Practice Set 2
According to the central limit theorem, the averages of measurements of individual data follow a(n) ____ distribution even if the individual data are from a different distribution a. Normal b. Exponential c. Binomial d. Poisson
a. Normal
Discrete data require __________ statistically valid sample sizes for decision making than do continuous data for the same consumer risk protection (type II error). a. Smaller b. Medium c. Equal d. Larger
d. Larger
Which of the following techniques is best for ensuring data accuracy and integrity? a. Rounding of measures to ease calculations b. Use of plastic calipers on hot metal parts c. Providing limited instructions or training to data collectors d. Maintaining a calibration schedule for data collection equipment
d. Maintaining a calibration schedule for data collection equipment
Which measurement scale uses intervals with values of the scale that have no "numeric" meaning in the way that usually applies with numbers, and no ordering scheme? a. Ratio b. Interval c. Ordinal d. Nominal
d. Nominal
What index is used to identify the first-pass rate through a series of processes? a. DPO b. DPU c. DPMO d. RTY
d. RTY
Which of the following is a measurement system analysis (MSA) term for variation in measurement when measured by two or more appraisers multiple times? a. Calibration b. Stability c. Repeatability d. Reproducibility
d. Reproducibility
Which of the following is a measure of the project's efficiency to schedule as expressed in the ratio of earned value to planned value? a. Six Sigma charter b. Cost performance index c. FMEA d. Schedule performance index
d. Schedule performance index
A descriptor of data shape is a. Mean b. Standard deviation c. Scatter d. Skewness
d. Skewness
What data attributes are key to understanding a data set and the process that generated them? a. Sigma, range, kurtosis b. Skewness, kurtosis, spread c. Average, range, standard deviation d. Spread, shape, and center
d. Spread, shape, and center
SDCA refers to a. Standardize , do, control, adjust b. Systematize, do, control, apply c. Standardize, define, check, apply d. Standardize, do, check, adjust
d. Standardize, do, check, adjust
How does total productive maintenance (TPM) integrate lean back into the overall Six Sigma program? a. Lean and Six Sigma are separate and distinct and do not intersect b. TPM covers the four sigma levels closest to the mean c. TPM supports risk-based thinking and risk management d. TPM reveals insights into problems and incorporates data collection, problem reporting, and continual improvement
d. TPM reveals insights into problems and incorporates data collection, problem reporting, and continual improvement
The theory of constraints is a. A problem-solving methodology applied to reduce energy usage. b. A problem-solving methodology that focuses on the weakest link in a chain of processes. c. A decision-making tool that focuses on prioritization of weak links. d. An analysis tool that uncovers covert processes.
A problem-solving methodology that focuses on the weakest link in a chain of processes.
What is the proportion of values to the right (critical t-value) for the t-distribution with 7 degrees of freedom and a t-value of 0.025? a. 2.365 b. 2.447 c. 3.707 d. 3.499
a. 2.365
Examples of visual signals within the visual workplace to which employees and management must respond include a. Alarm lights, depleted stock, visual defects, and safety displays b. Pictures, colors, and shapes c. Written procedures and work instructions d. Spreadsheets filled with numbers
a. Alarm lights, depleted stock, visual defects, and safety displays
Overproduction, excess motion, waiting, inventory level, excess movement, defect correction, excess processing, and lost creativity are a. Aspects of waste or muda b. Welding imperfection issues c. Activities required to protect a system of unresolved problems d. Information found on customer purchase orders
a. Aspects of waste or muda
An FMEA that has been successfully completed will have which of the following benefits? a. Assessed effects on all customers (internal and external) b. Evidence for risk level in evaluating reasons for absenteeism c. Helps validate intended covert risk processes d. Documents the results of excessive meetings
a. Assessed effects on all customers (internal and external)
When an individual or team develops as many ideas as possible concerning a topic in a short period of time, using various creative techniques, it is called a. Brainstorming b. Strategic planning c. Global warming d. Multivoting
a. Brainstorming
The capability index for a short-term stable process is denoted by a. Cp b. Cpk c. Pp d. Ppk
a. Cp
The 5S step "standardize" involves a. Creating checklists, standards, and work instructions to keep the work area clean and orderly. b. Writing work procedures, posting OSHA standards, and creating flowcharts. c. Creating strategic plans and delivering all-employee monthly standardized broadcasts about workplace cleanliness. d. Creating work instructions and posting them in all areas with cleaning supplies
a. Creating checklists, standards, and work instructions to keep the work area clean and orderly.
