Praxis Art: Content Knowledge (5134)

Cantilever

A beam supported on only one end. Houses designed in the international Style often have an upper floor or balcony with this feature.

Shuttle

A bobbin which holds the weft yarns

Bister

A brown, transparent pigment made by boiling beach-tree soot.

Mop brush

A brush that is most suitable for laying in large areas of color quickly. Is made from synthetic, goat, or squirrel hair. Have large round heads.

Clerestory

A building wall in the cathedral which is raised above an adjoining room and has windows.

Indirect carving

A carving technique in which the sculplture is created by copying the proportions of a smaller model

Dotaku

A ceremonial bronze bell in Japanese art which was kept buried in hillside sanctuaries away from everyday village life; and that was brought out for use during agricultural rituals only.

Debubblizer

A chemical brushed on wax models to prevent bubble from forming during casting

Rondelle

A circular work of art that is often seen in ironwork.

Etruscan

A civilization which prosper between 950 and 300 B.C.E. and was located between the Arno River in Pisa and Florence; and the Tiber river in Rome. (Northwestern Italy)

objet d'art

A class of objects whose function is subordinate to its decorative value.

Cadmium

A coloring agent in paints, glass, and ceramic glazes. It is not used in adhesives.

Expressionism

A combination of two German movements: Die Brucke (The Bridge) and Der Blake Reiter (The Blue Rider). Artists distort the exterior of people and places to express the interior. 1905-1933

Lotus petals

A common symbol used in Buddhist art.

Nubian necropolis

A complex of more than 250 pyramids. Served as tombs to monarchs and other important members of society.

Aleatoric Composition

A composition in which some part is left to chance, right time/place, viewer interpretation, or is changed based on "performers" preference

pantograph

A device used for copying, enlarging, or reducing drawings. It has four hinged sections with tracing points at one end and a pencil at the other.

Ogive

A diagonal rib that is often visible in Gothic vaults

Neoclassicism

A dignified art that depicts men and women of the period as if they were Greek gods and heroes. 1765-1830

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

A document that provides workers with procedures for safely handling or working with a particular substance. MSDS.

Lay figure

A drawing aid that involves a jointed wooden model that is useful in setting up poses.

Modeling

A drawing technique that suggests the roundness of forms through differences in intensity.

Batik

A fabric-dyeing method which uses wax to coat areas that don't need to be dyed. Indonesian.

Angkor Wat

A famous temple complex in Cambodia drawn by Henri Mouhot in 1855.

Artifice

A feature closely associated with Mannerism. Emphasized staged, contrived imagery

Rasp

A file that has a surface both toothed and perforated

Cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.

Empty shape

A geometric figure that has not been filled with color or lines

Gather

A glob of molten glass that is collected and blown at the end of a punty or pontil, which is the rod that is used to gather the glass.

Drawing pencils

A graphite pencil that comes in a variety of hardness, in order from hard to soft (light to dark) 5H, 4H, 2H, HB, 2B, 3B, 5B, 6B

Contre-jour

A photographic technique in which the camera is pointing directly towards a source of light Which produces back lighting of the subject.

Weal

A physical result of scarification

Lake

A pigment made by precipitation or fixing a dye upon an inert pigment.

Cairn

A pile of stones that marks an underground tomb.

Lithography

A planographic process where the image areas are level with the surface of the printing plate.

Offset Printing

A planographic process, image areas are level with the surface of the plate

Ambrotypes

A positive print on a glass plate made with a wet plate negative

Sepia

A powerful dye made from the ink of the cuttlefish.

Offset Printing

A print making process where the image is first transferred from a metal plate to a rubber cylinder, and then to the final paper surface.

Lithography

A printmaking process based on the chemical repellence of oil and water. Designs are drawn or painted with greasy ink or crayons on specially treated limestone. The stone is moistened with water, which adheres to areas not covered with the design. Ink is then applied to the stone with a roller, and a print is made by pressing paper against the inked drawing.

Pickling

A process in which oxides are removed from metal surfaces using hydrochloric acid.

Lossy Compression

A process of reducing storage space that is needed for a specific image. Afterwords an image is different than before it was compressed, but are not likely to be detectable by the human eye.

100 degrees Fahrenheit

A product bearing a "highly flammable" label means that this product has a flash point of below what?

New objectivity

A pseudo-expressionist movement founded in Germany post World War I. Combines a realistic style with a cynical, socially critical stance.

Apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.

Chak-mool

A reclining pre-Columbian stone statue, which may have been used for human sacrifices.

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

Chroma

A relatively new type of water-based paint. It can be used as acrylic, gouache, ink and watercolor, but not oil painting, since it is water-based

Santo

A religious icon produced in Latin America and the United States. Examples include retablos, bultos , and Christo crucifado.

Deckle

A removable wooden frame or fence used in manual paper making

Arts and Crafts Movement

A return to the hand-made decorative arts during the 1930s. Effort led by English artist and designer William Morris to merge beautiful design and workmanship with industrial techniques. 1850s-1930s

Rene Magritte

Black Magic. Inviting open windows and intruding skies are typical of the surrealist art of this artist who is famous for his mystifying visual metaphors.

Greek Techniques

Black figure painting, contrapposto, and perspective.

Pentimento

Bleeding through. As oil paints age, they sink into the ground and become transparent. This allows the layers of paint below the surface to show. Italian for repentance.

Der Blaue Reiter

Blue Rider a German group who believed in charging form and color with a purely spiritual meaning eliminating all resemblance to the physical world (Wassily Kandinsky, Franz Marc)

Richard Steele

Born in 1950, he was a teacher for 25 years before becoming a painter. He likes to paint everyday life and families enjoying their spare time in his hometown of St. John's, Newfoundland. Many of his works of art show the changing and varied seasons. Autumn Reflection, 2004.

Saul Steinberg

Born in Romania, he studied to be an architect. After he came to the US he began to draw magazine covers and cartoons. He sometimes made masks and crated wooden sculptures. Hen, 1945.

John Singleton Copley

Boy with a Flying Squirrel. Example of how far American painting had come by the mid-18th century.

Continuity errors

Break the illusion that the film was shot in a continuous moment.

Henry Moore

British Abstract Sculptor He was the most influential and famous scuplturer of his generation; Famous for his large abstract forms that are semi-naturalistic, perforated by holes that are as important as the solid parts of his work.

Pacific Region

Broken up into three different regions: Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia.

Duomo of Florence

Brunelleschi. Designed a double masonry shell, each reinforcing the other. (The total dome weight is over 40,000 tons.). The double shell rested on a massive drum, rather than the roof. The dome soars 375 feet.

Cockling

Buckling or warping of watercolor paper.

Stupa

Buddhist shrine that is shaped like a dome or mound

Raphael

Build his paintings on geometrical grids so the proportions and spacing between figures would appear as formal and perfect as a cube or triangle. He often built his Holy Family paintings on a pyramid structure.

Lowenfield's Stages of Artistic Development

Developed in the 1940s and describes the artistic phases that children experience as they mature.

German Expressionism

Die Brucke. Kirchner, Bleyl, Heckel, and Schmidt-Rottluff 1905.

Social protest artists

Diego Rivera, Pablo Picasso, and Francisco Goya.

Bayer Pattern

Digital photography terminology to describe how photosites are arranged on an image sensor. 50% green, 25% red, and 25% blue.

Acetone

Dimethyl ketone. Is highly flammable and is used to clean up residence, fiberglass, inks, and adhesives.

Qibla

Direction of Mecca. Praying area.

Auteurs

Directors who place their authorial, unique mark on the final film.

Art Nouveau

Disparaged by art critics for its emphasis on decoration

Domes

Distinctive of Roman architecture

Andrea Pisano

Doors for the Florentine Baptistery, gilded in bronze with scenes from the life of St. John the Baptist, the city's patron saint.

Richard Avedon

Dovima with Elephants

Frank Stella

Dresden Project, View 3, 1992.

Etant Donnes

Duchamp. Permanently installed at the Philadelphia museum of art. The viewer becomes a voyeur by looking through two small key holes in a wood door.

Materials used for finishing a wood or stone carving.

Durite screen-bak, powdered pumice, and tin oxide

Rembrandt

Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus. The night watch.

Delftware

Dutch tin-glazed earthenware, a form of faience. Most of it is blue and white pottery.

Procion Dyes

Dyes capable of reacting to body tissue

Direct Dyes

Dyes proven to be toxic

Basic Dyes

Dyes that can cause allergic reactions

Abstract expressionism

Early 20th century. Highly intense color and non-naturalistic brush work. Wassily Kandinsky.

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

Early Christian coffin with relief sculptures in two tiers wrapping around the outer edges.

Catacombs

Early Christian monuments in Rome

Faience

Earthenware glazed with a paste that becomes sheen when fired. The term originally referred to tin glazed earthenware made in Faenza, Italy, but later came to encompass a wider range of works.

Cult Temple

Egyptian temples for the popular worship of the ancient and the mysterious gods.

Reliquaries

Elaborate containers for holy relics—bones and other body parts of saints.

Apadana

Elaborate palace built by King Xerxes I in Parsa (Persepolis) in Persia.

Futurism

Embraced technology, speed, and, unfortunately, violence and Fascism. Mostly based in Italy and pre-Revolution Russia. 1909-1940s.

German Expressionism

Emotion distorted the face of reality

Abstract Expressionism

Emotion distorts the face of reality beyond all recognition. 1946-1950s

Josiah Wedgwood

English Potter

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

English art movement formed in 1848 by painters who rejected the academic rules of art, and often painted medieval subjects in a naive style. 1848 - 1890

John Constable

English landscape painter. Used natural color stippled with white to demonstrate shifting atmosphere and changing seasons. The Haywain. Influenced the Barbizon school.

Dutch

English words such as mannequin, easel, and landscape originated from what language?

Canvas straining pliers

Especially useful for stretching ready primed canvases.

Byzantine Empire

Held the strongest influence over Venetian aesthetics and the arts prior to the High Renaissance.

The Joy of Life

Henri Matisse. Fauve masterpiece. Celebrate life's sensual pleasures in a stylized idyllic landscape. He used garish colors, fluid lines, and gestures to express earthly bliss.

Surrealism

Henri Rousseau's stiff jungle scenes, like in Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!), were thought by many to be a precursor of what movement?

Faith Ringgold

Her mother taught her how to sew when she was young. Her great-great-grandmother taught her how to make quilts. She makes story quilts that tell about the lives of African Americans. She uses many kinds of colors of fabric. She combines paintings and fabrics, too. She has also written and illustrated books for children. Echoes of Harlem, 1980.

Polykleitos

High Classical Sculptor; devised mathematical formula for representing the perfect male body; famous work=Doryphoros (bronze statue of young man holding spear)

Orant

In Early Christian art, a figure with both arms raised in the ancient gesture of prayer.

The God of Thunder

In Mesopotamian Art, represented by a bull due to it's strength and low, rumbling bellow.

Cornice

In ancient Greek architecture it's the top most horizontal part of an entablature

Trumeau

In architecture, this is the central pillar or mullion supporting the tympanum of a large doorway, commonly found in medieval buildings. It is often sculpted.

Lacuna

In art, when the paint has ceased to adhere to the support leaving a blank spot.

Packing

In basketry, pushing the weavers of a basket tightly together.

Stake

In basketry, the term for the foundation of a square or rectangular basket.

Morphology

In calligraphy this is the term for the way writing looks.

Entasis

In classical architecture, the slight swelling or bulge in the center of a column, which corrects the illusion of concave tapering produced by parallel or straight lines

key plate

In color printing this is inked with the darkest color and provides the details of an image.

Adjective dye

In fiber arts, a dye that requires a mordant to be fast.

arriccio

In fresco painting, the first layer of rough lime plaster applied to the wall.

Intonaco

In fresco painting, the last layer of smooth lime plaster applied to the wall; the painting layer

Ears

In relation to rubber molds, depressions that receive pens for aligning the pieces in a two-piece mold

monumental

In terms of art criticism, this means any work of art that is impressive and an example of simplicity.

Book chain

In terms of jewelry, a Victorian style of chain in which the links are rectangular, folded pieces of metal.

Aspect Ratio

In terms of videography, the shape of an image or frame, expressed as the width-to-height ratio. Widescreen film uses 16:9.

Battening

In terms of weaving fabric, the process involving the beater of the loom pressing the newly created weft thread against the already woven fabric.

Wet on dry

In watercolor painting the technique of working from light to dark.

Backruns

In watercolor paintings, painting washes over layers that are still damp to create marks or blotches

The warp is the tightly stretched, lengthwise yarn and the weft is the yarn that is woven over and under the warp in various patterns to create different types of weaves—plain weave, twill weave, and satin weave.

In weaving, what is the difference between the warp and the weft?

Rome

In what ancient culture did the use of the arch in architecture become commonplace?

It is safest to perform raku firing outdoors with plenty of PPE (masks, gloves, and safety googles). Three people are recommended to pull a piece from the kiln and place it into the reduction chambers—one to open the door, one to pull the piece, and one to place the lid on top. Be aware of wind direction when opening the lid of the reduction chamber to avoid the smoke and fumes.

In what type of setting is it safest to perform a raku firing?

Cadmium

Like lead, is a heavy metal that has many health hazards and should not be used in classrooms with young children.

describe, analyze, interpret, evaluate

List in order the four steps of formal art criticism.

Ushabtis

Literally "answerers." Small statuettes placed inside a tomb to perform or answer for the deceased should they be required to perform any labor in the afterlife.

De Pictura

Literally means "on painting" and was the Latin treatise of a book written by Italian architect and art theorist, Leon Battista Alberti about the rules of Brunelleschi's linear perspective in paintings.

Henri Rousseau

Lived in the city of Paris, but he loved nature. He liked to show scenes of forests, jungles, and wild animals in his paintings. His artworks are full of color and he also used lines, shapes, and patterns. Sometimes he painted scenes of nature at night. Many of his artworks seem like scenes of imaginary worlds. The Banks of the Bievre near Bicetre. Tropical Forest with Monkeys, 1910.

Canes

Long flat strips formed from the fibrous core of plants.

Cellulose fibers

Long strands of strong fiber found in all plants, but with a higher concentration in woody stems.

Basting stitch

Long, loose stitches used for temporary holding.

Gates of Paradise

Lorenzo Ghiberti. Named by a young Michelangelo and perfectly illustrated scientific perspective.

Scribble Stage

Lowenfield's Stages of Artistic Development - Stage 1

Preschematic Stage

Lowenfield's Stages of Artistic Development - Stage 2

Schematic Stage

Lowenfield's Stages of Artistic Development - Stage 3

Dawning Realism Stage

Lowenfield's Stages of Artistic Development - Stage 4

Pseudo-Naturalistic Stage

Lowenfield's Stages of Artistic Development - Stage 5

Decision Stage

Lowenfield's Stages of Artistic Development - Stage 6

Manet

Luncheon on the Grass, which depicts a midday picnic with two conservatively dressed men sitting beside a stark-naked woman, outraged and alienated the public.

Metamechanique

Machines programmed to operate unpredictably. Jean Tinguely

Chromatic gray

Made by mixing complementary colors

Symbolism

Morbid and macabre. Allegorical. Death and mortality. Femme fatale. Hallucinatory. Edvard Munch. Gustav Klimt.

Ionic Order

More elaborate than the Doric, the columns are elongated, the capital is capped by a scroll, and the entablature features a continuous frieze or sculpted band. There are no metopes or triglyphs.

Post-Impressionists

More inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural colors. Cezanne, van Gogh, and Gauguin.

Greek history and mythology

Most common subject of Roman mosaics.

Hagia Sophia

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.

Negative space

Sky and Water I by M. C. Escher, Woodcut, 1938, illustrates which artistic concept.

Lamp Black

Slow drying pigment in linseed oil

Findings

Small parts that connect jewelry elements. Include parts like clasps that connect two sides of jewelry, like bracelets and necklaces; bead caps - small tops glued to beads enabling them to be used in dangling jewelry; and bezels - settings with metal rims into which gems or stones are mounted.

Votive Figures

Small statues of men and women that represented the worshiper before the god. Made of limestone, gypsum, or shell. Typically stand on a small pedestal.

Dippers

Small, open metal cups that clip onto the edge of a thumbhole palette

Cylinder seals

Small, rounded rolls that were made from glass, stone, gems, ceramic, or sometimes shell or ivory and carved with intricate designs. Used first by Sumerians.

Soapstone

Softest type of stone for carving

Alter of Peace, Arch of Titus, and Trajan's Column.

The three most famous Roman examples of Narrative Reliefs.

Warp

The tightly stretched lengthwise core of a fabric.

Ganosis

The toning or dulling a stone sculpture, for instance by the application of colors mixed with wax. It reduces the shine of marble, and is especially used on the naked parts of a statute.

Muller

The tool used to grind pigment and oil mixtures. The base has a very slight roughness or fine tooth to it. The base is usually slightly convex to encourage the pigment to squeeze out between it and the surface you're grinding on.

To cure illness

The traditional purpose of Navajo sand paintings.

Aran

The traditional type of knitting that was originally used to make sweaters by the inhabitants of an island off the coast of Ireland and in which designs are worked in one solid color.

Chiaroscuro

The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth or volume.

Kritios Boy

The turning point in Greek statuary. Statues begin to get comfortable around 480 B.C. when sculptors learn to turn the body just enough to give them a more relaxed look.

Water or Ammonia

The two materials that can be added in order to thin latex without compromising the material.

Earthenware

The type of ceramics fired at the lowest temperatures.

Intaglio

The type of printmaking in which the image is incised into a plate.

Roman

The typeface most used in books, magazines, and newspapers.

Indian ink

The typical ink of choice for monochrome drawings since it is both permanent and waterproof.

Hierarchal scale

The use of a natural proportions to show the importance of figures in relation to others

Movement

The visual flow of an artwork.

Satin weave

The warp threads are more prominent in that they almost cover the weft threads. Have a shiny, lustrous appearance. Invented in China, and usually involves silk threads.

Curl

The wave in fibers that have no crimp.

Prostitutes

The women portrayed in Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon."

Impressionism

a style of art where painters try to catch visual impressions made by color, light, and shadows. 1869-late 1880s

Chip carving

a style of carving in which knives or chisels are used to remove small chips of material from a flat surface in a single piece

Vellum

fine parchment made originally from the skin of a calf.

