of the research participants b. the amount of alcohol consumed c. the physical coordination skills of the research participants d. the length of time between drinking the beverage and the assessment
the amount of alcohol consumed
99. Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding predictive factors of future obesity in children? a. the amount of time spent watching television b. A lack of involvement in hobbies c. lack of social stimulation from appropriate peer interactions in preschool d. early development of secondary sex characteristics
the amount of time spent watching television
45. Of the following, which part of the body is vulnerable to teratogens only during early pregnancy? a. the arms b. the central nervous system c. the eyes d. the genitals
the arms
63. Which of the following best characterizes the term puberty? a. the entire physical process of becoming sexually mature b. the attainment of reproductive capacity c. the adolescent growth spurt d. the change in physique that occurs in early adolescence
the attainment of reproductive capacity
101. In this study, what is the dependent variable? a. the type of feedback the child receives b. the child's score on the quiz c. the age of the children who take part in the study d. the child's level of self-esteem after the quiz is returned
the child's level of self-esteem after the quiz is returned
62. Which of the following is an interview technique in which a child's response to each successive question determines what the investigator will ask next? a. the experimental method b. the case study method c. the correlational method d. the clinical method
the clinical method
63. Reginald is conducting research related to moral development in children of different ages. Initially he asks each participant in his study the same set of questions, but he follows up each answer, and asks participants to elaborate and clarify their responses. Which research method is Reginald using? a. a case study b. the clinical method c. a structured interview d. ethnography
the clinical method
99. What would a researcher need to know to estimate the heritability coefficient of a particular trait or characteristic? a. the correlation between identical twins reared together and the correlation between identical twins reared apart b. the correlation between fraternal twins reared together and the correlation between identical twins reared apart c. the correlation between identical twins reared together and the correlation between fraternal twins reared together d. only the correlation between identical twins reared together
the correlation between identical twins reared together and the correlation between fraternal twins reared together
7. What does the third through the eighth weeks of a pregnancy mark? a. the germinal period b. the fetal period c. the critical period d. the embryonic period
the embryonic period
38. Which of the following has been found to be most predictive of language proficiency in early childhood? a. the extent to which a mother and child converse about objects and events to which they were jointly attending b. the total amount of speech that a mother directs toward her child c. the complexity of the speech a mother directs toward her child d. the total amount of language a child is exposed to as a passive listener
the extent to which a mother and child converse about objects and events to which they were jointly attending
103. What does the mathematical index of heritability represent? a. the predicted IQ score for a child based on the scores attained by both parents b. the extent to which genetic factors account for variations in IQ within a population c. the predicted IQ score for an infant based on the scores attained by older siblings d. the proportion of an individual's IQ score that can be traced to genetic factors
the extent to which genetic factors account for variations in IQ within a population
36. What does cerebral lateralization refer to? a. the fact that the two halves of the brain control different functions b. the encasement of neural connections in a waxy insulation c. an impairment in the ability to read d. the fibres that connect the two halves of the brain
the fact that the two halves of the brain control different functions
24. When do the most dramatic changes in organ systems and body structures take place during pregnancy? a. the first trimester b. the second trimester c. the third trimester d. the first and last trimesters
the first trimester
4. What is the period of the zygote in a pregnancy? a. the first 24 hours b. the first two weeks c. the third through the eighth week d. the ninth week through to birth
the first two weeks
25. What determines the sex of an embryo? a. the genetic contribution from the father b. the genetic contribution from the mother c. the genetic contribution from the parent who contributes the dominant gene on chromosome 23 d. the genetic contribution from the parent who contributes the recessive gene on chromosome 23
the genetic contribution from the father
14. What process underlies the development of the skeleton? a. the quantitative growth of cartilage b. the gradual myelinization of bone c. the gradual ossification of soft cartilage tissue into bone d. the qualitative growth of myelin
the gradual ossification of soft cartilage tissue into bone
9. Which pattern of physical development of would be most consistent with the cephalocaudal trend? a. the feet before the hands b. the trunk before the arms c. the head before the legs d. the arms before the trunk
the head before the legs
78. Research suggests that infants of mothers who were anxious and distressed during pregnancy are more likely to be difficult to care for. What is the suspected cause of this outcome? a. the infant's genetically based difficult temperament b. the high level of stress-related hormones present during the pregnancy c. the approach to child rearing an anxious, distressed mother takes d. the lack of support the child and the mother receive from other family members
the high level of stress-related hormones present during the pregnancy
43. According to the textbook, which view of language acquisition is most supported by research evidence? a. nativist theory b. learning theory c. the interactionist perspective d. the maturational perspective
the interactionist perspective
20. What does the holistic perspective of development emphasize? a. the active role of the child in his or her own development b. development is a lifelong process that is continual and cumulative c. the interdependent way in which all components of the self determine development d. the belief that all the members of the family influence the development of each other
the interdependent way in which all components of the self determine development
21. Because of the "brain growth spurt," during which age range is the intake of adequate protein particularly important? a. the first 6 months of the prenatal period b. the last 3 months prenatally and the first two years after birth c. the first 5 years after birth d. the first 14 years after birth
the last 3 months prenatally and the first two years after birth
83. Three-year-old Petrov knows the word doggie. When he and his mother take their dog to the veterinarian, she tells Petrov that his "poodle is very sick." If Petrov assumes that this new word poodle refers to a particular kind of dog, what is he using to infer the meaning of the new word? a. the lexical contrast constraint b. the category constraint c. the object scope constraint d. the taxonomic constraint
the lexical contrast constraint
19. What parts of the body does the endoderm give rise to? a. the bones, the muscles, and the circulatory system b. the nervous system, the skin, and hair c. the lungs and the digestive system d. the nervous system, the lungs, and hair
the lungs and the digestive system
69. What does the term menarche refer to? a. the maturation of secondary sexual characteristics in both sexes b. the onset of menstruation in females c. the onset of sperm production in males d. genital maturation in both sexes
the maturation of secondary sexual characteristics in both sexes
85. Which part(s) of the body are dependent on adequate levels of thyroxine for normal growth? a. the gonads, especially in boys b. the extremities of the head, such as nose, ears, and lips c. the internal organs, such as the kidneys and liver d. the nervous system
the nervous system
17. Whose genotype is most closely linked to placental development? a. the mother's b. the new child's c. the father's d. the maternal grandmother's
the new child's
9. What is the fetal period in a pregnancy? a. the first 24 hours b. the first two weeks c. the third through the eighth week of the pregnancy d. the ninth week through to birth
the ninth week through to birth
According to Piaget, what do children need in order to learn? a. adults who provide information about what to do and how to do it b. adults who provide complete and scientific answers to their questions that challenge them to explore c. the opportunity to construct new knowledge for themselves d. the opportunity to have material repeated in a familiar context
the opportunity to construct new knowledge for themselves
102. In this study, what is the dependent variable? a. the age of the research participants b. the amount of alcohol consumed c. the length of time between drinking the beverage and the assessment d. the physical coordination skills of the research participants
the physical coordination skills of the research participants
58. The emergence of which motor skill lies behind the increasingly skilful manipulation of dials, knobs, and small objects such as raisins, which occurs near the end of the first year? a. the ulnar grasp b. visually guided reaching c. the pincer grasp d. auditory guided reaching
the pincer grasp
4. During which phase of development do children experience the slowest rate of growth? a. early infancy b. toddlerhood c. the preschool and elementary school years d. early adolescence
the preschool and elementary school years
7. What does the morphology of language refer to? a. the basic units of sound b. the principles of governing the formation of meaningful words from sounds c. the basic meaningful units of morphology d. the meaning of whole words and sentences
the principles of governing the formation of meaningful words from sounds
42. What is the primary reason that teratogenic agents cause serious malformations of organs and systems during the first trimester of pregnancy? a. the size of the zygote and/or embryo b. the rapid differentiation of organs and systems taking place during that time c. teratogenic agents can pass through the placenta only during that period d. the immune system and liver are not yet functioning
the rapid differentiation of organs and systems taking place during that time
31. Jennifer is pregnant and tells her husband that she has felt the baby kick for the first time. Based on this information, which trimester of pregnancy is Jennifer in? a. the first trimester b. the second trimester c. the third trimester d. the first trimester of childbirth
the second trimester
8. What is the embryonic period in a pregnancy? a. the first 24 hours b. the first two weeks c. the third through the eighth week d. the ninth week through to birth
the third through the eighth week
Dr. Franz sets up an experimental study to investigate how self-esteem is affected by feedback from teachers. During the study, teachers of Grade 3 administer a short quiz where each child earns the same score (5 out of a possible 10 points). All of the children are then given feedback. Half the children are told that this is a very good score whereas the rest are told that it is an average score. 100. In this study, what is the independent variable? a. the child's score on the quiz b. the child's level of self-esteem after the quiz is returned c. the type of feedback the child receives d. the age of the children who take part in the study
the type of feedback the child receives
15. Which body part increases its number of bones during the postnatal period? a. the elbow b. the wrist c. the inner ear d. the skull
the wrist
3. Roland and Marjory are in the delivery room and the doctor tells them their newborn daughter is fine. As their daughter is being cleaned, the placenta is expelled from the uterus. Marjory is in which stage of childbirth? a. first b. second c. third d. indeterminate
third
29. Which of the following solutions do both full-term and premature babies prefer? a. those that taste sweet b. those that have a taste that matches their odour c. those that taste salty d. those that are flavourless
those that taste sweet
132. Which children are most likely to reproduce a behaviour that had been modelled several weeks earlier? a. those who have generated images of the model's behaviour b. those who have watched the model silently and attentively c. those who have produced verbal labels that "capture" the essence of the model's behaviour d. those who have been told to carefully pay attention to the model's actions
those who have produced verbal labels that "capture" the essence of the model's behaviour
135. Based on the findings of recent research, what characterises the children who gain the most from collaborative learning situations with their peers? a. those who had previously worked on the task with parental assistance b. those who were initially at the same level of competence as their learning partners, regardless of prior parental involvement c. those who had previously worked on the task successfully on their own without parental assistance d. those who were initially less competent than their learning partners, regardless of prior parental assistance
those who were initially less competent than their learning partners, regardless of prior parental assistance
10. With the exception of the gametes, how many genes and chromosomes does each cell in the body contain? a. 46 genes and thousands of chromosomes b. thousands of genes and 46 chromosomes c. 46 genes and 46 chromosomes d. thousands of genes and thousands of chromosomes
thousands of genes and 46 chromosomes
69. What is the term for the procedure in which the investigator records the frequencies with which individuals display particular behaviours during the brief time intervals that each participant is observed? a. time sampling b. structured timing c. observer timing validity d. clinical timed interview
time sampling
42. Belinda is a new mom who is convinced that her 1-month-old son is developmentally delayed. She shows you that when she strokes the bottom of his foot, his toes fan out and curl up. Belinda asks you if she should call her pediatrician to voice her concerns. Based upon what you have learned in this course, what would be your advice? a. to call the pediatrician right away because this response is evidence of spinal cord damage b. to be unconcerned because this is a normal response known as the Babinski reflex c. to call the pediatrician right away because this response is an early indicator of cerebral palsy d. to be unconcerned because this is a normal response known as the Moro reflex
to be unconcerned because this is a normal response known as the Babinski reflex
120. What is the goal of the information-processing approach to disciplinary punishment? a. to generate tremendous fear in the child's mind b. to appeal to the child's conscience to feel guilty c. to encourage the child to be motivated to behave properly d. to eliminate the possibility that the mischief can succeed
to encourage the child to be motivated to behave properly
What does divergent thinking require of an individual? a. to generate the one best answer to a problem b. to generate a variety of solutions to problems for which there is no one correct answer c. to use abstract reasoning skills in determining the solution to a problem d. to use concrete reasoning skills in determining the solution to a problem
to generate a variety of solutions to problems for which there is no one correct answer
91. What does convergent thinking require of an individual? a. to generate the one best answer to a problem b. to generate a variety of solutions to problems for which there is no one correct answer c. to use abstract reasoning skills in determining the solution to a problem d. to use concrete reasoning skills in determining the solution to a problem
to generate the one best answer to a problem
67. How can researchers try to reduce observer influence in naturalistic observation? a. videotape participants using a concealed camera b. introduce themselves to the participants before beginning their observations c. tell participants that all their responses will be kept strictly confidential d. record only socially desirable behaviours and ignore socially undesirable behaviours
videotape participants using a concealed camera
98. Given that you know the heritability coefficient for a specific trait or characteristic, what can you conclude? a. whether or not it is inherited b. what percentage of it is inherited for a particular individual c. what percentage of its variability in the population is attributable to hereditary factors d. whether the individuals assessed for it are genetically related or unrelated
what percentage of its variability in the population is attributable to hereditary factors
48. Based upon the research of Kellman and Spelke, under what circumstances do 4-month-old infants infer "wholeness" of a partially hidden object? a. when it can be touched by the infant b. when it is moving c. when it is stationary d. when it is brightly coloured and very salient
when it is moving
87. successful? Based upon current research findings, when is compensatory education most a. when children are allowed to watch educational television b. when parents take an active role in the program c. when children are high achievers d. when parental influence is removed from the child's education
when parents take an active role in the program
54. According to the research of Goldfield and colleagues, what is an important motivator for the development of crawling? a. frustration or anger in the child b. interesting visual stimuli that are out of reach c. parental coaxing of the child d. boredom or loneliness
interesting visual stimuli that are out of reach
45. When do infants first show a preference for the sound pattern of the language that their mother speaks? a. prenatally b. within a few days of birth c. at about 2 months of age, when they begin to make cooing sounds d. at about 10 months of age, when foreign phonemes disappear from their babbling
within a few days of birth
31. We often joke "use it or lose it." Does carefully controlled research with nonhuman animals support this statement with respect to the development of the human brain? a. no, although it is true of nonhuman animals such as rodents b. yes, because brain size and structure are modified by experience in both humans and nonhuman animals c. maybe, it depends on the age of the person because this finding is applicable to the period of adolescence d. maybe, it depends on the age of the person, because this finding is applicable to perinatal period.
yes, because brain size and structure are modified by experience in both humans and nonhuman animals
128. Robbie is 20 months old and for the first time he watched his father shave this morning. Two days later his mother claims that he climbed up to the sink and began imitating the father's shaving ritual with his toothbrush. In this case, is the mother's claim plausible? a. yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours during the second year b. yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours at 6 months of age c. no, because most children do not show imitation of novel behaviours until they reach the concrete operational stage of cognitive development d. no, because most children do not show imitation of novel behaviours until they reach the preoperational stage of cognitive development
yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours during the second year
72. Amanda was in a car accident. She is experiencing extreme pain in her pelvis and lower back and she cannot walk. The emergency room physician suspects that she has fractured her pelvis and recommends further tests, including taking X-rays of her lower abdomen, chest, and upper thighs. If Amanda is 10 weeks pregnant, should she be concerned about having the X-rays? a. no, because the low doses used in most diagnostic X-rays will not harm a developing fetus b. yes, because even a single low-dose exposure is likely to cause serious mutations or miscarriage c. yes, because the exact level of radiation that is safe is unknown d. no, because radiation has not been found to be associated with birth defects until the third trimester of pregnancy
yes, because the exact level of radiation that is safe is unknown
61. Joe and Nikki have a daughter whose cries seem particularly irritating. Her cries are high pitched and shrill, they don't follow any sort of pattern or rhythm, and they sound sickly. As responsive parents, they have tried many methods to alter the characteristics of her crying but nothing has worked. Should Joe and Nikki be concerned? a. yes, because those characteristics often indicate problems with future cognitive development b. yes, because this pattern of crying may be a precursor to sudden infant death syndrome c. no, because the characteristics of crying are highly individualistic d. no, because there is little research support for a parent's interpretation of the quality of an infant's cries
yes, because those characteristics often indicate problems with future cognitive development
51. Suppose that you observe a sleeping newborn who is breathing irregularly and grimacing. The infant's eyes flutter open and move beneath the eyelids. Based on this information, is this infant's behaviour typical? a. no, it is evidence of immature neurological development b. yes, it is characteristic of the brief period just before waking c. yes, it indicates normative sleep behaviour d. no, it is predictive of gifted intelligence in toddlerhood
yes, it indicates normative sleep behaviour
22. When Leonard's daughter was a newborn, he would go into the nursery and watch her with fascination, marvelling at her tiny size and her facial features. Based on this description, is Leonard's reaction typical of new fathers? a. no, it is more characteristic of the reaction of a mother or grandmother b. yes, because his baby is a girl c. yes, it is a common one for both mothers and fathers regardless of the baby's sex d. no, because newborns do not yet engage in smiling and other behaviours that elicit attention from parents
yes, it is a common one for both mothers and fathers regardless of the baby's sex
83. Does an increased rate of habituation in infancy predict later intellectual development? a. no, it has no predictive value b. yes, it is predictive of higher scores c. yes, it is predictive of lower scores d. no, it has no predictive value for intelligence, but it does indicate perceptual abnormalities
yes, it is predictive of higher scores
104. Suppose that an adolescent does very well on the pendulum problem but has great difficulty with other formal operational tasks. Is this performance typical of adolescents? a. no, it is very unusual in adolescents of all ages and ability levels b. no, it is very unusual and is indicative that the adolescent has a general develop- mental delay in cognitive functions c. yes, is quite common if this adolescent is still in the process of completing pubertal maturation d. Yes, it is quite common for both adolescents and many adults regardless of age or maturational processes
yes, it is quite common for both adolescents and many adults regardless of age or maturational processes
19. Which of the following terms refers to the capacity for change in response to positive or negative life experiences? a. holistic b. tabula rasa c. innate purity d. plasticity
plasticity
34. What is the term for the fine body hair that appears during the fetal period? a. vernix b. lanugo c. lanix d. vernigo
lanugo
72. As our perceptual processes mature, we lose the ability to detect sensory information that has little cultural relevance. Based upon current research in perceptual development, what is this change thought to be due to? a. learning b. reverse enrichment c. dynamic systems d. maturation
learning
122. The use of which of the following strategies is most likely to result in long-term inhibition of inappropriate behaviour? a. consistently administered harsh discipline b. rationales with no punishment c. moderate punishments such as time-outs or response-cost d. moderate punishment combined with rationales
moderate punishment combined with rationales
2. Keionda plays with words and says sis, miss, nis but never says scli, pslek, or nslo. What part of language does Keionda seem to understand? a. pragmatics b. semantics c. syntax d. phonology
phonology
14. Which of the following best summarizes the data regarding risks and benefits of home birth versus hospital delivery? a. overwhelming support for hospital birth as the option of choice b. a hospital birthing room as the option of choice c. overwhelming support for a home birth as the option of choice d. positives and negatives for both options
positives and negatives for both options
12. When a child learns that saying "please" to grandma with a smile will get him a cookie, what aspect of language knowledge has the child acquired? a. phonology b. syntax c. semantics d. pragmatics
pragmatics
13. Baby Maede can skillfully control the movements of her trunk and shoulders but not of her hands and fingers. Which trend best characterizes Maede's motor skills? a. cephalocaudal b. proximodistal c. cephalomotor d. distal motor passage
proximodistal
106. What is a research technique that involves unbiased selection of participants for different experimental conditions? a. random assignment b. correlational sampling c. random sampling d. quasi/natural assignment
random assignment
107. Which characteristic of experimental design allows for more confident cause-effect interpretation than do other designs? a. random assignment of subjects to groups b. objective measurement of the variables of interest c. people studied in naturally occurring real-world groups d. random sampling of a population
random assignment of subjects to groups
120. What is the term for the notion that genotype sets limits on the possible phenotypes that an individual might display in response to different environments? a. canalization b. range of reaction c. gene-environment correlation d. heritability coefficient
range of reaction
63. Suppose that 3-year-old Syrah becomes quite upset when her mom dresses up in a witch costume on Halloween. According to Piaget, the lack of which of the following cognitive processes caused Syrah to become upset? a. egocentrism and perspective-taking ability b. understanding of the appearance/reality distinction c. animism d. precausal or transductive reasoning
understanding of the appearance/reality distinction
According to Mary Ainsworth, what type of attachment characterizes a child who is wary of strangers and who behaves indecisively toward his or her primary caregiver when the caregiver leaves the infant's immediate environment for a short time period? a) Secure b) Avoidant c) Disorganized/disoriented d) Resistant
d) Resistant
Laren is 16 years old, and he tells you he thinks that most people are dependable and caring, but that he doesn't feel worthy of the good things that happen to him. If you interpret Laren's comments using working-models theory, what would be his primary type of infant attachment? a) Avoidant b) Disorganized c) Resistant d) Secure
c) Resistant
According to research literature, which characteristic is most predictive of effective schooling? a) Prompt enforcement of rules by the classroom teacher b) Comprehensive use of ability tracking c) A high level of financial support for the school d) Small class size
a) Prompt enforcement of rules by the classroom teacher
In which circumstance has research shown that access to technology is associated with learning gains such in literacy, reading, science, and math? a) When well-designed, pedagogically appropriate software is used b) When individualized instruction is book based c) When parents do not interfere with the child's media used. d) When computer-supported instruction is presented as a stand-alone activity
a) When well-designed, pedagogically appropriate software is used
Grace is 7 years old and Ji-woo is 4 years old, but the two girls often play together. When the two girls are together, Grace is happy to play games that Ji-woo enjoys even though she doesn't usually play them with her school friends. According to developmentalists, would Grace and Ji-woo be considered peers? a) Yes, because they are operating as social equals at a similar level of behavioural complexity. b) Yes, because they are the same sex and socially compatible. c) No, because there is a three-year difference in their ages. d) No, because they are not playing in a group of age-mates.
a) Yes, because they are operating as social equals at a similar level of behavioural complexity.
96. John is a professor of mathematics and he is trying to teach basic algebra to his 10-year-old son. Based on your knowledge of concrete-operational thought, will John find it difficult for his son to acquire this skill at this age?. a. yes, because his son will not think logically about abstractions b. yes, because his son lacks sufficient capacity of short-term memory c. no, because his son will have mastered relational logic d. no, because his son will have mastered the use of internal, symbolic thought
a. yes, because his son will not think logically about abstractions
10. What is the Piagetian term for the process of fitting new experiences into existing cognitive schemes? a. accommodation b. centration c. conservation d. assimilation
assimilation
Which of the following statements best characterizes a child with an intrinsic orientation to achievement? a) "I do my work at school so I can get good grades" b) "I like challenging tasks" c) I try hard because it's important to my parents" d) "I try hard because my dad gives me ten dollars for every 'A' I get on my report card.
b) "I like challenging tasks"
Zahn-Waxler and associates found that mothers of compassionate toddlers were more likely to respond to their child's aggressive acts with which type of statements? a) "I said, 'Stop that.'" b) "You made Doug cry; your biting hurt him." c) "Go to your room, immediately!" d) "Don't do that; you are very naughty to bite."
b) "You made Doug cry; your biting hurt him."
During the kindergarten years, what percentage of children report hat they have been victims of violence? a) 10 percent b) 20 percent c) 50 percent d) 90 percent
b) 20 percent
Based on Stipek's findings, what is the earliest year of age you would expect to see a child display shame, rather than mere disappointment, following a failure? a) 2 b) 3 c) 5 d) 6
b) 3
At what age do studies worldwide suggest that prejudice peaks at? a) 3-4 years b) 5-7 years c) 8-10 years d) Puberty
b) 5-7 years
Leif's class was asked to nominate those children they liked best and those they liked least. Leif was nominated as best liked by some peers but also greatly disliked by many others. Using sociometric methods, how would you categorize Leif's peer status? a) Neglected b) Controversial c) Rejected d) Popular
b) Controversial
Athina is a Grade 1 teacher who praises the children more for the effort than for the actual quality of the work that they complete. Athina's method of grading represents which view of ability? a) Learned helplessness b) Incremental c) Mastery d) Entity
b) Incremental
According to sociometric methods, what characterizes children who are categorized as rejected? a) They are liked by their peers but disliked by their teachers. b) They are actively disliked by most of their peers. c) They are neither liked nor disliked by their peers. d) They are liked by many of their peers yet also disliked by many others.
b) They are actively disliked by most of their peers.