Contingency tables use the chi-square procedure to test whether there is a a. Dependency between the two classifications b. Changed distribution c. Presumed alpha risk d. Difference in the observed frequency compared with historical proportions
a. Dependency between the two classifications
The 8 discipline (8D) approach includes which of the following activities? a. Describe the problem, define root causes, and start permanent corrective action b. Describe the problem, isolate the source, and determine a contingency plan c. Use an individual approach, define root causes, and stop future problems d. Use a team approach, define root causes, and terminate deficient resources
a. Describe the problem, define root causes, and start permanent corrective action
The Six Sigma team collaborates with designers to ensure that final design outputs include which of the desired attributes? a. Design for cost, design for test, design for maintainability b. Design for ability, design for cost, risk reduction c. Design for repeatability, design for waste prevention, design for reproducibility d. Design for recyclability, design for GR&R, design for feasibility
a. Design for cost, design for test, design for maintainability
The ideal relationship of Lean and Six Sigma methods is best described as which of the following? a. Lean and Six Sigma should be integrated so that the overall improvements will be sustained and continually enforced b. Lean activities should be completed before starting Six Sigma c. Deploy either Lean or Six Sigma activities, not both d. Lean and Six Sigma conflict, resulting in reduced overall quality
a. Lean and Six Sigma should be integrated so that the overall improvements will be sustained and continually enforced
Which of the following is an MSA term for accuracy of measurement at various measurement points of measuring range in the equipment? a. Linearity b. Bias c. Accuracy d. Precision
a. Linearity
When choosing subgroups for rational subgrouping, one objective is to a. Minimize piece-to-piece variation within the subgroup b. Have different sample sizes for all subgroups c. Shield from recently collected data to avoid intrusions d. Make use of kanban and takt times
a. Minimize piece-to-piece variation within the subgroup
In this technique, the team members consolidate all previously generated ideas, number or letter them, and then quickly prioritize them a. Multivoting b. Affordability consolidation c. Assigned severity d. RPN assessment
a. Multivoting
Three charts are used to create standard work: a. Production capacity chart, standardized work combination table, standardized work analysis chart b. Kanban chart, kaizen chart, muda table c. Attributes chart, variables chart, control chart d. Poka-yoke chart, 5S table, kanban chart
a. Production capacity chart, standardized work combination table, standardized work analysis chart
The null hypothesis can only be a. Rejected or fail to be rejected b. Rejected or accepted c. Rejected d. Accepted or fail to be rejected
a. Rejected or fail to be rejected
5S is one of the first tools to apply on the path to achieving lean enterprise organizations. Which of the following is the traditional sequence for 5S? a. Sort, set in order, shine, standardize, and sustain b. Set in order, strategic catalog, shine wax parts c. Situate in alphabetical order, weigh each part, set into containers appropriately d. Strategize plan, select dirty and damaged items, sanitize with organic cleansers, sterile dry, situate into storage
a. Sort, set in order, shine, standardize, and sustain
Given the following dependencies necessary for calculating sample size: σ - The variability in the population (or experimental variability). As σ decreases, power increases δ - The size of the effect (difference to detect). As the size of the effect increases, power increases. α—The probability of a type I error (also called the level of significance). β - When H0 is false and you fail to reject it, you make a type II error. The probability (p) of making a type II error is called beta. What is the output of these sample size inputs? a. Standard deviation b. Statistically significant sample size c. Type I error d. Rejection of the null hypothesis
a. Standard deviation
Which graphical tool is used to quickly identify any repetitive data within a class interval? a. Stem and leaf plot b. Scatter diagram c. Frequency distribution d. Run chart
a. Stem and leaf plot
The larger the effect, the more likely that the effect is significant and that: a. The null hypothesis can be rejected b. The null hypothesis cannot be rejected c. The null hypothesis can be accepted d. The null hypothesis can be disregarded
a. The null hypothesis can be rejected
If the ratio of two sample variances exceeds the critical value of F, at a defined confidence level, a. The null hypothesis is rejected b. The null hypothesis is accepted c. The null hypothesis is not rejected d. The null hypothesis is significant
a. The null hypothesis is rejected
In a project setting with matrix organizational structure, the importance of communication cannot be stressed enough. a. Yes b. No c. Sometimes d. Maybe
a. Yes
What is the area under the standard normal curve between +1.00 standard deviations and +2.50 standard deviations? a. 0.1455 b. 0.1500 c. 0.8500 d. 0.8545
b. 0.1500
A sample of size five is randomly selected from a batch with 15% defective. What is the probability that the sample has exactly one defective? a. 0.3685 b. 0.3915 c. 0.3993 d. 0.4096
b. 0.3915
What is the critical value for 5% of the area under the chi-square probability density for a random variable that has 5 degrees of freedom? a. 1.145 b. 11.070 c. 12.832 d. 16.750