Grog

fired clay that has been crushed into granules which may be added to a clay body to increase strength, control drying and reduce shrinkage

Red Pyramid

first true pyramid

Bright brushes

short-bristled brushes with square ends

objet trouve

found object. And object which comes to an artist's attention by chance and to which the artist describes aesthetic merit or other significance. They can be natural forms, such as driftwood, or man-made items.

Ishtar

goddess of love and war. Often featured lions

Thomas Eakins

got a high degree of realism in his paintings (meaning portrait sitters got their flaws in pictures)

x=2y+1

greek golden mean or ratio. The Parthenon.

Italian Renaissance

rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion

Tinting strength

refers to the ability of one pigment to affect another when mixed together

Moire

silk fabric that has been subjected to heat and pressure rollers after weaving to give it a rippled appearance.

lightfast

resistant to fading, even after prolonged exposure to sunlight. When applied to pigment, refers to the degree of permanence.

Eugene Delacroix

romantic artist who painted Liberty Leading the People

amalgamating

to mix or merge so as to make a combination; blend; unite; combine

RGB and CMYK

two most important color models

Glassine

used as a wrapping material, or to separate sheets of paper

Polyester thread

used for sewing most fabrics

Talbotype

used this name on the suggestion of friends, prints created from the calotype process developed in 1935 by William Fox Talbot

Dutch golden age

Coincides with baroque

Verso

On a manuscript, the back

Recto

On a manuscript, the front

kbit

One kilobit = one thousand bits

Mbit

One megabit = one million bits

Cimabue

One of first artists to break away from Italio-Byzantine style, Giotto's teacher. Italian painter and designer of mosaics from Florence. Cenni de Pepo. Madonna Enthroned. Madonna in Majesty.

Albrecht Durer

One of the foremost printmaking artists of the Northern Renaissance

Masaccio

One of the greatest painters of the Early Renaissance and was the first to apply Brunelleschi's system of perspective to painting.

Acrylics are more opaque

One of the main differences between acrylics and oil paints

Venus de Milo

One of the most celebrated Hellenistic statues.

Must not react chemically

One of the requirements for a paint thinner

Chroma colors

Only a small amount of these colors are needed to produce a large amount of wash

Gouache

Opaque watercolor. It differs from conventional watercolors in that its ratio of pigment to water is much higher. Also contains an inert white pigment, such as chalk, that makes it more opaque.

PNG

Originally intended to replace the GIF file type.

Conte Crayons

Originally made of graphite

Chasing

Ornamentation made on metal by incising or hammering the surface. The opposite of repousse.

Portable Network Graphics

PNG

Collages

Pablo Picasso was one of the first artists to use this technique because it complemented the methods of cubism.

Vatican, Louvre, and Versailles

Best examples of Baroque architecture.

Great serpent mound

Paid homage to nature and humanity. Native American. Ohio.

Orphism

Coined by French poet an art critic Guillaume Apollinaire (1912-1913). Painting should be like music.

The Mocking of Christ

Fra Angelico. The floating body parts make it seem almost like a surreal painting.

Wall Mosaics

"Painting for eternity."

Munera

"Shows" in the Colosseum. These plays and dramas were funded by rich, powerful families and not by the government.

Edward Hopper

"Snapshots" of everyday American world

Luis Bunuel

"Un Chien Andalou" "The Discrete Charm of the Bourgeoisie" "Belle de Jour."

Caspar David Friedrich

"Wanderers Above the Mist", mystical view of the sublime power of nature was conveyed in many of his paintings

Iconoclasm/Iconoclasts

"image breaking" and refers to a recurring historical impulse to break or destroy images for religious or political reasons.

Feather Capes

'Ahu 'Ula. A traditional garment that was used by the Hawaiian male nobility for ceremonies and battles. They were made of fibers and decorated with different patterns. Yellow feathers were popular because they were scarce and thus associated with wealth.

Francois Boucher

(1700-1770) Rococo painter employed by Louis XIV to paint Madame Pompadour and his other mistresses.

Angelica Kauffmann

(1741-1807) •Neoclassical artist •Best known for her painting titled "Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi" or "Cornelia Presenting Her Children As Treasures"

John Sloan

(1871-1951) Leading member of the Ashcan School; captured the social realities of American urban life in the early 1900s. McSorley's Bar, 1912.

Geometric Art

(9th-8th Century B.C.) pottery ornamented with geometric banding and friezes of simplified animals, humans

Cloisonnism

(Also known as Synthesism) in art, method of painting evolved by Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and others in the 1880s to emphasize two-dimensional flat patterns, thus breaking with Impressionist art and theory. The style shows a conscious effort to work less directly from nature and to rely more upon memory.

The Salon of Paris

-Beginning in 1725 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris, France -Between 1748-1890 it was the greatest annual or biannual art event in the Western world -From 1881 onward, it has been organized by the Société des Artistes Français

Size

A batch that is being prepared for later use can be kept in a refrigerator for up to a week before starting to decompose.

Gigabyte

1 billion bytes

Megabytes

1 million bytes

Terabyte

1 trillion bytes

Baroque Themes in Architecture

1. The capital of art and architecture moved from Rome to Paris. 2. Regular, repeating designs gave way to curves and irregularity, as various styles were mixed and adapted. 3. Variety was regulated for symmetry in grandeur. 4. Optical illusions in building.

Intermediate Period

1070 B.C.E. to 712 B.C.E. Egypt. Conflict. Bronze statues of gods, kings, and temple officials.

Early Renaissance

1400-1500, Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Masaccio, Castagno, Fra Angelico, Lippi, Botticelli, and Donatello. Artists invented a precise science of perspective to give their artwork infinite depth.

Babylonians (Amorites)

1792 BCE - 800 BCE. United much of the Ancient Near East under the king Hammurabi. Realistic freestanding sculptures - Statues of Gudea. Frescoes. Legendary ziggurats and hanging gardens. Ishtar Gate. Regained power in 600 BCE from the Assyrians.

Rococo Period

18th C, late Baroque style

Hudson river school

19th century north American landscape painters. Natural beauty in New York State and Catskill Mountains. Thomas Cole and Frederick Edwin Church.

Akkadians

2350 BCE - 2150 BCE. Concerned with consolidating and proclaiming their conquering power. Bronze head of Sargon (?). Victory stele of Naram-Sin.

8 Bits

256 unique values. Alphabet, numbers, and special characters.

Early Dynastic Period

3000-2680 BCE.

Ancient Egypt

4th millennium to 4th century B.C.E.

Persians

539 BCE - 641 CE. Cyrus the Great. Artistic styles borrowed from the Greeks and others, they experimented with new forms and styles. Treasure Relief. Frieze of Archers. Metalwork. Elaborately decorated cities with fantastic palaces and gardens. Later art included stone mosaics, woven art, and illuminated manuscripts. Conquered by Arabic Muslims in 641 CE.

Late Period

712-332 BCE. Egypt. Turmoil. Assyrians, Babylonians, and the Persians invaded. A new tradition of creating statues of non-royals became popular—bronze.

Orientializing

750 - 600 BCE. Greek pottery took on a more Eastern flare with depictions of people and animals.

Assyrians

800 BCE - 600 BCE. Art shows off their power and riches. Luxurious and impressive palaces, reliefs. King Ashurbanipal II and the Lions.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be. 1840s - 1880s

Wen Zhengming

A Chinese painter, calligrapher, and poet during the Ming Dynasty. He was regarded as one of the four masters of Ming painting.

Taoism

A Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature.

Parthenon

A Doric Temple built between 447 B.C. And 438 B.C.

Hieronymus Bosch

A Dutch painter of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. His allegorical religious works include his masterpiece, The Garden of Earthly Delights, in which grotesque, fantastical creatures mingle with human figures. His work is often considered a forerunner of surrealism. Used fantastic imagery to illustrate moral subjects.

Chinoiserie

A European style in the arts and crafts which freely adapted motifs and techniques from the Far East. Francois Boucher and Jean Antione Watteau.

Bauhaus

A German interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators.

Matthias Grunewald

A German painter that depicted intense, often violent emotion more effectively than any other Renaissance artist.

Marduk

A Mesopotamian deity, chief god of the city of Babylon. A storm deity portrayed as creator in the Babylonian creation poem.

Joseph Wright of Derby

A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery. 1763. Enlightenment painting highlighting science and knowledge.

Winslow Homer

A Realist painter known for his seascapes of New England.

Thomas Gainsborough

A Rococo artist that painted The Blue Boy.

Kota

A group of African people who create art that is abstract in form and emphasizes the head and headdress while leaving out any reference to the body except for a lozenge shape that may refer to arms held downward.

Les XX

A group of Belgian painters, designers, and sculptors formed in 1883

Terra Cotta Army

A group over 8000 clay soldiers with weapons, wagons, etc. built on Emperor Qin's order to guard his tomb in the afterlife.

Porcelain

A highly prized form of ceramics formed by fusing the kaolin and feldspar in Clay at high temperatures. This process gives this type of ceramics it's glassy appearance.

Emakimono

A horizontal scroll that is an illustrated narrative; combines both text and pictures, and is drawn, painted, or stamped on a handscroll. Created in 11-16th C Japan.

Lap Joint

A joint where one piece of wood is crossed over another.

Synthetic Cubism

A later phase of Cubism, in which paintings and drawings were constructed from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials to represent parts of a subject, in order to engage the viewer with pictorial issues, such as figuration, realism, and abstraction.

Course

A layer of stone in the construction of an arch.

Wide-angle Lens

A lens that has a shorter focal length and includes more subject area

Telephoto Lens

A lens that makes a subject appear larger on film

Normal Lens

A lens that makes the image in a photograph appear in perspective similar to that of the original scene

Macro Lens

A lens that provides continuous focusing from infinity to extreme close-ups

Radial Easel

A light and portable easel with 3 legs which can be folded for storage.

Glass fiber

A light but durable sculpture material made out of thin, glass filaments that are bonded into flexible sheets.

Emulsion

A light-sensitive material that consists of coating silver grains in a gelatin layer on film or other services

Meandering

A line that follows a seemingly random or chaotic course.

International style

A major architectural style based on these three principles: the expression of volume rather than mass, the emphasis on balance rather than preconceived symmetry, and the expulsion of applied ornament.

Byzantine Art

A marriage of lat Roman splendor, Greek artistic traditions, and Christian subject matter. Is symbolic and less naturalistic than the Greek and Roman art that inspired it. 500-1453

Pixels Per Inch

A measure of screen density refers to the number of device pixels on a physical surface.

Direct modeling material

A medium that cures naturally, making other mold making and casting procedures unnecessary. Clay is an example.

Diagonal weave

A method of weaving in which the elements interweave with themselves.

Sublime

A mixed sensation of awe and terror.

Ingres

A mold made paper produced in Italy. It is one of the most widely used papers for pastel work. It has a hard surface and a laid finish, with a neutral pH. It is suitable for charcoal and chalk and has a wide selection of colors.

Hermitage Museum

A museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg

Neo-Platonism

A pagan school of thought based upon the ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato that held the existence of a Supreme Being, "the One," who creates through an emanation of lesser beings, one of which is the logos. It's core belief is that man's origin is divine and his soul is immortal.

Acetate

A paint or end that adheres to smooth surfaces.

Pieta

A painted or sculpted representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the body of the dead Christ. Michelangelo.

Allegory of the triumph of Venus

A painting by Bronzino, commissioned by Cosimo, the Duke of Florence, that was intended to be a gift to Francis I, the king of France.

Vanishing Point

A painting of a natural scene with no parallel lines has no

Fauvism

A painting style developed by Henri Matisse in 1905 that formally lasted until 1908. The means "fierce animal." The style rejects Neo-Impressionism and expresses flat, bold, un-naturalistic color with impulsive brushwork; sometimes the blank canvas shows between brushstrokes. Dominant red colors.

buon fresco

A painting technique in which water-based pigments are applied to a surface of wet plaster.

Chiaroscuro

A painting technique invented by the Ancient Greeks but largely forgotten after the fall of Ancient Rome. Re-introduce the painting by Masaccio in the early 15th century.

Wide mat, narrow frame

A painting with small, delicate areas needs what kind of mat and frame?

Dromos

A passage to a beehive tomb that is often enclosed between stone walls. In ancient Egypt, it was a straight, paved passageway flanked by sphinxes.

High Renaissance

A period beginning in the late 15th century, it produced some of the most well-known religious and secular artwork of the period from such figures as Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

Enlightenment

A philosophy that promoted individual thinking and rational logic as more valuable than tradition.

Heliography

A photographic process in which bitumen is placed on a pewter plate to create a photosensitive surface that is exposed to the sun.

Rush

A rope or cord with a helical structure that is made out of paper. It was used as a substitute for rattan in wicker furniture during the 19th century, and is still used today; particularly in furniture manufacturing.

Deconstruction

A school of art criticism that questions traditional assumptions about what we see, or what we think we see. It "takes apart" a work of art and analyzes it's separate elements.

Dada

A school of art that was characterized by a rejection of traditional culture and aesthetics through anti-art cultural works.

Relief carving

A sculptural form in which figures are carved in a flat panel. Chisels, gouges, and a mallet maybe used.

Chain stitch

A series of looped stitches that can be done in a straight or curved line. It's a way to create figures and shapes in embroidery.

Twill weave

A single weft thread passes over one or more warp threads. The end result is a diagonal ribbed design.

Chapel

A small church, or an area in a church containing an altar dedicated to a particular saint.

Milagros

A small silver sculpture presented as an offering. Is not a santo.

Sprue

A smaller channel that diverts liquids to an individual part of the mold

Italian statuary

A snow white or bluish white stone of fine compact crystalline grain. It is the standard for working qualities and finish and is the most desirable grade of Carrara marble.

Charka

A spinning wheel design for spinning short staple fibers that require a lot of twists, such as cotton.

Embrasure

A splayed opening in a wall that enframes a doorway or window. It is constructed in a manner that allows the opening to be wider on the inside than on the outside; or vice versa.

Tempera

A spontaneous medium that dries within seconds of its application and can be used on a wide variety of supports

Impost block

A square-shaped block atop each column above the capital and below the arch.

Cabochon

A stone that is round on the top and is flat on the bottom

grosgrain

A strong, closely-woven corded fabric usually of silk or rayon and often with cotton fiber. It is a heavy, rather prominent, ribbed fabric made from plain or rib weaves

Foam core

A strong, stiff, lightweight board of polystyrene, that is laminated with paper on both sides. It is most commonly used for mounting two dimensional work, such as drawings; and for building three dimensional structures.

Japonisme

A style in French and American nineteenth-century art that was highly influenced by Japanese art, especially prints.

Romanesque Architecture

A style of architecture prevalent during the middle ages.

Ikat

A style of weaving in which either the warp or the weft threads are tie-dyed before weaving to produce a pattern.

Taotie

A stylized animal face commonly seen in Chinese bronzes

Sansfix

A support for pastels that is made from a thin layer of find cork particle which eliminates the need for using fixative.

Ground

A surface to which paint is applied, or the material used to create that surface. Oil and white pigment is used for oil paint on canvas, and an oil or gesso is used on wood surfaces.

Obelisk

A tall, four-sided pillar that is pointed on top

Bayeux Tapestry

A tapestry that recounts the Battle of Hastings, A piece of linen about 1 Ft.8 in. Wide by 213 ft.long covered with embroidery representing the incidents of Willam the conqueror's expedition to England. The Norman Conquest.

Asphaltum

A tar-like substance used in early photographs.

Paramigianino

A tasteful Painter whom Pope Clement VII called "Raphael reborn."

Mezzotint

A technique developed in Germany that involves engraving directly on a metal plate but which involves a planar relief-printing process rather than linear intaglio printing processes. With it, the artist can render chiaroscuro values pictorially.

Camaieu

A technique that employs two or three tints of a single color, other than gray, to create a monochromatic image without regard to a local or realistic color.

Mezzotint

A technique that was developed in the 17th century as a reproductive printing process that was tonal in quality rather than linear. Is formed when raised burrs are created on a metal plate to hold the ink, and areas where lighter tones are desired are burnished so that they hold less ink.

Hollow building

A technique used in ceramics in which the form is made hollow throughout to ensure that no single part of the work is thicker than another.

Slumping

A technique used in glass working. Involves applying heat to glass to soften it.

Metamerism

A term used in color technology to describe an undesirable effect sometimes exhibited when two colors that match each other under one kind of illumination differ from each other when seen under another light source.

Hellenistic Period

Begins with Alexander the Great's death and ends with Cleopatra's snakebite suicide. 323 B.C. - 30 B.C.

Imprimatura

A term used in painting, meaning an initial stain of color painted on a ground. It provides the painter with a transparent, toned ground, which will allow light falling onto the painting to reflect through the paint layers.

Frottage

A textural transfer technique; the process of making rubbings with graphite or crayon on paper laid over a textured surface

Roulette

A tool consisting of a small, toothed wheel at the end of a handle, used in intaglio engraving.

Romanticism

A trend in Poetry and Literature that championed human emotions and the examination of the human heart to try to best understand life's truths. Developed in opposition of enlightenment ideas.

Nubians

A tribe located in an area that covered parts of today's Sudan and southern Egypt. Did not have a written language of their own.

Palette of Narmer

A two-sided work of art on green siltstone chronicling a victory of King Narmer over his enemies. On one side, he wears the white, bowling-pin crown of Upper Egypt; on the other side, he wears the red, hatchet-shaped crown of Lower Egypt.

Psykter

A type of Greek pottery that is characterized by a bulbous body set high on a narrow foot. It was a wine cooler meant to be placed in a krater full of cold water.

Stamnos

A type of Greek pottery used to store liquids. It is much squatter than an amphora and has two stubby handles relatively high on its sides.

Suprematism

A type of art formulated by Kazimir Malevich to convey his belief that the supreme reality in the world is pure feeling, which attaches to no object and thus calls for new, nonobjective forms in art shapes not related to objects in the visible world.

Dichromacy

A type of color blindness in which individuals have a limited ability to discriminate between red, orange, yellow, and green. It affects about 2% of the male population.