Recent research has identified bullying as a significant contributor to self-esteem. How high is student victimization thought to be? a) 2-12 percent b) 5-20 percent c) 10-33 percent d) 50 percent or higher
c) 10-33 percent
Which of the following can be concluded from the research of Hildy Ross and Avigail Ram? a) Older sibling pairs experience greater hostility because their attitudes toward one another are less flexible. b) Sibling conflicts inevitably involve some level of hostility but can generally be resolved. c) Both social and cognitive gains can result from sibling experiences. d) Young sibling pairs generally experience high-conflict situations.
c) Both social and cognitive gains can result from sibling experiences.
Which of the examples below is an accurate example of a video deficit? a) Young children are able to discriminate between pretend cartoon characters and real-life characters. b) Toddlers learn more from watching models in media than from face-to-face interactions with a person. c) Children under 4-years-old believe that realistic characters retain their roles and characteristics in real life. d) Ten-year-olds recognize a character's deceptive intent and evaluate him negatively.
c) Children under 4-years-old believe that realistic characters retain their roles and characteristics in real life.
According to the textbook, when does the full range of emotions emerge? a) At birth b) During the first postnatal year c) During the first and second postnatal years d) During the third postnatal year
c) During the first and second postnatal years
During which of the following developmental phases is a significant increase in self-descriptions, including traits, beliefs, and values, first observed? a) Preschool b) Kindergarten c) Early to middle elementary grades d) Late elementary grades to early adolescence
c) Early to middle elementary grades.
Parker is playing on the swings at the playground when Charlotte suddenly pushes him off she she can swing on it. Parker gets up and punches Charlotte. What type of aggression does Parker's behaviour exemplify? a) Proactive b) Vicarious c) Hostile d) Relational
c) Hostile
Which one of the following researchers would be most likely to suggest that infants play an active role in the attachment process? a) Harry Harlow b) Sigmund Freud c) John Bowlby d) Ivan Pavlov
c) John Bowlby
Which of the following best characterizes children with slow-to-warm-up temperaments? a) They have a positive mood and are enthusiastic about new experiences. b) They often react vigorously to changes in their routines. c) They are quite inactive and somewhat moody. d) They show low levels of behavioural inhibition.
c) They are quite inactive and somewhat moody.
According to Selman, which aspect of cognitive development underlies a mature understanding of social behaviours and friendship? a) Concrete operations b) Formal operations c) Egocentrism d) Perspective taking
d) Perspective taking
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the characteristics of the typical victim of peer aggression? a) They use provocative verbalizations. b) They are passive and weak. c) They are provocative and are popular with peers. d) They are both passive and provocative and are rejected by peers.
d) They are both passive and provocative and rejected by peers.
73. What outcome is associated with consumption of fish contaminated with PCBs during pregnancy? a. decreased newborn weight and responsiveness b. cleft palate and heart defects c. still birth d. late-onset epilepsy
decreased newborn weight and responsiveness
67. Heavy cigarette smoking during pregnancy has been linked to which congenital abnormality? a. heart defects b. cleft lip and/or palate c. mental retardation d. kidney malfunction
kidney malfunction
37. Of the various sensory modalities, which is the least mature at birth? a. smell b. hearing c. touch d. vision
vision
41. In newborns, which sense is the least similar to an adult's? a. taste b. hearing c. vision d. smell
vision
109) Canaries can sing with either their left or right hemispheres, but A) they cannot sing the same song with both at the same time. B) most have a strong left-hemisphere preference. C) they cannot sing with their left hemisphere and their syrinx at the same time. D) most have a strong right-hemisphere preference. E) they cannot sing with their syrinx.
B) most have a strong left-hemisphere preference.
75. In comparing amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which is the most accurate statement? a. Amniocentesis provides earlier results but poses more of a risk to the fetus. b. Amniocentesis provides earlier results and poses less of a risk to the fetus. c. CVS provides earlier results but poses more of a risk to the fetus. d. CVS provides earlier results and poses less of a risk to the fetus.
CVS provides earlier results but poses more of a risk to the fetus.
70. Which statement best describes the case study method? a. Certain individuals are selected for study because of their unique characteristics. b. Representative samples of individuals asked for their opinions. c. Selected individuals are carefully observed in their natural environments. d. A researcher tries to determine relationships between two variables.
Certain individuals are selected for study because of their unique characteristics.
114) A heritability estimate is A) an estimate of the proportion of a trait that is attributable to genetics. B) an estimate of the proportion of between-subject variability occurring in a particular trait in a particular study that resulted from genetic differences among the subjects of that study. C) likely to be higher in studies with little environmental variation. D) both A and C E) both B and C
E) both B and C
13) The single most influential theory in the biological sciences is the theory of A) D. O. Hebb. B) Charles Darwin. C) evolution. D) both A and C E) both B and C
E) both B and C
54) In terms of which of the following measures of brain size are humans surpassed by shrews? A) brain weight B) brain volume C) neocortex volume D) cerebellum volume E) brain weight expressed as a percentage of total body weight
E) brain weight expressed as a percentage of total body weight
7) Asomatognosia is a A) form of Korsakoff's syndrome. B) dualistic philosophy. C) learned response. D) consequence of hypothalamic damage. E) deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body.
E) deficiency in the awareness of parts of one's own body.
101) The sensitive period for the development of a particular trait is the period A) of chronic pain. B) of sexual receptivity. C) of fertility. D) of neural regeneration. E) during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of the trait.
E) during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of the trait.
The conspecific of a vole is a A) rat. B) monkey. C) human. D) mouse. E) vole.
E) vole.
7. How do children's growth rates change as they move from infancy into the preschool years? a. Growth increases sharply. b. Growth slows down. c. Growth remains unchanged. d. Growth increases for height and decreases for weight.
Growth slows down.
49. Which statement best summarizes the conclusions of Kellman and Spelke's habituation experiment regarding infant perception of "wholeness" of an object? a. Motion cues helped the identification of the whole form. b. Boys' form perception is superior to that of girls. c. Form perception is innate and highly accurate. d. Subjective contours are invisible to infants.
Motion cues helped the identification of the whole form.
70) The "letters" of the genetic code are A) deoxyribose bases. B) phosphates. C) nucleotide bases. D) amino acids. E) peptides.
C) nucleotide bases.
55. Julie and Joel have had their daughter assessed with the Bayley infant development scales. Based on the score that their daughter receives, what can Julie and Joel assume with respect to her future intellectual ability? a. Her future academic ability cannot be predicted with accuracy. b. Her future IQ score will fall within a range of about three points from her DQ. c. She will perform better intellectually as she grows older. d. She will show declines in her intellectual abilities as she grows older due to performance pressures.
Her future academic ability cannot be predicted with accuracy.
38. Madeline's intelligence quotient (IQ) was calculated using the formula proposed by Lewis Terman, and the result was less than 100. What does this indicate? a. Her chronological age is greater than her mental age. b. Her mental age is greater than her chronological age. c. Her IQ was calculated incorrectly because in Terman's method the score must be greater than or equal to 115. d. Her IQ was calculated incorrectly because in Terman's method the score must be equal to or greater than 100.
Her chronological age is greater than her mental age.
125. What is one advantage of the longitudinal approach to developmental research? a. It provides temporal rather than context-specific information. b. It allows for very precise control of the research situation. c. Data collected are representative of the whole population. d. Data collected can be generalized to the whole population.
It provides temporal rather than context-specific information.
83. What is the prognosis for infants who are born with a hereditary defect in metabolism such as cystic fibrosis or phenylketonuria? a. There is nothing that can be done to treat the condition. b. Some but not all children can be treated. c. Even for those children that can be treated, the child's mental and physical functioning will be seriously compromised. d. Even with treatment, most children will live only a very short time and die before reaching puberty.
Some but not all children can be treated.
125. According to the information-processing view, in what circumstance does the most effective outcome of punishment occur? a. The child is afraid of getting caught. b. The child has internalized a rationale for inhibiting the behavior. c. The child does not know when to expect punishment; it is intermittent. d. The child knows that the punishment will be severe.
The child has internalized a rationale for inhibiting the behavior.
27. Max and his wife have five daughters. Max was complaining to his friends that he thinks his wife must be too feminine and that is why they have not had a boy. Why is Max's reasoning flawed? a. The sex of the child is determined by his wife, but not because she is too feminine. b. The sex of the child is determined by Max. c. Both parents contribute to the determination of the child's sex. d. The sex of the child is the result of codominance and it is the stronger of the two parents who determines the sex of the child.
The sex of the child is determined by Max.
16. Which statement provides strong evidence that girls mature faster than boys? a. The brains of female infants contain more white matter at birth. b. The skeletal development of females is advanced in comparison to males at all phases of development. c. Females have more muscle fibres at birth than do males, but the size of the fibres increases at a slower rate than do those of males. d. The brains of female infants are less lateralized at birth.
The skeletal development of females is advanced in comparison to males at all phases of development.
28. Belinda was in a minor car accident and this triggered premature labour. She has just given birth at 10 weeks prior to her due date. Based on past medical experience, what will Belinda's doctor tell her regarding her infant's viability? a. It is unlikely that her baby will survive. b. Her baby will not only survive, but because she gave birth in a hospital setting he should suffer no long-term consequences.. c. There is a good chance that her son will survive, but he will probably have many complications during the first few weeks. d. There is a small chance that the baby will survive, but if he or she does, there will be few, if any, further complications.
There is a good chance that her son will survive, but he will probably have many complications during the first few weeks.
48. Which statement best summarizes Baillargeon's conclusion as to why young infants stare longer at "impossible" scenes than they do at "possible" scenes? a. They are confused about what is possible and what is not. b. They are displaying annoyance with an adult's control of their environment. c. They are confused about the concept of the present and the future. d. They are displaying a rudimentary understanding of object concept.
They are displaying a rudimentary understanding of object concept.
48. Disorders such as hemophilia, some forms of night blindness, and two types of muscular dystrophy occur at different rates in males and females. Which statement best characterizes the pattern of these disorders in the two sexes? a. They are more likely to be displayed by males than by females. b. They are more likely to be displayed by females than by males. c. They are equally likely to be displayed in males and females because the mother is the carrier. d. They are equally likely to be displayed in males and females because the father is the carrier.
They are more likely to be displayed by males than by females.
133. Why do grade-school children seem to learn more from social models than do younger children? a. They are less likely to chatter and produce verbal descriptions that interfere with remembering the actions. b. They have developed the capability for deferred imitation. c. They have the language skills to follow instructions. d. They are more likely to produce verbal labels to encode what they have observed.
They are more likely to produce verbal labels to encode what they have observed.
82. Can the mental retardation and other problems associated with phenylketonuria be treated or prevented? a. They are preventable by dietary intervention in infancy and childhood. b. They are not preventable but are not fatal. c. They are reversible if the person is put on a special diet during early childhood. d. They are not preventable and are eventually fatal.
They are preventable by dietary intervention in infancy and childhood.
84. Scarr and Weinberg compared the IQs of disadvantaged African-American children adopted into white, middle-class families with those of their white siblings, compara- ble children raised in the African-American community, and the national norms. Which statement best describes their findings regarding the IQs of the African-American adoptees? a. They scored far below their white siblings. b. They scored below the national average. c. They scored well above their white siblings. d. They scored well above the national average.
They scored well above the national average.
110. Why don't younger children perform as well as older children in communication tasks? a. They are incapable of detecting ambiguities or the absence of important information. b. They tend to guess what they think the message means. c. They do not adjust their speech to the listener's level of understanding. d. They lack the syntactical skills to effectively communicate their meaning.
They tend to guess what they think the message means.
88. What does it mean to say that children use holophrases? a. They overextend usage of words. b. They create their vocabulary using nouns. c. They use a single word to represent a whole idea. d. They use language in a telegraphic manner.
They use a single word to represent a whole idea.
102. If a trait has a heritability coefficient of .0, what would a behavioural geneticist conclude regarding the influence of genes and environment on this trait? a. This characteristic is moderately influenced by heredity. b. This characteristic is strongly influenced by heredity. c. Zero percent of an individual's phenotype for that characteristic is due to environmental factors. d. This characteristic is not influenced by heredity.
This characteristic is not influenced by heredity.
Robbie Case emphasized the role of cultural experience as vital to a child's ability to master new skills. In this respect, which theorist is his perspective most similar to? a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. Skinner d. Freud
Vygotsky
24. In order to determine whether a human zygote will develop into a typical male, what must the 23rd pair of chromosomes consist of? a. YY b. XX c. XY d. YO
XY
104. Which of the following defines the term dependent variable? a. an internal, motivational factor that remains stable b. an external, uncontrolled factor that fluctuates c. a factor that is manipulated or changed by the researcher d. a behaviour that is observed or measured by the researcher
a behaviour that is observed or measured by the researcher
41. Which of the following methods of inquiry is a person using when recording careful observations of the ongoing development of his or her own child? a. correlational note-taking b. systematic experimentation c. a biography d. an autobiography
a biography
88. In this example, what is salivation to food in the dog's mouth? a. an unconditioned stimulus b. a conditioned stimulus c. a conditioned response d. an unconditioned response
a conditioned stimulus
50. Dr. Bauer predicts that if parents are nurturing and responsive, then children are less likely to act aggressively. What does Dr. Bauer's prediction exemplify? a. empirical knowledge b. an operational definition c. a hypothesis d. a dependent variable
a hypothesis
105. Every time Erwin cried, his father would immediately pick him up and he would stop crying. Now Erwin is a real crybaby. In this case, what has his father's behaviour acted as with respect to Erwin's crying behaviour? a. a positive reinforcer b. a conditioned stimulus c. a negative reinforcer d. an unconditioned stimulus
a negative reinforcer
84. What is gene replacement therapy? a. a treatment for genetic disorders that has been widely used since the early 1970s b. a highly controversial treatment not used because of the ethical concerns c. a treatment currently being used with cystic fibrosis patients to attempt to override the effects of the cystic fibrosis genes d. an experimental treatment for chromosomal abnormalities that is seldom successful
a treatment currently being used with cystic fibrosis patients to attempt to override the effects of the cystic fibrosis genes
Which of the following slogans best characterizes Freud's explanation of attachment? a) "I love whoever feeds me." b) "I've got a need to be hugged." c) "Give me reinforcement for my love." d) "We were born to be love."
a) "I love whoever feeds me."
What percentage of Canadian families are headed by a single parent? a) 20 percent b) 30 percent c) 40 percent d) 50 percent
a) 20 percent
Zhilan is telling you about a television show that she saw. She can describe most of the things that the characters did, but she is not really sure why the characters acted the way they did. Zhilan's reporting of the television show is similar to the type of description you would expect from a child of what age? a) 6 years b) 8 years c) 10 years d) 14 years
a) 6 years
At which of the following ages would children be interested in a scrambled sequence of story events because they are not yet capable of understanding a causal chain? a) 7 years b) 9 years c) 11 years d) 13 years
a) 7 years
Which of the following people would likely score highest on universalistic moral thinking? a) A 60-year-old Hindu person b) A 60-year-old American c) A 13-year-old American d) A 13-year-old Hindu person
a) A 60-year-old Hindu person
Which of the following statements about estimates of child abuse is accurate? a) Accurate prevalence estimates are very difficult to obtain because many people fail to disclose their experiences of abuse. b) Incidents of child abuse and neglect are not collected federally in Canada. c) Investigations of maltreatment are undertaken only when it is evident that abuse has occurred. d) Cases of suspected abuse require corroboration from the child and two other sources before an investigation will take place.
a) Accurate prevalence estimates are very difficult to obtain because many people fail to disclose their
Which of the following attributes are important components of temperament? a) Activity level, fearfulness, and sociability. b) Activity level, conscientiousness, and irritability. c) Fearfulness, openness, and conscientiousness. d) Sociability, irritability, and empathy.
a) Activity level, fearfulness, and sociability.
Children who are exposed to marital conflict have an increased likelihood of exhibiting which of the following behavioural outcomes? a) Aggressive interactions with siblings and peers b) Hostility toward their siblings, but closer friendships c) Hostility toward their peers, but closer sibling interactions d) Withdrawal from interactions with both siblings and peers
a) Aggressive interactions with siblings and peers
Kaylene smiles when she sees her mobile turning above her crib, when her brother picks her up, and when the dog thrusts his head into her line of sight. Based on this information, Kaylene is in which of the following phases of attachment? a) Asocial b) Indiscriminate c) Specific d) Mutliple
a) Asocial
According to Parten, when children share toys and swap materials, but do not cooperate to achieve shared goals, which form of play are they engaging in? a) Associative b) Simple pretend c) Parallel d) Onlooker
a) Associative
The gender segregation of children's play groups becomes more pronounced as the children grow older. What characterizes the types of groups that boys and girls form? a) Boys tend to form packs, whereas girls tend to form pairs. b) Boys tend to form pairs, whereas girls tend to form packs. c) Both boys and girls tend to form packs or teams. d) Both boys and girls tend to form pairs with one best friend.
a) Boys tend to form packs, whereas girls tend to form pairs.
Which of the following is an example that best characterizes the term media literacy? a) Constructing a storyline from the activities of characters b) Ignoring commercial messages when viewing a program c) Understanding symbols d) Reading and interpreting information provided about the media (i.e., game or program)
a) Constructing a storyline from the activities of characters
According to Howes and Matheson, what form of play are children engaging in when they act out complementary roles, but without planning the meaning of these roles? a) Cooperative social pretend b) Complex social pretend c) Simple pretend d) Complementary and reciprocal
a) Cooperative social pretend
Knowing that Kato, a preschooler, is appropriately sociable and well-liked by his peers, which of the following are Kato's parents most likely to do when he is engaged in a play situation? a) Directly monitor all his activities b) Structure each interaction between him and his friends c) Encourage him to independently resolve minor disputes with his friends d) Be warm and responsive to his needs
a) Directly monitor all his activities
Under which of the following circumstances would a person be less likely to attain Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning? a) He or she lives within a rural community in an underdeveloped country. b) He or she lives within an industrialized society. c) He or she successfully engages in advanced education. d) He or she regularly engages in intense, transactive peer discussions.
a) He or she lives within a rural community in an underdeveloped country.
Why is the giving of rationales along with affective feedback believed to be effective in promoting altruism? a) It encourages role-taking and develops empathy b) It requires that the child directs his or her attention to the situation c) It makes the child feel ashamed of his or her behaviour d) It reinforces desired behaviours
a) It encourages role-taking and develops empathy.
Charlotte's parents have just introduced her to her newborn brother. Although Charlotte is curious and interested in having a brother, she becomes difficult and disruptive over the next four weeks. Based on this description of Charlotte, how old is she likely to be? a) Less than 2 years of age b) Between 2 and 4 years of age c) 10 to 13 years of age d) 14 to 16 years of age
a) Less than 2 years of age.
Based on the data gathered from numerous cross-cultural studies on aggression in males and females, which of the following conclusions has received the most support? a) Males are more likely to engage in both physical and verbal aggression. b) Females are more likely to engage in retaliatory aggression than are males. c) Males are more likely to engage in physical aggression, whereas females are more likely to engage in verbal aggression. d) Females are more likely to engage in both physical and verbal aggression.
a) Males are more likely to engage in both physical and verbal aggression.
What is the term for a parent-child relationship characterized by concern for each other's needs? a) Mutually responsive b) Prosocial responsive c) Mutually prosocial d) Mutual relational
a) Mutually responsive
84. Salvador and Glynnis are in the same preschool class. Salvador has three older brothers and an older sister, and Glynnis is an only child. Based on this information, how will each child perform when solving false-belief tasks? a. Glynnis will tend to do better than Salvador b. Glynnis and Salvador will be equally successful. c. Glynnis and Salvador will be equally unsuccessful. d. Salvador will tend to do better than Glynnis.
Salvador will tend to do better than Glynnis.
67. Aiza is upset because she is convinced that her brother's cookie is bigger than hers. Her dad quickly breaks Aiza's cookie in two and tells her that she now has "more cookie." If Aiza is satisfied by this, how would Piaget explain her response? a. She has not yet mastered object permanence. b. She understands object permanence. c. She does not yet understand conservation. d. She has mastered conservation.
She does not yet understand conservation.
42. Amanda is currently in the sensorimotor stage of development. According to Piaget, when will her parents know that her object concept is fully mature? a. She searches for partially concealed objects. b. She searches for covered objects. c. She searches for covertly displaced objects. d. She searches for the obvious location of objects.
She searches for covertly displaced objects.
54. Pat has developed a test to measure aggression. Pat gives the test to her developmental psychology class at the beginning of the term and again at the end of the term. Much to Pat's dismay, the results obtained at the end of the semester are completely different from those obtained at the start. What is a likely explanation for the difference in results? a. The test does not have strong validity. b. The test is not reliable. c. The test is free from cohort effects. d. The test is adequately standardized.
The test is not reliable.
Which statement best characterizes the abilities of children who have IQ scores of 55 to 70 on the Wechsler scales? a. They are capable of learning a few academic or practical lessons at school. b. They will be unhappy, unproductive adults. c. They will be productive as adults and satisfied with their accomplishments. d. They eventually will be institutionalized because they are incapable of self-care.
They will be productive as adults and satisfied with their accomplishments.
87. In this example, what is salivation to the sound of the bell? a. an unconditioned stimulus b. a conditioned stimulus c. a conditioned response d. an unconditioned response
a conditioned response
Which of the following is a primary emotion that develops gradually during the first postnatal year? a) Anger b) Embarrassment c) Disgust d) Pride
a) Anger
Sadiq is an inactive infant who often appears to be somewhat moody. Sometimes, he will look away from his parents if they try to cuddle him. Generally, he protests to changes in his routine, but he does participate in new situations if he can engage with others on his own time. Based on this description, how would you categorize Sadiq's temperament? a) As slow to warm up b) As difficult c) As easy d) As disengaged
a) As slow to warm up
Suppose that you overhear someone discussing a recent situation that required her to make a moral judgment. When she states her reasons for her decision, you immediately classify her as reasoning at the preconventional level. What did she base her decision on that allowed you make this classification? a) External consequences b) Internalized rules c) Abstract principles d) Morality of the law and social rules
a) External consequences
Early research indicated that 3-month-old white infants were better at recognizing the faces of white women over the faces of Asian women. What does recent research suggest? a) Race-experience dependance can be eliminated with familiarity. b) Own-race preference results are obtained only from white infants. c) Race-experience dependence is unalterable once established. d) Own-race preference is genetic.
a) Race-experience dependance can be eliminated with familiarity.
According to research findings, what data support the link between secure attachments in infancy and later achievement motivation? a) The children are more curious b) The children are more intellectually competent c) The children are more reversed d) The children are better at future planning.
a) The children are more curious
According to Baumrind's research, which of the following characterizes the behaviour of children of authoritarian parents? a) They are moody and unfriendly. b) They are impulsive and aggressive. c) They are cheerful and self-reliant. d) They are moody, but self-reliant.
a) They are moody and unfriendly.
What characterizes the behaviour of preschool children who formed insecure attachments during infancy? a) They are socially and emotionally withdrawn. b) They are highly sociable. c) They are highly curious and show an eagerness to learn. d) They show a high level of autonomy and self-directedness.
a) They are socially and emotionally withdrawn.