b. 11.070
The sample size crossover point between the t-test and the Z-test for normally distributed populations, with lower sample sizes using student t-test to make inferences about a population mean, is a. 15 b. 30 c. 45 d. 90
b. 30
A baseline measurement of overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) is the product of a. Cost, quality, and speed b. Availability, performance efficiency, and quality rate c. Mean time to repair and mean time between failures d. Maintenance, data collection, and work flow
b. Availability, performance efficiency, and quality rate
You can make a _____________choice with regard to the listening level that you choose within a given scenario. a. Random selection b. Conscious c. Subconscious d. Inconspicuous
b. Conscious
When setting up a data collection scheme for your project, which data set will be the most useful for measuring sensitivity to process changes? a. Discrete b. Continuous c. Locational d. Ratio
b. Continuous
When designed experiments are used for process improvement, changes in _____data may be observed even though the ______measurement hasn't changed. a. Discrete, continuous b. Continuous, discrete c. Locational, discrete d. Continuous, locational
b. Continuous, discrete
Which of the following measures the projects performance in dollar terms (for example, the ratio of earned value [budgeted cost of work performed] versus the actual cost of work performed)? a. Six sigma charter b. Cost performance index c. Cost of poor quality d. Schedule performance index
b. Cost performance index
The process capability location for a stable process is denoted by a. Cp b. Cpk c. Pp d. Ppk
b. Cpk
What index is calculated as the total number of defects/deficiencies divided by the total number of products produced? a. DPO b. DPU c. DPMO d. RTY
b. DPU
Teams typically go through the following sequence or stages of evolution: a. Forming, challenging, testing, agreement b. Forming, storming, norming, performing c. Circling, advancing, organizing, accomplishing d . Honeymooning, presentation, advocating, completion
b. Forming, storming, norming, performing
The 5S step "sustain" involves a. Training on and testing of all the 5S steps. b. Management support and employee empowerment. c. Additional training in accident reduction. d. Engaging management in the cost reductions effected with 5S.
b. Management support and employee empowerment.
The formula for determining the number of runs in a full factorial experiment is: a. Number of factors ^ (to the power of) Number of levels b. Number of levels ^ (to the power of) Number of factors c. Number of factors x Number of levels d. Number of levels / Number of factors
b. Number of levels ^ (to the power of) Number of factors
A visual workplace supports visual devices that are easily understood and accessed by all through the use of a. Spreadsheets filled with numbers b. Pictures, colors, and shapes c. Written procedures d. Instruction from supervisors
b. Pictures, colors, and shapes
What is the term for the ability of the process to meet the expected specifications? a. Process performance b. Process capability c. Process control d. Process spread
b. Process capability
Which of the following conditions contribute to variability that must be corrected for process improvement? a. Process demand and capacity b. Process capability and capacity c. Instability and off-target d. Waste and delays
b. Process capability and capacity
Design FMEA is about the a. Prototype brainstorm b. Product design c. Product packaging d. Design engineering training
b. Product design
The 5S step "sort" involves a. Labeling unused items for the archives b. Removing unneeded items c. Immediately cleaning up any mess and calling OSHA d. Identifying and labeling never-used items for the basement storage units
b. Removing unneeded items
Which graphical tool is used for root cause analysis, estimation of correlation coefficient, or making predictions using a regression line fitted to the data? a. Stem and leaf plot b. Scatter diagram c. Frequency distribution d. Run chart
b. Scatter diagram
Which sampling technique is used in destructive testing and reliability testing applications where higher cost is involved in testing the unit? a. Random sampling b. Sequential sampling c. Stratified sampling d. Biased sampling
b. Sequential sampling
The composition and number of people on a team a. Should be limited to five to nine people b. Should be based on size and scope of the project c. Should exclude the subject matter expert and manager d. Should be based on who can actually attend the meetings in person
b. Should be based on size and scope of the project
Recurrence of a problem can be positively controlled through a. Clear instruction, strict supervision, and rapid intervention b. Standardization and certification of quality peripherals, including system, environment, and supervision c. Targeted tampering and frequent process adjustments to normalize averages and ranges d. Removal of the nonconforming or deficient resources
b. Standardization and certification of quality peripherals, including system, environment, and supervision
A function of team storming includes a. Team members getting to know each other b. Team members voicing their ideas c. Team members resolving their conflicts d. Team members realizing interdependence
b. Team members voicing their ideas
One of the key differences between deploying Six Sigma in a large organization and deploying Six Sigma in a small organization is a. The number of projects a Six Sigma Green Belt would run b. The number of champions involved in the effort c. The need to train Six Sigma Yellow Belts d. The need for process owners to understand how Six Sigma applies in their area