Majolica

A type of earthenware that originated in Italy during the renaissance

Microprism

A type of ground glass focusing screen that appears as a small circle in the center of the screen that focuses the lens when the image within the circle is in focus.

Museum board

A type of illustration board, or pasteboard, used for acrylics and goulash, is acid free.

Dobby Loom

A type of loom on which small, geometric figures can be woven in as a regular pattern.

Genre painting

A type of painting that depicts scenes of everyday life. Notable artist in this category include Pieter Brueghel the elder and Diego Velazquez

Albumen Print

A type of paper that is coated with a layer of egg white in order to increase its sensitivity, and add to the brightness of a photograph.

technical pens

A type of pen that delivers ink through a narrow tube instead of a nib. This produces a very even line of specific and unvarying width, regardless of the direction the pen has moved.

Sanguine

A type of pencil with a warm brick-red color that is made from iron-bearing clay known as hematite.

Photo Realism

A type of realist painting whose subject is the photograph. Chuck Close.

Woodcuts

A type of relief printing where an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood, with the printing parts remaining level with the service and the non—printing parts removed.

Christo crucifado

A type of santo. Crucifixion scenes.

Bultos

A type of santo. Painted wooden sculptures

Retablos

A type of santo. Votive pictures.

Hiberno-Saxon

A unique style of manuscript illumination developed by Irish monks that freely borrowed elements from their pagan past, like entwined animals and knotted lace patterns.

François Vase

A vase of the archaic period in Greece that was discovered in an Etruscan tomb in Italy, where it had been imported from Athens. It is named for the excavator who uncovered it.

Iconostasis

A wall of religious paintings separating the choir from worshipers in byzantine churches

Burnt umber

A water color pigment that is opaque.

Hard ground

A waxy substance that is acid resistant. It is painted or rubbed then melted to a smooth surface on a warmed etching plate. The design to be printed is then scratched through the substance.

Circle

A way to create perfect balance and symmetry in both the figures and the overall composition in Renaissance art.

Banco

A wet mud construction process, much like coil pottery, that is widely used in parts of Africa.

Inert Pigment

A white or nearly white pigment that has a low refractive index and therefore, when ground in oil in the manner of the usual artists' color, have little or no opacity or tinctorial effect. China Clay, gypsum, pumice. Green earth is not one of these pigments.

Gesso

A white paint mixture used to prepare a canvas for painting. It often has a strong odor because it contains ammonia or formaldehyde as a preservative. Art teachers can use prepared canvases to avoid this problem.

Standard of Ur

A wooden box inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone depicting a Sumerian military victory fought in about 2600 B.C.

Intarsia

A woodworking technique where spaces are cut into a wooden surface and then filled with wood shapes of a different color or shade. Used during the Italian Renaissance, this was used to decorate the studies of popes and nobleman.

Hypogeum

A word that literally translates to underground. In relation to the Colosseum, it was the area directly beneath the wooden floor of the amphitheater. It consisted of cages for animals and men and also sophisticated equipment to raise and lower men, beasts and scenery into the Colosseum.

Pastiche

A work in which a number of the mannerisms of one artist are borrowed by another, who then recombine them in a work which appears to be an original by the first artist. The word encompasses both imitations and forgeries.

Minimalism

ABC Art, Rejective Art, or Reductivism. Aims to reduce a work of art to a minimum number of elements.

American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM

Harlem Renaissance

Aaron Douglas incorporated motifs from African sculpture into compositions painted in a version of Synthetic Cubism

Halo

Abandoned by Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo. An constant in medieval paintings.

gel medium

Added to acrylic paint to increase gloss or used as a thick glaze

James Abbott McNeill Whistler

Aesthetic artist

Madonna (or Feast) of the Rose Garlands

Albrecht Durer's most famous work from his second trip to Venice.

Lasso Tool

Allows you to use the mouse or keypad to draw an outline around a digital photograph to select an object or a portion of an object.

Ashcan School

Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators, they believed in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.

Transparent ground

Also known as imprimatura, the paint is heavily diluted and applied as a thin wash.

Flake white

Also known as lead white or silver white, it is a comparatively quick drying, durable, and flexible paint. It is widely used in underpainting. It accelerates the drying of colors mixed with it.

Offset Printing

Also known as lithography.

Hollow casting

Also known as sand casting, it is a technique that uses empty space for casting without wax. A negative and a positive mold are placed side-by-side with a thin space in between into which the molten alloy is poured. It can be used numerous times, without the need to make a new wax model each time.

Art pen

Also known as sketching pens, they combine the expressive qualities of a dip pen with the convenience of a reservoir pen. They are not dip pens.

The Middle Ages

Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.

John Steuart Curry

American Scene Painter who took life on the plains as his subject, elevating it's inhabitants to heroic stature.

Thomas Hart Benton

American Scene Painter. Created People of Chilmark. Was also a part of a sub-category of American Scene Painting called Regionalism.

Dorthea Lange

American photographer who recorded the Great Depression by taking pictures of the unemployed and rural poor.

Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave, France

Among the oldest cave paintings

Fete Galante.

Amorous festival paintings. Depictions of aristocrats enjoying various forms of outdoor recreation in the countryside.

UTF-8

An 8-bit character encoding system that includes ASCII and is the most common character encoding system used today.

J.M.W. Turner

An English romantic painter of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, known especially for his dramatic, lavishly colored landscapes and seascapes. The Slave Ship.

Calotypes

An Englishmen, William Henry Fox Talbot improved the process of photography with his invention also known as the photo negative.

Emil Nolde

An Expressionist painter who was of the school that borrowed from tribal and oceanic art to revitalize decadent western culture and who sometimes used rags to wipe thick blotches of pigment on canvas.

Imitationalism

An aesthetic art theory that emphasizes the literal qualities of a work.

Brass

An alloy of copper and zinc.

Krater

An ancient Greek wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water.

International style of architecture

Believe that building should be purely functional. Their designs feature regular geometric shapes and little ornamentation. Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Miles van der Rohe.

Primitivism

An art movement of the late 19th century characterized by exaggerated body proportions, animal totems, geometric designs, and stark contrasts. Paul Gaugin's paintings of Tahitian women are examples of this style.

Renaissance Art

An art of line and edges, figures from the bible,classical history, and mythology, commisioned portraits, use of perspective, chiarascuro (light and dark) to achieve rounded effect, secular backgrounds and material splendor. Values: secularism, individualism, virtu, balance, order, passivity and calm.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

An artificial mountain covered with trees and plants, built by Nebuchadnezzar ll for his wife. The gardens are one of the Seven Wonders of the word as proclaimed by Herodotus.

Maurice Sendak

An artist who illustrates books for children . He began working as an illustrator when he was high school. Many of his stories are from memories of his own childhood. He has designed sets and costumes for operas and ballets. He also has helped to create animated films and designed wooden toys. Where the Wild Things Are, 1963.

Video display devices

An artistic process that is additive in nature because it uses pixel combinations that emit red, green and blue lights to form colors on a screen.

Equipoise

An equal distribution of weight, relationship, or forces.

Armana Period

An era in the new kingdom when a religious shift caused a rare change in artistic styles.

Aquatint

An etching technique in which the finished print resembles a watercolor and is a tonal rather than a linear work. Tonal effects are achieved by repeated varnishing and immersing.

Kerma

An example of ancient mud brick construction. It was settled around 2400 BCE and is one of the largest archeological sites in Nubia, which is present-day Sudan.

Engobe

An excellent alternative to glaze because it is less expensive and less time-consuming than ceramic glaze.

Greek Sculpture

An idealized but naturalistic art that many people consider the greatest art of the ancient world.

Atmospheric perspective

An illusion of deep space produced by lightening values and softening details and textures.

hemispherical

An image captured with a fisheye camera lens.

Degas

An impressionist painter that called sculpture "a blind man'sArt."

Nandaemun

An impressive early monument, built for the new capital of Seoul, Korea, is the city's south gate, It combines the imposing strength of its impressive stone foundations with the sophistication of the intricately bracketed wooden superstructure.

Cadmium yellow

An inorganic (mineral) pigment.

Aquatint

An intaglio printmaking technique, a variant of etching, a copper or zinc plate is used.

Fluxus

An international avant-garde movement that aimed to spurn existing art theories and aesthetics. Artists often gravitated toward performance art, or aktions; and incorporated social activism into their works.

Roman Arch

An invention that helped the Romans to build the biggest system of roads and aqueducts the world has ever seen. 300 B.C. - A.D. 476

Cong

An open, cylinder-shaped object decorated with a surface of rectangular blocks possibly used in funerary rituals.

Baldachino

An ornamental canopy of stone or marble permanently place over the altar in a church.

Renzo Piano

An outstanding contemporary architect who has won the Pritzker prize, the Nobel prize of architecture.

Anodization

An oxidation process in which a film is produced on the surface of a metal by electrolytic treatment at the anode. Used for aluminum.

Sumarians

Ancient people who lived in the geographical region of Sumer (Mesopotamia). 3000 BCE - 2000 BCE. Face of the Woman from Urak. Standard of Ur. Ziggurats. Steles. Cuneiform. Cylinder seals. Religious.

Scorper

And engraving tool with a wide, rounded end used for making thick lines and removing large areas of the Block or plate

Fetish

And object believe to have magical powers.

Jalee work

And openwork stone screen that is carved of red sandstone often found in the Mughal architecture of India.

Renaissance Humanism

And outlook stressing individual worth and human values. The Netherlands and Germany.

Dead Christ

Andrea Mantegna. The figure is so foreshortened that the viewer gets a close-up view of Christ's punctured feet, which seems project out of the painting.

Pop Artists

Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Jasper Johns

Venatio

Animal hunts that took place in the Colosseum.

Grandma Moses

Anna Mary Robertson

Italian Cinquecento

Another name for High Renaissance. Michelangelo's David.

Zone System

Ansel Adams' system of photographic composition, which separates ranges of light into 11 zones.

Time-based media

Any artwork in which the passage of time is an important component of the work's meaning. Can include video, performance, or other forms that privilege change over time.

Rococo

Appeared in France in about 1700, was a style preeminently evident in small works like furniture, utensils, and accessories of all sorts, and was a sparkling gaiety of the New Age after the death of Louis XIV.

illustration software

Application software that allows users to draw pictures, shapes, and other graphical images with various on-screen tools.

Iktinos and Kallikrates

Architects of the Parthenon

Ecclesiastic Architecture

Architecture related to the Church.

Han Huang

Aristocrat and politician painted Five Oxen during the Tang Dynasty (618 - 907).

Middle Kingdom

Around 2030 B.C.E. to 1640 B.C.E. Egypt. Unification of Upper and Lower Kingdoms. Block statues - sitting with knees drawn up. Pyramids still popular.

Old Kingdom

Around 2649 B.C.E. 2150 B.C.E. Egypt. Early portraits and life-sized statues made of stone, copper, and wood. Relief carvings. Great pyramid and sphinx. Mastabas.

International Gothic art

Around the year 1400, a rare homogeneity characterized European art. Other terms are country style, soft style, beautiful style, lyrical style, cosmopolitan gothic style, trecento rococo, and court nationalism.

Realgar

Arsenic compound responsible for brilliant oranges

Neo-representational theory

Art is still art as long as it is about something.

Neoclassicism

Art movement that coincided with the founding of the American republic.

The Prado

Art museum in Madrid.

Guggenheim Museum

Art museum in New York.

Feast of the Gods

Bellini. The gleaming effects of his oil glazing are set against the dark backdrop of a secluded wood.

Bas Relief Sculpture

Besides architecture, this was the predominant art form of Mesopotamia

American regionalism

Art style from 1910 to 1950s that was based on typical American rural and urban scenes. It was a reaction against modernism.

Representational

Art that depicts a real person, place, or an object in a recognizable way

Didactic art

Art that teaches enlightened ideals.

Steles

Artifacts in the ancient Near East that served the same purpose as the rune stones and picture stones of the Vikings.

De Stijl

Artistic geometry, achieved with a few shapes and the primary colors along with black and white. The head of the movement was Piet Mondrian. 1917-1931

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poses and compression of space.

Renaissance Period

Artists returned to classical models in painting, sculpture, and architecture.

Protestant Baroque

Artists went out of their way to downplay the importance of saints, preferring more symbolic subjects for moral painting like landscapes charged with meaning, genre scenes, and paintings of fruit that suggest the temporariness of life on earth. Kings and princes also enlisted artists to celebrate their wealth and power.

Plastic arts

Arts which involve molding or modeling material to give it shape, especially sculpture and ceramics. They are sometimes extended to include all the visual arts, including architecture and painting, but not music, drama, or literature.

Cezanne

Attempted to combine impressionism's observation of nature with the permanence of classic composition.

The Heidelberg School of Art

Australia late 19th - early 20th C. Challenged traditional painting style. Used dark colors and was crisp and clean

Hundertwasser

Austrian architect who designed with irregular forms and incorporated natural features into his designs...think modern geometric tree-houses. He designed the Hundertwasserhaus apartment block in Vienna where the apartments have uneven floors.

Caravaggio, Velazquez, Rubens, Poussin, Lorrain, and Rembrandt

Baroque Painters

Diego Rivera

Based his style on Mayan murals. Mexican muralists who dominated Mexican art in the 1930s paid homage to the Mayan an Aztec empires.

Santa Pudenziana, Rome

Basilica with Early Christian mosaics that feature Christ as a king and law giver, St. Peter and St. Paul, a gold cross, and women symboling the Jews and the Gentiles.

Bugle beads

Beads of an elongated tubular shape that are often sewn onto garments as ornamentation. Colors can vary.

Romare Bearden

Began as a social realist in Harlem. He later developed his mature style - photocollage. He began to express the collective history of the African-American experience through a patchwork of photographed figures.

Guerrilla Girls

Began in New York in 1985 as a group of female artists who fought gender discrimination. They continue to tour worldwide, and bring awareness to anti-feminist policies and practices.

Crystal Palace

Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. Joseph Paxton.

The Pantheon

Built between 125-128 and is Rome's supreme architectural structure, a wonder of the Roman world. Features a 143-foot diameter dome that is 143 feet off the ground and contains and oculus.

Bent Pyramid

Built by Snofru—the first Pharaoh of the 4th dynasty. Started at 54° and changed to 43°.

Cubicula

Burial chambers in in the Roman catacombs that featured arcosolia

El Greco

Burial of Count Orgaz

Odalisque

By Ingres. Has Mannerist proportions and a Neoclassical elegance.

Frank Gehry

California aerospace museum. Designed with dynamism and jutting angles that suggest flight. The architect who designed this building stated that it "expresses it's purpose through its form."

Caravaggio

Calling of St. Matthew; Baroque. Cellar lighting.

Mantegna

Camera Picta, a painted bridal chamber that is considered to have some of the finest illusionistic painting of the century.

Joseph Niepce

Camera obscrura. Heliograph. Created some of the first photographs.

Salt

Can be added to speed up the setting time of a plaster cast

Too much moisture

Can cause buckling to occur in paper and canvas.

Daguerreotypes

Captures a negative image on polished silver giving it a reflective image.

Impressionism

Captures the feeling of a fleeting moment through time with the use of light, rough brushstrokes, and blended colors.

Middle Ages

Carolingian art, from the 8th Century to the early 10th Century, was stimulated by Charlemagne's revival of scholarship, and laid a foundation for what?

Renaissance palace facade

Cartouche, balustrade, molding are all found on this structure.

Jewelry making

Casting and constructing are two processes used in this type of art.

Mona Lisa

Celebrated for its use of sfumato and aerial perspective.

Nok

Ceramic sculptures made from terra cotta.

Romanesque Architecture

Characterized by massive structures, thick walls, and round arches.

Glazed, multi-colored brick walls

Characterized the rich new age of Babylon.

Plaiting

Checker weave

Hardwoods

Cherry, mahogany, Oak, lignum vitae

Shang

China experienced its first cultural Golden Age around 1550 BC during this dynasty.

Gu Kaizhi

Chinese painter. Nymph of the Luo River on a silk scroll during the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 - 420)H

Gongbi

Chinese painting style using careful, precise brushstrokes to render a very detailed image.

Modeling

Choose oil-based clays that don't harden and shrink.

The Akan culture of Ghana is known for their use of gold in jewelry, The Akan culture of Ghana is known for their use of gold in jewelry, and Akan gold weights (mrammou) which are small brass statues of various objects from their culture (people, animals, etc.) that correspond to different weights of gold powder based on Islamic weights. A complete set of weights was gifted to a man on his wedding day so he'd be prepared to enter the merchant trade. They are also renowned for Kente, which is hand-woven, multi-colored, quilted cloth made of both cotton and silk. The patterns of colors have different meanings, but are worn by both men and women today.

Choose one African culture. What are the salient visual characteristics of that culture's art?

• The Akkadian Victory Stele of Naram Sin - the use of Hierarchal scale shows Naram Sin as superior to all others. The Lullubi are depicted as being barbaric and uncivilized, thus justifying the battle. Naram Sin is shown wearing a helmet reserved for the gods which also shows his importance. • Raft of the Medusa, by Theodore Gericault - documents the shipwreck of the Medusa where the captain and officers took the lifeboats and left the passengers and crew to fend for themselves on a makeshift raft. After 13 days adrift, only 15 of the 130 men were still alive—some resorting to cannibalism to survive. Gericault's painting is a throwback to the "let them eat cake" mentality that spurred the French Revolution. It shows the lower class rising up and trying to save themselves from the aristocracy that doesn't care if they live or die. • Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California, by Dorothea Lange - the simple photograph of a weary woman holding an infant with two dirty and bedraggled children trying to find comfort from her speak of the desperate times during the Great Depression. The expression on the woman's face conveys a sense of lost hope, as does the the posture of the children beside her. This was the face of the Great Depression and helped to spark the government into action.

Choose three works of art from three different time periods. In each work, how is the meaning of the work communicated?

Pug mills

Chops and mixes clay in order to remove air pockets that can damage Art work during firing. It is appropriate to use one in an elementary school classroom because it recycles clay that is used it several times.

Spirals, meanders, and mosaics

Classes of patterns that make up the entire physical world

Greenware

Clay objects that have been shaped but not yet fired.

Abstract Expressionism

Color field painting and action painting are the two main branches of this movement.