Which of the following best characterizes the parental style associated with an avoidant attachment relationship? a) Unresponsive and impatient b) Warm and responsive c) Warm and extremely permissive d) Inconsistent
a) Unresponsive and impatient
47. Of the following intelligence scales, which one emphasizes basic information-processing skills? a. Kaufman's Assessment Battery for Children b. Feuerstein's Learning Potential Assessment Device c. the Stanford-Binet tests d. the WISC-IV
a. Kaufman's Assessment Battery for Children
37. Based on the intelligence quotient formula developed by Lewis Terman would be the score of an individual with a mental age greater than his or her chronological age? a. greater than 100 b. equal to 100 c. less than 85 but greater than 70 d. less than 70
a. greater than 100
According to Nancy Galambos and colleagues, what behavioural outcome is associated with the use of psychological control for discipline? a) Affiliation with positive peer role models b) Anxiety and depression c) Increased academic success d) High self-esteem
b) Anxiety and depression
In conversations with his friends, Brian often says, "Theft is wrong because it is against one of the Ten Commandments. My parents and my religion have taught me that theft is wrong - always wrong." Based on this scenario, Brian's attitude toward stealing represents which level of moral reasoning? a) Preconventional b) Conventional c) Postconventional d) Preautonomous
b) Conventional
Jared's mother has noticed that Jared has begun smiling more at people he sees regularly than at people he is less familiar with. However, Jared loves to be held, and at a family gathering this past weekend he became fussy and protested whenever one of his aunts or uncles went to put him down. Based on this information, which phase of attachment formation characterizes Jared's behaviour? a) Asocial b) Indiscriminate c) Specific d) Multiple
b) Indiscriminate
Addison's parents are typically away at night, leaving her and her three younger siblings alone at home. Her parents justify their actions by saying that they save money on babysitters. Based on Addison's parents' behaviour, how would you classify their parental style? a) As authoritarian b) As permissive c) As uninvolved d) As authoritative
c) As uninvolved
A father shouts at his child: "As long as you live under my roof, you will do what I tell you to do." Which parenting style does the father's behaviour exemplify? a) Uninvolved b) Permissive c) Authoritarian d) Authoritative
c) Authoritarian
According to Piaget, what stage of moral development is characterized by a child who says that the "wrongness" of an act depends on the individual's intentions? a) Premoral b) Heteronomous c) Autonomous d) Transitive
c) Autonomous
Felix is 12 months old, and in the strange-situation test he displays little distress when his mother leaves and ignores her when she returns. According to Ainsworth, which type of attachment relationship is Felix exhibiting? a) Resistant b) Secure c) Avoidant d) Disorganized/disoriented
c) Avoidant
Many developmentalists have contributed to our understanding of the interaction between children and their parents in determining behavioural outcomes. Overall, what is regarded as the most important contributor to this interaction? a) Parental warmth and acceptance are important. b) Guidance or discipline by the parents is important. c) Both warmth and discipline are important, although the two factors are independent. d) Parental warmth is important only when the parents have a strict disciplinary style.
c) Both warmth and discipline are important, although the two factors are independent.
What is a conclusion that can be drawn from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report on the difference between Canadian and Asian youth on math scores? a) Asian students are more intelligent than Canadian students. b) Canadian parental expectations create anxiety for their children. c) Cultural differences in educational attitudes and practices account for achievement differences. d) Asian governments devote greater resources to education than the Canadian government does.
c) Cultural differences in educational attitudes and practices account for achievement differences.
According to Erik Erikson, what is the major developmental hurdle that adolescents face? a) Establishing generativity b) Developing industry c) Establishing an identity d) Developing intimacy
c) Establishing an identity
Children who show mirror self-recognition are more likely to be raised in cultures that emphasize which characteristic? a) Physical appearance b) Maternal interdependence c) Individual autonomy d) Emotional suppressions
c) Individual autonomy
According to working-models theory, infants who construct positive models of themselves and their caregivers should form which type of attachment? a) Resistant b) Uninhibited c) Secure d) Avoidant
c) Secure
During which achievement phase do children show evidence of pride in their achievements? a) Approval-seeking b) Accomplishment c) Use-of-standards d) Mastery-seeking
c) Use-of-standards
79. Suppose that you and your partner are both carriers for a genetic defect that causes a fatal metabolic disorder. Which prenatal testing procedure would give the earliest and most informative results regarding the health of your unborn child? a. chorionic villus sampling b. amniocentesis c. ultrasound d. germline gene analysis
chorionic villus sampling
Which of the following would a 4- a 5-year old most likely to say about his or her peers? a) "Ida is shy." b) "Jason runs faster than Malik." c) "Anik is smarter than Sara." d) "Tareq has brown hair."
d) "Tareq has brown hair."
What is the term for a family system in which a group of blood relatives from more than one nuclear family live together in the same household? a) A traditional nuclear family b) A nontraditional dynamic family c) A blended family d) An extended family
d) An extended family
Which of the following is an outcome associated with a curriculum based on social-emotional strategies taught to children being bullied in British Columbia? a) Positive relationship-building between bullies and victims, resulting in unexpected friendships. b) An initial backlash, which involved a higher incidence of bullying following victim reports. c) A negative response from parents who prefer that school curriculum focus on academic rather than nonacademic competencies. d) An increased likelihood in the identification and reporting of bullying incidents.
d) An increased likelihood in the identification and reporting of bullying incidents.
According to cognitive-developmental theory, what best accounts for the development of attachment-related fears? a) Inconsistent caregiving by the infant's primary caregiver. b) An infant's general apprehension about things that are unfamiliar. c) Lack of responsiveness by the infant's primary caregiver. d) An infant's inability to explain what has happened to a familiar companion.
d) An infant's inability to explain what has happened to a familiar companion.
The principle that families are embedded within larger cultural contexts supports which theorist's perspective? a) Piaget b) Skinner c) Freud d) Bronfenbrenner
d) Bronfenbrenner
According to Kohlberg, which to Piaget's stages must be reached for a person to use postconventional reasoning? a) Sensorimotor b) Preoperational c) Concrete operations d) Formal operations
d) Formal operations
97. According to Piaget, which period of development occurs from the age of 11 through adulthood? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. formal operational d. concrete operational
formal operational
54. Most common human characteristics are determined by which gene pattern? a. a single dominant gene b. a pair of recessive genes c. a single recessive gene d. many genes working together
many genes working together
47. Neonates spend about 70 percent of their time in which state of arousal? a. crying b. alert and attentive c. sleeping d. alert and inactive
sleeping
32. What is the primary change that occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy? a. the addition of organ systems b. the primary differentiation of the sense organs c. the size of the hands and feet d. the fetus's weight and height
the fetus's weight and height
5. What does the Apgar test assess? a. structural abnormalities of the skeleton b. the presence of sexually transmitted diseases c. the infant's general physical condition d. structural abnormalities of the brain
the infant's general physical condition
19. Which type of sentences are parents most likely to respond to and reinforce when a child is first learning to speak? a. those that are grammatically correct, even if those same sentences are factually incorrect b. those that are both grammatically and factually correct c. those that are factually correct, even if those same sentences are grammatically incorrect d. those that are pronounced clearly and accurately
those that are factually correct, even if those same sentences are grammatically incorrect
108. Random assignment to either the control or experimental group is an important aspect of experimental procedures. Why is random assignment used? a. to gather a representative sample of participants b. to equate the experimental and control groups c. to ensure that cohort effects are minimized d. to ensure that the independent variable will be reliable and valid
to equate the experimental and control groups
57. Much like nonhuman primates, Simon holds an object by pressing his fingers against his palm. What type of grasp is Simon using? a. simian b. ulnar c. pincer d. homanoid
ulnar
70. According to recent research preschoolers are likely to attribute life to which type of inanimate object? a. all types, including nonliving things b. all types that display movement on their own c. unfamiliar types that display movement on their own d. types that are similar to living things only
unfamiliar types that display movement on their own
22. Janice had an ultrasound done about 60 days after she conceived her baby. What information about her baby could Janice learn from the ultrasound at this point in pregnancy? a. the sex of the baby b. that it is a baby and not just a small tumour c. very little, because the embryo is so small d. whether or not the baby carries a recessive genetic disorder
very little, because the embryo is so small
104. Which of the following would be most likely to appear in a 2-year-old's spontaneous conversation? a. what, where, and who questions because these all have concrete referents b. why, when, and how questions because the referents are abstract c. use of all the wh- question words, but incorrectly d. little use of wh- question words at all at this age
what, where, and who questions because these all have concrete referents
47. Jerome's 4-month-old daughter was upset and fussy, but after listening to her father talk to her for a few minutes she is now calm. Based on the results from Fernald's research, how did Jerome speak to her? a. with short sentences that had a rising intonation b. with humming or soft cooing sounds c. with short sentences that had a falling intonation d. with an even voice, with little intonation or inflection
with short sentences that had a falling intonation
98. As children move beyond the telegraphic period into more sophisticated use of grammar, morphemes such as -ing and -s are acquired before morphemes such as -ed and -'s. What does Brown attribute this order to? a. -ing and -s are used more frequently by adults b. -ing and -s are less semantically complex c. -ing and -s are phonetically easier to pronounce d. -ing and -s are both verb transformations, which are typically mastered prior to noun transformations
-ing and -s are less semantically complex
1. By what year of age does a child reach approximately one half of his or her eventual adult height? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6
2
75) Illustrated here is A) mitosis. B) meiosis. C) the replication of a DNA molecule. D) the replication of an RNA molecule. E) an enhancer.
C) the replication of a DNA molecule.
8. Vicki's newborn son is crying weakly in the delivery room. He appears to be quite limp and his extremities are blue. When a nurse checks his breathing, it is irregular. Based on this information, what is Vicki's newborn likely to score on the Apgar test? a. 0 to 3 points b. 4 or 5 points c. 8 to 10 points d. 15 points (or more)
4 or 5 points
59. What is one of the advantages associated with the use of interviews and questionnaires in developmental research? a. A large amount of useful information can be obtained in a short period of time. b. The researcher does not need to be present when the data are collected. c. These methods can be used with any age of participant. d. Data obtained from interviews and questionnaires are more likely to be reliable and valid, compared to data obtained using other methods of research.
A large amount of useful information can be obtained in a short period of time.
2) A major purpose of Chapter 2 of Biopsychology is to teach you not to think about the biology of behaviour in terms of A) instinct. B) Cartesian dualism. C) traditional dichotomies. D) psychology. E) the brain.
C) traditional dichotomies.
76) Female mammals have A) only one X chromosome. B) only one Y chromosome. C) two X chromosomes. D) two Y chromosomes. E) both A and B
C) two X chromosomes.
40. Approximately how many centimetres in length is the fetus by the seventh month post-conception? a. 25 b. 30 c. 42 d. 56
42
41. By what month of age are 90 percent of typical infants able to roll over? a. 1 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9
5
28. Harlan, who has fathered seven daughters, marries Cheyenne, who is the mother of four sons. If Cheyenne conceives a child with Harlan what is the probability that the child will be a boy? a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent
50 percent
41. Which trait illustrates the principle of codominance? a. AB blood type b. Down syndrome c. colour blindness d. phenylketonuria
AB blood type
55) In general, the brain stem regulates A) thinking. B) memory. C) emotion. D) reflex activities critical for survival. E) vision.
D) reflex activities critical for survival.
105) The first twittering efforts of young songbirds are often called A) clucking. B) sing-song. C) babbling. D) subsong. E) dialectic.
D) subsong.
1. How do experience and biological processes affect human development? a. Experience produces change through maturation, and biological processes produce change through learning. b. Both experience and biological processes produce change through learning. c. Experience produces change through learning, and biological processes produce change through maturation. d. Both experience and biological processes produce change through maturation.
Experience produces change through learning, and biological processes produce change through maturation.
105. Some adults fail to solve formal-operational problems. Which statement best summarizes the research findings for why this may occur? a. He or she is below average in intelligence or developmentally delayed. b. He or she lacks the ability for abstract thinking. c. He or she may lack experience with the content of that particular type of problem. d. He or she lacks all ability for formal-operational thinking.
He or she may lack experience with the content of that particular type of problem.
33. If a baby were born at 20 weeks, what would be the prognosis for survival? a. The baby would not survive. b. The baby would certainly survive and flourish with moderate medical care. c. The baby would most likely survive, but would need significant medical interventions. d. The baby would have a 50:50 chance of surviving because he or she has just reached the age of viability.
The baby would not survive.
Which two moral foundations regulate behaviour in close social relationships? a) Care and fairness b) Fairness and loyalty c) Loyalty and authority d) Authority and care
a) Care and fairness
Suppose that you use a radar detector in your car to avoid getting caught for speeding. According to Kohlberg, which stage of moral reasoning does your driving behaviour represent? a) Stage 1 b) Stage 3 c) Stage 5 d) Stage 6
a) Stage 1
65. On average, how many new words do infants add to their vocabulary between the ages of 18 and 24 months? a. approximately one per week b. up to 10 words per day c. between 10 to 20 per week d. approximately 100 per week
between 10 to 20 per week
Which of the following is a stable external cause for an achievement outcome? a) Effort b) Ability c) Task difficulty d) Luck
c) Task difficulty
53. You are in an airport and hear three 9-month-old babies babbling, each from a different racial/ethnic background. Based on current research evidence will the babbling of these babies be different? a. no, because maturation is the major determinant of language acquisition during the first year b. no, because consonant sounds do not usually emerge until 12 months of age c. yes, and will consist of mainly of two-word phrases d. yes, with each child's babbles sounding similar to his or her native language
yes, with each child's babbles sounding similar to his or her native language
What percentage of adults who were abused as children go on to abuse their own children? a) Less than 5 percent b) About 30 percent c) About 50 percent d) More than 75 percent
b) About 30 percent
At approximately what month of age do children begin to offer toys and communicate verbally with their age- mates in a play situation? a) 4 b) 6 c) 12 d) 18
b) 6
Kohlberg's three levels of moral development are based on the developmental sequence of what behaviour? a) Decisions about moral dilemmas. b) Reasoning about moral dilemmas. c) Knowledge of the moral rules of the culture. d) Overt behaviours when faced with moral dilemmas.
b) Reasoning about moral dilemmas.
How do preschool children most commonly describe themselves? a) Their membership in social categories such as gender and age group. b) The activities they can perform and physical attributes. c) The psychological traits they view themselves as having. d) Comparisons to other children in their play group.
b) The activities they can perform and physical attributes.
Which of the following characterizes the play behaviour of children in Piaget's premoral stage? a) They are systematic in their games. b) They focus on winning. c) They think the point of the game is to take turns. d) They are concerned about the rules of the game.
c) They think the point of games is to take turns.
11. By four days after conception, approximately how many cells does the zygote contain? a. 16 b. 60 to 80 c. 200 to 500 d. more than 1000
60 to 80
49. When do infants first show a preference for speech that contains natural breaks and pauses? a. birth b. 2 months of age c. 7 months of age d. 15 months of age
7 months of age
38. Paul and Mina both have brown eyes, even though both have mothers with blue eyes. Based on Mendel's research, what percentage of their potential offspring will have brown eyes? a. 0 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent
75 percent
77. Which of the following best describes an underextension of word meaning? a. A child uses a word incorrectly to describe a wide variety of objects or events. b. A child knows more than one word for the same object or event. c. A child uses a general word to refer to a small range of objects or events. d. A child attempts to describe an object or event that he or she has never seen.
A child uses a general word to refer to a small range of objects or events.
57. According to the authors of the textbook, what was one of the lessons of the thalidomide tragedy? a. Drugs cause more serious defects the later in pregnancy they are taken. b. Each drug has a single defect associated with it. c. A drug that appears harmless in animal testing may be harmful to humans. d. Only prescription drugs are safe during pregnancy.
A drug that appears harmless in animal testing may be harmful to humans.
106) Birdsong is commonly studied in male A) white-crowned sparrows. B) zebra finches. C) canaries. D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
41. Tamera is playing with her father and he dangles his car keys in front of her. Her dad then hides the keys behind his back. Tamera reaches out and grabs at his hand. How would a Piagetian theorist account for Tamara's behaviour? a. She can solve conservation problems. b. She can understand deductive reasoning. c. She can understand secondary circular reactions. d. She can understand object permanence.
She can understand object permanence.
25. Which statement best summarizes the research findings of DeCasper and his associates regarding the auditory preferences of newborn infants? a. They prefer the sound of low-pitched male voices over the sound of high-pitched female voices. b. They prefer the sound of their mother's voice over the voices of other women. c. They prefer natural sounds (such as the ocean) over the sound of voices. d. They prefer very low-amplitude sounds or silence over voices.
They prefer the sound of their mother's voice over the voices of other women.
What is the term for compliance based on the child's eagerness to reciprocate cooperation with a responsive parent? a) Committed b) Situational c) Relational d) Conflicted
a) Committed
38. When can infants begin to perceive all the basic colours of the rainbow? a. by the seventh month of pregnancy b. at birth c. at 3 months of age d. at 6 months of age
at 3 months of age
39. When can infants group colours into similar shades (e.g., reds, greens, blues) as well as adults do? a. at birth b. at about 2 months c. at about 4 months d. at about 6 months
at about 4 months
50. Marion's mother has red-green colour blindness, but her father does not. What can we predict about the colour vision of Marion and her brothers? a. Marion is colour blind, but her brothers' colour vision is normal. b. All the children in this family are colour blind. c. All of Marion's brothers are colour blind, but Marion's colour vision is normal. d. None of the children in this family are colour blind.
All of Marion's brothers are colour blind, but Marion's colour vision is normal.
45. Many genetic disorders can be traced to recessive genes. What results from a single dominant gene? a. Huntington's disease b. sickle-cell anemia c. PKU syndrome d. Turner's syndrome
Huntington's disease
16. What is the result of the "crossing-over" phenomenon during meiosis? a. It increases the probability that two siblings will be genetically identical. b. It can either increase or decrease the probability that two siblings will be identical, depending on hormone levels at the time of conception. c. It makes it impossible for two siblings to be genetically identical. d. It decreases the probability that two siblings will be genetically identical.
It decreases the probability that two siblings will be genetically identical.
59. Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding the meaningful relationship between early and later scores on intelligence tests? a. It exists for children of all ages who are raised in homes in which the parents value achievement. b. It emerges in the early elementary-school years, but the relationship grows weaker during the late elementary-school years and adolescence. c. It emerges at about age 4, and the relationship grows even stronger during middle childhood. d. It exists for children of all ages who are raised in poverty.
It emerges at about age 4, and the relationship grows even stronger during middle childhood.
22. Which of the following best summarizes current research findings regarding the role of imitation in syntax acquisition? a. It is central for the acquisition of syntactic knowledge. b. It facilitates acquisition of syntactic knowledge, but it is not essential. c. The more imitation a child displays, the more advanced his or her syntactic structures will be. d. Imitation is not as important to the development of syntax as reinforcement .
It facilitates acquisition of syntactic knowledge, but it is not essential.
10. Which statement best describes the fertilized ovum at the time of implantation? a. It has already undergone several mitotic divisions. b. It has already undergone several meiotic divisions. c. It has begun to undergo apoptosis. d. It has begun to undergo meiosis.
It has already undergone several mitotic divisions.
25. Which statement best summarizes Segalowitz's data regarding the development of error-related negativity as measure by electrophysiological methods? a. It progressively decreases from birth. b. It increases up to birth and then decreases over early childhood. c. It decreases during the elementary school years. d. It increases during early adolescence.
It increases during early adolescence.
52. Michael is supposed to be asleep in his cradle. His eyes are closed and not moving. When Michael's babysitter checks on him, what should he assume about Michael's behaviour? a. Michael is the victim of sudden infant death syndrome. b. Michael is in a period of regular sleep. c. Michael is pretending to be asleep. d. Michael is in a period of alert inactivity.
Michael is in a period of regular sleep.
62. Suppose that a researcher placed several objects in front of preverbal infants aged 11 to 13 months, and asked their mothers to tell the infant to look at different objects. Which of the following best summarizes how the infants will perform? a. None of the infants will comprehend specific words. b. Only the 13-month-olds will comprehend specific words. c. Both age groups will comprehend specific words if they can imitate those words. d. Both age groups will comprehend specific words if they are monosyllabic.
Only the 13-month-olds will comprehend specific words.
115. What defines a cross-cultural study? a. A researcher makes extensive observations of a given culture while living with its members. b. Participants from different cultural or subcultural backgrounds are observed, tested, and compared. c. The ethnographic approach is used. d. A researcher focuses on normative rather than ideographic changes.
Participants from different cultural or subcultural backgrounds are observed, tested, and compared.
79. Prior to acquiring a belief-desire theory of mind, what do young children think about the beliefs of others? a. People's beliefs match what is real and true. b. People randomly choose their own beliefs. c. False beliefs guide people's actions. d. Personal agency makes all beliefs correct.
People's beliefs match what is real and true.
Why are the Weschsler intelligence scales considered to be an improvement over the Stanford-Binet scales? a. They are based on Piagetian tasks. b. They assess the three types of intelligence described by Sternberg in his triarchic theory. c. They assess both verbal and nonverbal skills. d. They eliminate cultural biases.
They assess both verbal and nonverbal skills.
119. Which of the following best summarizes the conclusions of Kraus and Glucksberg's research as to why preschool children and kindergarteners communicate in an ineffective fashion? a. They tend to describe the stimuli in highly idiosyncratic ways. b. They tend to call more than one stimulus by the same name. c. They tend to be overly elaborate, creating stories that include a great deal of irrelevant information. d. They tend to be unaware that they must say something, so they tend to say nothing.
They tend to describe the stimuli in highly idiosyncratic ways.
47. What is thought to account for the failure of neonates to perceive form? a. They have poor visual acuity. b. They tend to focus on the internal details and ignore the boundaries of the form. c. They visually search only a limited portion of the form. d. They tend to focus on the entire perimeter and ignore the internal details of the form.
They visually search only a limited portion of the form.
In terms of intelligence, what does the g factor refer to? a. an individual factor that is unique to a particular type of test b. acquired knowledge and abilities c. an underlying intelligence factor that applies to all types of test performance d. the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensionsan
an underlying intelligence factor that applies to all types of test performance
33. What would an interactionist theorist place the most emphasis on in guiding language development? a. cognitive development and the language acquisition device b. the language acquisition device and biological maturation c. cognitive development and biological maturation d. cognitive development, biological maturation, and the language environment
cognitive development, biological maturation, and the language environment
106. education? Which of Piaget's cognitive stages is most strongly dependent on level of a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. postformal operational
formal operational
16. According to the empiricist perspective, how do children develop language skills? a. through reinforcement, shaping, and imitation b. from the maturation of their language acquisition device c. as their information-processing skills improve d. only after myelinization is complete in the temporal lobes of the brain
through reinforcement, shaping, and imitation
116. Which of the following best characterizes the ability that is referred to as metalinguistic awareness? a. analysis of the structure and meaning of unfamiliar words b. adjusting interactive conversations to match the listener's level of understanding c. drawing linguistic inferences and understanding from the deeper meaning of the spoken words d. thinking about language and commenting on its properties
thinking about language and commenting on its properties
39) Australo means __________; pithecus means __________. A) African; gorilla B) southern; ape C) African; chimpanzee D) African; ape E) African; man
B) southern; ape
57. Which of the following observations supports the view that prelinguistic vocalizations are heavily influenced by maturation of the brain and the muscles controlling verbal articulation? a. Infants frequently produce vocalizations that match the intonation of what they have just heard. b. Newborns prefer the sound pattern of the language their mother speaks to that of a foreign language. c. Infants rarely use terms such as "all gone" until after they have mastered object permanence. d. All infants vocalize in a similar fashion during the first six months after birth.
All infants vocalize in a similar fashion during the first six months after birth.
67. Which disorder is attributable to a chromosomal abnormality? a. muscular dystrophy b. diabetes c. cystic fibrosis d. Down syndrome
Down syndrome
94) Searle (1949) found that, in comparison to maze-dull rats, maze-bright rats were A) not generally superior in learning ability. B) less emotional. C) more emotional. D) both A and B E) both A and C
D) both A and B
109. Which statement best summarizes the results of Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research regarding infant memory? a. Infants have an even shorter memory span than was suggested by researchers using habituation techniques. b. Infants rapidly develop emergent literacy. c. Infants rely on stereoscopic depth cues for judging distance. d. Infants have memories that endure longer than was suggested by researchers using habituation techniques.
Infants have memories that endure longer than was suggested by researchers using habituation techniques.
50. Which disease can be contracted from cat feces? a. rubella b. toxoplasmosis c. herpes d. toxic plasmosis
toxoplasmosis
35. What is the term for the white, cheesy substance that appears during the fetal period? a. vernix b. lanugo c. lanix d. vernigo
vernix
19. On average, by the time females reach their mid-20s, what percent of body weight does skeletal muscle account for? a. 12 b. 24 c. 40 d. 80
24
12. What is the approximate survival rate of zygotes? a. 90 percent b. 50 percent c. 25 percent d. 10 percent
25 percent
40. At approximately what month of age is the visual acuity of an infant almost as well developed as that of an adult? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 12
12
111. Suppose you make a preposterous request to a child, such as saying "Bring me the house." Around what age are children first likely to question the feasibility of the request? a. 3 years b. 5 years c. 7 years d. 11 years
3 years
16. Which statement best exemplifies the holistic approach to development? a. Parents notice the gaps in the child's abilities and must work to fill those gaps. b. Traits or abilities are distinct and show separate developmental patterns of change. c. Aspects of developmental change are interrelated. d. Developmental trends in human and nonhuman animals are similar.