b. The number of champions involved in the effort
Flow utilized when top management, or the executive sponsor of the project, is providing instruction, communicating policies, or providing feedback on project performance is a. Lateral flow b. Top-down or downward flow c. Diagonal flow d. Matrix flow
b. Top-down or downward flow
What is the area under the standard normal curve between -1.03 standard deviations and +2.51 standard deviations? a. 0.3500 b. 0.3545 c. 0.6455 d. 0.6500
c. 0.6455
When calculating the 95% confidence interval for the mean for a sample of 256 customers, the average order is $80, and the population standard deviation is $16. Continuous data—large samples: For this type of data one uses the normal distribution to calculate the confidence interval for the mean: X-bar += Zα/2 * (σ/√n) Where X-bar = Sample average σ = Population standard deviation n = Sample size Zα/2 = Normal distribution value for a desired confidence level What is the range of the confidence interval? a. 79.88 >= μ >=80.12 b. 79.02 >= μ >=80.98 c. 78.04 >= μ >=81.96 d. 76.08 >= μ >=83.92
c. 78.04 >= μ >=81.96
The series of activities that an organization performs, such as order, design, produce, and deliver products and services, is called a. An open system b. A multi-path production stream c. A value-stream d. A transformation concep
c. A value-stream
Which of the following is an MSA term for "closeness" to the true value or to an accepted reference value? a. Linearity b. Bias c. Accuracy d. Precision
c. Accuracy
Flow utilized when a line operator or front-desk personnel want to provide feedback to the management, or a team member wants to communicate to the executive sponsor of the project is a. Matrix flow b. Lateral flow c. Bottom-up or upward flow d. Diagonal flow
c. Bottom-up or upward flow
The 5S step "shine" involves a. Sanding and waxing all work tables b. Cleaning the hot plates and testing equipment in steam baths. c. Cleaning the work area and equipment d. Appropriately cleaning all floors
c. Cleaning the work area and equipment
What index is used to identify the total number of defects/deficiencies that have occurred and standardized to a common total number of possibilities? a. DPO b. DPU c. DPMO d. RTY
c. DPMO
Kaikaku, translated as "innovation," complements kaizen by a. Being initiated by the rank-and-file employees for improvement b. Being the real place at which the work happens c. Emphasizing major redesigns of product, part manufacturing, and business processes d. Standardizing the order and organization of operations
c. Emphasizing major redesigns of product, part manufacturing, and business processes
Experiments that look at every possible combination in order to complete a full study of interactions are: a. Latin square b. Fractional factorial c. Full factorial d. Youden square
c. Full factorial
What is a frequently occurring important barrier to good listening? a. Earache b. Time of day and day of the week c. Impatience and jumping ahead of the speaker d. Silence
c. Impatience and jumping ahead of the speaker
TPM aspires to maximize uptime along with a. Timely equipment repairs after breakdown b. Scheduled maintenance activities c. Machine performance and first pass yield d. Equipment engineering economics
c. Machine performance and first pass yield
For which of the following data collection methods is it more efficient to use data coding to avoid repetitive recording of numbers and errors due to fatigue? a. Mystery shopping b. Surveys c. Manual data capture d. Automatic data capture
c. Manual data capture
This idea generation tool does not include verbal interactions and instead utilizes writing first and then posting for all to read a. Force field analysis b. Brainstorming c. Nominal group technique d. Process analysis
c. Nominal group technique
The confidence interval for the mean for large samples of continuous data is calculated using the a. Binomial distribution b. Chi-square distribution c. Normal distribution d. t-distribution
c. Normal distribution
In which measurement scale are the intervals between adjacent scale values intermediate? a. Ratio b. Interval c. Ordinal d. Nominal
c. Ordinal
The essence of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is the study of a. Robustness b. Potential disasters c. Risk d. Opportunity to use a front end tool
c. Risk
An individual trained in Six Sigma methodologies, statistical tools, basic financial tools, change management, risk assessment, and project management and experienced in managing projects is a a. Process owner b. Six Sigma Master Black Belt c. Six Sigma Black Belt d. Six Sigma Green Belt
c. Six Sigma Black Belt
Which sampling should you use when there is a mixture of parts from different machines, different streams, different raw material lots, or different process settings, so there is no homogeneity of the lot? a. Random sampling b. Sequential sampling c. Stratified sampling d. Biased sampling
c. Stratified sampling
Barrier analysis and prediction analysis are techniques used to a. Assign responsibility and accountability for errors b. Identify noncompliant resources to be removed or terminated c. Uncover the root causes d. Create the failure mode or problem
c. Uncover the root causes
When former president Jimmy Carter participated in the successful dialogues with Haiti, Egypt, and beyond, to what did he attribute much of the success? a. "I learn some of their language." b. "I take copious notes." c. "I get plenty of rest." d. "I listen."