Millefiori Glass

Colorful glass filled with circles of veriegated colors.

neo-Gothic architecture

Combined Gothic elements with the modern fascination with freedom of forms derived from the Romanticism movement.

Chinese Architecture

Combined both Taoism and Buddhism in their structural forms.

Sculptors' clay

Comes in dry powder form and is moistened before use. It is a native earth consisting largely of kaolin combined with silica.

Akkadian Victory Stele of Naram Sin

Commemorates an Ancient Near Eastern king's conquest in war over the Lullubi. The King was stylized by making him larger than the other figures on the limestone stele.

Cosimo de'Medici

Commissioned Donatello, Verrocchio, and Fra Filippo Lippi during the Renaissance.

Mantegna

Commissioned by Ludovico III Gonzaga, the ruler of the city of Mantua.

Linseed oil

Common binder for oil paint. It dries as an inelastic film, but over time, this film cracks.

Limestone

Composed of calcium carbonate.

Northern Renaissance Art

Concentrated on intense realism.

Conceptual art

Concept behind work is more important than the finished art object

San Rocco in glory

Confraternity of San Rocco, Venice. painting by Tintoretto.

This was a photograph that I took during one of my photography courses. We'd just learned about differential focus and I was curious to try it out for myself. It was a late spring evening with the sun about an hour away from setting, so the light was a rich golden color that only added to the effect of my photo. I found a set of three dandelions on the edge of the Gorge facing the Bridge. Two were devoid of seeds, but the center flower was full and fluffy white. I added in the contre-jour technique and placed the sun directly behind the stem of the seeded dandelion which gave it a nimbus reminiscent of a Byzantine Icon Painting with the way the light dispersed. With the three dandelions arranged as they were, I was able to capture the symbolism of Christ and the two thieves at Calvary. The focus of the picture is on the dandelions, and using differential focus, the Bridge in the background is just out of focus enough not to draw attention away from my subject, but still clear enough for you to recognize the structure.

Consider why you chose particular media or processes for several of your works. In what ways were the media or process successful? Dandelions in the Gorge

This was an acrylic landscape painting on canvas of the New River Gorge Bridge. I started with a wash since I wanted the twilit sky to blend seamlessly from one color to the other. I mirrored this process in the river below the Bridge to add a sense of harmony and make the sky seem as fluid as the water below. Once that was dry, I used the dry brush technique to add the platinum-colored clouds. I also used dry brush to add shades of gold, sepia, and burnt umber to the dark green mountains I'd already painted to simulate the pops of color the trees in Autumn have in the early part of the season. Using these different processes gave me the exact outcome I was looking for in the mood of this painting. The contrast of the wash and the dry brush gave just enough variety to keep the painting interesting without losing the focus and harmony I was aiming to achieve with the mirrored aspect between the sky and the river below.

Consider why you chose particular media or processes for several of your works. In what ways were the media or process successful? Reflections in the Gorge

This was an acrylic landscape painting on canvas of seagrass by the shore. I used the broken color technique in the ocean to give a sense of movement to my painting. For the seagrass, I used dry brushing for the seagrass, but for the shadows they cast on the sand, I created a light wash so they would seem more fluid. I also used dry brush for the clouds in the sky. The broken color technique for the ocean was successful because of the way I added the colors based on the storm cloud moving across the sky. The viewer is supposed to follow the storm's path as it moves from left to right across the painting. The left side of the painting is done in darker blues and greys while the right side is painted with lighter blues and teals. The bent angle of the seagrass also leads the viewers eyes across painting as the storm approaches the serene beach.

Consider why you chose particular media or processes for several of your works. In what ways were the media or process successful? Seagrass in the Wind

The Academie des Beaux-Arts

Considered historical events, religious themes, and portraits as appropriate subjects for art. They did not consider landscapes, a favorite subject of the impressionists, an appropriate subject of art.

Andre Breton

Considered the leader of the surrealist movement; defined Surrealism as a pure state of mind that allows someone to express thoughts freely without the encumbrance of rational thought and societal rules.

Colored ink

Consist of soluble dyes rather than pigments and are not lightfast. Not considered permanent ink.

Pylons

Monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting walls flanking the entrance portal.

Naum Gabo

Constructivist. His sculptures are called kinetic art because they suggest motion and therefore the passage of time.

Artists' colors

Contain a higher concentration of pigment, which is very finely ground with the finest quality oil's.

Hard Edge

Counter-composition V, Josef Albers

Sahn

Courtyard of a mosque

Piranesi

Create a series of etchings of fanciful prisons that reflect the artist's interest in ruins.

Prairie homes

Created by Frank Loyd Wright.

Bull II

Created by Roy Lichtenstein. Is a lithograph in line cut on paper.

Porcelain

Created in China between 600 and 900 A.D.

Aubrey Beardsley

Created ink drawings in the style of Japanese woodcuts that portrayed the decadent, the grotesque, and the erotic. The most controversial of the artists associated with the art nouveau movement.

Miles van der Rohe

Created steel and glass buildings

Mark Rothko

Created the school of color field painting

Nuno

Creates a thin felt with a gauze-like appearance.

Eugene Delacroix

Credited for leading the French Romantic movement and for his expressive brushstrokes and emphasis on color rather than clarity of outline and form.

Jacques Lipchitz

Cubist sculptor

Northern Renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries , England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance

Dots Per Inch

DPI. It is a measure of resolution of a printed image—the amount of ink on the page. The higher the dpi, the finer the resolution.

Kurt Schwitters

Dada artist famous for his collages made of pieces of trash he found in rubbish bins.

Baroque Themes in Painting

De-emphasis of the figure, A mastery of light and shadow, Realism in all things, and New subjects, like landscape, still life, and self-portrait.

Frank Gehry

Deconstructivist architect

Splashboards

Decorated wood segments mounted perpendicular to the sides of the canoe in the Pacific Islands.

Lignum Vitae

Densest commercial wood grown in the West Indies and in Nicaragua.

Moulage

Derived from seaweed, will not adhere to any surface, and is the only rubber material that can be used safely in the human body.

Art deco

Descended from Art Nouveau, this movement of the 1920s and 1930s sought to upgrade industrial design in competition with "fine art" and to work new materials into decorative patterns that could be either machined or handcrafted. Characterized by streamlined, elongated, and symmetrical design.

Intaglio

Describes all print making processes in which an image is cut into a plate. Includes etching, engraving, drypoint, mezzotint, and aquatint

Homo faber

Describes people as the makers of things.

Edmund Cartwright

Designed the first mechanical loom, built in 1785.

Characteristics of Baroque landscapes.

Detail, movement, emotion, and intense interactions between light and shadow could be found in this type of painting that became popular during the 17th century in the Netherlands.

The New York school of abstract expressionism

Dethroned the School of Paris in 1950. The forefront of innovation shifted for the first time to the United States.

Baroque

Developed during the Counter-Reformation (the 16th-century Catholic Church reform effort) and became a propaganda weapon in the religious wars between Catholicism and Protestantism. 1600-1750

Dada

Developed in Switzerland as a critique of war and politics.

Plain weave

Every warp and weft thread meets at a right angle.

Thomas Wedgewood

Experimented with sun prints. Journal of the royal institution in 1802.

Franz Marc

Fate of the Animals. The animals appear to be trapped in a forest with some momentous event destroying them, and was inspired by impending war.

Orazio Gentileschi

Father of Artemisia, and responsible for teaching her the ways of art. Madonna with Child.

Madonna and Child with the Birth of the Virgin.

Fillipo Lippi. The episodes in the painting occur many years apart—Jesus's birth, Mary's birth, and St. Anne nine months prior to the Virgin's birth, getting the good news. The color red helps you navigate the painting.

Fusain

Fine charcoal in stick form, made from the wood of a spindle tree. It is dried and carbonized in an airtight container. The duration of its burning determines its hardness.

Reduction firing

Firing done with less oxygen which causes unique color changes in the clay and the glaze

Cheesehard

First stage in drying process of a piece of pottery where it is still soft

Lamassu

Five-legged creatures (half bull, half man) with mile-long beards that guard the gates of the Citadel of Sargon II.

Alabaster

Flaws can be found by running it underwater. Once you identify the crack-prone areas, adjust your design accordingly. If you have to carve near a flaw, it's best to carve with the grain of the stone instead of away from it.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Flemish Renaissance painter known for landscapes and depictions of peasant life. The Peasant Dance and The Wedding Dance.

Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441). The Arnolfini Wedding.

Brunelleschi

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446). Invented Renaissance architecture, a geometrical style of grace, harmony, and openness. Invented linear perspective.

Donatello

Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466). David, cast in bronze, was the first free-standing, life-size nude in a thousand years.

Yoko Ono

Fluxus artist. Installed her Yes Painting in the Indica Gallery in London. She rigged up a white ladder with a spyglass attached to the top, which was aimed at a tiny canvas suspended just below the ceiling. The suspended mini canvas contained only one written word: "Yes."

Post painterly

Focused on basic elements of painting: form, color, texture, scale, and composition. Were ruthless in rejection of mysticism and the external world

Post-Impressionism

Focused on the use of color and line to explore how the mind perceives the world.

Ancient Near East Art

Focuses on the relationship between the human and the divine. Political. Artistic technique and skill are more important than originality. Animals portrayed realistically, but still symbolic. Human images are more idealistic the naturalistic. Relief carvings.

Dada

Formed during World War I in Zürich in negative reaction to horrors and folly of war. Often satirical and nonsensical. Hugo Ball founded.

Royal Pavilion

Former royal residence located in Brighton. It was built in three stages as a seaside retreat for George, Prince of Wales, who became the Prince Regent in 1811. It is built in the Indo-Saracenic style prevalent in India for most of the 19th century. Its current appearance, with its domes and minarets, is the work of architect John Nash, who extended the building starting in 1815. Romantic architecture.

Ain Ghazal Statues

Found in Jordan, the first example of large-scale human representation.

William Morris

Founder of the Arts and Crafts movement. This movement rejected mass production of products and sought to revitalize careful hand production of goods.

Salon des Refuses

French for "exhibition of rejects" is generally an exhibition of works rejected by the jury of the official Paris Salon, but the term is most famously used to refer to the Salon des Refusés of 1863.

Jean Debuffet

French painter and sculptor. Coined the term Art Brut.

Jacques-Louis David

French painter known for his classicism and his commitment to the ideals of the French Revolution. His works include The Oath of the Horatii (17850 and The Death of Marat (1793).

Gustavo Courbet

French painter who portrayed scenes from everyday life. Famous artist of the realist school.

Gustavo Courbet

French painter who portrayed scenes from everyday life. Famous artist of the realist school. The Stone Breakers.

Elisabeth-Louise Vigee-Lebrun

French portrait painter who is best known for her painting of Marie Antoinette. One of the few women excepted in the French royal academy.

Cezanne

French postimpressionist painter who influenced modern art (especially cubism) by stressing the structural components latent in nature. Mont Sainte-Victorie

Transparent non-staining pigments

French ultramarine, raw sienna, Payne's gray.

The Madonna in Majesty

Fresco created by Cimabue that adorns the Basilica of St. Francis in Assisi that is badly damaged.

Catacomb of Priscilla

Frescoes of Christ as the Good Shepherd, and the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus.

Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellinus

Frescoes of the Good Shepherd, Orants , and Story of Jonah in Rome.

Masking Out

Frisket is used to prevent paper from absorbing color in watercolor paintings.

New Kingdom

From 1550 B.C.E. to 1070 B.C.E. Egypt. Built tombs cut into rock with beautiful paintings and reliefs. Great wealth. Most construction took place in Thebes. Temples.

China's Bronze Age

From the Shang Dynasty (1600 - 1050 BCE) to the Zhou Dynasty (1050 - 221 BCE).

George Caleb Bingham

Fur Traders Descending the Missouri, 1845

Graphics Interchange Format

GIF

Inverted catenary

Gateway Arch in St. Louis

American Indian

Geometrical shapes of animals and nature are particularly common in works of this genre.

Neo-Expressionism

German and Italian, post World War II reaction against conceptual and minimalistic art 1970s

Albert Bierstadt

German born U.S Painter know for his large landscape portraits of the 19th century west. The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak.

The Kiss of Judas

Giotto. Dramatizes Christ's betrayal by depicting the clash between Jesus's supporters and enemies.

Vermeer

Girl with a Pearl Earring. The Mona Lisa of the North.

Shamash

God of the sun. Usually had rays arising from his shoulders.

Water-mixable oils

Good when diluted with water to a thin consistency, they tend to feel and behave more like watercolor than oil paint thinned with turpentine.

Incense, ebony, and ivory

Goods traded by the Nubians

Farm Security Administration

Gordon Parks Documented rural life in USA commissioned by FDR during the great depression

Naïve

Grandma Moses was best known as this type of artist.

Raster Graphics

Graphics composed of rectangular grids of pixels.

Vector Graphics

Graphics that use points, lines, curves, and shapes based on mathematical equations to represent images.

Antoine Watteau

Greatest Rococo painter

Archaic and Classical Periods

Greek art is divided into two periods before moving increasingly toward realism. 850 B.C. - 323 B.C.

Kouros

Greek word for "male youth." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, nude youth.

The Temptation of St. Anthony

Grunewald's Most terrifying work, depicting a bevy of strange beasts persecuting the saint. The vivid primary colors help to dramatize the scene.

Frank Gehry

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain. Deconstructivist architecture.

Frank Loyd Wright

Guggenheim Museum, New York

Highly flammable

Has a flash point below 70°F

TIFF

Has a no-loss compression algorithm with compatibility across software platforms.

Paul Gauguin

He created a new movement called Synthetism (Symbolism).

Bill Reid

He grew up in Canada. His mother was a Haida Indian. At first, he did not study art—he worked at a radio station. Later, he learned to make jewelry. He also studied Haida art. He uses Native-American designs in his jewelry. He makes sculptures and totem poles. He uses wood, metal, and stone in his artworks. Phyllidula—The Shape of Frogs to Come, 1985.

Francis Bacon

His artwork entitled Painting is a compelling and revolting image of a powerful figure who presides over a scene of slaughter. Painted in the year after World War II ended, this work can be read as an indictment of humanity and a reflection of war's butchery.

Gino Severini

His futuristic work, the boulevard, crowds of forms (people, buildings, and so on) interpenetrate one another, suggesting the hyperactivity of the modern cityscape.

Masaccio

His greatest works may be his frescoes of the life of St. Peter in the Brancacci Chapel in St. Maria del Carmine in Florence. The Tribute Money.

Giotto

His perspective was intuitive and imprecise, not mathematical; consequently, his paintings have a shallow depth of field; the figures tend to hover in the foreground.

Timothy O'Sullivan

His powerful photographs of the battle of Gettysburg, including his most famous photo, "the harvest of death," inspired President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg address.

Andrea Palladio

His style is called Palladian or classicism, and is based on the writings of the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, Roman ruins, renaissance ideals, and his experience as a stonecutter and mason.

Giovanni Bellini

His virgin and child images are some of the most lifelike and intimate in all of art history.

The Norman Conquest

Historical event portrayed on the Bayeux Tapestry.

Yeha, Ethiopia

House the ruins of an 8th century BCE multi-story tower constructed of ashlar masonry.

London and Switzerland

House two copies of The Last Supper.

Lighting should be three times brighter than the ambient light of the room. Light should be cast at a 30 degree angle unless a large frame is used—add five degrees to account for shadows cast by the frame. If you want to highlight textures, decrease angle 5 degrees (25 degrees). Use the 30 degree angle for artworks covered in glass to reduce glare. Never light a sculpture from directly above or below—diffused light from three sources is preferable. Seek out high CRI (Color Rendering Index) percentages—the closer to 100 percent the better.

How can lighting be of a benefit to the exhibition of an artwork?

The use of Hierarchal Scale in Ancient Egyptian, and Ancient Near East artworks help the viewer distinguish social rank and importance of kings/pharaohs in the artwork. These figures are usually scaled to be of the same importance as the gods they worshipped and therefore elevated them above the common people.

How can the design and use of art forms in at least one culture function as signifiers of social rank or family importance?

In a representational work, the arrangement of the elements of art (line, shape, form, color, space, texture, and value) work together to create the principles of design (unity/harmony, variety, movement, proportion, emphasis, rhythm, and balance). Any one of the elements can be used to create the principles, and in a representational work, it's sometimes easy to get too caught up in the subject of the piece to realize just what you are seeing. In an abstract piece, however, all you have are the elements and principles. There is no definable subject to distract you from the message the artist intends to convey. The colors, lines, and shapes stand out and demand that you take notice of them. Depending on the mood of the artist, the effect can be calming or alarming depending on how they manipulate the elements and principles in their overall composition.

How can the elements in a work of art be used to support the principles in a representational work and in an abstract work?

Ornate frames work best when paired with highly decorative art such as baroque or rococo, and simplistic frames are better suited to compliment more subdued artwork. Large paintings need large frames, while small paintings work best with wide mats to help emphasize the artwork. Mats are also needed for pastels or charcoals to keep the glass from coming into contact with the artwork. Make sure to use acid-free mats so as not to damage the work, as well as a good support to protect the back of the work.

How can the use of a mat or frame influence perception of a work of art?

The viewer can usually tell by the type of material used to create the sculpture. Wood and stone are usually subtractive as they are normally carved. (Intarsia and marquetry are exceptions—additive and assembled) Clay is considered to be an additive medium to create a sculpture. Metal sculptures that are assembled will have rivets or welding seams visible—assemblages are considered additive. Casting is also an additive process and is usually made of bronze.

How can the viewer distinguish by looking at a sculpture whether the process used was additive or subtractive?

Wood can be combined and inlaid with ivory, bone, or mother-of-pearl in intarsia to create an addictive work. Wood can be carved to create a subtractive work. And wood veneers can be glued into patterns in an assembled work.

How can wood be used to create an additive, subtractive, or assembled work?

Throughout the nineteenth century, America—and New York in particular—was seen as the place to be for business, society, and life in general. With an influx of immigrants and growing businesses, New York quickly began to run out of space. The need to climb higher resulted in the skyscraper. Skyscrapers allowed large businesses to operate in one building, and they also became social haunts with bars and restaurants occupying the ground levels. Architects began to expound on their creativity in designing new buildings and other artists used these structures as subjects in their artwork.