Aspects of developmental change are interrelated.
43) The last surviving hominin species is A) Australopithecus. B) Homo sapiens. C) prosimians. D) lemurs. E) tree shrews.
B) Homo sapiens.
131. According to Bandura, a child's observational learning involves the acquisition of symbolic representations of the model's behaviour. Which finding is most consistent with this viewpoint? a. Children reproduce more of a model's behaviour if they actively describe the model's behaviour during observation. b. Describing the model's behaviour during observation has no effect on learning. c. Children reproduce less of a model's behaviour if they actively describe the model's behaviour during observation. d. Children who count out loud during observation of the model show increased learning.
Children reproduce more of a model's behaviour if they actively describe the model's behaviour during observation.
37) The first hominins are thought to have evolved about A) 200 million years ago. B) 100 million years ago. C) 50 million years ago. D) 6 million years ago. E) 1 million years ago.
D) 6 million years ago.
42. Who is credited as the "founder" of the discipline of developmental psychology because of his influential book, Adolescence? a. Jean Jacques Rousseau b. Sigmund Freud c. Charles Darwin d. G Stanley Hall
G Stanley Hall
Based on Charles Spearman's view of intelligence, what can be predicted about an individual's intellectual abilities? a. If he or she excels in one academic area, he or she is likely to show deficiencies in other academic areas. b. If he or she excels in academics early, he or she is likely to "burn out" when reaching adolescence. c. If he or she excels in one academic area, he or she is likely to excel in most academ- ic areas. d. If he or she excels in academics, he or she is likely to be both a gifted athlete and musician.
If he or she excels in one academic area, he or she is likely to excel in most academ- ic areas.
26. Which statement best characterizes the results of research regarding infant language perception? a. Infants cannot distinguish the sounds that make up their parents' languages until they begin to talk. b. Infant perception of the sounds that make up languages is very similar to an adult's perception. c. Infants actually lose the ability to distinguish some sounds as they acquire language. d. Infants are much worse than adults at perceiving sounds that are not part of the language they hear spoken on a regular basis.
Infants actually lose the ability to distinguish some sounds as they acquire language.
27. Lionel is 4 months old. According to research findings regarding infant perception of language sounds, what can Lionel detect? a. Unlike his parents, Lionel will not yet be able to detect the differences between most phonemes. b. Lionel will detect the same phonemes as his parents, but only when they are presented at a louder volume. c. Lionel will be able to detect some phonemes but will not be able to perceive the full range that his parents are capable of detecting. d. Lionel will be better than his parents at detecting certain phonemes.
Lionel will be better than his parents at detecting certain phonemes.
48. Maria and Sue are best friends, and so when Maria contracts rubella, Sue catches it from her. At the time they are sick with the disease Maria is 6 weeks pregnant and Sue is 7 months pregnant. What is the most likely outcome in this situation? a. Sue's baby will be more likely than Maria's baby to have congenital defects as a result of their mothers' rubella. b. Maria's baby will be more likely than Sue's baby to have congenital defects as a result of their mothers' rubella. c. Both babies will have congenital defects as a result of their mothers' rubella. d. Neither baby will have congenital defects as a result of their mothers' rubella.
Maria's baby will be more likely than Sue's baby to have congenital defects as a result of their mothers' rubella.
83. Which statement best summarizes the research findings of Arthur Jensen regarding racial differences in intelligence? a. Level II tasks were performed equally well by children from all races, ethnic groups, and social classes. b. Performance on Level II tasks tended to decline with age while performance on Level I tasks tended to improve with age. c. Level I abilities show more heritability than Level II abilities. d. Middle-class and white children outperformed lower-income and African-American children on Level II tasks but not on Level I tasks.
Middle-class and white children outperformed lower-income and African-American children on Level II tasks but not on Level I tasks.
134. Sometimes to best answer a research question, the investigator would have to ask children to participate in a potentially harmful situation. In this situation, what would ethical guidelines suggest? a. Because of the possible benefits to humankind of the knowledge obtained, the researcher should go ahead with the project. b. As long as the children consent to participate, and the research design is a field experiment, the researcher can proceed. c. As long as the researcher adequately debriefs subjects after the project, and the research design is microgenetic, the researcher can proceed. d. Other means of obtaining the information should be found or the research abandoned.
Other means of obtaining the information should be found or the research abandoned.
Recent research has identified bullying as a significant contributor to self-esteem. What percentage of students admitted to bullying others? a) 0-4 percent b) 5-13 percent c) 14-20 percent d) 21 percent or higher
b) 5-13 percent
110. Under what circumstances would a field experiment be most useful? a. The researcher wants to enhance the impact of observer influence. b. The nature of the behaviour being studied is correlational. c. Strict random assignment cannot be used for ethical reasons. d. The researcher wants to obtain both cross-sectional and longitudinal data.
Strict random assignment cannot be used for ethical reasons.
5. What event marks the end of the period of the zygote? a. The embryonic disk first appears. b. The zygote divides for the first time. c. The blastocyst is completely implanted in the uterine wall. d. The sperm cell penetrates the ovum and the zona pellucida begins to thicken.
The blastocyst is completely implanted in the uterine wall.
63. According to Klineberg's cumulative deficit hypothesis, what can be predicted about the intellectual deficits of children who are raised in impoverished environments? a. Those who start with the most intellectual potential will show the greatest deficits in intellectual performance. b. The effects of this environment during the first five years will be less detrimental than a comparable exposure that starts during grade school. c. The older children in a family should score lower on IQ tests than their younger siblings. d. As the size of a family increases, the average IQ score of all the family members decreases.
The older children in a family should score lower on IQ tests than their younger siblings.
56. DeLoache found that the age at which children were able to successfully perform her scale-model task was dependent on which of the following experimental conditions? a. They were shown the real room first. b. They paid more attention to the real room. c. The delay between showing them the model and going into the real room was lengthened. d. They were shown a photograph of the room.
They were shown a photograph of the room.
33. Which theorist would endorse the statement that the child's nature is basically evil, and it is the work of society to restrain that evil? a. G Stanley Hall b. Charles Darwin c. Jean Jacques Rousseau d. Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes
99. Which statement best characterizes the research findings concerning classical conditioning in neonates? a. All neonates readily show classical conditioning of a broad range of responses. b. Under ideal conditions neonates show classical conditioning of a small number of reflexive responses. c. Neonates cannot be classically conditioned, because they process information too slowly to make the CS-UCS association. d. Neonates cannot be classically conditioned, because of insufficient working memory capabilities.
Under ideal conditions neonates show classical conditioning of a small number of reflexive responses.
78. What procedure might a pregnant woman consider having performed to test for possible chromosomal or genetic defects in the fetus? a. amniocentesis b. ultrasound c. germline gene analysis d. selective embryonic analysis
amniocentesis
8. Which ability of the zygote is accounted for by the ability of DNA to replicate itself? a. accepting genetic material from the male b. developing into a complex organism c. preventing multiple fertilizations d. undergoing the crossing-over process at conception
developing into a complex organism
33. During which period of development is myelinization completed? a. late infancy b. middle childhood c. mid-adolescence d. early adulthood
early adulthood
8. In which direction does cephalocaudal development proceed? a. from the bottom of the body upward b. from the extremities toward the centre of the body c. from the top of the body downward d. from the centre of the body to the extremities
from the top of the body downward
59. When does sensitivity to cues about the depth, distance, and size of objects develop? a. they are present at birth b. about 18-24 months of age c. within the first 6 months d. when the child starts to walk, regardless of age
within the first 6 months
95. décalage? Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of horizontal a. A 6-year-old can solve class inclusion problems whereas a 4-year-old cannot. b. A 7-year-old conserves mass and liquids but fails to show object permanence. c. A 10-year old can solve all versions of the classic Piagetian conservation tasks. d. A 14-year-old reasons abstractly on the third-eye problem but not on the four- beakers problem.
A 14-year-old reasons abstractly on the third-eye problem but not on the four- beakers problem.
74) Accidental alteration in individual genes during replication is called A) crossing over. B) translation. C) linkage. D) mutation. E) self-duplication.
D) mutation.
111. Under what circumstances would a natural or quasi-experiment be most useful? a. The researcher wants to reduce the impact of observer influence. b. The factors being studied are negatively correlated. c. An experimental design cannot be used for ethical reasons. d. The researcher wants to obtain both cross-sectional and longitudinal data.
An experimental design cannot be used for ethical reasons.
71. Anna lives in Canada and her pen pal, Mazo, lives in a nonindustrialized developing nation. As these two girls approach adolescence, what is most likely to happen to each with respect to the timing of menarche? a. Anna will experience menarche later than Mazo. b. Both girls will experience menarche at the age of 12 or 13. c. Anna will experience menarche before Mazo. d. Both girls will experience menarche at the age of 16 or 17.
Anna will experience menarche before Mazo.
49) Convergent evolution produces structures that are A) convergent. B) analogous. C) homologous. D) both A and C E) both B and C
B) analogous.
103. Elaine is 12 months old and her brother Peter is 4 years old. Their mother, Tara, was recently divorced from their father, and although she continues to take care of her children's basic needs, she has become depressed, unaffectionate, and withdrawn. If Tara's pattern of behaviour continues for an extended period of time, what is the likely outcome for the children? a. Elaine will develop signs of deprivation dwarfism, whereas Peter will develop nonorganic failure-to-thrive. b. Both children will develop signs of deprivation dwarfism. c. Both children will develop nonorganic failure-to-thrive. d. Elaine will develop nonorganic failure-to-thrive, whereas Peter will develop signs of deprivation dwarfism.
Both children will develop signs of deprivation dwarfism.
115. Based on current research, how do heredity and environment contribute to adult personality? a. Heredity is the primary determining factor. b. Environment is the primary determining factor. c. Both heredity and environment are equivalent determining factors. d. A strong case cannot be made for either heredity or environment as a primary determining factor.
Both heredity and environment are equivalent determining factors.
19. In what way are the evoked potential method and the habituation method similar? a. Both use the psychophysiological recording of brain waves. b. Both methods tell whether the infant notices stimulus differences. c. Both methods are applicable only to infants, not to older persons. d. Both methods avoid the use of equipment.
Both methods tell whether the infant notices stimulus differences.
75. What is a major obstacle to the successful treatment of bulimia? a. Psychotherapy is not effective with bulimics. b. Bulimics often do not seek help because they do not recognize/admit their eating behaviour is a potentially serious problem. c. Bulimics are often extremely shy. d. Bulimics are often reluctant to give up the attention and sympathy they get from others for their problem.
Bulimics often do not seek help because they do not recognize/admit their eating behaviour is a potentially serious problem.
9. What occurs in the zygote as it moves through the fallopian tube toward the uterus? a. It begins to reproduce itself through the process of meiosis. b. It undergoes little change until after implantation in the uterus. c. It begins to reproduce itself through the process of mitosis. d. It undergoes rapid differentiation so that its form is recognisably human.
It begins to reproduce itself through the process of mitosis.
94. Which of the following characterizes the acquisition of American Sign Language? a. It follows stages very different from those of spoken language. b. It can be more difficult to acquire than spoken language and hence is typically acquired considerably later. c. It interferes with the acquisition of spoken language. d. It follows stages similar to those of spoken language.
It follows stages similar to those of spoken language.
123. Mrs. Jones's daughter often would jump on the couch. Sometimes Mrs. Jones said nothing, but other times she would sternly send her daughter to her room for her misbehaviour. Mrs. Jones complains that her daughter won't stop jumping on the couch and she asks you for your advice as to why her daughter won't behave. What would be your response in terms of the effectiveness of her punishment? a. Time-out is too mild to use as a punishment technique. b. Mrs. Jones is typically very warm and nurturing and her daughter probably does not view her as someone to fear. c. Mrs. Jones did not punish consistently when the misbehaviour occurred. d. The punishment was administered immediately instead of waiting until both the mother and father could confront the child together.
Mrs. Jones did not punish consistently when the misbehaviour occurred.
67. Which statement best summarizes the nativist and empiricist views of the development of intermodal perception? a. Both nativists and empiricists would most likely agree with differentiation theory. b. Empiricists would most likely agree with differentiation theory, whereas nativists would more likely agree with enrichment theory. c. Nativists would most likely agree with differentiation theory, whereas empiricists would be more likely to agree with enrichment theory. d. Both empiricists and nativists would most likely agree with enrichment theory.
Nativists would most likely agree with differentiation theory, whereas empiricists would be more likely to agree with enrichment theory.
28. Suppose that Baby P received two X chromosomes at the time of conception. Based on this information, what can you conclude regarding the development of Baby P's reproductive system during the third month of the pregnancy? a. Testosterone will be secreted, producing a male reproductive system. b. No hormones will be secreted, producing a male reproductive system. c. Estrogen will be secreted, producing a female reproductive system. d. No hormones will be secreted, producing a female reproductive system.
No hormones will be secreted, producing a female reproductive system.
91. Lia has found a strong positive relationship between pet ownership and children's academic performance. What can Lia conclude from this result? a. Pet ownership causes children to perform better in school. b. Children who do well in school are allowed to have pets more often. c. Pet ownership and school performance are related but it is not clear that there is a causal link. d. Children do better in school when they have no pets to distract them while they study.
Pet ownership and school performance are related but it is not clear that there is a causal link.
60. Annelle has a sex chromosome abnormality. Her appearance is typical for a woman and although her IQ is in the low normal range she seems to have difficulty on tasks that require verbal reasoning. Based on this description, which syndrome does Annelle have? a. Turner's b. fragile-X c. Klinefelter's d. Poly-X
Poly-X
13. Which statement best summarizes the research findings concerning the effect of birthing method on infant outcomes? a. Hospital births are clearly safer than home births. b. All babies should be delivered at home. c. Leboyer's "gentle birthing" procedure produces happier, healthier infants. d. Risks associated with home delivery are low among healthy mothers who have received good prenatal care.
Risks associated with home delivery are low among healthy mothers who have received good prenatal care.
126. What was the serious flaw in early studies that supported claims that bilingualism stunts cognitive development? a. The monolingual students prepared in advance for the tests. b. The bilingual students were given reduced bonus rewards. c. The bilingual students were immigrants whose poor command of English gave them a disadvantage during the tests. d. The bilingual students spoke complex languages such as Finnish that place great demands on working memory.
The bilingual students were immigrants whose poor command of English gave them a disadvantage during the tests.
Mario is a 16-year-old who has been asked to join a student group that will be travelling to Thailand to assist with relief efforts for families that were left homeless after a recent tsunami. Mario tells his parents about the trip, provides brochures and information sheets, and asks if he can go. Which type of response would be typical of Mario's authoritarian parents? a) "Absolutely not. Case closed." b) "Do whatever you want. It's your life." c) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea for you right now, but maybe we can work something out." d) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."
a) "Absolutely not. Case closed"
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the relationship between formal-operational reasoning and morality? a) It is necessary for postconventional moral reasoning. b) It assures that an individual will progress to the highest postconventional stage of moral reasoning. c) It is necessary only for conventional moral reasoning. d) It is necessary only for preconventional moral reasoning.
a) It is necessary for postconventional moral reasoning.
What do many developmentalists, such as Meltzoff, believe about the sense of self at birth? a) It is rudimentary. b) It is advanced relative to motor skills. c) It is not present at all. d) It is present as self-recognition.
a) It is rudimentary.
Which form of aggression is more common among boys than girls? a) Overt b) Relational c) Passive d) Proactive
a) Overt
Who proposed a hierarchical model of childhood self-esteem? a) Susan Harter b) James Marcia c) Erik Erikson d) Rebecca Eder
a) Susan Harter
90. In this example, what is the food? a. an unconditioned stimulus b. a conditioned stimulus c. a conditioned response d. an unconditioned response
an unconditioned stimulus
At what age do children typically begin to show evidence of proactive aggression? a) 6 months b) 12 months c) 2 years d) 4 years
b) 12 months
According to Piaget, how is cognitive growth stimulated? a. by repetition of familiar schemes b. by exposure to a structured environment c. by mismatches between existing knowledge and the external environment d. by creation of cognitive operations and symbolic schemes
by mismatches between existing knowledge and the external environment
31. Which of the following theorist would endorse the notion that each person's many problem-solving skills mature at different phases of life? a. Jensen b. Sternberg c. Gardner d. Binet
c. Gardner
58. Compared with mothers who respond slowly to their infants' cries, mothers who are quick to respond in the first months of life tend to have infants who do which of the following? a. cry less at 1 year b. cry more at 1 year c. have delayed language development d. become more dependent and wary of strangers
cry less at 1 year
According to Cattell and Horn, what does crystallized intelligence refer to? a. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember b. an underlying ability that applies to all types of test performance c. the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions d. acquired knowledge and ability
d. acquired knowledge and ability
7. According to Gibson, what cognitive process has a child acquired when he or she learns to attend to the perceptual qualities of different letters? a. perception of patterns b. identification of distinctive features c. cross-modality transfer d. enrichment of new sensory information by drawing on stored knowledge
identification of distinctive features
51. What are severe retinal deterioration and other central nervous system damage most likely to be caused by? a. rubella b. toxoplasmosis c. HIV/AIDS d. syphilis
toxoplasmosis
48) Which of the following characteristics evolved to perform one function and were then co-opted to perform another? A) exaptations B) spandrels C) homologues D) analogues E) none of the above
A) exaptations
51) Early research on the evolution of the brain focused on A) its size. B) the brain stem. C) the thalamus. D) the uvula. E) its chemistry.
A) its size.
17) Horse breeders have created faster horses through programs of A) natural selection. B) gene splicing. C) selective breeding. D) domestication. E) euthanasia.
C) selective breeding.
71. Which conclusion regarding preschool thought has been supported by recent research evidence? a. Preschool children are less intuitive and more illogical than older grade-school children. b. Preschool children are more cognitively capable than Piaget believed. c. Preschool children show no awareness of cause-effect links, the perspective of others, or the distinction between animate and inanimate. d. Preschool children are less cognitively capable than Piaget believed.
Preschool children are more cognitively capable than Piaget believed.
86. Why do many psycholinguists refer to toddlers' speech as holophrastic? a. The phrases children use are just words they have heard and do not convey any real message. b. The children are attempting to express elaborate ideas with only a single word. c. Early utterances are not meant to be communicative but only represent the child practising using new vocabulary. d. Children at this age are capable of successful communication only through gestures and other nonverbal means.
The children are attempting to express elaborate ideas with only a single word.
62. What does contemporary research indicate that a decline in large-muscle performance among adolescent females is most likely attributable to? a. biological limitations of the female musculature b. the lower centre of gravity resulting from the widening of the hips c. increases in fatty tissue that occur with sexual maturation d. adolescent girls choosing to be less physically active in accord with their gender stereotype
adolescent girls choosing to be less physically active in accord with their gender stereotype
29. According to Robert Sternberg, someone who is able to solve the problems that are unique to a person's culture should score high on tests of which type of intelligence? a. fluid b. experiential c. practical d. compositional
c. practical
90. Guilford suggested that creativity requires a different type of thinking than that measured by standardized IQ tests. What does he suggest that IQ tests typically measure which differs from that necessary for creativity? a. divergent thinking, whereas creativity requires convergent thinking b. convergent thinking, whereas creativity requires divergent thinking c. concrete thinking, whereas creativity requires abstract thinking d. fluid intelligence, whereas creativity requires crystallized intelligence
convergent thinking, whereas creativity requires divergent thinking
89. If a 2-year-old child uses the word car in a situation where her dad is washing the car, again when she is sitting in the car, and yet again when she is looking out the window, each time with different inflection, what does research indicate that this toddler is probably doing? a. expressing three different messages about the car b. simply practising use of the new label that she has learned c. overextending the use of the word car d. underextending the use of the word car
expressing three different messages about the car
71. Laura is a 2-year-old living in Vancouver. She has two older brothers and one older sister. Based on research conducted by Nelson, what type of language style is Laura most likely to have? a. imperative b. referential c. declarative d. expressive
expressive
115. According to Robbie Case, children's memory improvements in recall stem from increases in which of the following cognitive components? a. operating efficiency of the long-term store b. operating efficiency of the short-term store c. physical capacity of the long-term store d. physical capacity of the short-term store
operating efficiency of the short-term store
111. Why does an infant's responsiveness to operant conditioning improve his or her social relations with others? a. Bad habits are reduced via extinction. b. Parent and infant reinforce each other's attention. c. The parent occasionally administers negative punishment. d. Infants enjoy the experience.
Parent and infant reinforce each other's attention.
37. Which question would a researcher who believes in the philosophy of tabula rasa find of particular interest? a. What role does heredity play in determining behaviour? b. What is the best way to teach a child to trust? c. What do newborns understand about shape? d. What is the best way to teach a child to restrain his or her inherent selfishness?
What is the best way to teach a child to trust?
93. In this example, what is automatically reaching for the power adapter? a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned stimulus c. a conditioned stimulus d. an unconditioned response
a conditioned response
91. In this example, what is the whirring sound? a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned stimulus c. a conditioned stimulus d. an unconditioned response
a conditioned stimulus
82. Which research design would be used to assess whether two variables vary together in a systematic way? a. a case study b. naturalistic observation c. a correlational study d. the survey method
a correlational study
27. What is the term for cells that nourish neurons and encase them within insulating sheets of myelin? a. wrapping cells b. neuronurse cells c. neurodoctor cells d. glial cells
neuronurse cells
54. What is cooing? a. producing combinations of vowel sounds b. producing different cries to signify different kinds of discomfort c. producing consonant and vowel combinations d. producing first words, but with incorrect semantic structure
producing combinations of vowel sounds
80. Merlin is analyzing the event-related potential data from his most recent research study. Which research method is Merlin using? a. ethnographic psychophysiology b. clinical-physical interview c. structured observation of physical attributes d. psychophysiology
psychophysiology
97. What is the invariant sequence of acquisition of grammatical morphemes such as -ing, -ed, -'s, etc., believed to reflect? a. the frequency of usage of each morpheme in adult speech to children b. the tendency of children to overregularize c. the effects of semantic and syntactic complexity d. the late acquisition of transformational grammar rules
the effects of semantic and syntactic complexity
25. Which of the following observations has been interpreted as providing compelling support for a nativist perspective of language development? a. the emergence and use of pidgin languages by adults in multicultural communities b. the ability of chimpanzees to acquire as many as 100 American Sign Language gestures c. the ability for young animals of a variety of mammalian species to make subtle auditory discriminations d. the use of linguistic universals that are evident in early language development
the use of linguistic universals that are evident in early language development
3. Rachel has exceptional vision. What is her vision an example of with respect to genotype and phenotype? a. how her phenotype is expressed as a genotype b. how her genotype is expressed as a phenotype c. how her phenotype is expressed as an allele d. how her genotype is expressed as an allele
how her genotype is expressed as a phenotype
2. Johnny has blue eyes. What is his eye colour an example of with respect to genotype and phenotype? a. how his genotype is expressed as a phenotype b. how his phenotype is expressed as a genotype c. how his phenotype is expressed as an allele d. how his genotype is expressed as an allele
how his genotype is expressed as a phenotype
14. Michaela is 24 months old and she still has not spoken her first word. All four of her brothers spoke their first words at about 12 months of age, which is typical for most children. In this example, which general developmental concept does Michaela's lack of speech illustrate? a. maturational development b. holistic development c. normative development d. ideographic development
ideographic development
5. What type of English-language knowledge has a child acquired when he or she learns the difference between the words give and take? a. phonological b. semantic c. syntactic d. pragmatic
semantic
18. Genetic uniqueness is ensured by a process during meiosis called crossing-over and by which other Mendelian principle? a. polygenic inheritance b. gene transformation c. independent assortment d. codominance
independent assortment
57. It has been found that preterm infants do not begin to blink when an object looms at them until several weeks after full-term infants do. Based on current research, what accounts for this effect? a. stereopsis b. maturation c. fetal experience d. motivation
maturation
47. Suppose that a trait results from a recessive gene on the X chromosome. Which of the following best describes how this trait will be expressed? a. only in males, but may be carried by females b. more often in females, but also in males who are homozygous c. more often in males, but also in females who are homozygous d. only in females, but will be carried in males
more often in males, but also in females who are homozygous
33. During what age range does otitis media strike children hardest? a. birth to 6 months b. 6 months and 3 years c. 3 and 5 years d. 5 and 8 years
6 months and 3 years
28. You observe a newborn infant who begins to suck on a bottle filled with a flavoured solution. The infant starts to smile and smack his or her lips. Which statement best describes the taste of the solution in the bottle? a. It is salty. b. It is sweet. c. It is flavourless. d. It is sour.