d. "I listen."
What is the area under the standard normal curve outside +1.03 standard deviations and +2.51 standard deviations? a. 0.1455 b. 0.1500 c. 0.8500 d. 0.8545
d. 0.8545
A business performance measure that provides an approach to measuring multiple aspects of a business, including the financial aspect, is a. An A2 report b. Statistical process control c. FMEA d. A balanced scorecard
d. A balanced scorecard
The ANOVA table includes the following sources of variation: a. Confidence level, significance level b. Mean squares, F-statistic c. Readings, levels, measurements d. Between treatment, within treatment, total
d. Between treatment, within treatment, total
Process performance is a measure of how the process is executing against an established goal. Process performance measures usually include a. Defects per time period and defects per opportunity b. Defects in a process mean, defects in the capacity ratio, sigma level variation c. Rolled throughput yield, a mean divided by sigma, defects per time period d. Defects per unit, defects per million, rolled throughput yield, sigma levels, process capability indices
d. Defects per unit, defects per million, rolled throughput yield, sigma levels, process capability indices
The acronym DFSS stands for a. Develop for System Success b. Discuss for Six Sigma c. Definition of Seven Systems d. Design for Six Sigma
d. Design for Six Sigma
Which type of data is the result of counting the occurrence of the event? a. Continuous b. Variable c. Locational d. Discrete
d. Discrete
The risks of confounding are higher when a. There are no interaction effects b. There are no main effects c. Main effects are present d. Interaction effects are present
d. Interaction effects are present
A function of team performing includes a. Team members getting to know each other b. Team members voicing their ideas c. Team members resolving their conflicts d. Team members realizing interdependence
d. Team members realizing interdependence
Negative team dynamics are often reflective of a. Negative issues within the organizational culture b. A lack of training in how to be a team member c. A team leader who refuses to lead the team d. Team members with too many distractions and a lack of commitment
d. Team members with too many distractions and a lack of commitment
Process FMEA is about the a. Inspection process of the finished product b. Engineering process change after first run c. Process identification d. The shop floor manufacturing process
d. The shop floor manufacturing process
One factor that has helped Six Sigma be successful is a. The amount of feedback built into the system b. The depth of historical background attributed to it c. The fact that business unit leaders are responsible for profit and loss d. The structure it demands of the organization
d. The structure it demands of the organization
The control plan explains how to control a. The nonconforming products or out-of-control conditions b. The design of experiments c. The safety characteristics in the design d. The work flow in your process
d. The work flow in your process
The fundamental reason for using an FMEA is a. To prove the adage "a stitch in time." b. To utilize spreadsheet software programs. c. To use design experts in process FMEA. d. To predict the highest risk of things that could go wrong.
d. To predict the highest risk of things that could go wrong.
The area under the normal curve between any two points, expressed in standard deviation units, is known as a. Bell shape b. Variance c. Tolerance d. Z scores
d. Z scores
In a two-mean, equal variance test, the critical value for a two-sided test for α = .05 and two sets of paired samples (sample size = 5) is referenced as a. t0.05,10 = 1.812 b. t0.05,8 = 1.860 c. t0.025,10 = 2.228 d. t0.025,8 = 2.306
d. t0.025,8 = 2.306