How did technological innovations that enable the building of taller buildings (skyscrapers) in the late nineteenth century impact cities and urban life?

Futurism, Dada, and New Objectivity in Germany heralded a move away from abstraction toward the production of art critical of war, modern rationalism, and the role of science and technology in moving society into the future. Anti-war sentiments were at the foundation of both Dada (originating in Switzerland) and the New Objectivity in Germany.

How did the First World War affect art in Europe?

The wealth, personal vanity, and new levels of education in society all supported a growing culture of patronage, championed by the princes, or lords of Italian city-states and other wealthy citizens. Each one wanted to leave his mark on society and saw that goal achieved by the sheer amount of art they commissioned for their cities.

How did the shift of patronage from the church to secular merchants in the Renaissance affect the creation of art?

I used the Rule of Thirds for this artwork. The twilit sky with a full moon and clouds takes up the top third of the painting, the New River Gorge Bridge and the mountains occupy the middle third, and the river below with a reflection of the Bridge on the calm waters in the bottom third. I structured it this way so that the viewer's eye will follow a specific path throughout the painting. The focal point in the Bridge and the perspective of the arch draws the eye from left to right. The mountain peaks a bit toward the end of the Bridge which draws the eye up to the sky. The clouds seem to be moving from right to left which leads the eye to the full moon, which in turn draws the eye down the left mountain with its spots of gold, sepia, and burnt umber toward the river below with its reflection of the Bridge above. It was an extremely loose attempt at creating a Golden Ratio within my work.

How did you structure the composition of one of your works? Why did you structure it that way? Reflections in the Gorge

In a 2D artwork, the artist must use illusion to create the sense of space, such as Michelangelo's frescoes on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. His use of trompe l'oeil makes it appear as though the ceiling extends higher than it actually does, and at times it's as though you're looking up into the heavens themselves and forget that there even is a ceiling above you. In 3D art, however, space is automatically created by the piece itself, especially a sculpture. For instance, the Bean in Chicago is large enough that you can physically walk underneath it and gain an entirely new perspective of the artwork. The mirror-like surface reflects your own image back to you, making you a part of the artwork for a brief moment in time.

How do artistic concerns regard the elements of space differ in works that are two-dimensional and world that are three-dimensions?

Size is a key factor in the decision making process. Carving large blocks of marble or wood demand large spaces. Access to a kiln, or a furnace to melt down bronze is also a key consideration. Chisels, hammers, saws, and gouges are needed for carving. The easiest material to sculpt with in terms of workspace and tools would be clay. Ventilation should also be a factor in sculpting materials—carving marble or working with plaster requires adequate ventilation to reduce the fine particles that might be inhaled during the sculpting process.

How do available workspace and tools affect decisions about what sculptural materials to use?

The larger the aperture, the more light which results in a brighter photograph, and vice versa. Aperture can also affect the focus of your subject—a larger aperture (f/2.8) will place the subject in focus and the background will be blurred (Bohek) while a smaller aperture (f/16) will render the entire shot in focus. Typically, larger apertures are used for portraits and smaller ones for landscapes.

How do changes in the aperture setting affect photographs?

Critiquing art from another culture can lead to misinterpretations if the critic is unaware of the significance of the subject. For instance, an atheist might assume that Christian art was unnaturally obsessed with the death of Christ without the understanding of the reasons why he had to die and then rise again. This is why it is important for art critics to stay within their own culture when assessing a piece of art.

How do culture, experiences, and individual perception affect a critical response? For example, how might a critical response to a Christian work differ if the work is viewed by a Muslim or an atheist?

The main elements of my painting are line, color, and form. They help to create the principles of rhythm, movement, balance and emphasis. The lines of the Bridge draw the viewer's eye across the painting and the bright colors of the trees on the right edge draw the eye up to the sky. The forms of the clouds help to draw the eye to the most detailed aspect of my painting which is the full moon. The moon is small, comparatively, so as not to take away the focus of the Bridge, but still emphasized enough to let the viewer know that it's only due to it's light that the reflection is even possible. By arranging the various focal points in my picture, I created a sense of rhythm and movement that emulates the Golden Ratio as the eye travels from the middle left to the right, up to the top and then back around to the bottom right. The use of an acrylic wash in the sky as well as the river adds a sense of harmony and fluidity to the composition, as well as the repetition of the Bridge and it's reflection in the water.

How do the elements and principles interact in the work? How to they support the meaning of the work? Reflections in the Gorge

Lighter than they appear when wet

How do watercolor paints appear when dry?

Hot-press is smoother and cold-press has more of a tooth. Artists who work with airbrush, markers, or pen-and-ink often favor a hot press surface. Hot press boards produce sharper and finer lines. Graphic design applications also tend to favor a hot-press surface, especially when adhesive wax, adhesive film, rubber cement, or transfer lettering is used. Hot press board scans better. Sharper detail can be reproduced from its smooth surface. Cold press board is slightly textured, and is usually favored when a brush is used, as for watercolor, gouache, acrylic, and tempera. Artists who work in a drawing medium that requires some "tooth" to the surface, such as charcoal, crayon, or pastel, also tend to prefer cold press. Calligraphers and graphite and colored pencil artists choose either surface, depending on personal preference.

How does hot-press illustration board differ from cold-press illustration board? What kind of media work best on each?

Compressed charcoal is created when powdered charcoal is mixed with a binder such as gum or wax. The relative proportions of powder and binder determines the softness. Because of its hardness, it can be sharpened and can produce finer, darker lines than with vine or willow. It is harder to erase and can bleed if wet media is placed on top. Vine or willow charcoal doesn't used a binding agent since the grape vines and willow branches are burnt to a desire hardness. They can be erased cleanly and can be used to sketch on canvas before painting. They are light and produce soft, powdery lines.

How does vine charcoal differ from compressed charcoal?

Manet

Olympia is a mid-19th-century example of shock art.

Time-based media and technology are completely changing the face of the art world as we know it. Before, someone created a sculpture or a painting, and other than a little age and/or weathering, they still look the same as they did when they were created centuries ago. Newer artwork, however, is created to be ever-changing and unique with each viewing. If a painter wanted to create a sense of movement, he or she used lines, shapes, and colors to convey that impression upon the viewer, but with modern technology, the artwork before you actually moves. Take Rising Colorspace by Julian Adenauer and Michael Haas, for example. They created a robot named Vertwalker that is continuously painting on a wall in a Berlin gallery. The robot has a paint pen and is programmed to follow a certain pattern, but with each day that passes, the image it creates is different than the day before—from the colors to the pattern, it is the newest evolution of painting.

How have new technologies and time-based artworks changed the understanding of visual organization?

• Burin - also called graver, is an engraving tool with a metal shaft that is cut or ground diagonally downward to form a diamond-shaped point at the tip. The angle of the point of a particular tool affects the width and depth of the engraved lines. • Brayer - a small hand roller that was traditionally used in printmaking. It is also a popular rubber stamping tool and can be used to ink stamps as well as to produce decorative results. Brayers are used to apply a thin layer of ink or paint to a surface.

How is a burin used in printmaking? How is a brayer used?

The shuttle acts as a large needle to hold the weft yarns as they pass through the warp threads.

How is the shuttle used in weaving?

1000

How many kilobytes are in a megabyte?

1000

How many megabytes are in a gigabyte?

Works of art such as Cindy Sherman's photography depicting the sexualization of the female form for the male gaze might be seen as just another photo of a pin-up girl, while a female viewer will understand the message Cindy Sherman is trying to get across with her photographs. With age also comes tradition. As art styles change, new generations associate themselves with those styles and can sometimes have a hard time understanding and appreciating newer styles as they grow older. This is especially true with more modern styles of art.

How might gender or age affects a person's critical response to a specified work of art or a general type of art?

Joseph Beuys

I Like America and America Likes Me, 1974. He wrapped himself in felt and spent eight hours locked in a gallery with a live coyote. The work was a commentary on social mores and getting to know other cultures and beings.

The arch is stronger and needs less support, meaning larger, more open spaces could be created. Less materials are needed since there isn't the need for dozens of posts to support a roof with a dome which means less cost to construct.

Identify advantages the arch had over post-and-lintel construction?

Ubudiah Mosque, Kuala Kangsar with its four white and black striped minarets and giant golden dome. The Mahabodhi (Great Enlightenment) Temple is a Buddhist stupa located in Bodh Gaya, India. It is one of the earliest Buddhist temples built entirely in brick, still standing, from the late Gupta period and it is considered to have had significant influence in the development of brick architecture over the centuries.

Identify at least one mosque and one Buddhist temple that you can recognize visually.

For this painting, I created a sense of rhythm with the acrylic wash I used for the sky and the river. The river starts off with a slight teal tint that gradually gets darker as it recedes into the background and the final color of the river is mirrored in the sky just below the Bridge before it begins to dark the further it extends into the sky. The repeated fluid brushstrokes in the river and sky, contrasted with the dry brush technique for the mountains and clouds, also add to the rhythm of the painting. Also, the reflection of the Bridge in the river adds rhythm with it's hazy outline compared to the bold brushstrokes I used to create the one spanning the Gorge.

Identify how rhythm is achieved in a particular work of art. What impact is created by the use of rhythm in the work? Reflections in the Gorge

• Claude Monet and the Impressionists tried to enter their works in the Salon of Paris and were denied. Instead they created their own exhibition entitled Salon de Refuses. The art critic Louis Leroy called the paintings unfinished impressions and the name stuck. Now they are seen as some of the greatest works of art in the world. • Nazi Germany under the leadership of Hitler deemed all modern art to be Degenerate and created an exhibition to showcase their disgust with styles such as Fauvism, Cubism, Dada, Surrealism, and Expressionism. This caused most of these artists to flee the country and emigrate to Allied countries in Europe or America where they brought their art styles with them.

Identify two or three works or movements that caused controversy. In each case, how did the art critics respond?

If drawing with a pencil, the artist can switch to a softer pencil (4B or 6B) for a darker line. They could also try charcoal. Compressed charcoal will produce darker lines than vine or willow charcoal.

If a drawing is too light in value, what other media might the artist experiment with?

Albrecht Durer

Illustrated a book on the Apocalypse in 1496 and published it in Latin and German editions. It became a bestseller. The wood cuts from this book secured his status as one of Europe's best print makers.

Marriage of Venus and Mars

Illustrates Roman artists' use of intuitive perspective.

Romanticism Characteristics

Imaginative, bold, inspiring, and challenges previous conceptions about the purpose of art. Late 18th century.

Inert substances

Important to art conservation because they do not decompose easily.

Claude Monet

Impression: Sunrise, 1895.

Edgar Degas

Impressionist artist that didn't like painting outdoors.

Watercolors create a more translucent effect whereas oil paints are more opaque. Oil paints can also be applied thickly creating texture on the canvas which can add to the overall effect of the composition.

In what ways do the effects achieved by using watercolor as a painting medium generally differ from those achieved by using oil paint?

Buddha statues come in five different poses to suggest different meanings. Sitting with one hand raised is protection, sitting with both hands in his lap is for meditation, sitting with one hand pointed down highlights the moment of enlightenment, reclining depicts the Buddha about to die and enter Nirvana, and sitting with a bowl of herbs in his lap is the medicine Buddha.

In what ways is a statue of Buddha designed to suggest spiritual enlightenment?

Mehndi

Indian custom of using henna paste to create designs on the hands or feet for festive occasions

ASTM III

Indicates a color that is not sufficiently lightfast

ASTM II

Indicates a very good lightfastness

ASTM I

Indicates excellent lightfastness

Hue

Indicates that a synthetic pigment has been substituted for a natural one because the latter is either no longer available, is too expensive, or has been withdrawn due to possible health hazards.

French curves

Inspired a famous series of works by Frank Stella in the early 1980's. Designs that are created using flat drafting tools with curved edges and voluted cut-outs.

Surrealism

Inspired by Dada and Freud's theories of the unconscious. They painted their dreams, practiced free association, and mixed up the rational order of life in their art by juxtaposing objects that don't normally or rationally fit together. 1924-1940s

Automatism

Inspired by Freud's idea of free association. Simplified organic shapes. Max Ernst.

Markers

Intensity and permanent very according to brand, bullet-shaped tips are appropriate for bold strokes and solid areas, can contain water-based ink or spirit- and alcohol-based ink. Does not contain pigments.

Raoul Dufy

Interior with Open Window. He animated fauvism with color and charm.

Melchior Broederlam

Introduced the use of oil paint to Northern Europe.

Carolingian Script

Invented by Alcuin, under Charlemagne's rule, which soon became the universal standard in Europe.

Wax Paper Negative

Invented by Le Grey, this made photographs more painterly which produced softer images than the earlier glass negatives.

Wolfgang Paalen

Invented fumage. First images were made with a kerosene lamp.

Fluted

Ionic order column shafts are grooved vertically around the entire surface of the column.

Matthias Grunewald

Isenheim Altarpiece. Painted for the Abbey of Saint Anthony between 1510 and 1515. Is his most powerful rendering of the passion.

Veduta

Italian for "vista" or "view." Paintings, drawings, or prints, often of expansive city scenes or of harbors.

Modigliani

Italian painter and sculptor (1884-1920). He is known for portraits in a modern style characterized by elongation of faces, necks, and figures—mask-like.

Bernini

Italian sculptor and architect of the Baroque period in Italy. Ecstasy of Saint Theresa.

Bernini

Italian sculptor and architect of the Baroque period in Italy. Louis XIV commissioned a bust of himself.

di sotto in su

Italian, "from below upwards." A technique of representing perspective in ceiling paintings.

Joint Photographic Experts Group

JPEG

Tintoretto

Jacopo Robusti. Was Veronese's main rival.

Manga

Japanese comic books

Delica

Japanese cylinder beads, are precision made, perfectly cylindrical size 11 bead that looks like a tiny rectangular tile when woven in a pattern. They have a relatively large hole for their size, which makes them light, so you get more beads per gram. These features make them ideal for weaving projects.

Ukiyo-e

Japanese woodblock printing; translation: "pictures of the floating world." Popular Japanese art produced from the 16th century onwards.

The Swing

Jean-Honore Fragonard, 1766

Brazing

Joining two pieces of metal, like soldering, but the filler metal has a higher melting point

Artemisia Gentileschi

Judith Slaying Holofernes. Susanna and the Elders. Lucretia. Baroque painter.

Jacopo Bellini

Kept splendid sketchbooks of drawings that were really corporate trade secrets. These drawings are now in the Louvre and the British Museum. The sketchbooks showed novices how to make good animals, interesting scenes, and convincing perspective.

Howard Garner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Kinesthetic, Linguistic, Logical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Musical, Visual/Spatial, and Naturalistic.

Assyrian Relief

King Ashurnasirpal II Killing Lions is cinematic and roils with dynamic energy. Rank is no longer indicated by physical size (as in the Standard of Ur) but by action.

Fettling Knives

Knives used for scraping, cutting, and removing dried clay from seams and other areas.

The Toreador Fresco

Knossos, Crete. The Minoans didn't run with the bulls like they do in Pamplona; they somersaulted off their backs.

Labeling of Hazardous Art Materials Act

LHAMA. Mandated manufacturers to provide labels identifying products with hazardous ingredients.

Diego Rivera

La Piñata, 1953.

Allegorical

La Primavera, by Botticelli, has a deeper, more symbolic meaning By conveying the approach of spring using human figures. This type of artwork uses literal content to stand for abstract ideas.

Picasso

La Vie is one of his greatest and most enigmatic blue Period Paintings.

Wide frame, no mat

Large painting with strong colors and shapes need what kind of frame and mat

Dolmen

Large stones standing upright with a horizontal stone balanced upon them.

Prehistoric Art

Lascaux, France and Altamira, Spain. Subjects were mostly animals.

Titian

Later in life, this artist was so obsessed with painterly effects and heavy surface impasto that the lines of his subject all but disappeared.

Renoir

Le Moulin de la Galette. Dappled sunlight dresses the swirling scene of gay dancers at a Paris Dancehall on a bright Sunday afternoon

John Ruskin

Leading English art critic of the Victorian era. His work "Modern Painters," published in 1843, was mainly a defense of modern painters because they painted the world as it really is and we're not constrained by outdated artistic conventions.

Neo-Expressionism

Led by Joseph Beuys and reached a climax of international esteem in the 1980s. It revived the angular distortions and strong emotional content of German Expressionism and marked the rebirth of Europe as an art force to be reckoned with.

Gustave Courbet

Led the Realist Movement. Was the bridge between Romantics and Impressionists.

Pagan Art

Leftovers of the Roman empire, uses dynamic twisting of both horse and rider and the motif of the spear-thrusting equestrian emperor.

Narrative Artists

Leon Golub, Jennifer Bartlett, Mark Tansey, and Sue Coe

High Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, Raphael's The School of Athens, and Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling.

High Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael strove for perfection and often found it in stable, geometrically shaped compositions. They portrayed idealized subjects. 1495-1520

Virgin of the Rocks

Leonardo da Vinci. Utilized aerial perspective.

full-scale

Life-size

Colored pencils

Made from a mixture of pigment, Clay, and filler, bound together with gum. They are soaked in wax, which gives them their smooth-drawing properties, before being pressed into rods and encased in Wood.

Soft sculpture

Made from substances such as cloth, plastic, fur, feathers, or sand rather than the more durable materials traditionally used for sculpture. Claes Oldenburg.

Bristol Paper

Made from two or more layers of paper bonded together to make a thick sheet. It has a smooth surface which is ideal for fine line drawing, and is also perfect for pen-and-ink work.

Charcoal sticks

Made from vine, beech, or willow twigs charred at high temperatures in airtight kilns.

Foreshortening

Made to look as though either receding in space or projecting out of the picture plane, through the use of perspective.

Idealized

Made to look better than real life.

Great Stupa at Sanchi

Madhya Pradesh, India. Buddhist; Maurya, late Sunga Dynasty. c. 300 B.C.E.-100 C.E. Stone masonry, sandstone on dome.

Duccio

Madonna Enthroned—the main panel of the Maesta Altarpiece from Siena Cathedral—is a marriage of Byzantine and Northern Gothic influences. Includes a three-dimensionality that's missing from icon painting.