It is sweet.
Which of the following traits would you be most accurate in predicting if you were to use IQ scores? a. academic achievement b. employment status c. life satisfaction d. psychological adjustment
a. academic achievement
18. Which process did Piaget propose to explain why people respond in new ways to changes in the environment? a. accommodation b. assimilation c. conservation d. optimization
a. accommodation
27. In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, which component of intelligent behaviour do "street smarts" refer to? a. contextual b. experiential c. componential d. fluid
a. contextual
Suppose that you observe that an infant is fussing when separated from the mother because he or she did not see her leave the room. Which explanation for separation anxiety would your observation support? a) Conditioned anxiety b) Ethological c) Cognitive-developmental d) Psychoanalytic
c) Cognitive-developmental
47. What congenital abnormalities are associated with prenatal exposure to rubella? a. heart defects, blindness, deafness, and mental retardation b. only deafness c. deformed arms and legs d. only blindness
heart defects, blindness, deafness, and mental retardation
37. Rhonda and Brandon both have blue eyes. Based on Mendel's research, what percentage of their potential offspring will have brown eyes? a. 0 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent
25 percent
122. The confounding of age and cohort effects that occurs with the cross-sectional design is most likely to impact interpretation in a comparison between which of the following age groups? a. 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-month-olds b. 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds c. 3-, 10-, 18-, and 30-year-olds d. 15-, 16-, and 17-year-olds
3-, 10-, 18-, and 30-year-olds
107) Zebra finches and white-crowned sparrows are __________ birdsong learners; canaries are __________ birdsong learners. A) age-limited; open-ended B) rapid; slow C) slow; rapid D) open-ended; age-limited E) closed-ended; age-limited
A) age-limited; open-ended
30) Reptiles evolved directly from A) amphibians. B) fish. C) bony fish. D) prosimians. E) snakes.
A) amphibians.
117) The term identical twins should not be used because recent epigenetic research has shown that after conception there is a gradual accumulation of genetic A) differences between identical twins. B) similarities between identical twins. C) differences between identical and fraternal twins D) similarities between identical and fraternal twins E) differences between male and female twins.
A) differences between identical twins.
63. Which characteristic differentiates a man with Supermale syndrome from typical males? a. He is taller. b. He is more intelligent. c. He is more aggressive. d. He is shorter.
He is taller.
72. In contrast to previous periods in history, how do most girls in modern industrialized societies view the onset of menstruation? a. They are fully prepared for it. b. They welcome it. c. They try to delay it. d. They are excited but confused about it.
They are excited but confused about it.
55. In DeLoache's original studies on the use of scale models, why did toddlers perform poorly? a. They have poor memory abilities. b. They did not attend to where the toy was hidden. c. The delay between showing them the model and going into the room was too long. d. They could not understand that the model was a representation of the real room.
They could not understand that the model was a representation of the real room.
Which parental style of discipline would be most likely to incorporate Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding? a) Authoritative b) Authoritarian c) Uninvolved d) Permissive
a) Authoritative
A father speaks closely to his son in a restaurant: "Dennis, I'm going to tell you all the reasons it is wrong to throw food in a place like this." What type of moral explanation is the father using? a) Cognitive rationale b) Relational offspring aggression c) Time-out tongue-wagging d) Mutually responsive orientation
a) Cognitive rationale
Jiao is trying to get two pieces of a puzzle to fit together. She works on it for several minutes, and when she succeeds, she quickly looks up at her mother and says, "Look, Mommy". Based on this information, approximately how old is Jiao? a) 18 months b) 2 years c) 3 years d) 5 years
b) 2 years
According to Dodge, what is the first step in an aggressive encounter? a) Enact a response b) Encode and interpret social cues c) Generate problem-solving strategies d) Evaluate the likely effectiveness of response strategies
b) Encode and interpret social cues
Reem understands that even when she and her friend have the same information, they may have different points of view; however Reem is not able to simultaneously consider her and her friend's perspectives. What aspect of role taking is exemplified by Reem's abilities? a) Self-involved b) Self-reflective c) Social informational d) Mutual
b) Self-reflective
Suppose you observe a young infant jerking her arm to cause a string to move a mobile over the crib. Based on current research, this behaviour indicates the development of which feature of the self? a) Person praise b) Personal comparasion c) Personal agency d) Personal perception
c) Personal agency
Which of the following factors increases the likelihood that a child will be abused? a) The child is responsive. b) The child is healthy and happy. c) The child has an intellectual disability. d) The child lives with his or her biological parents.
c) The child has an intellectual disability.
Which statement best characterizes only children as a group? a) They are overindulged and selfish. b) They are less intellectually competent, on average. c) They are friendly, well behaved, and popular with their peers. d) They are high in achievement motivation, but low in self-esteem.
c) They are friendly, well behaved, and popular with their peers.
In Harlow's studies, baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial, surrogate mothers. How did the infant monkeys react to their surrogate mothers when they were startled or frightened? a) They preferred the wire surrogate that provided food. b) They avoided both surrogates and huddled in a corner. c) They preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food. d) They showed no clear preference, running to whichever surrogate was closer.
c) They preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food.
68. According to Nelson, which of the following would most likely be among an infant's first words? a. go, up, bye-bye b. stove, table, door c. big, hot, mine d. car, bus, doggie
car, bus, doggie
Following remarriage and establishment of a blended family, what characteristic is of particular benefit to girls? a) Sharing a room with step-siblings b) Practising role-taking skills with their stepfather c) Becoming more dependent on their biological mother d) Gaining a female role model in the form of a caring stepmother
d) Gaining a female role model in the form of a caring stepmother
Heidi purposely hit Emily with a ball during a school activity. After school, Emily attacked Heidi with her fists. What form of aggression did Emily engage in? a) Proactive b) Relational c) Hostile d) Retaliatory
d) Retaliatory
Can adults accurately interpret emotions displayed by infants? a) No, for all emotions. b) Yes, for all emotions. c) Yes, if they are judging negative emotions. d) Yes, if they are judging positive emotions.
d) Yes, if they are judging positive emotions.
72) On the DNA molecule, cytosine binds to A) guanine. B) adenine. C) thymine. D) thiamine. E) uracil.
A) guanine.
40. If two homozygous parents have normal vision, what allele for vision will their gametes carry? a. All will carry the allele for normal vision. b. One quarter will carry the allele for normal vision. c. Half will carry the allele for normal vision and half will carry the allele for nearsightedness. d. Three quarters will carry the allele for normal vision.
All will carry the allele for normal vision.
18. Alex's wife is due to give birth any day now, and he doesn't want to be present because he is afraid he will pass out. He is worried that his absence will negatively impact his new child. Based on research findings, is Alex's presence necessary? a. Although Alex's presence at the birth might be beneficial, it is not essential for his later relationship with his child. b. Without Alex present at the birth, the baby may have difficulty bonding to him. c. Alex's presence at the birth is essential if he and Veronica are to have a healthy relationship, and is crucial to the baby's feeling of love and security. d. Alex's presence or absence is irrelevant to the initial bonding with his infant.
Although Alex's presence at the birth might be beneficial, it is not essential for his later relationship with his child.
Which statement best characterizes thought during the preoperational period? a. Children lack the ability to perform certain basic mental operations. b. Children's schemes revolve primarily around sensory and motor abilities. c. Children's mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world. d. Children can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions.
Children lack the ability to perform certain basic mental operations.
124. Scarr and McCartney propose that the environments children prefer and seek out are ones that are compatible with their genetic predispositions. What did they call this type of influence? a. passive b. evocative c. cooperative d. active
active
62. According to Piaget, what is the most striking deficit in the reasoning of the pre conceptual child? a. animism b. egocentrism c. dual representation d. concrete operation
egocentrism
124. Are losing a privilege or having to spend "time out" effective punishment techniques? a. no, because they have many serious side effects such as resentment b. yes, because they are based on social learning principles c. no, because they are not perceived by children as punishment d. yes, because they avoid many of the negative side effects associated with aversive consequences
yes, because they avoid many of the negative side effects associated with aversive consequences
75. Suppose that you studied very hard for a test and you score 100 percent. However, a few days later you are unable to answer questions about the same material. Which statement best accounts for this phenomenon, according to Domjan's criteria for learning? a. Learning clearly took place because your initial performance was error free. b. Learning took place, but it was only temporary. c. Learning occurred but declined because you habituated to the test material. d. Learning never occurred because your behaviour change was only temporary.
Learning never occurred because your behaviour change was only temporary.
77. Several studies have examined the relationship between IQ and social class, race, and ethnic background. What conclusion has been drawn from these studies? a. European-American children tend to outscore all other racial or ethnic groups on standardized tests of intelligence. b. There are no racial and ethnic differences in IQ scores in the United States. c. There is considerable overlap in the IQ distributions of African-American and European-American children. d. Future IQ and accomplishments of a given individual can often be predicted on the basis of that person's race or ethnic background.
There is considerable overlap in the IQ distributions of African-American and European-American children.
87. During the holophrastic stage of language acquisition, what is the proposed communicative function of the one-word terms the child uses? a. They are labels for common objects or actions that occur frequently. b. They are imitations of adult words that have little meaning for the child. c. They are attempts to express complex or elaborate ideas with a single word. d. They represent an understanding by the child that speech is rule-governed.
They are attempts to express complex or elaborate ideas with a single word.
60. Caretakers will often respond to their infant's vocalizations and smiles with similar behaviours. What is the function of such interchanges? a. They are playful responses that have no other function than to strengthen the caretaker-infant bond. b. They are informal "lessons" on conversational turn-taking . c. They are playful interchanges that serve no other function than to reinforce vocalization. d. They are entertaining, incidental interactions that play no particular role in language development.
They are informal "lessons" on conversational turn-taking .
21. Nancy is a developmentalist and she tells her friend that she believes it is important to study children in laboratory settings. She further states that there is no need to study the child's social relationships. Are Nancy's views consistent with the holistic view of development? a. They are consistent with the holistic perspective. b. They are consistent with the holistic perspective, but they do not represent complete agreement with it either. c. They are consistent with the holistic perspective, but Nancy is not aware of recent research. d. They are not consistent with the holistic perspective.
They are not consistent with the holistic perspective.
70. Some genetic disorders, such as Tay-Sachs disease, are always fatal, and yet these diseases occur in the offspring of two normal parents. How is this possible? a. They are due to chromosomal abnormalities that occur as a result of aging of the ova or from exposure to environmental hazards. b. They are spontaneous mutations that occur in response to stressors in the environment. c. They are recessive disorders that occur when both parents are heterozygous carriers of the recessive gene. d. They are the result of damage to the fetus during pregnancy and not inherited directly from the parents.
They are recessive disorders that occur when both parents are heterozygous carriers of the recessive gene.
62. Two-month-old infants show a decrease in heart rate when placed on the deep side of a visual cliff apparatus, but no change in heart rate when placed on the shallow side. What does this difference in heart rate indicate about the infant's perception of depth? a. They cannot yet detect the difference between the two sides. b. They can detect the difference between the two sides and are afraid of the deep side. c. They can detect the difference between the two sides, but they do not yet fear the deep side. d. They cannot detect the difference between the two sides, butare more interested in the shallow side.
They can detect the difference between the two sides, but they do not yet fear the deep side.
11. Which statement best summarizes the research findings concerning the effects of obstetric medications on the newborn? a. They often produce physical malformations in the newborn. b. They cause only short-term effects that are quickly overcome. c. They can have both short- and long-term adverse effects on behaviour. d. They can cause brain hemorrhage.
They can have both short- and long-term adverse effects on behaviour.
107. In addition to her demonstration that 2- and 3-month-olds can learn to kick vigorously when it results in movement of a mobile, what else did Rovee-Collier demonstrate with respect the development of infant memory? a. They can remember for a few days without a prompt and for at least 18 days with a prompt. b. They can remember only if given a prompt, whether tested at 3, 7, or 18 days. c. They can remember for a few days without a prompt but cannot retrieve the memory after 18 days even with a prompt. d. They cannot remember when tested at 3 days even if given a prompt.
They can remember for a few days without a prompt and for at least 18 days with a prompt.
73. Which statement best summarizes the findings of the cross-cultural research conducted by Lynch and his associates regarding auditory perception of musical melodies in 6-month-old American infants? a. They could detect mistuned notes in either a Western or a Javanese melody. b. They could detect mistuned notes in a Western melody but not in a Javanese melody. c. They could detect mistuned notes in a Javanese melody but not in a Western melody. d. They could not detect mistuned notes in either melody, but if the notes were in tune they detected the Western melody more rapidly.
They could detect mistuned notes in either a Western or a Javanese melody.
59. What did Ainsworth and colleagues find about older infants whose mothers who were quick to respond to their cries when they were very young? a. They cried frequently, because they had been reinforced for crying. b. They cried no more or less than infants who had been responded to less quickly. c. They cried very little, because their mothers had also responded to noncrying modes of communication. d. They never cried, because they had their mothers so well "trained" to attend to their needs that they no longer needed to communicate by crying.
They cried very little, because their mothers had also responded to noncrying modes of communication.
51. What is suggested by the fact that coos sound the same, regardless of whether or not the infant can hear? a. They arise from the infant's mutual exclusivity constraint. b. They are a reflection of the parents' recasts and extensions. c. They convey self-generated meanings for adult listeners. d. They develop with maturation of the brain and vocal organs.
They develop with maturation of the brain and vocal organs.
44. What does the neonates' ability to discriminate speech sounds and to recognize their mothers' voices imply about their language capabilities? a. They have a language-acquisition device as Chomsky maintained. b. They are using intonation as a basis for sound discrimination. c. They will begin babbling within the first few days after birth. d. They have innate capabilities needed to begin the language learning process.
They have innate capabilities needed to begin the language learning process.
117. In general, how would most people feel if they received negative reinforcement and positive punishment for their actions? a. They would like negative reinforcement and dislike positive punishment. b. They would dislike both negative reinforcement and positive punishment. c. They would dislike negative reinforcement and like positive punishment. d. They would like both negative reinforcement and positive punishment.
They would like negative reinforcement and dislike positive punishment.
35) Unlike Old-World monkeys, apes A) do not have tails. B) have opposable thumbs that are not useful for precise manipulation. C) do not have opposable thumbs. D) cannot walk upright for short distances. E) have tails.
A) do not have tails.
43. Alexis is a 1-year-old who still shows the Moro reflex, the palmar grasp reflex, and the stepping reflex in much the same way she did when she was a neonate. Based on these observations, what might a psychologist conclude about Alexis's development? a. Alexis is developing normally, because these reflexes do not normally disappear until a child is nearly 2 years of age. b. Alexis is advanced in her development because these reflexes have lasted so long, and indicate a greater responsiveness to her environment. c. Alexis is delayed in her overall development because these reflexes should have disappeared by now. d. Alexis is getting insufficient autostimulation during periods of alert wakefulness.
Alexis is delayed in her overall development because these reflexes should have disappeared by now.
29. Suppose that Baby Q received both an X and a Y chromosome at conception, but no testosterone is released during the third month of the pregnancy. Based on this information, what can you conclude regarding the development of Baby Q's reproductive system? a. Baby Q will develop a female reproductive system. b. Baby Q will develop a male reproductive system. c. Baby Q will develop aspects of both male and female reproductive systems. d. Baby Q will not develop reproductive organs.
Baby Q will develop a female reproductive system.
128. In an observational study by Pratt and colleagues, greater parental support was offered when the children experienced failure at solving problems. How would Vygotsky account for the parent's response? a. She or he used collaboration. b. She or he used zones of equilibration. c. She or he used scaffolding. d. She or he used internalization.
She or he used scaffolding.
86. Dr. Donnetelli predicts that if parents are nurturing and responsive, then children are less likely to act aggressively. What does Dr. Donnetelli believe about parental responsiveness and children's aggression? a. They are positively correlated. b. They are uncorrelated. c. They are negatively correlated. d. They are independently correlated.
They are negatively correlated.
Alex has just punched Justin. Their friend Emily tells Alex that his behaviour was wrong. If Alex is reasoning at the conventional level, which of the following rationales should Emily use to convince Alex not to repeat his behaviour? a) "It's against the rules." b) "He'll hit you back." c) "You'll have to stay after school." d) "Justin is my friend."
a) "It's against the rules."
Which attributes of temperament are most strongly affected by shared environmental influences? a) Neutral b) Positive c) Internal d) Negative
b) Positive
Children who have achieved operational thinking are also likely to be categorized as being in which of Selman's stages of perspective taking? a) 0 or 1 b) 1 or 2 c) 2 or 3 d) 3 or 4
c) 2 or 3
On average, mirror self-recognition typically emerges at the same age regardless of culture. What does this imply about self-recognition? a) It develops through experience with mirrors and objects. b) It develops from learning the affordances of mirrors. c) It develops due to maturational processes. d) It develops due to nonegocentric thought.
c) It develops due to maturational processes.
What does the term parental acceptance describe? a) The level of restriction that a parent directs toward a child b) The total amount of time the parent spends interacting with the child c) The amount of affection that a parent displays toward a child d) The fit between the parent's and the child's temperament
c) The amount of affection that a parent displays toward a child
Which of the following abilities depends on an individuals' fluid intelligence? a. responding accurately to questions testing general information b. solving complex mathematical problems c. solving novel problems and thinking creatively in new situations d. understanding spatial relationships
c. solving novel problems and thinking creatively in new situations
89. Suppose that a researcher has found a strong relationship between the amount of time spent playing video games and physical fitness such that as the time playing video games increases, physical fitness decreases. Which of the following correlation coefficients is most consistent with this finding? a. -.80 b. -.10 c. +.10 d. +.80
+.80
22. Relative to its final adult weight, approximately how much does the brain weigh in a newborn? a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 75 percent d. 99 percent
25 percent
69) Just prior to mitotic cell division, the number of chromosomes in the cell A) doubles. B) is reduced by half. C) doubles twice. D) stays the same. E) is increased by 50%.
A) doubles.
71. Which statement best characterizes the research findings regarding the growth of perceptual abilities? a. It depends almost entirely on the acquisition of new skills. b. It is largely independent of cultural or subcultural influences. c. It follows an invariant sequence that results from maturation of the nervous system. d. It involves the addition of new skills, and a compensatory loss of unnecessary skills.
It involves the addition of new skills, and a compensatory loss of unnecessary skills.
60. What can be indicated by a young infant's cry that is unusually high pitched, nonrhythmic, and aversive? a. It may signal that the infant is brain damaged or malnourished and should be carefully assessed. b. It reflects individual differences in the vocal quality of cries. c. It is a sign that the parents are spoiling the infant by being too responsive to crying. d. It is a sign that the infant is either hungry or in pain.
It may signal that the infant is brain damaged or malnourished and should be carefully assessed.
120. Which statement best describes a cross-sectional study spanning an age range of four years? a. Individual differences are tracked over a four-year period. b. Temporal descriptions of behaviour are obtained over a four-year period. c. The data gathered are comparable to that of a four-year longitudinal study. d. The data gathered across a four-year age span can be collected at the same time.
The data gathered across a four-year age span can be collected at the same time.
76. Of the following, which group of adolescents is most likely to be diagnosed with anorexia and bulimia? a. adolescent males b. adolescents of both sexes c. adolescent females d. adolescents of both sexes who have been sexually abused
adolescent females
According to Barenboim's research findings, what characterizes the descriptions of others that are used by the majority of 12- to 16-year-olds? a) Behavioral comparisons b) Psychological constructs c) Psychological comparisons d) Behavioural constructs
c) Psychological comparisons
42. Which motor behaviour is exhibited by 90 percent of typically developing infants by 9 months of age? a. crawling or creeping b. standing alone c. walking well d. building a tower of two blocks
crawling or creeping
Which of the following most accurately reflects the stability of aggression over the course of childhood? a) Levels of aggression are maintained throughout life at the levels displayed by 5 years of age. b) Age-related changes to aggression cannot be predicted with accuracy. c) Aggression steadily increases with age. d) Aggression steadily declines with age.
d) Aggression steadily declines with age.
According to the textbook, which of the following is among the factors that help families make positive adjustments to divorce? a) Making a clean break with the noncustodial parent b) Joint or shared parental physical custody of the children c) Living with the biological mother d) Parenting help and financial support from the noncustodial parent
d) Parenting help and financial support from the noncustodial parent
Coaching children on issues of friendship and bullying resembles which cognitive principle? a) Formal reasoning b) Theory of mind c) Private speech d) Scaffolding
d) Scaffolding
From the social systems perspective, which of the following explains the parenting effects of economic hardship? a) The effects are unrelated. b) The effects are highly correlated with the traditional nuclear family. c) The effects are uncommon in collectivistic cultures. d) The effects can be offset by close ties to the community.
d) The effects can be offset by close ties to the community.
Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a "stranger encounter" that an infant is least likely to fear? a) The stranger approaches the infant boldly and confidently. b) The infant is seated away from the mother when the stranger approaches. c) The stranger appears in a setting that is unfamiliar to the infant. d) The infant controls the pace of his or her interaction with the stranger.
d) The infant controls the pace of his or her interaction with the stranger.
When the skills of special-needs students in cooperative learning classrooms are compared with those of special- needs students in traditional inclusive classrooms, what have researchers found about students in cooperative learning classrooms? a) They do not show any academic advantage, but do show higher levels of self-esteem. b) They have higher vocabulary and reading skills, but show lower levels of self-esteem. c) They do not show any academic advantage, and show lower levels of self-esteem. d) They have higher vocabulary and reading skills, and show higher levels of self-esteem.
d) They have higher vocabulary and reading skills, and show higher levels of self-esteem.