Parmigianino

Madonna with the Long Neck

Letraset

Major manufacturer of dry transfer graphics

Oil pastels

Make thick buttery strokes and produce a more intense color. Are also stronger, harder, and less crumbly than softer versions.

Goo

Makes up the first coat applied to a mold to make a hollow cast concrete sculpture

Greek sculpture

Male nudity was always acceptable, used the principle of contrapposto, and saw a synthesis of passion and reason in their art. The sculptures were embellished with a colored encaustic and applied to hair, lips eyes, and nails of the figure.

Photography

Man Ray is known for this artform.

Particleboard

Man-made board least prone to warping

Impressionist Artists

Manet, Monet, Renoir, and Degas

Bozzetto

Maquette. A small scale model or rough draft of an unfinished sculpture.

Andrea Mantegna

Married Giovanni Bellini's sister, Nicolosia. Picked up on Jacopo Bellini's interest in line and perspective.

Benin Masks

Masks that can be eerily lifelike across a variety of media.

Baule Masks

Masks that can be quite abstract and symbolic: one type, for example, called a Goli, merges the characteristics of the sun and buffalo.

Dan Masks

Masks that elaborate upon a set of stylized characteristics according to the creativity and prestige of the carver.

West African Masks

Masks that use dramatic angles and planes and influenced the works of Picasso.

Conforms to ASTM D 4236

Materials in compliance with federal regulations have this label.

Slightly toxic

Materials that may cause temporary and reversible irritation, illness, or injury but may cause more severe reactions if an overdose occurs.

Highly toxic

Materials that will cause severe illness or injury or even death from a single exposure of a small amount or continuous exposure of even smaller amounts.

Wood, Stone, and Metal

Materials used in subtractive sculpture processes.

dynamic range

Maximum range of light levels than a CCD or other light sensor system can measure or capture

megabits per second

Mbps

Palace of Westminster

Meeting site of both Houses of the British Parliament. Neo-gothic Architecture.

Kofun

Megalithic tombs in Japan constructed between the early third century and the early seventh century A.D. they have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds which are unique to ancient Japan.

Cinnabar

Mercury compound created brilliant deep reds

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Michelangelo used the buon fresco technique for this celebrated work.

Domenico Ghirlandaio

Michelangelo's Master, Italian Renaissance painter

Transistor

Microscopic devices that open and close circuits to communicate electrical signals. CPUs contain millions of transistors.

Ophelia

Millais depicts the suicide of the tragic heroine as described by Shakespeare's hamlet.

Futurism

Modern Italian art movement. Boccioni, Balla, Severini, Carra, and Russolo.

Secco

Modern murals that are usually executed on tinted dry walls.

Islamic Art

Mohammed condemned graven images, so there aren't many representations of human beings. Often incorporated incredibly intricate and colorful patterns in carpets, manuscripts, ceramics, and architecture. 7th Century

La Gioconda

Mona Lisa; Leonardo da Vinci's work. Means "the smiling one." Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo.

Corinthian Order

Most ornate of the orders—contains a base, a fluted column shaft, and the capital is elaborate and decorated with acanthus leaf carvings.

Thomas Gainsborough

Mr. and Mrs. Andrews

Simultaneous representation

Multiple views of same person or object. Cubism

Puabi's Lyre

Musical instrument designed with four ancient fables that accompanied King Abargi of Ur into his tomb.

Brass and copper

Must be cooled very slowly to reduce brittleness.

Grandmas Moses and Henri Rousseau

Naive artists

Imhotep

Name of the architect who designed the Step Pyramid

All 2D and 3D art can and do use the seven elements of art (line, space, shape, form, texture, value, and space) and principles of design (unity/harmony, variety, movement, proportion, emphasis, rhythm, and balance). The main difference between 2D and 3D art is that 3D art will always have form and texture, but 2D art must use illusion to give the viewer the impression that they exist within the piece.

Name the principles and elements used to organize 2D and 3D art.

• Spray fixative often contains solvents, notably n-hexane which has been found to cause peripheral neuropathy in cases of long-term exposure. • Some printmaking involves the use of acids, such as hydrofluoric acid, to etch an image onto the medium. Hydrofluoric acid may immediately and permanently damage lungs and the corneas of the eyes as well as deep, initially painless burns and ensuing tissue death upon contact with skin. • Varnishes and lacquers are made of resins dissolved in volatile solvents such as turpentine, methyl alcohol, acetone, toluene, or petroleum distillates which can be toxic if inhaled or if they come in contact with exposed skin.

Name three art materials that are toxic.

The illusion of space can be achieved in a multitude of ways. Leonardo da Vinci used aerial perspective to give the sense of space in his paintings. By painting the backgrounds higher up on the picture plane and making them appear hazy and blue, it created the appearance of depth. Overlapping is an easy way to give the illusion of space on a 2D picture plane. Size is also another easy way to achieve space in a picture plane. Objects that are further away appear to be smaller and the details are less distinct than those close to you. The best example of how contemporary artists are organizing space differently is in the work of Bridget Riley. Her optical illusions aren't like the windows into the world beyond as da Vinci created, but they appear to project into the real space the viewer occupies. Her use of geometric shapes and subtle changes in color help to achieve the optical illusion of 3D space on a 2D picture plane.

Name three historical ways of organizing space on a 2D picture plane. What are some of the ways in with many contemporary artist organize space differently?

Benday dots

Named for inventor Benjamin Day; this printing process uses the pointillist technique of colored dots from a limited palette placed closely together to achieve more colors and subtle shadings. Roy Lichtenstein.

Maria Martinez

Native American artist who created internationally known pottery. She examined traditional Pueblo pottery styles and techniques to create pieces which reflect the Pueblo people's legacy of fine artwork and crafts. Invented the black-on-black pottery ware.

Zuni

Native American tribe most famous for their intricately worked silver jewelry with distinctive turquoise settings.

American Scene Painting

Naturalistic style of paintings and art. Is an umbrella term for rural American regionalism in the urban and politically oriented social realism.

Pointillism

Neo-impressionism or divisionism developed by Seurat.

Edward Hopper

Nighthawks. This painting conveys a mood of loneliness and isolation through his portrayal of anonymous, non-communicating figures.

Flare

Non-image-forming light which washes out colors and reduces contrast.

Yangshao Culture

Northern China (6000 BCE). Known for it's red-painted pottery.

A view of the pre-Macedonian era as a golden era

Notable characteristic of Hellenistic intellectual culture.

Marcel Duchamp

Nude Descending a Staircase

Marcel Duchamp

Nude Descending a Staircase. A Dadaist artist.

Frequency

Number of cycles per second. Hertz (Hz)

Oblique

Objects that are slanted or diagonal.

Gustavo Moreau

Oedipus and the Sphinx, Salome, Jupiter and Semele. Symbolist paintings.

JPEG

Offers 13 compression settings - the higher the quality, the less the compression, and vice versa.

Chu-Jan

Painted "Storied Mountains and Dense Forests" on silk during Tang Period

Wang Ximeng

Painted A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains during the Northern Song Dynasty (960 - 1127). Blue-green landscape. 39 feet long. Died at the age of 20.Q

Qui Ying

Painted Spring Morning in the Han Palace during the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644). Gongbi brush technique.

The Last Supper

Painted in a refectory located in the Santa Maria delle Grazie monastery in Milan, Italy.

Gustave Courbet

Painted in natural browns and tans and influenced early Renoir

Giorgio Chirico

Painted nightmare fantasies 15 years before surrealism existed. Drawing on irrational childhood fears ,he is known for his eerie cityscapes with empty arcades, raking light, and ominous shadows.

Barbizon School

Painted scenes of rural life in mid-19th C France

Tactile values

Painting which creates 3-D illusion

Genpitsu

Painting with a reduced number of brushstrokes. It often refers to the method used in creating calligraphy.

Byzantine

Paintings and mosaics in this Period are often characterized by rich color, flat and stiff figures, large eyes, golden backgrounds, and simple content.

Casta Paintings

Paintings that show the racial mixing of a family. Shows hierarchy of society.

Annibale Carracci

Palazzo Farnese ceiling fresco, 1597-1601 - revival of renaissance - academy of Bologna is first significant university of its time

Feast in the House of Levi

Paolo Veronese turned a Last Supper scene into a party.

Velour Paper

Paper for pastels that has a soft surface like velvet and produces a rich, matte finish more like a painting than a drawing is which of the following? also known as velvet paper, has a soft surface that produces a rich, matte finish more like a painting than a drawing.

Bernard Tschumi

Parc de la Villette, Paris. A pioneer of Deconstructivism.

Sinking of paint film

Patches of dull, matte paint across a canvas oil painting indicates what?

Black and white ink

Permanent ink.

Rayogram

Photogram. Developed by man Ray.

Bernice Abbott

Photographer best known for her series of New York street scenes in 1930s

Bohek

Photography term that refers to the way a lens of blurs an image.

Image editing software

Picasa, Photoshop Elements, and Paint Shop Pro X

African Sculpture

Picasso's "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon" was inspired by these works of art that used figures with elongated faces and pronounced features.

Pictographs

Pictorial images like paintings

Butcher's Stall

Pieter Aersten, 1551. Featured a scene of Mary, Joseph, and baby Jesus in the background.

Hunters in the Snow

Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The composition and frigid landscape, bleak sky, and distant alpine peaks - not the people - communicate the paintings moods and messages.

Softwood

Pine

Rococo Art

Placed emphasis on the carefree life of the aristocracy rather than on grand heroes or pious martyrs.

1 quart water to 5 pounds of powder

Plaster mixing proportions

Minoan Art

Playful and focuses on life, sport, religious rituals, and daily pleasures. The first art to truly celebrate day-to-day life. 1900 B.C. - 1350 B.C.

Kailao Dance

Polynesian war dance from the Tonga islands.

Descent from the Cross

Pontormo, Mannerism

Wayne Thiebaud

Pop Artist who began his career drawing cartoons. He also drew illustrations for advertisements. he often creates artworks that show food items, likes pies and cakes. He likes to use bright colors and strong brushstrokes to make images of everyday objects. Boston Cremes, 1970.

Tom Wesselmann

Pop Artist who uses three dimensional objects such as tables and chairs protruding from a painted canvas for effect. Still Life #30, 1963.

Georges Braque

Popova: Two Figures. Cubism.

Margaret Bourke-White

Popularized the photo-essay

Hard paste

Porcelain

Realism

Portrays subjects in a more honest and unpretentious manner.

Ambrotype

Positive-appearing negative images on glass

Ostraka

Pottery fragments on which ancient Egyptians and Greek artists would sketch

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Pre-Raphaelite. He sometimes wrote poems to accompany his paintings, which he called "double works."

Karnak

Precinct of Montu, Precinct of Mut, Temple of Amenhotep IV, Precinct of Amon-Re.

William Blake

Printed his work himself with an engraving method he developed and called illuminated printing.

Fluctuating color

Prussian blue

Puddling Process

Purified metal into wrought iron

Luxor Temple

Pylons, obelisks, causeway known as the Avenue of Sphinxes.

Fauvism

Radical use of unnatural colors; strong, unified work that appears flat; individual expressions and emotions of the painter; bold brush strokes using paint straight from the tube.

School of Athens

Raphael's greatest masterpiece, a fresco in the Stanza della Segnatura of the Vatican. Divided into two balanced halves.

San Vitale

Ravenna, Italy. Early Byzantine Europe. c. 526-547 C.E. Brick, marble, and stone veneer; mosaic.

Inorganic native earth colors

Raw umber and ochre

Asphaltum

Reacts to light and was used by Joseph Niepce to coat his plates to make photographs.

Fra Angelico

Real name was Guido di Pietro. His nickname means "Angelic Brother." Lived as a Dominican monk in the Florentine Monastery of San Marco. His paintings are prayers.

Honore Daumier

Realist artist who painted The Third Class Carriage among other works, which often portray the brutality of industrialization and urbanization for the poor

Dip Pens

Reed pen, quill pen, and metal pen

Differential focus

Refers to a photographic technique in which everything in the foreground shows clearly, while everything in the background is less distinct, or vice-versa.

Rugosity

Refers to a surface that is either wrinkled or creased. It is often caused by paint that is applied either too thickly; or by a coat that is applied before an earlier one has dried.

Rhopography

Refers to art that is created out of seemingly trivial items, such as garbage or half-eaten food. It is similar to some of the works that emerged from the Dadaist Period.

Oriental lacquer

Refers to the material that is layered over sculpture, usually wood. It is commonly found on Asian-imported items; and when hardened, the layers can be carved.

Late Gothic

Refers to the new naturalism in Flemish art and had a lot in common with the early Italian Renaissance. Both strove to depict life realistically, to make people look like people. The main difference is that these artists weren't trying to resurrect Greco-Roman culture as Renaissance artists were.

Imbrication

Refers to the overlapping of materials such as scales, feathers, fiber, or tiles. The term can also refer to painting that includes seemingly overlapping colors or washes.

Metalpoint

Refers to the process of drawing faint lines, which become more visible when reacting to oxygen on an abrasive surface with a metal stylus. Revived in the late 19th Century by Alphonse Legros.

Titian

Regarded as Venice's most famous, and possibly greatest, painter.

Berlin Dada

Rejected previous conventions and delighted in nihilistic satire in painting, sculpture, and literature. Created in 1916.

Dutch Golden Age Artists

Rembrandt, Frans Hals, and Johannes Vermeer

landscape artists of the Netherlands

Rembrandt, van Goyen, Bakhuizen, van Ruisdael, and van Ruysdael

Albretch Durer

Renaissance artist that used woodcuts in printmaking.

Matthew Brady

Renowned for photos of the Civil war

Pencils

Replaced Silverpoint in the 16th century.

Linen Canvas

Retains its tautness once stretched on a frame, is considered the best canvas, and has a tendency to resist the application of size.

Deposition

Rogier van der Weyden. Used contrast to break up the symmetry while preserving the paintings overall balance.

Veristic

Roman realism in sculptural portraiture began around 100 BC

Rusticated

Rough and beveled.

Roundels

Round windows.

El Escorial

Royal palace, monastery, and school of higher education.

Chain lines

Run parallel to the grain direction, and are further apart than laid lines.

Laid lines

Run perpendicular to the grain.

Constructivism

Russian artists that wanted to create a practical art that ordinary workers could use. 1914-1934

Constructivism

Russian avant-garde, influenced by cubism, abstract still lifes from scraps, 3-D. Naum Gabo.

Donatello

Saint Mark statue utilizing contrapposto.

Holograms

Salvador Dali claimed to be the first artist to use art form.

Hagia Sophia

Sanctuary of wisdom. Greatest architectural accomplishment of the Byzantine Empire.

Tibetian

Sand Mandala

Bronze

Sculptors' favorite metal casting material for outdoor use.

Elgin Marbles

Sculptures from the pediments and metopes and interior architraves of the Parthenon

Parmigianino

Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror

Sol LeWitt

Sentences on Conceptual Art - first academic essays to really define the goal and methods of conceptual art as being completely about the idea or concept, not the visual product. Created the design for his art, but hired someone else to create it. "The idea becomes a machine that makes the art." Wall Drawings.

Berthe Morisot

She lived and worked in Paris. Both she and her sister Edna were painters. She became a member of the group of artists called the Impressionists. She painted scenes of daily life, landscapes, and gardens. She also painted portraits of her family and friends. Girl in a Boats with Geese, 1889.

Watercolor blocks

Sheets of watercolor paper which are glued together around the edges with gum. It is then mounted on a backing board.

Potter's wheels

Shimpoo, Amaco Two-Speed, and the Spinning Tiger

Watercolor brush

Short, black handle

Romanticism

Shunned the Industrial Revolution, attacked the excesses of kings, and championed the rights of the individual. Imagination and Nature. Late 1700s - early 1800s

Laas Geel

Somalia. One of many sites that help trace the development of African herding and livestock domestication by providing us with vibrant visual art in the form of cave paintings.

Acrylic Lacquer

Some clays have sulfur and chemicals in them that resist the mold material. Spraying your model with a coat of this substance will overcome this problem.

Iconoclast

Someone who destroys religious art.

Romanesque Art

Sought to illustrate the divine realm of God himself; figures' hands and eyes were heavily emphasized, imparting a greater significance to their expressions.

El Greco

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614)

Luis Bunuel

Spanish surrealist filmmaker

Alkyd mediums

Speed the drying process, has been oil modified, can be thinned with turpentine or mineral spirits

Robert Smithson

Spiral Jetty, 1970. Earthworks.

Medieval Art

Stained-glass windows, illuminated manuscripts, silver and golden reliquaries, architectural reliefs, and Romanesque and towering Gothic Cathedrals. 500-1400

Baroque Themes in Sculpture

Stark realism, Highly pictorial effects, and Technical mastery.

Hellenistic Statues

Statues that are still physically perfect, but instead of being imperturbably serene, they can express anger, bitter sorrow, or intense fear.

Hammurabi's Code

Stele depicting the king receiving the code of law from Shamash, the god of the sun. Made of diorite—a black stone that can be polished to high shine.

Sumerian

Stele of Vultures. Depicts the victory of a local king over his neighbor.

Ancient Near East Art

Steles, cylinder seals, votive figures, and lyres. Often had religious, political, or economic functions.

Percussion removal, hand rasping, sanding, mounting, finishing

Steps of stone carving

Conte Crayons

Sticks of pigment mixed with a binder such as cellulose ether. Square shapes are suitable for detailed hatch work

Materials used in Ancient Near East Artworks

Stone, metal, shell, ivory, glass, ceramics, building materials, like mud bricks, and paint.

How to organize a studio

Store paper flat in a dry place, wrapped in clean paper to protect it from dust and light. Store pencils or sticks of charcoal upright in a jar. The best natural light for both drawing and painting is cool and even. To prevent canvases and boards from warping, store the upright in a dry place. A painting rack is ideal for storage.

Cartier-Bresson

Street photographer who coined the term "decisive moment"

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Street, Berlin. The artist stretched the figures, perhaps because the Berlin denizens strut down the Avenue like peacocks; or maybe because their tall hats and feathered headdresses suggest that they want to add several inches to their stature.

Italian Renaissance Art

Stressed ideal beauty, it's figures focused on heroic male nudes, it's emphasis was an underlying anatomical structure, and its style was simplified forms and measured proportions.

Tools for stretching canvas

Stretcher bars, wedges, canvas-straining pliers

Cellar Lighting

Strong directional lighting

Edward Weston

Strong sensuality of simple shapes like cabbage or peppers or leeks

Bohemians

Struggling artists who lived for the beauty of life. Art for art's sake.

Romanesque

Style of church architecture using round arches, domes, barrel-vaulted and groin-vaulted ceilings, thick walls, and small windows

Social realism

Subset of American scene painting that focuses on the urban and politically oriented.

Inanna

Sumerian goddess of love and war, later known as Ishtar. Most important female deity in all periods of Mesopotamian history.

Winslow Homer

Sunset Fires

Kazimir Malevich

Suprematist Painting, 1915. Squares, rectangles, and quadrangles seem to float in an anti-gravity chamber.

Stanton Macdonald-Wright

Synchronism was an art movement founded in 1912. He theorized that the colors in a painting can be orchestrated in the same harmonious way that a composer arranges notes in a symphony.

Tagged Image File Format

TIFF

Fillipo Lippi

Taught Botticelli who in turn taught his Master's son, Filippino.

Pictorialism

Techniques used by photographers to create images that appeared more painterly like Impressionist paintings.

orthogonal

Term for linear perspective which describes a line at right angles to the picture plane

Georges Pompidou National Center of Art and Culture

The "Beaubourg"

Pre-Raphaelites

The 19th century encompassed a number of movements in art. The group of artists of this period had a mutual distaste for contemporary academic painting and intended to reform art by rejecting this approach by returning to the abundant detail, intense colors, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish Art was known as what?

Sandro Botticelli

The Birth of Venus and Primavera

Catholic Baroque

The Catholic Church wanted art to have a direct and powerful emotional appeal that would grab the attention of ordinary people and bind them to the Catholic faith.

Greek Manner

The Crusaders' occupation of Constantinople forces many Byzantine artists to flee the city and immigrate to Italy, bringing Eastern cultural influences with them.

Henri Matisse

The Dance, Fauvism painting

Ma'at

The Egyptian belief of eternal natural order.

Tomb Art

The Etruscans borrowed from the Greeks for their art but most of it was destroyed by the Romans who conquered them. Etruscan art survives mostly in what kind of art?

Landscapes

The French baroque painter, Lorrain, is famous for what kinds of paintings?

Oeuvre

The French term for "work", and refers to the collection of works of one particular artist. The term may also referred to one specific piece, such as da Vinci's Mona Lisa.

Hypostole Hall

The Great Mosque of Córdoba

Poussin

The Holy Family on the Steps.

Ikebana

The Japanese style of floral arrangements characterized by their linear forms.

Andrea del Castagno

The Last Supper on the dining hall of the convent of St. Apollonia in Florence.

San Lorenzo

The Medici family's church designed by Brunelleschi. Corinthian columns, Roman arches, classical harmony, proportional ratios, and geometric shapes. The interior features a flat, coffered ceiling and roundels.

Rembrandt

The Mill. Baroque painting.

Max Beckmann

The Nazis did not approve of this artist's mature modernist style. Although he is classified as an Expressionist artist, he rejected both the term and the movement. In the 1920s he was associated with the New Objectivity, an outgrowth of expressionism that opposed its introverted emotionalism.

Antoine Watteau

The Pilgrimage to Cythera, 1717. The most famous example of a fete galante painting.

William Hogarth

The Rake's Progress.

Portrait Sculptures

The Romans honored successful political and military figures with publicly displayed _________

Expressionist Painting

The Scream. Edvard Munch.

Aquatint

The Sleep of reason produces monsters, 1797-98, Goya.

Henri Rousseau

The Sleeping Gypsy. Symbolist painting.

Alfred Stieglitz

The Steerage, 1907. Cofounded the photo secession movement with another pioneering photographer, the 21-year-old Edward Steichen.

Dada

The Surrealist Movement, the Pop Art Movement, and the Fluxus Movement were all influenced by this earlier movement.

Giorgione

The Tempest. Used sfumato. Soon eclipsed by the fame of his star pupil, Titian.

Goya

The Third of May, 1808

Gauguin

The Vision after the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel). Cloisonnism.

25 ounces

The amount of clay needed to fill a 25 cubic inch cavity in a mold.

Great Zimbabwe

The ancient capital of Zimbabwe, is a massive architectural feat encompassing nearly 1,780 acres. The city was walled, and the stones for structures were laid without mortar. Construction on the city is believed to have started in the 3rd century BCE and continued for 1,700 years.

30 degrees

The angle of the board on which the artist's paper is placed when applying a wet-in-wet wash in watercolor painting.

J.M.W. Turner

The artist John Ruskin defended in his work "Modern Painters."

Marcel Duchamp

The artist known for his use of "ready-made" objects.

Rene Magritte

The artist who painted disturbing, illogical images such as The False Mirror, with startling clarity to compel a new vision of reality beyond logic.

Futurism

The artistic movement of the early 20th century that glorified the Machine Age, celebrated war, and favored the growth of fascism.

Kanshitsu

The artistic technique of building up layers of lacquer and hemp over a piece of clay to form a hollow sculpture.

Colophon

The author's inscription on the back page of a book where a scribe (monk) would write a curse to protect his copyright.

Reverse

The back side of a coin or medal.

Oil based lead white primer

The best and most traditional primer for oil painting, particularly on stretched canvas.

Alabaster

The best him to use to carve letters.

Gummed brown paper tape

The best paper tape for stretching paper.

Watercolor paper

The best permanent paper is made from linen and/or cotton rags. No chemicals should be employed. Should not contain bleach.

Linen

The best type of canvas for use in painting

The beaubourg

The building in Paris designed by Richard Rodgers and Renzo piano that critics have referred to as a "cultural supermarket."

Tone

The characteristic of a color that refers to its relative lightness or darkness. Value

Nimbus

The circle of light in religious paintings which surrounds the head as a symbol of holiness.

Sfumato

The color is more smoky gray than blue.

RGB

The color model used primarily in digital images.

Style

The combination of form and content.

anthropomorphic art

The combination of human and animal traits. Represented a Mesopotamian belief that humans could attain physical power by embracing traits of animals.

Installation art

The combining of elements into a singular artwork that is specifically located in one place; an artwork that exists only in the place in which it was/is installed, and is not able to be relocated like a painting or print.

Spain

The country that emphasized court portraits, had a realistic style, and stressed dignity in their Baroque style of art.

Capital

The crown of the Doric column made of two hats: the echinus (curved like a bowl) and the abacus (rectangular).

Wassily Kandinsky

The cymbal crash of colors in composition number VI is typical of this artist non-objective art. He treated color like musical notes in a visual symphony.

A mountain

The design a ziggurat was meant to suggest.

Weft, or woof, and warp

The different type of threads used to create a weaving or tapestry

Textile printing

The earliest European printmaking technique.

Geometric Art

The earliest artistic style of the Greeks.

4th millennium BC

The earliest mosaic decorations from Mesopotamia date back to this time period.

Byzantine Art

The eastern part of the Roman Empire that remained after the fall of Rome. Art focuses on Spiritual not naturalism.

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Motion

The element of art added byAlexander Calder.

Michelangelo

The elongated forms in his Pieta Rondanini are classic examples of his late Mannerist style.

Ishtar Gate

The entrance gate into Babylon. It was built by Nebuchadnezzar. The top is crenellated like a medieval castle.

Westwork

The facade and towers at the western end of a medieval church, principally in Germany. Corvey Abbey.

simulacrum

The fake version of a thing

Marcilio Ficino

The father of Neo-Platonic movement in Florence. Headed an updated Platonic Academy. Lorenzo de' Medici, Leone Batista Alberti, Sandro Botticelli, and Michelangelo all basked in his spiritual glow and carried it into their work.

The annealer

The final furnace in the glassblowing process. It is used to slowly decrease the temperature of the glass over a period of a few hours to a few days.

Giorgio Vasari

The first Italian art historian. His Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptures, and Architects included a treatise on the technical methods employed in the arts. It was he who invented the term mannerism to describe the style of the 16th century painting.

Coalbrookdale Bridge (The Iron Bridge)

The first bridge of its kind, it consisted of an exposed iron frame that convinced people that iron-frame architecture was possible.

William Rush

The first documented person to pursue a career as a sculptor in America. Peace - carved of pine and painted.

Bellini

The first great artist to introduce central Italian Renaissance styles into Venice.

Analytic Cubism

The first phase of Cubism, developed jointly by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, in which the artists analyzed form from every possible vantage point to combine the various views into one pictorial whole.

AT&T headquarters building in New York

The first post modern skyscraper designed by Philip Johnson and John burgee.

wet collodion process

The first practical means of coating glass plates for recording images; discovered by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851; exposed plates also had to be developed, fixed, and washed before the collodion dried.

Sir Joshua Reynolds

The first president of the Royal Academy of Art.

Esquisse

The first sketch of a picture or model of a statue.

Fauvism

The first, but short-lived, major avant-garde art movement of the 20th century, which was not well-received by the public.

Over 70 mm

The focal length that is considered telephoto for a 35mm camera.

Obverse

The front side of a coin or medal.

Representational theory

The fundamental, definitive quality of art is the ability to capture some aspect of reality.

12 - 15 oz

The grade of a good quality cotton duck canvas. The higher the number is, the greater density of threads.

Mural Paintings

The greatest cultural achievement of the Minoans.

Lindisfarne Gospels

The greatest example of the mixed Irish and English style of manuscript illumination.

Muslims

The group of people who regard calligraphy as a fine art higher than any other culture.

Tympanum

The half-moon-shaped stone above the door also known as a lunette, from the world lunar.

Luminous light

The hallmark of the Hudson river school artists.

Roman casting wax

The hardest type used in the sculpture field.

Hercules stand

The heaviest duty stand on the market that can hold 750 pounds

lignum vitae

The heaviest, hardest, and densest commercial wood

Mimesis

The human tendency to imitate aspects of the natural world.

Offset Printing

The image is first transferred from a metal plate to a rubber cylinder, and then to the final paper surface.

Consumer Product Safety Commission

The organization ultimately in charge of ensuring that artistic products adhere to a standard of health and safety. CPSC

Sarsen Stones

The outer circle of Stonehenge made up of 20-foot-high gray sand-stones

Selvage

The term for the self-finished edges of a fabric which are parallel to the lengthwise threads.

Upper Paleolithic

The last part (10,000 to 40,000 years ago) of the Old Stone Age, featuring tool industries characterized by long slim blades and an explosion of creative symbolic forms.

Hellenistic art

The latest period of Greek art. More melodramatic than the classical style.

Chroma colors

The level of pigment loading is higher than is typically found in other water-based media

incident ray

The light that is actually hitting the surface of the object

Wetting Agent

The liquid added to a watercolor paint to help it take evenly and smoothly on a support. Can be ox gall or a synthetic equivalent.

Carrier

The liquid that holds the pigment in paint in suspension.

Suprematism

The main goal of this art movement was to strip away photographic realism in order to liberate feeling.

Treen

The making of small functional household items, such as bowls. These are turned on a lathe or carved.

Gopuram

The massive ornamental entrance structure of South Indian temples. It is typically rectangular, gradually tapering vertically to a barrel- vaulted roof.

Etemenanki

The massive ziggurat dedicated to Marduk in the center of the city of Babylon; it means "temple of the foundation of heaven and earth."

Rembrandt

The master of self-portraits.

Wedges

The materials used to fit into the slots on the inside of each corner of the assembled stretcher to stretch canvas.

Augustus of Primaporta

The most copied statue of Augustus Caesar (a.k.a. Octavian), Rome's first emperor. Propaganda.

Correggio

The most important Italian Renaissance painter of the school of Parma, who's late works influence the style of many baroque and rococo artists. Assumption of the Virgin—receding figures in Melozzo's perspective (down to up).

Icon Painting

The most popular form of painting in the Byzantine period featuring holy images of Jesus, Mary, and the saints.

Sketching easel

The most suitable easel for outside work.

German Expressionism

The movement rooted in Gothic and romantic art and influenced by van Gogh and Matisse which was an antibourgeois movement shaped by a dramatic simplification and the desire to liberate color from the constraints of the natural world.

Raffia

The name for an African tree with large leaves that are dried and processed into a variety of materials such as hats, baskets, and carpets.

Eight head lengths

The number of divisions for the average adult body. Already done this one Alex

Tichitt Walata Settlements

The oldest surviving archeological sites in West Africa in present-day Mauritania bull by the Soninke people.

Tenebrism

The painting style that places emphasis on dark and light areas to achieve dramatic effect

trompe l'oeil

The panels of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling are framed by what looks like the classical architecture of an ancient temple using this technique.

Geometric forms combined with people and animals engaging in daily activities.

The period of transition between the Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures was associated with art depicting what?

Djoser

The pharaoh that expanded Egypt into a major civilization. Step pyramids.

gate

The place where the liquid enters the mold space and looks like a small projection or nub on the mold

Counterchange

The placing of light shapes against dark, and vice versa. It creates lively, interesting pictures, because the reversals of light and dark provide intriguing contrast. It also gives movement and rhythm to a picture, leading the viewer from light to dark and back again. Used by J. Vermeer in his work, Lady Standing at a Virginal.

Entablature

The portion of a column above the capital. Includes, from top to bottom, the cornice, frieze, and architrave

Jasper Johns

The postmodernist artist who was particularly interested in drawing viewers' attention to common objects in the world - what he called things "seen but not looked at"

Naos

The principal enclosed area of a Greek temple, containing the cult statue of god or goddess.

Kerning

The process of adjusting the spaces between letters to give the viewer the impression of more consistent spacing in typography.

Macrame

The process of knotting long cords to form a pattern.

Tonking

The process of removing excess oil paint from a painting by placing a sheet of absorbent paper on it

Sericulture

The production of silk and the rearing of silkworms for this purpose.

Solarization

The reversal of tones in a photograph as the result of prolonged exposure or exposure to an extremely bright light.

Max Ernst

The robing of the bride is a confrontation between unconscious dreams and fears in a pre-wedding ritual.

Imitation Theory

The role of art is to imitate nature in its most perfect forms. Greek philosophy.

Deckled edge

The rough edge of handmade paper formed in a frame that encloses the wet pulp on a mold

Structuralism

The school of criticism that eliminates consideration of the artist in interpreting a work. Believe that the artist does not impart meaning to a work. Rather they approach a work of art as a system of "significant forms" that prompt a response in the viewer.

Maenianum Secundum

The seating area for the ordinary citizen in the Colosseum.

Loculi

The shelves on which the dead were placed in Early Christian catacombs were called

Crossing

The space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept

Tuscan columns

The standard type of Etruscan column. It resembles ancient Greek Doric columns, but is made of wood, is unfluted, and has a base.

American walnut

The standard wood for carving

Expressionist Painting

The starry night. Vincent van Gogh

Iconology

The study of art in its cultural context

Rococo

The style of art in France that was in vogue during the reign of Louis XV.

Sfumato

The technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms. Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" is the greatest example of the use of this technique.

Dry brush

The technique that is used most often in watercolor landscapes painting, to suggest a range of natural effects, such as sunlight on water or the texture of rock.

1400 degrees Fahrenheit

The temperature at which kilns are used to fire ceramics

Barroco

The term baroque comes from this Portuguese word which is used to refer to the pearls of irregular shapes; basically, the ugly pieces. It was adopted with a negative connotation, criticizing the exuberance of baroque that didn't appeal of any beauty to the artist of the time.

Mbari

The term for ceremonial houses that shelter clay sculptures and other works of art, such as paintings that are kept by the Ibo Tribe of West Africa.

Chroma colors

There are 80 colors and they are completely lightfast

Chroma colors

These colors have a greater tinting strength and opacity

Literati

These were the talented amateur painters and scholars whose work reached maturity during the Yuan dynasty, 1279 to 1368. The paintings are mostly landscapes, feature men in retirement, travels, or immersion in culture.

Students' colors

They are cheaper than artists' colors, they are made in larger quantities then artists' colors, and the color range is more limited than artists' colors. These color names are suffix with the word hue.

Hard pastels

They have a firmer consistency, they can be sharpened with a blade to produce crisp lines, and they do not clog the tooth of the paper.

Soft pastels

They produce a brilliant and rich painterly effect, and they contain more pigment.

Rattan

Thin strips of materials that come from a thorny climbing palm in Asia and the Pacific.

The majority of my artwork—whether painting or photography—is centered around nature. The natural world offers so much beauty in a world that's turning uglier with each passing day. It's my goal to capture what beauty we still have before it's gone and I want to preserve each moment so that they will never be forgotten. From the serene beauty of a calm river reflecting the New River Gorge Bridge soaring above it, to the impending storm sweeping in from the sea, to the symbolism of Christ at Calvary, I want my art to speak to the viewer and create a sense of peace or wonder at the power of nature. If asked about my artistic process, I would say that I paint or photograph what speaks to me, and nothing speaks louder than Mother Nature and her ever-changing moods.

Think about the ideas on which some of your art works are based. How is each idea communicated? How would you describe the ideas and your artistic process to other?

Stained glass

This art medium reached its popularity peak in the middle ages.

Ruth Faison Shaw

This artist is known for developing a modern fingerpainting technique in 1920s.

Diego Velazquez

This artist was the artist of Philip IV's court in the 17th century. He is known for his realistic portraits of the royal family in Spain's Golden Age. Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor)

Rome

This city became the most intellectual and artistic center in Italy at the beginning of the 16th century.

CMYK

This color model is widely used in color printing. It is called a subtractive model because it works by masking colors on a lighter, usually white background. The ink reduces the light that would otherwise be reflected. Thus it subtracts from the brightness of the background.

Portico and Cella

Two main areas of the square Roman temple

Thai

This culture reveres the distinctive type of Buddha image that developed at Sukhothai time as the city's crowning artistic achievement. The Sukhothai Buddha is highly idiosyncratic as a walking Buddha.

Dadaists

This group of artists used the technique of collage extensively.

Engraving

This is a process of cutting a design into a block or plate which is to be used to make an imprinted impression

Size

This is what seals the pores between the fibers of a support, making it less absorbent. This prevents the oil binder in the priming and paint layers from sinking into the support, leaving the paint film underbound and liable to sinking, flaking, and cracking.