According to Belsky, what is the most important aspect of parenting in infancy? a) Control and sensitivity b) Responsiveness and control c) Demandingness and control d) Warmth and sensitivity
d) Warmth and sensitivity
53. According to Goldfield, crawling requires an external goal to motivate the infant to combine and reorganize earlier motor schemes into new motor responses. This finding offers the most support for which theory of motor skill development? a. maturational b. experiential c. locomotory systems d. dynamical systems
d. dynamical systems
61. According to Herkowitz and Dyer, what accounts for the decline in physical performance of many girls during adolescence? a. declining physical ability accompanying menarche and sexual maturation b. declining participation in physical activities as a result of sex-role socialization c. lack of large motor skill development d. a decrease in girls' overall aerobic capacity during puberty and adolescence
declining participation in physical activities as a result of sex-role socialization
50. Stephanie is lying in her crib; her eyes open and close frequently, looking dull, rather than bright when they are open. Stephanie's responses are generally slow, but when her father holds a bright red ball over the crib she becomes excited and more active. Before Stephanie saw the ball, what state was she in? a. alert activity b. alert inactivity c. irregular sleep d. drowsiness
drowsiness
89. At what point in development does the introduction of compensatory education produce the greatest long-term benefits? a. during the sensorimotor period b. during the preoperational period c. after children reach the concrete operational period d. after children show evidence of formal operational thought
during the sensorimotor period
82. Which of the following patterns of the timing of pubertal onset is most closely associated with increased self-esteem? a. "on time" sexual maturation in both males and females b. "on time" sexual maturation in males and early sexual maturation in females c. early sexual maturation in males and "on time" sexual maturation in females d. early sexual maturation in both males and females
early sexual maturation in males and "on time" sexual maturation in females
86. Based on current research findings, the racial, ethnic, and social-class differ- ences in IQ are best attributed to which of the following factors? a. motivational deficits b. environmental deficits c. cultural biases in IQ tests d. genetic differences
environmental deficits
17. Suppose you allow an infant several minutes to "study" a checkerboard pattern. Then you present a checkerboard with a different number of squares and measure changes to his or her brain waves. What research method would you be using? a. evoked preference b. habituation c. evoked potential d. enriched perception
evoked potential
94. Which research method allows for the least ambiguous conclusions regarding causality? a. correlational b. quasi/natural c. experimental d. naturalistic observation
experimental
96. Which research method involves introducing a change to the environment of some participants but not to others? a. correlational b. quasi/natural c. experimental d. naturalistic observational
experimental
113. According to Robbie Case, through which processes do accommodation a. exploration and problem-solving b. consolidation and automatization c. consolidation and assimilation d. exploration and automatization
exploration and problem solving
16. Cameron is a feral boy was rescued from the wilderness. Given his background, on which type of test of intellectual ability would you predict that he will excel? a. factual knowledge b. fluid intelligence c. crystallized intelligence d. two-generation intervention
fluid intelligence
101. Steve, Kim, Darren, and Vinit have been asked to make drawings of all the life forms that might occur on another planet. According to Piaget, the most novel, creative ideas of life forms are likely to come from the child in which stage of cognitive development? a. postoperational b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational
formal operational
10. In which direction does proximodistal development proceed? a. from the bottom of the body upward b. from the extremities toward the centre of the body c. from the top of the body downward d. from the centre of the body toward the extremities
from the centre of the body toward the extremities
34. Several programs have been developed to optimize the development of low-birth-weight infants by providing opportunities for the parents learn how to provide sensitive and responsive care at home. What has been the outcome of these programs? a. generally positive results b. Negative, as the infants become even more irritable and progress more slowly c. little impact, positive or negative d. very mixed, inconclusive results
generally positive results
1. What is the term for the particular combination of genes that each person inherits? a. autosome b. genetic imprint c. phenotype d. genotype
genotype
90. According to recent research, what triggers the adolescent growth spurt? a. testosterone in males and estrogen in females b. growth hormone in males and estrogen in females c. testosterone in males and growth hormone in females d. growth hormone in both males and females
growth hormone in both males and females
100. Which type of learning best accounts for an infant's understanding that the changing table brings a clean diaper, that dad is a source of comfort, or that Aunt Sue is not a source of warmth? a. habituation b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. observational learning
habituation
33. Which of the following options describes a person who carries one dominant and one recessive gene for a particular trait? a. heterozygous b. homozygous c. codominant d. corecessive
heterozygous
15. Which substance typically does not pass through the placenta to the developing embryo? a. oxygen b. maternal blood cells c. sugars, proteins, and fats d. viruses
maternal blood cells
24. Which theory best accounts for the apparent ease of language acquisition in infancy and early childhood? a. nativist b. sociocultural c. learning d. information-processing
nativist
54. Have tests of infant intelligence, such as the Bayley scales, been found to be good predictors of later IQ? a. no, because IQ performance is such an unstable attribute b. yes, because intelligence is so highly canalized c. yes, because intelligence is such a stable attribute d. no, because infant tests and later IQ tests tap different abilities
no, because infant tests and later IQ tests tap different abilities
74. Which of the following adolescents would be most likely to score low on the Body Esteem Scale? a. taller-than-average females b. overweight females c. shorter-than-average males d. overweight males
overweight females
4. What is the term for the way in which a person's genotype is expressed in observable characteristics? a. genotype b. phenoallele c. the autosomal trend d. phenotype
phenotype
70. Quentin is a 2-year-old living in Toronto. He is an only child. Based on research conducted by Nelson, what language style is Quentin likely to have? a. expressive b. imperative c. referential d. declarative
referential
39. What is the typical order of the emergence of motor skills during infancy? a. rolling over, followed by sitting, followed by crawling b. sitting, followed by crawling, followed by rolling over c. sitting, followed by rolling over, followed by crawling d. rolling over, followed by crawling, followed by sitting
rolling over, followed by sitting, followed by crawling
128. Which research design should you choose if you were interested in exploring children's answers to the following questions: "When can children first understand the notion that germs can cause illness?", "At what age do children benefit most from drug education?", and "Do the effects of a training program to reduce prejudice persist over time?" a. correlational b. longitudinal c. sequential d. microgenetic
sequential
101. Which of the following best summarizes the results of current research with respect to the cause of deprivation dwarfism? a. inadequate nutrition b. stress-related gastrointestinal disorders that prevent efficient absorption of nutrients c. stress-related inhibition of growth hormone d. inability to form the emotional bonds necessary for normal growth and development
stress-related inhibition of growth hormone
68. Marcus designed a research study to assess curiosity. Participants were taken to a waiting room by a research assistant who left behind a file marked "confidential." Hidden observers then recorded whether the participant looked at the confidential material once they were left alone. Based upon this description, what data collection method is Marcus using? a. the clinical method b. case study c. correlational observation d. structured observation
structured observation
34. What property of the young child's brain accounts for his or her tendency to have shorter attention spans than older children and adults? a. the slow maturation of lateralized functions in the cerebellum b. the increased plasticity of the cerebellum c. the increased production of neurons in the frontal cortex d. the slow maturation of white matter in the frontal cortex
the slow maturation of white matter in the frontal cortex
63) An organism's observable traits are referred to as its A) genotype. B) phenotype. C) dominant traits. D) recessive traits. E) none of the above
B) phenotype.
108. The correlation in IQ scores between monozygotic twins reared together is higher than that between dizygotic twins reared together. What does this difference indicate about role of environmental and genetic factors in the development of intellectual ability? a. Environmental factors have no impact. b. Genetic factors have no impact. c. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute equally. d. Genetic factors have a greater influence than environmental factors.
Genetic factors have a greater influence than environmental factors.
100. What is the primary cause of nonorganic failure-to-thrive syndrome? a. insufficient calories and protein b. a lack of affection c. a prenatal hormonal imbalance d. a genetic predisposition for diabetes
a lack of affection
94. In this example, what is your surprise at the automatic shutdown? a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned stimulus c. a conditioned stimulus d. an unconditioned response
an unconditioned response
92. In this example, what is the low battery power? a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned stimulus c. a conditioned stimulus d. an unconditioned response
an unconditioned stimulus
41. What is a teratogen? a. a fertilized ovum that undergoes more rapid cell division than is typical for a zygote b. any physical defect in an unborn child c. any environmental agent that can do damage to the developing baby d. a genetic syndrome that occurs when two recessive genes are paired at conception
any environmental agent that can do damage to the developing baby
Lyssa is 10 month old when her mother takes her on long car trip to visit her grandmother for the first time. As soon as they arrive, Lyssa's grandmother rushes towards her, picks her up, and starts talking to her in a loud voice. Lyssa starts to cry and struggles to be put down. Is Lyssa's reaction to her grandmother typical? a) No, because at 10 months of age most babies love to be picked up by adults and have adults talk to them. b) Yes, if Lyssa has never been on a large car ride before. c) Yes, because Lyssa's grandmother is a stranger to her. d) No, because most infants have strong bonds with their biological drives.
c) Yes, because Lyssa's grandmother is a stranger to her.
Bowlby and Lorenz both claimed that infants are born with physical characteristics and reflexive behaviours that elicit positive, affectionate responses from adults. Have their claims been supported by modern research? a) Yes, for physical characteristics, but no, for reflexive behaviours. b) No, for physical characteristics, but yes, for reflexive behaviours. c) Yes, for both physical characteristics and reflexive behaviours. d) No, for both physical characteristics and reflexive behaviours.
c) Yes, for both physical characteristics and reflexive behaviours.
72. Which statement best summarizes the findings of contemporary research regarding Piaget's view of the thought processes of preoperational children? a. Piaget was quite accurate. b. Piaget most likely overestimated children's abilities. c. Piaget most likely underestimated children's abilities. d. Piaget was quite successful in training children to reach a more advanced level of understanding.
c. Piaget most likely underestimated children's abilities.
38. Suppose that a child does not search for a toy that is no longer visible, even though she likes the toy. How would Piaget account for this behaviour? a. She has a lack of understanding of conservation. b. She has an understanding of her own limitations. c. She has a lack of understanding of object permanence. d. She has a disaccommodation of her behavioural schemes.
c. She has a lack of understanding of object permanence.
17. Which statement best summarizes the research findings concerning the presence of the mother's partner in the delivery room? a. The partner's presence distracts mothers from their "job" and increases the length of labour. b. The partner's presence helps partners feel more involved but does not have any particular benefits to the mothers. c. The partner's presence has positive effects on the labour process for the mother and helps partners feel more a part of the family. d. The partner's presence can be a negative experience for most partners that makes them less rather than more interested in their newborns.
c. The partner's presence has positive effects on the labour process for the mother and helps partners feel more a part of the family.
62. According to the cumulative-deficit hypothesis, how do impoverished environments affect intellectual growth? a. They inhibit intellectual growth, but the effects do not accumulate over time. b. They neither inhibit nor foster intellectual growth. c. They inhibit intellectual growth and these inhibiting effects accumulate over time. d. They foster intellectual growth because of the many challenges presented by those situations.
c. They inhibit intellectual growth and these inhibiting effects accumulate over time.
75. Karlene wants to provide the best home environment she can for her newborn son to maximize his intellectual potential. Based on current research findings, which of the following would you recommend that Karlene should do to reach her goal? a. carefully organize her son's play environment and play time b. use a nonpunitive disciplinary style c. be highly involved and emotionally responsive d. ensure the toys she provides are always just beyond her son's current capabilities
c. be highly involved and emotionally responsive
91. Destiny is trying to put her books onto her new bookshelves, but she is having trouble deciding how to best group them. She knows she could put all of her picture books together and all of her harder-to-read books together, or she could put all of her books about horses together, even though some books about horses are picture books and others are harder. Based on this information, what cognitive operation is Destiny beginning to understand? a. conservation b. relational logic c. classification d. seriation
c. classification
35. Counsellor Troy is from the planet Beta-Z. The citizens are empaths who have the ability to easily infer other people's moods, temperament, emotions, and intentions. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Counsellor Troy should score high on tests of which of the following type of intelligence? a. intrapersonal b. naturalistic c. interpersonal d. bodily kinesthetic
c. interpersonal
65. Rachel is visiting her friend Edith. Edith's mom gives each of the children a can of juice and two different glasses. Despite the fact that both girls can pour the whole can into their glass, Rachel is convinced that Edith has more juice in hers. Rachel's response exemplifies which Piagetian stage of cognitive development? a. sensorimotor b. concrete operational c. preoperational d. formal operational
c. preoperational
34. The acquisition of which of the following was viewed by Piaget as underlying covert problem solving, deferred imitation, and the mature concept of object permanence? a.intentionality of behaviour b. trial-and-error experimentation c. symbolic mental activity d. reversible thought operations
c. symbolic mental activity
On the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, what does the motor scale assess? a. adaptive behaviours such as searching for hidden toys and following directions b. behaviour based on fearfulness and social responsiveness c. capabilities such as throwing a ball and drinking from a cup d. visual reaction time and preference for novelty
capabilities such as throwing a ball and drinking from a cup
55. Babbling refers to which type of vocalization? a. changes of intonation to signify different kinds of discomfort b. consonant and vowel combinations c. first words, but with incorrect pronunciation d. combinations of vowel sounds
consonant and vowel combinations
91. Based on current research findings, which of the following best accounts for the tendency of 2-year-olds to use a telegraphic style of speech? a. constraints on production b. overuse of holophrases c. lack of comprehension d. learned "baby talk"
constraints on production
4. A small child explores and taps a rubber ball and learns about the ball's properties via discovery. Which of Piaget's principles does the child's behaviour exemplify? a. constructivism b. horizontal décalage c. representational insight d. invariant development
constructivism
96. Suppose that a child is frightened of dogs because of an experience with a dog that barked loudly and jumped on the child. Which of the following techniques involves replacing the negative association with a pleasant one? a. shaping b. extinction c. habituation d. counterconditioning
counterconditioning
117. Which method of studying developmental change would a researcher be using if he or she compared the television-viewing habits of three different cohorts of children who were attending the same middle school but were in different grades? a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. sequential d. experimental
cross-sectional
118. Marissa interviews preschoolers to find out what they want to be when they grow up. She compares the responses from the preschoolers to those she obtained from interviewing Grade 5 students, high-school students, and university students. Which method of studying developmental change is Marissa using? a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. microgenetic d. sequential
cross-sectional
119. Suppose that a researcher wants to study the impact of peers on a child's acquisition of a cognitive task. The researcher uses a computer task to measure the difference in performance between Grade 1, Grade 3- and Grade 5 students, depending on whether they work alone or in a pair. Which design does this research exemplify? a. cross-correlational b. natural longitudinal c. cross-sectional d. longitudinal correlation
cross-sectional
Christina is extremely talented in math and chemistry, and she has received a number of scholarships based on her abilities in these areas. On the other hand, she just can't seem to catch on in her English classes, no matter how many she takes. Which theorist would have the most difficulty explaining Christina's different levels of performance? a. Thurstone b. Gardner c. Sternberg d Spearman
d Spearman
Ariel has a homework problem that she is unable to work through on her own. If she asks someone to help her work through the problem, who will she learn the most from? a) An older peer, rather than an older sibling b) An older peer if he or she is close in age c) Her parents, rather than older peers or siblings d) An older sibling, rather than an older peer
d) An older sibling, rather than an older peer
Samkelo's class was asked to nominate those children they liked best and those they liked least. Samkelo was nominated consistently as one of the children liked the best, and he rarely received negative nominations. Using sociometric techniques, how would you categorize Samkelo's peer status? a) Average b) Controversial c) Rejected d) Popular
d) Popular
What is the principal basis for friendship for children between the ages of 8 and 10 years? a) Common cultural background b) Common activity c) Reciprocal emotional commitments d) Psychological similarity
d) Psychological similarity
According to sociometric methods, what characterizes children who are categorized as average status? a) They are actively disliked by most of their peers. b) They are liked by their peers and by their teachers. c) They are neither liked nor disliked by their peers. d) They are liked by most of their peers, though they also receive negative nominations.
d) They are liked by most of their peers, though they also receive negative nominations.
60. Which statement most accurately compares the physical abilities of the two sexes with respect to activities such as running speed and the broad jump? a. Girls outperform boys until adolescence. b. Boys outperform girls throughout childhood and adolescence. c. Boys and girls are very similar throughout childhood and adolescence. d. Boys and girls are very similar until adolescence, when boys begin to outperform girls.
d. Boys and girls are very similar until adolescence, when boys begin to outperform girls.
130. Which statement best summarizes the research findings of Rogoff and her colleagues regarding guided participation? a. Children's observation skills are better developed in middle-class communities. b. Parents in middle-class communities are less likely to use guided . c. Parents in lower-class communities place a greater emphasis on verbal instructions. d. Children's observation skills are better developed in traditional communities.
d. Children's observation skills are better developed in traditional communities.
67. Based on current research, which statement is the most valid conclusion regarding the relationship between IQ and occupational status or success? a. IQ is the most important predictor of occupational success. b. High-IQ individuals are not employed in low-status jobs. c. There is no relationship between IQ and job status or success. d. Prior job performance and motivation are often better predictors than IQ.
d. Prior job performance and motivation are often better predictors than IQ.
99. Which of the following practices would assist a teacher to promote creativity in his or her classroom? a. use of a variety of testing methods, such as multiple-choice and essay exams b. ensuring that all work is graded promptly and fairly c. collaborative-learning exercises d. discussing complex problems that have many possible solutions
d. discussing complex problems that have many possible solutions
30. Ivan was raised in Russia, and though he has been living in Canada for many decades, he continues to do arithmetic with the abacus. His skill reflects which of Sternberg's intellectual components? a. contextual b. naturalist c. computational d. experiential
d. experiential
According to Cattell and Horn, what does fluid intelligence refer to? a. acquired knowledge and ability b. unique abilities of problem-solving that are test specific c. the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions d. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember
d. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember
99. According to Piaget, which cognitive skill first emerges during the formal operational period? a. deductive reasoning b. transitive reasoning c. decentred reasoning d. relational logic
deductive reasoning
55. Which of the following outcomes is a consequence of exposure to sexually transmitted diseases such as syphilis, genital herpes, and AIDS? a. stillbirth b. infection during the birth process but no serious deformities c. deformities and brain damage d. no serious effects on fetal development or the newborn
deformities and brain damage
34. How do recurring episodes of otitis media influence language and intellectual development? a. earlier language development but poorer overall academic performance. b. earlier language development and enhanced overall academic performance. c. delays in language development and poorer overall academic performance. d. delays in language development but enhanced overall academic performance.
delays in language development and poorer overall academic performance.
23. How were children treated during the medieval period? a. as miniature adults with full rights and privileges b. harshly, and they were viewed as expendable c. differently than they are today, but there was some concept that they were not adults d. coddled and indulged even more than modern children
differently than they are today, but there was some concept that they were not adults
44. During which period of prenatal development is the unborn child most vulnerable to the effects of various teratogens? a. embryonic b. germinal c. fetal d. placental
embryonic
15) Darwin was not the first to suggest that species evolve, but he was the first to suggest that A) evolution occurs through natural selection. B) cultures rarely evolve. C) evolution occurs by genetics. D) mammals do not evolve. E) sex is an important component of evolution for all living species.
evolution occurs through natural selection.
5. What is the term for the underlying basis for a person's phenotype? a. phenoallele b. genotype c. the autosomal trend d. phenozygote
genotype
2. What is the order of the three major phases of prenatal development? a. germinal, fetal, embryonic b. fetal, germinal, embryonic c. embryonic, fetal, germinal d. germinal, embryonic, fetal
germinal, embryonic, fetal
64. Does a man with Supermale syndrome inherit it from his mother or father? a. his father b. either his father or his mother depending on their age c. either his father or his mother, depending on his maternal and paternal grandfathers' genotypes d. his mother
his father
47. André tells you that he predicts if you continue to allow your daughter to have candy when she has a temper tantrum at the store checkout, you will find that she has more frequent tantrums. What principle is André relating? a. his theory about temper tantrums b. his theory about the effects of sweets c. his observations about your daughter d. his hypothesis about your daughter's future temper tantrums
his hypothesis about your daughter's future temper tantrums
69. Use of opioid drugs such as codeine and heroin during pregnancy has been shown to have which effect on the developing child? a. producing moderate structural abnormalities to the child's heart and circulatory system b. increasing the risk of complications after birth because of withdrawal symptoms and low-birth weight c. causing genetic damage that will be passed on to their offspring d. having no identifiable teratogenic effects, despite the media focus on women who habitually use these drugs
increasing the risk of complications after birth because of withdrawal symptoms and low-birth weight
82. Changes in rate of habituation with age have been attributed to which of the following factors? a. methodological problems in assessing young infants b. learning c. sensory fatigued. d. maturation of the brain
maturation of the brain
57. Jenna and Rob's daughter is 6 months old. Jenna and Rob to predict how their daughter will score on tests of intelligence later in childhood? a. calculate her developmental quotient based on the Bayley Scales of Infant Develop- ment b. have a psychometrician administer a Wechsler test c. measure her attention, rate of habituation, and preference for novelty d. compare the age at which she first crawls, sits, and walks with age norms for these motor milestones
measure her attention, rate of habituation, and preference for novelty
131. Harriet is currently testing children's path finding and other spatial abilities. She is most concerned with defining the details of how children acquire these skills. In order to answer her question, which research design should Harriet use? a. microsectional b. microgenetic c. cross-sectional d. longitudinal
microgenetic
62. When Florence was pregnant, her doctor advised her that moderate drinking was okay but to avoid heavy drinking or bingeing. According to current research is her doctor's advice valid? a. no, because social drinking can have teratogenic effects b. yes, because only heavy or binge drinking will have teratogenic effects. c. yes, because only women who also smoke during their pregnancies show teratogenic effects. d. no, because a conclusive link between drinking and birth defects exists
no, because social drinking can have teratogenic effects
87) Construction of a detailed physical map of human chromosomes A) began in earnest in 1960. B) was completed by entirely by American scientists. C) was completed in 1990. D) was an attempt to locate all 3 billion human chromosomes. E) none of the above
none of the above
37. According to Piaget, the end of the sensorimotor period is marked by the achievement of which of the following processes? a. object permanence b. accommodation c. assimilation d. conservation
object permanence
126. Which type of learning is characterized by a new response emerging after seeing others perform that same response? a. habituation b. classical conditioning c. negative reinforcement d. observational learning
observational learning
29. What property of the brain accounts for the finding that young children often show more rapid and complete recovery of function after brain injury than do adults? a. reserve capacity and plasticity b. incomplete myelinization c. incomplete ossification d. reserved laterality
reserve capacity and plasticity
31. What is the most serious problem facing most preterm or small-for-date infants? a. difficulty in regulating body temperature b. the inability to feed c. respiratory distress syndrome d. sudden infant death syndrome
respiratory distress syndrome
29. Catherine was born prematurely. Her doctor tells her parents that she is at high risk for complications due to her prematurity and that she needs to be carefully monitored for several months. What concern for Catherine's health is the most likely reason for the doctor's recommendation for long-term monitoring? a. malnutrition due to an inability to suckle b. irregular heart rhythms due to anoxia c. respiratory problems due to immature lung function d. RH incompatibility
respiratory problems due to immature lung function
110. Fred and Ed are identical twins who are 8 years old. They both attend the same school and live together in the same household. How would Rowe and Plomin characterize these factors? a. nonshared environmental b. shared hereditary c. shared environmental d. nonshared hereditary
shared environmental
87. Three-year-old Victoria has just been diagnosed with a thyroid deficiency that doctors suspect was present at birth. What is the most likely long-term outcome for Victoria? a. abnormally accelerated growth, with Victoria likely reaching an adult height of over 180 centimetres. b. some cognitive deficiencies and general mental retardation c. a general deficiency in sensory development, with eventual blindness and deafness d. few long-term effects as long as thyroxine treatment is started right away
some cognitive deficiencies and general mental retardation
33. What is a strong risk factor for low birth weight? a. RH incompatibility with the mother b. the child was a member of a twin pair or set of triplets c. the mother worked when pregnant d. the mother experienced excessive nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy
the child was a member of a twin pair or set of triplets
61. Which research methodology provides both an advantage and disadvantage because it allows for flexibility and adaptability to the individual child? a. a standardized interview or questionnaire b. the clinical method c. naturalistic observation d. structured observation
the clinical method
66. According to the text, what is the cause of Down syndrome? a. the action of a dominant gene contributed by the mother b. the presence of extra sex chromosomes c. the presence of an extra 21st chromosome d. the action of a dominant gene contributed by the father
the presence of an extra 21st chromosome
15. What is meiosis? a. the process of cell division that occurs when portions of the chromosome pair are exchanged before the final cell division occurs b. the process of cell division that produces the gametes c. the process of cell division that occurs in males d. the process of cell division that produces normative growth and development
the process of cell division that produces the gametes
36. At what point during pregnancy is the age of viability reached? a. the germinal period b. the first trimester c. the beginning of the second trimester d. the third trimester
the third trimester
24. Brain growth during which phase of development is characterized as the "brain growth spurt"? a. the second trimester of pregnancy b. the third trimester of pregnancy and infancy c. the middle childhood years d. early adolescence
the third trimester of pregnancy and infancy
107. By the age of 2 to 2 1/2, how do most children use terms such as big and little? a. to draw proper normative conclusions and to make appropriate functional judgments b. to draw proper normative conclusions and perceptual inferences c. to draw proper perceptual inferences and to make appropriate functional judgments d. to make appropriate functional judgments and draw upon spatial contrasts
to draw proper normative conclusions and perceptual inferences
39. Why do parents of young children use child-directed speech, recasts, and expansions? a. to deliberately attempt to facilitate acquisition of grammar b. to provide simple language models for their children to imitate c. to optimize effectiveness of communication with their child at that moment d. to provide negative evidence of ungrammatical speech
to optimize effectiveness of communication with their child at that moment
38. When does the fetus achieve the minimal age of viability? a. between weeks 8 and 12 of the pregnancy b. between weeks 12 and 16 of the pregnancy c. between weeks 18 and 20 of the pregnancy d. between weeks 22 and 28 of the pregnancy
between weeks 22 and 28 of the pregnancy
46. Larissa is babysitting her 3-month-old nephew. She is trying to interest him in one of his toys, but he keeps looking away from her. Based on the results from Fernald's research, how should Larissa speak to him to recapture his attention? a. with short sentences that have a falling intonation b. with short sentences that have a rising intonation c. with an even tone with little inflection d. with babbling and cooing sounds
with short sentences that have a rising intonation
102. Which of the following does not involve grammatical overregularization? a. "I goed home." b. "I patted the sheeps at the petting zoo." c. "Daddy finded a cookie." d. "Doggie ate his water."
"Doggie ate his water."
Which parenting style is typical of parents whose children are high achieving and successful? a) Authoritative b) Uninvolved c) Permissive d) Authoritarian
a) Authoritative
71) How many different nucleotide bases are there in DNA? A) l B) 2 C) 4 D) 7 E) 26
C) 4
21. Which process results in dizygotic twins? a. meiosis b. a single fertilized ovum splitting into two zygotes c. two ova released at the same time, each fertilized by a different sperm d. crossing-over
two ova released at the same time, each fertilized by a different sperm
18. Why did Cattell and Horn propose that Spearman's g factor, and Thurstone's concept of primary mental abilities should be subdivided into fluid and crystallized intelli- gence? a. to distinguish between the ability to solve abstract relational problems and problems that depend on school knowledge and life experiences b. to distinguish between the ability to solve abstract relational problems and informa- tion-processing skills c. to distinguish between the ability to solve problems requiring flexible and rigid states of thought d. to distinguish between the ability to solve abstract relational problems and problems requiring "street smarts"
to distinguish between the ability to solve abstract relational problems and problems that depend on school knowledge and life experiences
56. Cynthia, who has active genital herpes, delivered her baby by cesarean section. Why was this form of delivery used? a. because genital herpes causes the birth canal to deteriorate b. to ensure faster treatment for the infected infant c. to prevent transmission of the disease to the infant d. because genital herpes causes nerve damage that interferes with uterine contractions
to prevent transmission of the disease to the infant
57. What is the cause of chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter's or Turner's syndrome? a. exposure to environmental hazards at conception b. uneven segregation of the chromosomes during meiosis c. the combined age of the ova and the sperm at conception d. monogenic inheritance that follows a dominant pattern
uneven segregation of the chromosomes during meiosis
98. When are neonates most likely to show classical conditioning? a. when they are awake but drowsy and relaxed b. when the time between the CS and UCS is lengthened c. when the UCS is presented before the CS d. as soon as they have lost their primitive reflexes
when the time between the CS and UCS is lengthened
77. At what age do children develop a belief-desire theory of mind? a. 9 to 12 months b. 2 to 3 years c. 3 to 4 years d. 5 to 7 years
. 9 to 12 months
44. According to Piaget, at what age is the "A-not-B error" most commonly observed? a. 1 to 3 months b. 4 to 7 months c. 8 to 12 months d. 13 to 15 months
8 to 12 months
25. Apgar and Beck stated: "All of the structures which will be present when the baby is born ... have already been formed ... not an it, but a he or she; not an indistinct cluster of cells, but an increasingly recognizable, unique human being in the making." When is the earliest point in the pregnancy that such a description would be accurate? a. 4 weeks b. 8 weeks c. 6 months d. 8 months
8 weeks
40. By what month of age are 90 percent of typical infants able to crawl? a. 1 b. 3 c. 7 d. 9
9
47) Which of the following are evolutionary changes that are not adaptive? A) spandrels B) exaptations C) homologous structures D) analogous structures E) both B and C
A) spandrels
75. What is the best advice for pregnant woman regarding the use of vitamin supplements? a. Avoid excessive doses of vitamins. b. Ensure that vitamin intake is adequate; it is better to take too many vitamins than to take too few. c. Consider eliminating vitamin supplements entirely, in order to avoid the potential for teratogenic effects. d. Eliminate vitamin supplements for the first eight weeks of the pregnancy, but take extra supplemental vitamins during the second and third trimesters.
Avoid excessive doses of vitamins.
22) Evidence suggests that complex multicellular, water-dwelling organisms first appeared on earth A) in the early 1920s. B) 600 million years ago. C) 10 million years ago. D) 4 million years ago. E) 2 million years ago.
B) 600 million years ago.
27) The first animals to start to venture out of the water were A) reptiles. B) bony fishes. C) amphibians. D) Florida walking catfish. E) both B and C
B) bony fishes.
85) All mitochondrial genes are inherited only A) if they have first undergone mutation. B) from one's mother. C) from one's father. D) from one's siblings. E) if they have first been transcribed.
B) from one's mother.
39. Assume that having long arms is a recessive genetic trait controlled by a single pair of genes. If a child has long arms, but both the child's biological parents have short arms, what are the parents' genotypes for this trait? a. The father is heterozygous and the mother is homozygous. b. Both parents are heterozygous. c. The mother is heterozygous and the father is homozygous. d. Both parents are homozygous.
Both parents are heterozygous.
68) Gametes are produced by A) mitosis. B) mitotic cell division. C) meiosis. D) copulation E) fertilization.
C) meiosis.
49. Calvin's father has red-green colour blindness, but his mother does not carry the allele for this trait. What can you predict about the colour vision of Calvin and his three sisters? a. Calvin is colour blind and all his sisters have normal colour vision. b. Calvin has normal colour vision and all of his sisters are colour blind. c. Calvin and his sisters are all colour blind. d. Calvin and his sisters all have normal colour vision.
Calvin and his sisters all have normal colour vision.
77) Color blindness occurs more frequently in males than in females because it is A) dominant. B) rare. C) quite common. D) a recessive sex-linked trait. E) both A and B
D) a recessive sex-linked trait.
102) The sensitive period for PKU is the early period during which A) identified sufferers are fed phenylalanine-reduced diets. B) excessive phenylalanine has substantial effects on neural development. C) the symptoms of PKU are most severe. D) both A and B E) none of the above
D) both A and B
66) If an individual has a recessive phenotype for a particular trait, it can be concluded that A) both parents also had a recessive phenotype for that trait. B) only one parent had a recessive phenotype for that trait. C) both parents were homozygous for the dominant gene for that trait. D) each parent had at least one recessive gene for that trait. E) both A and C
D) each parent had at least one recessive gene for that trait.
90) The study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the classic genetic code and its expression is called A) Mendelian genetics. B) the human genome project. C) pseudogenetics. D) epigenetics. E) none of the above
D) epigenetics.
46) Approximately what proportion of all species that ever existed on earth are still in existence? A) about 61% B) about 31% C) about 7.5% D) less than 1% E) about 19%
D) less than 1%
43. Why do philosophical perspectives on childhood differ from those proposed by developmental psychologists? a. Philosophical perspectives are based on objective data collected through the use of controlled experiments. b. Philosophical perspectives are supported by persuasive, logical arguments and are more believable than those proposed by developmental psychologists. c. Philosophical perspectives have a long history and are based on more years of research than those of developmentalists. d. Developmentalist perspectives are based on objective data collection and analysis.
Developmentalist perspectives are based on objective data collection and analysis.
89. Dr. Stanfield describes himself as a behavioural geneticist, whereas Dr. Reeves describes herself as an ethologist. In comparing these two individuals, what would you find regarding their research focus? a. Dr. Stanfield focuses almost exclusively on the genetic determinants of behaviour, whereas Dr. Reeves focuses more on the impact of environmental variables. b. Dr. Stanfield focuses on individual differences among people, whereas Dr. Reeves focuses on attributes that are common to all people. c. Dr. Stanfield focuses on attributes that are common to all people, whereas Dr. Reeves focuses on individual differences among people. d. Dr. Stanfield focuses almost exclusively on the impact of environmental variables on behaviour, whereas Dr. Reeves focuses more on the genetic determinants.
Dr. Stanfield focuses on individual differences among people, whereas Dr. Reeves focuses on attributes that are common to all people.
113) In the Minnesota study, the heritability estimate for IQ was 70%. This means that IQ is A) 70% genetic. B) about 30% environmental. C) about 70% genetic. D) both B and C E) none of the above
E) none of the above
45) Scientists who study fossils are called A) archaeologists. B) evolutionists. C) podiatrists. D) geologists. E) paleontologists.
E) paleontologists.
44) Sudden evolutionary changes are often triggered by A) selective breeding. B) fossilization. C) paleontologists. D) brains. E) sudden changes in the environment.
E) sudden changes in the environment.
80. Which of the following best defines a lexical contrast constraint? a. Words refer to whole objects rather than to parts of objects or to object attributes. b. Each object has one label, and different words refer to separate, nonoverlapping categories. c. Novel words refer to previously unnamed referents. d. Each word has a unique meaning.
Each word has a unique meaning.
15. Contemporary developmentalists maintain that human development is a continual and cumulative process. Which statement most accurately expresses this viewpoint? a. Early childhood experiences have little impact on adult behaviour and attitudes. b. Early childhood experiences are the major determinants of adult behaviour and attitudes. c. Early childhood experiences have a lasting impact on adult behaviour and attitudes, but experiences during other, later, periods of life also play a role. d. Negative childhood events affect adult personality and behaviour, but positive childhood events have little impact.
Early childhood experiences have a lasting impact on adult behaviour and attitudes, but experiences during other, later, periods of life also play a role.
36. Eduardo has curly hair, which is a dominant trait. What can you conclude regarding Eduardo's genotype? a. He is heterozygous. b. He is homozygous. c. He could be polygenic. d. He could be either heterozygous or homozygous.
He could be either heterozygous or homozygous.
6. What is the best way to start when beginning an intervention to optimize a child's development? a. Determine what goals to achieve and work toward those goals. b. Identify what is normal and determine why changes occur before trying to optimize development. c. Set goals and develop a system of rewards and punishments. d. Locate children who have developed optimally, so information can be compiled about their experiences.
Identify what is normal and determine why changes occur before trying to optimize development.
21. Imagine that your friend confides in you that she is feeling upset after the birth of her new baby. She complains that she has little energy to cope with the demands of the household and that her partner is becoming impatient with her behaviour. Despite the fact that she and her partner tried for some time to conceive, she wishes that she had never had a child. Based on what you have learned in the course, what would be your advice to your friend? a. If the feelings are persistent, she should see her physician because she may have mild postpartum depression. b. These feelings are quite normal, even if they continue for several weeks. c. She should seek immediate help because she is seriously depressed and she is in danger of harming her baby or herself. d. You should call a crisis intervention centre because she may be suffering from postpartum psychosis and needs immediate help before she harms her baby or partner.
If the feelings are persistent, she should see her physician because she may have mild postpartum depression.
128. Which of the following best summarizes the research findings with respect to the efficacy of core language programs in contrast to those that employ immersion? a. Core language programs promote better development of the second language, but negatively affect development of the first language. b. Immersion language programs promote better development of the second language, but negatively affect development of the first language. c. Core language programs promote better development of the second language, and do not affect development of the first language. d. Immersion language programs promote better development of the second language, and do not affect development of the first language.
Immersion language programs promote better development of the second language, and do not affect development of the first language.
101. Imagine that behavioural geneticists have found a way to measure the characteristic of having a "sweet tooth." The correlation between twin pairs is .95 for identical twins and .90 for fraternal twins. Based on this information, what would a behavioural geneticist conclude about the influence of genes and environment on this trait? a. It is mildly influenced by genetics because the heritability coefficient is nearly 0.00. b. It is mildly influenced by the environment because the heritability coefficient is nearly 0.00. c. It is strongly influenced by genetics because the correlations are so high for both types of twins. d. It is influenced about equally by genetics and by the environment because the correlations are nearly identical for both types of twins.
It is mildly influenced by genetics because the heritability coefficient is nearly 0.00.
69. How does the referential style of early speech compare to the expressive style? a. It is more common, and consists mainly of words that refer to people or objects. b. It is less common, and consists mainly of words that refer to people or objects. c. It is more common, and contains a large number of personal or social words. d. It is less common, and contains a large number of personal or social words.
It is more common, and consists mainly of words that refer to people or objects.
64. Based on Janet Werker's research, how is vocabulary size related to an infant's ability to discriminate similar-sounding words? a. It is less important than age for predicting performance. b. It is more important than age for predicting performance. c. It is less important than phonological awareness for predicting performance. d. It is more important than phonological awareness for predicting performance.
It is more important than age for predicting performance.
27. Jacqui has just given birth to a premature baby who weighs 750 grams. Based on past medical experience, what will Jacqui's doctor tell her regarding her infant's viability? a. It is unlikely that her baby will survive. b. It is very likely that the baby will survive because advanced medical treatment is available. c. There is a small chance that the baby will survive but the baby will probably have many complications during the first few weeks. d. There is a small chance that the baby will survive, but if he or she does, there will be few, if any, further complications.
It is unlikely that her baby will survive.
54. If the autostimulation theory of REM sleep is correct, as infants become more alert and spend less time sleeping, what should happen to REM activity? a. It should fluctuate erratically and then stabilize. b. It should fluctuate erratically and then disappear completely. c. It should increase in proportion to waking hours. d. It should decrease in proportion to waking hours.
It should decrease in proportion to waking hours.
112. Meagan thinks that using punishment with children is wrong, so she asks you how she can use negative reinforcement to reduce the amount of time that her son spends talking on the telephone. What should you advise Meagan regarding the use of negative reinforcement as a disciplinary technique? a. It is cruel and shouldn't be used to discipline children. b. It will typically suppress behaviour only temporarily and, therefore, it is not effective over the long term. c. It will actually increase the target behaviour rather than reducing it. d. It works only if it is accompanied by positive punishment.
It will actually increase the target behaviour rather than reducing it.
51. Lisette is 6, Julia is 10, and Jacqueline is 14. They were all shown pictures of two girls with common external facial contours, but different internal features such as the shape of the lips and the eyes. Based on Daphne Maurer's research, which child would you expect detect differences between the two pictures? a. Lisette, Julia, and Jacqueline would be able to tell you that the girls were different. b. Lisette, but not Julia or Jacqueline, would be able to tell you that the girls were different. c. Jacqueline, but not Lisette or Julia, would be able to tell you that the girls were different. d. Jacqueline and Julia, but not Lisette, would be able to tell you that the girls were different.
Jacqueline and Julia, but not Lisette, would be able to tell you that the girls were different.
55. Which statement is the most accurate description of how phenotypes arise based on underlying genotype? a. When a trait is influenced by multiple genes, extreme phenotypes will appear more frequently than average phenotypes. b. Most complex phenotypes arise from a simple dominant-recessive pattern. c. When a trait is influenced by a single gene pair, a large number of phenotypes will be evident in the population. d. Most complex phenotypes arise from polygenic patterns rather than a single dominant gene.
Most complex phenotypes arise from polygenic patterns rather than a single dominant gene.
106. In one experiment, children were asked to "argue" with a puppet by transforming all the puppet's statements into negative forms. What were the results of this experiment? a. Children did not use negative auxiliaries correctly until the elementary-school years. b. Preschoolers could convey nonexistence but not denial or rejection. c. Most preschoolers were capable of using a wide variety of negative auxiliaries. d. Preschoolers could convey denial or rejection but not nonexistence.
Most preschoolers were capable of using a wide variety of negative auxiliaries.
66. What is one of the advantages associated with naturalistic observation? a. Some behaviours occur infrequently and, therefore, are unlikely to be observed. b. People may behave differently when they know they are being observed. c. Naturalistic observation does not require verbal instructions and, therefore, can be used to study the behaviour of infants and toddlers. d. Some socially undesirable behaviours are unlikely to be witnessed by an unknown observer in natural settings.
Naturalistic observation does not require verbal instructions and, therefore, can be used to study the behaviour of infants and toddlers.
88. According to Piaget, what characterizes concrete-operational thought? a. Schemes revolve primarily around sensory and motor abilities. b. Schemes no longer include reversibility. c. Schemes now include hypothetical outcomes and logical deductions. d. Schemes for mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world.
Schemes for mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world.
39. Sylvia is playing with a small stuffed dog when it falls and rolls under her crib. She does not seem particularly distressed, and she does not search for the lost toy. According to Piaget, what accounts for Sylvia's behaviour in response to this event? a. She has mastered object permanence. b. She has not yet mastered conservation. c. She has not yet mastered object permanence. d. She has mastered the concept of conservation.
She has not yet mastered object permanence.
16. Becky is 30 months old and loves to throw things, especially balls. Becky's uncle finds Becky with her pet gerbil, Herman, in her hand. Becky was getting ready to throw Herman against the wall and said to her uncle, "Becky throw fuzzy ball!" How would Piaget explain Becky's behaviour? a. She is using accommodation. b. She has failed to use assimilation. c. She is using assimilation. d. She has failed to use object permanence.
She is using assimilation.
62. Johanna has six older sisters and four older brothers. Every time Johanna cries, one of her parents or siblings picks her up and holds her, walking her around, and talking to her. According to researchers, how will Johanna's behaviour change by being picked up so often? a. She will become spoiled. b. She will begin to cry more often to get attention. c. She will learn more about her environment. d. She will be a clingy temperamental toddler.
She will learn more about her environment.
69. Which statement best summarizes the findings of Gibson's research on the ability to differentiate letters and children's reading ability? a. Most children can easily learn to read by about 3 years of age. b. Most children show readiness to read by age 4. c. Starting reading instruction at age 6 coincides with the time when most children show readiness to read. d. Most children are not ready to learn to read until about age 7.
Starting reading instruction at age 6 coincides with the time when most children show readiness to read.
56. What is the advantage of structured interviews over unstructured interviews? a. A person can fully explain his or her views. b. A person will submit for interview even without pay. c. The interviewer's racial or gender biases are minimized. d. Subjects are treated alike and responses can be compared among them.
Subjects are treated alike and responses can be compared among them.
62. Christos has a sex chromosome abnormality. He is taller than most of his friends, but otherwise his appearance is typical for a male. Although he and his wife tried unsuccessfully for several years to conceive a child, his wife is now pregnant. Based on this description, which syndrome does Christos have? a. Supermale b. Turner's c. fragile-X d. Klinefelter's
Supermale
3. According to Binet's original intelligence test, expression "mental age of 7"? a. The child had an exceptionally long fetal stage of prenatal development. b. The child's seven multiple intelligences were within the normal range. c. The child correctly answered the test items that most 7-year-olds did. d. The child correctly answered 7 out of 10 of the items on the test.
The child correctly answered 7 out of 10 of the items on the test.
137. According to Vygotsky, what does the use of private speech mean for a child's cognitive development? a. The child is using language to facilitate his or her own task performance. b. The child's use of language is a reflection of his or her persistent egocentrism. c. The child is displaying highly advanced verbal skills, an indication that he or she is intellectually gifted. d. The child is displaying very delayed verbal skills, indicating that he or she may require remedial education.
The child is using language to facilitate his or her own task performance.
26. What was the general attitude toward children in ancient Europe? a. The child deserved legal protection by the government. b. The child should be coddled and pampered by parents. c. The child was the property of parents, with no rights of its own. d. The child was given life to provide eventual support to parents.
The child was the property of parents, with no rights of its own.
77. What is one limitation to the use of the ethnographic approach? a. Only a small amount of information can be obtained. b. The data cannot be used to chart longitudinal changes. c. There is an increased risk for biased observations. d. The findings can be generalized beyond the original study participants.
There is an increased risk for biased observations.
79. What developmental outcome is correlated with rapid habituation in infancy? a. These children will be quicker to understand and use language during the second year. b. These children will typically score lower on standardized intelligence tests later in childhood. c. These children are more apt to be bored and to have poor social skills in adolescence. d. These children will have adequate development of language skills but will have poor social skills throughout childhood.
These children will be quicker to understand and use language during the second year.
123. What is the general effect of linguistic interactions among siblings on the development of communication skills? a. They enhance those of younger siblings but have little impact on those of the older siblings. b. They interfere with the development of those of the younger siblings. c. They interfere with those of the older siblings. d. They enhance those of both the older siblings and the younger siblings.
They enhance those of both the older siblings and the younger siblings.
Beginning with the simplest form, which of the following gives the correct developmental sequence of play complexity during the preschool period? a) Parallel play/associative play/cooperative play b) Associative play/parallel play/cooperative play c) Cooperative play/associative play/parallel play d) Associative play/cooperative play/parallel play
a) Parallel play/associative play/cooperative play
Estere believes that parents have the major influence on children's development and so she imposes her will on both her son and daughter. This type of belief is consistent with which model of family interaction? a) Parent-effects model b) Child-effects model c) Transactional-effects model d) Family-effects model
a) Parent-effects model
Which of the following lists the correct developmental sequence of Piaget's stages of moral development, from earliest to last? a) Premoral/heteronomous/autonomous b) Heteronomous/premoal/autonomous c) Premoral/autonomous/heteronomous d) Autonomous/premoral/heteronomous
a) Premoral/heteronomous/autonomous
What is the defining characteristic of aggression? a) The aggressor intends to injure another living being. b) The aggressor causes physical or psychological harm. c) The aggressor is angry or otherwise emotionally aroused during the aggressive act. d) The aggressor derives enjoyment from the aggressive act.
a) The aggressor intends to injure another living being.
Which of the following best describes the incremental view of ability? a) The belief that one's ability can be improved through increased effort and practice. b) The tendency to give up after failing a task a number of times. c) The tendency to make internal-stable attributions for successes and failures. d) The belief that ability is not influenced by effort or practice.
a) The belief that one's ability can be improved through increased effort and practice.
Which of the following statements regarding overall levels of aggression is most well supported by cross-cultural research? a) They vary considerably from culture to culture. b) They are quite similar from culture to culture. c) They are much higher in nonindustrialized cultures. d) They are much lower in nonindustrialized cultures.
a) They vary considerably from culture to culture.
Artem has always enjoyed playing with Lego blocks. Recently he has begun to compare his projects with the elaborate models pictured in his Lego handblocks. Based upon this example, how would you categorize Artem's phase of mastery motivation? a) Use-of-standards b) Joy-in-mastery c) Self-reflective role taking d) Approval-seeking
a) Use-of-standards
Which of the following best summarizes the conclusions drawn from recent research regarding sex differences in altruism? a) Whether males or females are more likely to show helping behaviour depends on the specific context. b) Females of all ages show more helping behaviour than males. c) Males and females of all ages are more likely to help others of their own sex. d) Males and females of all ages are more likely to help others of the opposite sex.
a) Whether males or females are more likely to show helping behaviour depends on the specific context.
34. Veronica's different levels of performance on these tasks? Veronica is a gifted pianist who has been playing since she was 2, and has been writing her own music since she was 4. On the other hand, Veronica has a difficult time expressing herself with words and often struggles with English assignments. Which theory of intelligence would best explain a. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences b. Spearman's theory of general intelligence c. Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities d. Sternberg's information-processing theory of intelligence
a. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
Which of the following individual characteristics do intelligence scores best estimate? a. current intellectual performance b. intellectual capacity c. scholastic aptitude d. crystallized intelligence
a. current intellectual performance
51. Language is an obvious form of symbolism that flourishes during the preopera- tional period. What is the other? a. pretend play b. quaternary circular reactions c. conservation d. propositional thinking
a. pretend play
17. What did Piaget call the process of changing or modifying existing schemes in order to make sense of new experiences? a. assimilation b. centration c. accommodation d. conservation
accommodation
On the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, what does the mental scale assess? a. behaviour on dimensions such as fearfulness and social responsivity b. adaptive behaviours such as searching for hidden toys and following directions c. visual reaction time and preference for novelty d. capabilities such as throwing a ball and drinking from a cup
adaptive behaviours such as searching for hidden toys and following directions
87. According to Piaget, between what ages does the concrete operational period of development occur? a. birth to age 2 b. age 2 to age 7 c. age 7 to age 11 d. age 11 adulthood
age 7 to age 11
49. Dan's son is a neonate. When Dan goes into his son's bedroom to pick him up from his crib, he discovers he is lying quietly with his eyes wide open. He is intently watching his mobile, and seems to be fascinated by it. From this description, what state is Dan's son exhibiting? a. alert activity b. drowsiness c. alert inactivity d. sleepiness
alert inactivity
During which phase of achievement do children expect disapproval following failures? a) Use-of-standards b) Approval-seeking c) Self-seeking d) Use-of-approval
b) Approval-seeking
Compared to high-SES parents, low-SES parents are more likely to have which type of parenting style? a) Permissive b) Authoritarian c) Neglecting d) Authoritative
b) Authoritarian
According to Mary Ainsworth, how will a securely attached child behave in the strange-situation test? a) He or she will continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence. b) He or she will play and explore new settings when the parent is present. c) He or she will not interact with the stranger. d) He or she will tend to be clingy and whiny when the mother returns after a brief absence.
b) He or she will play and explore new settings when the parent is present.
Natalia's son Amit was conceived through donor insemination. Natalia lives with her life-long friend Kevin (a gay man). The home environment is warm and loving, and even though Kevin is not Amit's father, he has adopted him. Based on this scenario, and according to research evidence, which statement represents the most accurate prediction for Amit's developmental outcomes relative to his peers? a) He will be slower to develop a basic gender identity. b) He will be just as cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature. c) He will be more likely to play with same-sex peers. d) He will show stronger gender intensification during adolescence.
b) He will be just as cognitively, emotionally, and morally mature.
Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to the presence of siblings in the lives of children? a) Younger siblings are more conscientious than older siblings. b) Intelligence decreases slightly from older to younger siblings. c) Two-year-old children are more influenced by a parent than a sibling when choosing whether to play with a toy. d) Older siblings are more extraverted than younger siblings.
b) Intelligence decreases slightly from older to younger siblings.
Which of the following best characterizes the developmental time course of separation anxiety? a) It emerges at about 2 months of age, but disappears by the age of 12 months. b) It appears at 6 to 8 months of age, peaks at 14 to 18 months of age, and then declines. c) It peaks at 8 to 10 months of age, and then gradually declines in intensity. d) It emerges at about 9 months and gradually increases in intensity until it reaches a peak at 24 months.
b) It appears at 6 to 8 months of age, peaks at 14 to 18 months of age, and then declines.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the impact of remarriage of the custodial parent over time? a) It increases most of the stresses associated with the divorce and has a negative impact on children. b) It eases some stresses but creates some new ones; it is often a difficult adjustment, particularly for preschool and early grade-school children. c) It increases most stresses yet has a positive impact on the adjustment of most children. d) It eases some stresses but creates some new ones; it is often a difficult adjustment, particularly for adolescents.
b) It eases some stresses but creates some new ones; it is often a difficult adjustment, particularly for preschool and early grade-school children.
How has the average age of first marriage in Canada changed over the last 100 years? a) It has steadily increased. b) It has recently risen, after initially decreasing. c) It has steadily decreased. d) It has recently decreased, after initially rising.
b) It has recently risen, after initially decreasing
Which of the following best describes the strength of the heritability coefficient for most temperamental attributes? a) It is weak b) It is modest c) It is strong d) It is nonexistent
b) It is modest
Suppose you are at a friend's home, and while you are socializing his son, Nils, explores the living room. You notice that Nils has found a small wooden box that he tries to open repeatedly. Nil's father reaches down and unlatches the catch on the box, but Nil begins to cry until his father opens it for him. Which of the following types of achievement motivation best describe Nil's behaviour? a) Learned preservation b) Learned helplessness c) Mastery seeking d) Approval seeking
b) Learned helplessness
If an individual at the postconventional level of moral reasoning had to choose between stealing and letting a loved one starve, what might the person do? a) Refuse to steal because he or she might be caught and punished for stealing. b) Steal because a human's suffering is more important than societal law. c) Refuse to steal because it was against the role of being a trusted citizen. d) Steal because there is a social obligation to protect our loved ones.
b) Steal because a human's suffering is more important than a societal law.
Aamaal and Kayla often assume complementary roles, such as chaser and chasee in a game of tag. If they only recently started to play together in this way, approximately what age are the girls? a) 12 months b) 18 months c) 24 months d) 36 months
c) 24 months
According to Howes and Matheson, what form of play are children engaging in when they display action-based role reversals in social games? a) Cooperative social pretend b) Complex social pretend c) Complementary and reciprocal d) Simple pretend
c) Complementary and reciprocal
What is the name for the practice of integrating children with special needs into regular classrooms? a) Cooperative learning b) Integrative classroom management c) Inclusion d) Integrative curriculum
c) Inclusion
15. Twenty-six-year-old Esther wants to have her baby at home. She is in excellent health, has had appropriate prenatal care, and has attended natural childbirth classes. She also will have a trained midwife attend the birth. According to recent research, is Esther's home birth risky? a. It is very risky and should be avoided. b. It is dangerous to both the mother and the infant; she should be at the hospital with her family. c. It is not particularly risky for either the mother or the baby under the conditions listed. d. It is likely to be very risky for the baby even with the precautions Esther has taken.
c. It is not particularly risky for either the mother or the baby under the conditions listed.
In which country do all children score very high on measures of altruism? a) Mexico b) The United States c) India d) Kenya
d) Kenya
82. According to Baron-Cohen's research, what is the source of the difficulties that children with autistic disorder have with understanding others' thoughts? a. lack of social-informational role-taking b. not having an innate brain-module for the theory of mind c. having a shared-attention mechanism that is too focused d. being too preoccupied with social referencing
not having an innate brain-module for theory of mind
4. What does the morphology of a language refer to? a. the basic sounds that make up a language b. the expression of meaning c. the rules that specify how words are combined to form meaningful phrases d. the rules governing the formation of meaningful words from sounds
the rules governing the formation of meaningful words from sounds
80. Is early sexual maturation often initially a social advantage for boys and girls? a. It is a short-term social advantage to males. b. It is a long-term social disadvantage to females. c. It is a short-term social advantage to females. d. It is a long-term social disadvantage to males.
It is a short-term social advantage to males.
46. What is the term for a prediction about the characteristics of a behaviour under investigation? a. a hypothesis b. an operational definition c. empirical knowledge d. a dependent variable
a hypothesis
Naadir feels proud that he can help fix things around the house and tutor his brother in math. What is Naadir's knowledge about his skills called? a) Identity b) Self-control c) Self-concept d) Self-esteem
c) Self-concept
91. What does sexual maturation result from in females? a. increased levels of testosterone b. decreased levels of testosterone c. decreased levels of cortisol d. increased levels of estrogen
increased levels of estrogen
32. Which statement best summarizes the research findings of Kolb and colleagues with respect to the effects of experience on brain development? a. Both enrichment and deprivation affected the size and structure of the brain. b. Deprivation adversely affected the brain size and structure, but enrichment did not affect size or structure. c. Only the brains of young animals showed effects of enrichment or deprivation. d. Only the brains of adult animals showed effects of enrichment or deprivation.
Both enrichment and deprivation affected the size and structure of the brain.
105. You are listening as two young children, Yolanda and Bruno, talk to their fathers at the playground. Yolanda points to almost everything she sees and asks her father, "What that?" Bruno can't seem to stop asking his father "Why?" Based on the research into the development of question asking in young children, what might you reasonably conclude about the children's ages? a. Both children are the same age, because both are asking questions that have concrete referents. b. Bruno is somewhat older than Yolanda, because his questions have abstract referents. c. Both children are the same age, because both are asking questions that have abstract referents. d. Yolanda is somew
Bruno is somewhat older than Yolanda, because his questions have abstract referents.
57) The field that focuses on the evolution of human behaviour is A) the human genome. B) humanism. C) evolutionary psychology. D) behavioural evolution. E) human genetics.
C) evolutionary psychology.
86) Arguably, the most ambitious scientific project of all time began in 1990: the A) American space program. B) cognitive neuroscience project. C) human genome project. D) decade of the brain. E) theory of evolution.
C) human genome project.
116) Epigenetic research has found that there are genetic differences between so-called identical twins and that these differences A) do not occur in fraternal twins. B) decrease with age. C) increase with age. D) increase disease susceptibility. E) decrease disease susceptibility.
C) increase with age.
132. Camilla and Frank both teach Grade 4 students. Camilla most often uses cooperative learning activities, whereas Frank most often uses independent, discovery-based activities. Based on this information, with which cognitive theorist would Camilla and Frank most likely agree? a. Frank would agree with Vygotsky and Camilla would agree with Piaget. b. Both Camilla and Frank would agree with Vygotsky and neither would agree with Piaget. c. Camilla would agree with Vygotsky and Frank would agree with Piaget. d. Both Camilla and Frank would agree with Piaget and neither would agree with Vygotsky.
Camilla would agree with Vygotsky and Frank would agree with Piaget.
82) Each codon on a strand of messenger RNA A) comprises three consecutive bases on the messenger RNA molecule. B) instructs the ribosome to add one amino acid from the cytoplasm to the growing protein chain. C) contains all of the information necessary to synthesize a complete protein. D) both A and B E) both A and C
D) both A and B
29) Lizards, snakes, and turtles are A) reptiles. B) amphibians. C) vertebrates. D) both A and C E) both B and C
D) both A and C
42) Metaphorically, evolution is a A) scale. B) ladder. C) book. D) bush. E) soap dish.
D) bush.
40) Well preserved 3.6-million-year-old footprints of 1.3-meter tall, small-brained __________ were discovered in African volcanic ash. A) apes B) Homo sapiens C) Neanderthals D) Australopithecines E) archaeologists
D) Australopithecines
112) The most extensive study of twins reared apart is the A) British study. B) Canadian study. C) New York study. D) Minnesota study. E) North African study.
D) Minnesota study.
12) All behavior is the product of A) an organism's genetic endowment. B) an organism's experience. C) an organism's perception of the current situation. D) all of the above E) both A and B
D) all of the above
28) Frogs, toads, and salamanders are A) vertebrates. B) chordates. C) amphibians. D) all of the above E) both A and C
D) all of the above
117) Pinel ended his discussion of the genetics of human psychological differences with a description of the study of Turkheimer and colleagues (2003). The important finding of this study was that A) among the very poor, the heritability estimate of IQ was close to zero. B) among the affluent, the heritability estimate of IQ was close to one. C) IQ in adult humans is almost entirely genetic. D) both A and B E) both B and C
D) both A and B
In Arthur Jensen's classification scheme of intellectual abilities, what do Level I abilities include? a. attentional processes, short-term memory, and associative skills b. abstract reasoning skills and the ability to manipulate words and symbols to form concepts c. the capacity to move between flexible and rigid states of thought d. acquired knowledge about culturally relevant concepts
attentional processes, short-term memory, and associative skills
44. Conrad and Chelsea are shopping for a mobile to hang above their newborn's crib. Their best choice would be a mobile that contains high contrasts of which colours? a. white and blue b. blue and green c. blue and red d. red and yellow
blue and red
Thiago is a 17-year-old who has been asked to join a weekend camping trip with a group of his friends. Both boys and girls will be going, and alcohol is likely to be available during the trip. Thiago tells his parents about the trip on Monday night and asks if he can go. Which type of response would be typical of Thiago's uninvolved parents? a) "Absolutely not. Case closed." b) "Do whatever you want. It's your life." c) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea, but we'd like to hear all the details. We can probably work something out." d) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."
b) "Do whatever you want. It's your life"
Which of the following teacher comments would be most likely to encourage a child to exert more effort on a task rather than to give up? a) "You're not very good at this, are you?" b) "I bet you just need to give more time to these assignments." c) "Luck sure was on your side this time." d) "You seem to be having trouble with these assignments; let me help you."
b) "I bet you just need to give more time to these assignments."
Which of the following adult comments would most likely result in children persisting at a task even though they are making errors? a) "Your performance will be compared to others." b) "You will make errors and the goal is to improve." c) "Your goal is to demonstrate your ability." d) "Your goal is to demonstrate your weaknesses."
b) "You will make errors and the goal is to improve."
Baumrind's research with nursery school children and their parents indicated that cheerful, self-reliant children are most likely to have what type of parents? a) Authoritarian b) Authoritative c) Permissive d) Uninvolved
b) Authoritative
What effect do intervention programs targeting bullying have? a) They have had no discernable effects on self-esteem. b) They promote strong social and emotional skill development. c) They are associated with decreased academic performance. d) They are more effective when they occur outside of the school environment, away from potential threats and bullies.
b) They promote strong social and emotional skill development.
How does the behaviour of noncustodial fathers change following a divorce? a) They tend to become more authoritarian. b) They tend to become more permissive. c) They tend to become more sensitive to their children's needs. d) They tend to become more authoritative.
b) They tend to become more permissive.
Piaget's theory of moral development stresses that moral development occurs in which stages? a) Two variable b) Three invariant c) Three variable d) Six invariant
b) Three invariant
Which statement best summarizes Meltzoff's research on deferred imitation? a. It is present to some degree as early as 4 to 5 months. b. It is present to some degree at 9 to 14 months. c. It is not present until 18 to 24 months. d. It is not present until 30 to 36 months.
b. It is present to some degree at 9 to 14 months.
53. According to Piaget, between what ages does the preoperational stage of development occur? a. birth to age 2 b. age 2 to age 7 c. age 7 to age 11 d. age 11 to adulthood
b. age 2 to age 7
109. What would a researcher need to know to estimate the influence of shared environmental influences on a particular trait or characteristic? a. both the heritability correlation and the variation in the trait due to nonshared environmental influences b. both the correlation between identical twins reared together and the correlation between identical twins reared apart c. only the variation in the trait due to nonshared environmental influences d. only the correlation between identical twins reared together
both the heritability correlation and the variation in the trait due to nonshared environmental influences
104. What would a researcher need to know to estimate the influence of nonshared environmental influences on a particular trait? a. both the correlation between identical twins reared together and the correlation between identical twins reared apart b. only the variation in the trait due to shared environmental influences c. both the heritability ratio and the variation in the trait due to shared environmental influences d. only the correlation between identical twins reared together
both the heritability ratio and the variation in the trait due to shared environmental influences
Saanvi is a 16-year-old who wants to go on a camping trip for the upcoming weekend with a group of her friends, some of whom are male. She tells her parents about this idea on Monday night. Which type of response would be typical of Saanvi's authoritative parents? a) "Absolutely not. Case closed." b) "Do whatever you want. It's your life. We won't be home either." c) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea." d) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."
c) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea."
At approximately what month of age do children begin to display coordinated interactions with their age-mates and to imitate one another's actions and expressions in a play situation? a) 6 b) 12 c) 18 d) 24
c) 18
Which of the statements regarding cultural differences in displays of self-recognition is accurate? a) Turkish infants outperformed Scottish and Zambian infants at the mirror self-recognition task. b) Infants from nomadic tribes who have no experience with mirrors are slower than city-reared children to pass self-recognition tasks. c) Zambian infants outperformed Scottish and Turkish infants at the body-as-obstacle task. d) Children from nomadic tribes could not recognize themselves in photographs until they were 4 or 5 years of age.
c) Zambian infants outperformed Scottish and Turkish infants at the body-as-obstacle task.
12. Irving and Sarah were told by their fertility doctor that Irving's sperm contains 23 chromosomes. What does this indicate regarding Irving's ability to father children? a. Irving is infertile. b. If Sarah successfully conceives a child with Irving, the child will have a chromosomal abnormality. c. Irving is a typical male. d. If Sarah successfully conceives a child with Irving, the child will have a metabolic disorder.
c. Irving is a typical male.
32. In terms of problem solving, what marks the fifth stage of the sensorimotor period? a. Children reach a solution to a problem internally by symbolic mental combinations. b. Children repeat behaviours that result in interesting consequences. c. Children engage in overt trial-and-error behaviours to explore the properties of objects. d. Children show reversibility of thought operations.
c. Children engage in overt trial-and-error behaviours to explore the properties of objects.
72. According to Scarr and McCartney, what is the main reason that identical twins continue to have similar IQ scores throughout life whereas the resemblance between fraternal twins decreases with time? a. Genotype is the primary determinant of IQ. b. Environment is the primary determinant of IQ. c. Identical twins actively select more similar environments than do fraternal twins. d. Genotype determines an individual's environment in both childhood and adulthood.
c. Identical twins actively select more similar environments than do fraternal twins.
93. Multiple-choice tests typically ask students to select the one best answer from a set of alternatives. What do tests of this type require of an individual? a. divergent thinking b. fluid intelligence c. convergent thinking d. practical intelligence
convergent thinking
Diya is a 14-year-old who wants to go to her first boy-girl evening party. The party will be at her best friend Elene's house but without chaperones. Diya tells her parents about the party and asks if she can go. Which type of response would be typical of Diya's permissive parents? a) "Absolutely not. Case closed." b) "Do whatever you want. It's your life. We don't care where you go." c) "Let's sit down and discuss this. We're not sure it's a good idea, but we'd like to hear all the details. We can probably work something out." d) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us."
d) "We don't think it's a good idea, but if you really want to go, it's okay with us"
According to the textbook, which developmental outcome is considered to be the most disturbing long-term effect of abuse? a) A lack of advanced moral reasoning skills b) A significant deficit in cognitive reasoning c) A disturbance in normal patterns of physical growth d) A lack of empathy in response to the distress of others
d) A lack of empathy in response to the distress of others
Which statement best characterizes the divorce rate following the 1986 amendment to the Canadian Divorce Act? a) A significant decrease in the divorce rate, followed by a slow rise at present b) An increase by nearly a factor of 7 over the past 50 years c) A steady, slow decrease over the past 50 years d) A sudden one-year increase in the divorce rate, followed by a substantial decline
d) A sudden one-year increase in the divorce rate, following by a substantial decline
Jian's family consists of his mother, his stepfather, his brother, and his stepsister. Based upon family membership, how would a developmentalist categorize Jian's family? a) As complex autonomous b) As simple stepparent c) As simple autonomous d) As complex stepparent
d) As complex stepparent
Which of the following is the least common form of attachment in North American infants? a) Habituated/dishabituated b) Resistant c) Avoidant d) Disorganized/disoriented
d) Disorganized/disoriented
Based upon current research, what characterizes the behaviour of mothers of coercive home environments? a) They react negatively to prosocial conduct and react positively to misconduct. b) They punish prosocial conduct and ignore misconduct. c) They use negative reinforcement for both prosocial conduct and misconduct. d) They ignore prosocial conduct and punish misconduct.
d) They ignore prosocial conduct and punish misconduct.
How do newborn infants under the age of 6 weeks typically respond to social stimuli? a) They smile more at people they know than at strangers. b) They protest loudly when strangers approach. c) They smile more at puppets and other lifelike stimuli. d) They show favourable reactions to many kinds of social and nonsocial stimuli.
d) They show favourable reactions to many kinds of social and nonsocial stimuli.
Joshua and Marvin are two 8-year-olds who are playing hockey for the Hometown Hornets. As Marvin skates down the ice past Joshua, he accidentally hits him in the face with the end of his stick. Joshua's cheek is cut quite badly, and he needs to have stitches to close the wound. What form of aggression is exemplified by Marvin's behaviour? a) Hostile b) Passive c) Proactive d) Unintentional
d) Unintentional
Suppose you read an article, and the author states: "Unlike diamonds, attachments are not forever." Would longitudinal research findings support this statement? a) Partially, because secure attachments can become insecure if the responsiveness of the attachment figure deteriorates. b) Partially, because insecure attachments can become secure if the responsiveness of the attachment figure improves. c) No, because only attachments made in later childhood or adulthood can be modified. d) Yes, because attachments made in infancy can change if the responsiveness of the attachment figure changes markedly.
d) Yes, because attachments made in infancy can change if the responsiveness of the attachment figure changes markedly.
59. Darlene is excited by the fact she has learned to turn the dial on the dishwasher. Every chance she gets, she turns the knob to hear the noise it makes. Based on this description, how old is Darlene? a. 4 months old b. 6 months old c. 8 months old d. 10 months old
d. 10 months old
32. For which discovery was Mendel responsible? a. the sequence of genes on the chromosomes b. mitosis and meiosis c. fragile-X syndrome d. genetic dominance
genetic dominance
76. A change in behaviour that is attributable to one's environment and is relatively permanent meets Domjan's definition of which of the following developmental processes? a. development b. maturation c. learning d. information processing
learning
2. What are the two major underlying processes that interact to determine the development of the individual? a. maturation and recapitulation b. growth and learning c. learning and maturation d. recapitulation and growth
learning and maturation
61. Grace is a heavy drinker who has just discovered that she is pregnant. What is good advice for Grace regarding her drinking and the health of her unborn child? a. quit drinking completely b. cut back on her drinking, but there is no need to quit altogether c. continue drinking as much as she likes, but take megadoses of vitamin C and protein supplements d. abort the fetus, because it will most likely have already been severely damaged by her drinking
quit drinking completely
101. What is the term for any event or stimulus that increases the frequency of the behaviour that it follows? a. conditioned stimulus b. punisher c. reinforcer d. unconditioned stimulus
reinforcer
54. Bjorklund has conjectured that the average 3-year-old has more in common with a 21-year-old adult than with a 12-month-old infant. What aspect of Piagetian thought led him to make this statement? a. delayed imitation b. conservation c. animistic thought d. symbolic thought
symbolic thought
78. Mario, age 5, understands that the word mouse applies to the critter on the floor and also to mouse cartoon figures, because they share perceptual features. Which constraint to a word's meaning does his understanding illustrate? a. object scope b. lexical contrast c. taxonomic d. mutual exclusivity
taxonomic
86. The greater muscle and bone development that occurs in males in comparison to females has been attributed to the influence of what hormone? a. thyroxine b. growth hormone c. testosterone d. estrogen
testosterone
35. What behavioural outcome is thought to be accounted for by the slow myelinization of the frontal cortex? a. that some infants do not crawl b. that attention span increases steadily from elementary school age through adolescence c. that impulsivity increases steadily from elementary school age through adolescence d. that some children never learn prereaching behaviours
that attention span increases steadily from elementary school age through adolescence
100. According to Piaget, which two forms of reasoning first emerge during the formal operational period? a. hypothetical and inductive b. hypothetical and transitive c. transitive and inductive d. deductive and transitive
hypothetical and inductive
52. Justin is a chef and applying professional standards for handling food products in a safe and sanitary way is second nature to him. Recently, his pregnant wife has taken over their meal preparations. Given the pregnancy, what foods would Justin be concerned about his wife preparing? a. unprocessed grains b. unwashed leafy greens c. raw meat and poultry d. dried and ground hot peppers
raw meat and poultry
40. Of the following newborn reflexes, which one is temporary and typically disappears after a few months? a. swallowing b. stepping c. eye blink d. pupillary
stepping
46. Of the following, which part of the body is susceptible to teratogenic effects throughout all three trimesters of pregnancy? a. the lower extremities b. the central nervous system c. the heart and the circulatory system d. the genitals
the central nervous system
53. Catherine and Henry grow most of their own vegetables without the use of pesticides, and they raise and butcher their own free-range, organic meat and poultry. Catherine has just become pregnant. Henry is concerned because in their community family pets are allowed to roam freely. Based on current research, is Henry's concern warranted? a. no, organic produce and meat is the best available diet for a pregnant woman b. yes, because Catherine will be gardening and harvesting vegetables c. no, because Catherine has asked him to take over the gardening, and she will take over the task of packaging the raw meat. d. yes, because his home-grown vegetables may have more folic acid than is safe for a developing baby
yes, because Catherine will be gardening and harvesting vegetables
44. Although Edward could stand alone, he did not walk until the age of 14 months. Is Edward's behaviour typical? a. no, he is neurologically impaired b. no, he must have been born prematurely c. yes, if he has developed in an impoverished environment d. yes, he is still well within the normal range
yes, he is still well within the normal range
25. In which ancient society were boys deliberately treated very harshly to toughen them to become disciplined soldiers in adulthood? a. Rome b. Israel c. Britain d. Sparta
Sparta
70. What would be the best slogan for Gibson's differentiation theory of perceptual learning? a. "Learn from your prior mistakes." b. "The CS signals that the reflex is coming." c. "Repeat the actions that have been reinforced." d. "Notice the small details that make figures different."
"Notice the small details that make figures different."
129. Newborn infants have been shown to imitate simple behaviours. What is the earliest age at which this has been observed? a. 1 week b. 2 months c. 6 months d. 12 months
1 week