Academie des Beaux-Arts

This means the Academy of Fine Arts in French, and it was the first European art academy, founded in Paris, in 1648. By the 1800s, similar art academies emerged in other parts of Europe, and this did much to systematize the training of European artists. Stringent standards and elitism.

Maenianum Secundum in Legneis

This was the final tier of seating (or standing in this case) of the Colosseum. It was added to the building during the reign of Emperor Domitian. It consisted of steep wooden steps that would provided standing room only for women and the poorest of the poor.

Maenianum Primum

This was the seating area directly above the podium. It was reserved mainly for Equestrians and possibly less important and wealthy patricians. There were further divisions within this tier of seating that would separate people based on wealth and prestige.

Paper mulberry tree

Throughout Polynesia women they decorated barkcloth from the inner bark of this tree.

Calotype, Wet-plate process, dry-plate process, and then instant photography

Timeline of photography methods

Saint George and the Dragon

Tintoretto. Displays his energetic storytelling style.

Venus of Urbino

Titian's most sensual masterpiece. Inspired Mark Twain to write A Tramp abroad.

Assumption of the Virgin

Titian. The largest altarpiece Venice had ever seen, which still stands in the church of the Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari.

Titian

Tiziano Vecellio de Cadore

Stylize

To change natural appearances by abstraction. Added muscles or beards to kings, or depicted them as larger than other people in the artwork.

Silla Kingdom

Tombs in Korea have yielded spectacular artifacts, such as gold crowns. These finds reveal the wealth and power of the kingdom.

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Took Michelangelo four years to paint and was commissioned by Pope Julius II.

Gouge

Tools that are used for wood cuttings or linoleum blocks. Can be V or U-shaped

Menhirs

Topless megaliths (solitary upright slabs) that appear in two types of formations. Circular patterns known as cromlechs and cemetery-like rows called alignments. Alignments appear to have been observatories and sites for sun worship.

My Bed

Tracey Emin, 1998. Involved a room with an unmade bed surrounded by personal items depicting the four days she spent in bed after a break up.

Cai Guo-Qiang

Transient Rainbow, 2002. Born in China, his father was an artist and he began his career designing sets for theater production. He lived for a while in Japan. There he began to experiment with explosives as part of his artworks. He uses Chinese symbols and stories in his creations. He also draws, paints, and creates sculptures.

Cel

Transparent sheet used in hand drawn animation

Watercolor paints

Transparent water-based paint that comes in dry or paste form.

Positivism

Truth was found in scientific, rational logic, and created a policy that nations should focus on progress rather than tradition.

Enlightenment Art (industrial revolution)

Truth, logic, progress, and the use of technology to create a better society.

Hopi and Zuni

Two groups of south western American Indians who manufacture kachina, which represents the supernatural represented in painted figurines.

Abu Simbel Temple

Two massive rock temples located in southern Egypt: the Great Temple, featuring four colossal 20 m statues of Ramesses II, and the Small Temple, decorated with four colossi himself and Nefertari. Originally carved out of the mountainside during his reign c. 1264 BCE as a lasting monument to himself and his queen, and to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Kadesh. In 1968, relocated in their entirety to an artificial hill to avoid being submerged during the creation of Lake Nasser.

International Style

Type of architecture that got its name from a book by Hitchcock and Johnson.

Lampworking

Type of glass working in which rods of molten glass are shaped with hand tools

Cold-pressed paper

Type of paper most often used for watercolor painting.

Alabastron, Amphora, and Hydria

Types of Greek vases

Bone dry

Unfixed clay that is free of water and ready to fire

Umberto Boccioni

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space. The bronze statue of a robotic running man is the Futurist ideal: a human with the dynamism and speed of a machine.

bits per second

Unit for measuring the speed of data transfer over a network connection. BPS.

Walter Gropius

United States architect (born in Germany) and founder of the Bauhaus school (1883-1969)

Louis Sullivan

United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924). The "father of the skyscraper."

Orthostats

Upright slabs of stone constituting or lining the lowest courses of a wall, often in order to protect a vulnerable material such as mud-brick. Unique characteristic of Assyrian architecture. Contain reliefs of narrative art.

Firing

Use for ceramics but not sculpture

Longshan Culture

Used a carbonization technique during the firing process that resulted in lustrous eggshell-thin black pottery. Yellow River valley of China.

Gum Arabic

Used as a binder in water colors. Water thins the paint and helps to transfer it to paper. When the water evaporates, this binds the pigment to the paper.

Runner

Used as a large channel through which liquid metal flows into a mold usually around the edges or along straight lines

Laid-and-couched Method

Used for filling or coloring in area within the outlines of embroidery.

Acid Dyes

Used for silk and wool and is the least hazardous to humans

Iconoscope

Used in early video cameras to convert light into electric waves, thereby creating a projected image.

Fig Leaves

Used in sculpture to conceal something embarrassing or distasteful.

Jacquard

Used large industrial looms and punchcards to quickly weave complicated patterns into objects like coverlets.

Rococo Art

Used loose brush strokes, pastel colors, and flowing lines and forms in their compositions. Asymmetrical balance creates emotion and playfulness.

Nalbinding

Used one needle to hook together short pieces of yarn, and then sewn through the earlier loops with the same needle.

Roman mosaics

Used opaque marble cubes

Stem or Outline Stitch

Used to "draw" the contours of shapes and to write text in embroidery.

Acetic acid

Used to clean graphics plates.

Glazing

Used to describe a technique of applying paint in thin, transparent layers so that the color beneath shows through.

Corner Clamp

Used to hold together two strips of material at right angles while the joint is secured, as in framing works of art.

Accelerator

Used to reduce the drying time of oil paints.

Bead Cap

Used to set-off or enhance individual beads in jewelry making.

Leonardo da Vinci

Used various techniques, such as aerial perspective, sfumato, and chiaroscuro—made figures and landscapes appear more realistic. This realism, more than anything else, is what distinguishes Renaissance art from Medieval art.

Tempering

When clay is strengthened with material like bits of shell or charcoal before it is made into vessels and fired.

Lost-wax casting

Uses a mold of clay, plaster, or other material, is the most effective method for making metal sculptures and objects of any size. The most common casting metal is bronze. Brass also gives good casting results.

Surform Tool

Uses a special cutting screen, like a cheese grater, to scrape off excess material Uses: Rough shaping of wood, foam, etc. Quick, rough removal of wood

Chiaroscuro

Uses contrasts of light and dark to create a sense of volume in Renaissance paintings.

Traction Fissure

Usually occur when the principles of painting "fat-over-lean" in oil's have not been applied.

Assyrian Art

Utilized aspects of Sumerian art for their own purposes.

Post-Impressionism

Van Gogh is sometimes included into this art movement because he wanted his paintings to express his inner feelings

Indigo, Cochineal, and Indian Yellow

Vegetable, animal, or synthetic organic pigments.

Gesso

Very smooth and porous, and is best applied to a rigid support prepared with glue size. It is not flexible enough for use on canvas. It is most suited to water-based paints, such as tempera, acrylics, and Chroma colors.

Non-linear edits

Video edits made with digital editing software. Being able to change or move any scene of recorded footage with software, Despite the sequence in which they were filmed.

Karlskirche

Vienna, Austria. Designed by Johan Bernhard Fischer von Erlach in 1716, is the greatest baroque church north of Italy.

Postmodernism

View contemporary society as a fragmented world that has no coherent center, no absolutes, no cultural baseline. 1970-

Engraving

Virgin and Child Seated on a Bank, 1522, Jan Gossart. Type of artwork?

Zaha Hadid

Vitra Fire Station. Deconstructivist architect.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

W.H. Hunt, J.E. Millais, and D.G. Rossetti.

Scaffold weaving

Warping method used to create four-selvage weaving

Baroque Art

Was a reaction to the stern austerity that characterized some elements of the protestant reformation. It is dramatic, luxurious, and emotional. Uses exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, and release from restraint.

Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze

Washington Crossing the Delaware. Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way in the stairway of the Capital in DC.

Gustav Klimt

Watersnakes depicts the lithe, golden shapes of women entwined in a sensual, underwater dream.

Voussoirs

Wedge-shaped stones that create the curved shape of a round arch. They are held in place by a Central Keystone at the top of the arch.

Four Masters of Ming

Wen Zhengming, Shen Zhou, Tang Yin, and Qin Ying.

Mayan pyramids are smaller and built as step pyramids of stone and lime mortar. Some were coated with plaster or painted while Egyptian pyramids were encased with a smooth limestone covering to give them a sleeker appearance. Mayan pyramids were built according to astronomical alignments and featured stairs for priests to ascend to perform rituals and sacrifices. Some may have been tombs whereas all of the Egyptian pyramids were solely tombs for the pharaohs.

What are some features of a Maya pyramid that distinguish it from an Egyptian pyramid?

• Oil pastels create a painterly effect without the need to prepare a canvas. They are also ideal for en plein air compositions since they are easily transported and require very little clean-up. They do not dry completely, so the finished work must be protected with a glass cover, and while you can use a scumbling technique, since they do no dry completely, there will be some blending of the colors. They can also be used on almost any surface making them extremely versatile. • Acrylic paint is water-soluble and can be used either as a wash like a watercolor, or in thick, impasto strokes. They mix well and can create a variety of shades and tints with just a few simple colors. They dry quickly so it's easy to build up layers of paint in a short amount of time. Newer acrylics come in the same colors as oil paints and some have even longer drying times to allow you to continue working on sections of painting for a few days before they set.

What are some general differences between the effects created by a particular drawing medium and those created by a particular painting medium?

Kandinsky associated representational painting with materialist values and abstraction with spirituality. Inner necessity constructs an image of the artist as a representative of the cultural, historical, and political zeitgeist, or spirit of the times. Kandinsky and the members of Blue Rider were united through their philosophy of color, spirituality, and spontaneity. They believed that painting could be like improvisational music and composition, and that color could be used in composition like tones in an orchestra. But of utmost importance was the practice of art as spiritual enrichment, expression, and exploration.

What are some of the reasons that artists in the early 20th century began to create works without representational imagery?

Egg tempera dries quickly, whereas oils dry more slowly allowing an artist to continue working on a section until they've achieved the result they desire. Egg tempera also leaves behind a yellow tint to the overall work while oil paints produce bright and vibrant colors.

What are some reasons why artist during the Renaissance abandoned the traditional egg tempera technique for painting in oils?

Dry mounting can help protect the work from damage as well as to help smooth out wrinkles and creases in supports that are prone to such problems. Dry mount is also recommended for pieces that have been stored in a tube for an extended period of time. A disadvantage of dry mounting is that it is permanent, so it is not recommended for signed or numbered pieces since foam core is not archival and it will devalue your piece of art.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of dry mounting?

• Advantages - they can be thinned and used like watercolor, or with less water can be opaque like acrylics. They can be reactivated with water to touch up areas an artist might want to revisit. They dry quickly which make them preferable to en plein air painters. They also work well with other mediums. • Disadvantages - Do not work well with canvases, they are not permanent and must be protected to ensure they do not come into contact with moisture, and the shades are difficult to predict since lighter values dry darker, and vice versa.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using gouache?

Generally sculptures need to be displayed at eye level regardless of size and media. Small sculptures can be placed on shelves or tables, larger pieces need a pedestal that does not take away from the piece. Sculptures need to be light with diffused light, including sunlight. Sculptures made of translucent materials will benefit from a lighted pedestal. Placement of the piece should not hinder the flow of traffic through a room, but should also not be tucked away in a corner where it can't be viewed from multiple angles.

What are the best ways of displaying 3D sculptures of various sizes and media?

• Earthenware - ceramics fired at 1200 degrees or lower. Most commonly used for planters. Porous, opaque, and coarser. Terra-cotta. • Stoneware - clay that has been fired at temperatures ranging from 2150 - 2330 degrees and is most commonly used for dinnerware or cooking. More durable than porcelain. • Porcelain - fired at high temperatures (2650 degrees). Renowned for its pure white color. Chips easily. Mainly used for decorative pieces and fine dinnerware.

What are the differences among earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain? Why might an artist choose one of them over another?

Over long periods of exposure, silica and alumina (the most common components in clay dust) can cause serious lung problems and scarring if proper safety equipment is not used during high-dust activities. Long-term exposure to pottery dust often has cumulative effects and can result in emphysema.

What are the hazards of prolonged exposure to clay dust or plaster dust?

• Relief - In relief processes the artist cuts away areas not requiring to be printed from a smooth wood, metal, or plastic surface, leaving raised portions which are then inked before the print is taken. • Intaglio - Images are incised into a metal plate such as in drypoint, mezzotint, aquatint, engraving, and etching. • Offset - Lithography, which is based on the fact that oil and water don't mix, is created with a grease drawing on a limestone, zinc, or aluminum plate. The plate is treated with a chemical solution of gum Arabic and nitric acid and then water is applied. Ink is then rolled onto the plate and will only adhere to the grease drawing allowing those areas to print to the paper. • Serigraphy - Silkscreening which uses a series of stencils placed over the same support with different colored inks to create one image. • Monoprint/Monotype - Since the design is not carved or drawn with a reusable substance and is instead drawn with ink or paint, the printing process can only create one print before the design must be redrawn.

What are the major printmaking processes?

1. Original sculpted in wax 2. Cut wax into parts 3. Embed pieces in clay and pour plaster over exposed parts 4. Assemble pieces and fill with hot wax to create a duplicate wax model 5. Reassemble the wax sculpture 6. Fill the hollow wax sculpture with core material such as a mixture of sand, clay, ceramic powder, and plaster. The core could resist the heat of the molten bronze. 7. Insert iron pins before core material solidifies to hold it in place 8. Attach a network of solid wax rods to the figure to vent air and gases and to create a circulatory system for the flow of molten bronze to the figure 9. Encase the wax figure into an outer mold 10. The cylinder mold was heated upside down in a kiln to melt the wax. The iron pins remained to keep the figure's shape and the wax rods also melted to allow the bronze to flow through the mold 11. Place mold into a sand pit 12. Bronze is melted in a crucible inside a furnace heated to 2000 degrees 13. Skim off slag 14. Pour bronze into opening of mold 15. Cool 16. Break open mold with hammer 17. Bronze channels sawed off and iron pins removed 18. Fill holes caused by trapped gases or shrinking of the metal 19. Sharpen fine details and add a patina • Indirect hollow casting allows the sculptor to recreate the same sculpture numerous times since a mold was made of the original instead of allowing the wax to completely be burned off as in lost-wax or direct hollow casting.

What are the steps in creating a hollow cast bronze sculpture? What are the advantages of casting?

Cracking

What can occur if a direct modeling material is dried too fast?

High temperatures

What causes glaze bubbles to form on a clay's surface?

The relative proportions of graphite and clay used

What determines the hardness of drawing pencils?

cloth rags, cellulose fibers from plants, trees, bamboo, straw, sugarcane, flax, hemp, jute fibers, cotton and linen rags for higher quality papers such as wedding invitations and resume paper.

What different kinds of materials can be used to make paper?

The most difficult part of obtaining this shot was finding the right angle. I ended up lying on the ground with my camera resting on the ground at a slight angle to line up the dandelion and the sun.

What difficulties did they present? Dandelions in the Gorge

The only difficulties I had were finding the right percentage of water to paint for the wash, and perfecting my dry brush technique.

What difficulties did they present? Reflections in the Gorge

The most difficult aspect of this painting was creating the right blend of colors in the sea using the broken color technique. I didn't want it to appear as though there was a line separating the darker hues from the lighter ones, so it took a little trial and error to find the right balance that kept the viewer's eyes flowing across the canvas.

What difficulties did they present? Seagrass in the Wind

"In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair." Sol LeWitt

What does it mean to say that art is conceptual?

• Filters from the Artistic submenu help you achieve painterly and artistic effects for a fine arts or commercial project. • The Blur filters soften a selection or an entire image, and are useful for retouching. • Like the Artistic filters, the Brush Stroke filters give a painterly or fine-arts look using different brush and ink stroke effects. • The Distort filters geometrically distort an image, creating 3D or other reshaping effects. • The Noise filters add or remove noise, or pixels with randomly distributed color levels. This helps to blend a selection into the surrounding pixels. • The filters in the Pixelate submenu sharply define a selection by clumping pixels of similar color values in cells. • The Render filters create 3D shapes, cloud patterns, refraction patterns, and simulated light reflections in an image. • The Sharpen filters focus blurred images by increasing the contrast of adjacent pixels. • Filters in the Sketch submenu add texture to images, often for a 3D effect. The filters also are useful for creating a fine-arts or hand-drawn look. • The Stylize filters produce a painted or impressionistic effect on a selection by displacing pixels and by finding and heightening contrast in an image. • Use the Texture filters to simulate the appearance of depth or substance, or to add an organic look. • The Digimarc filters embed a digital watermark into an image to store copyright information.

What functions do filters have in Adobe Photoshop?

A model for a larger piece of sculpture, created in order to visualize how it might look and to work out approaches and materials for how it might be made.

What is a maquette and why is it useful to make one?

Oily rags need to be air dried before you can safely dispose of them. Do not stack them up with other rags since they release heat as they dry and can spontaneously combust and cause fires. Oily rags can be stored in an airtight metal container until they can be properly disposed of. Add water and oil-breakdown detergent to keep them from combusting. Take dried rags to a hazardous waste disposal center.

What is a safe way to dispose of oily rags?

• PPI refers to pixels per inch and is used in digital images. The more pixels, the larger the image can be, the less pixels, the more pixelated it will become when enlarged. • DPI refers to dots per inch and is used in printing. The dots refer to the amount of ink used per inch of the print and the more ink, the clearer the image will be upon enlargement, and vice versa.

What is meant by ppi and dpi, and what information do they provide for projecting or printing a digital image?

Raster graphics use pixels to create a picture, so unless there are a large number of pixels, the image will pixelate when enlarged. Vector graphics are created using software that allows you to draw lines and shapes. Because the images are drawn, they can be enlarged without any distortion.

What is the difference between raster and vector formats in computer graphics.

Both permanent and workable spray fixatives used to fix drawings contain toxic solvents. There is high exposure by inhalation to these solvents because the products are sprayed in the air, often right on a desk or easel. In addition you can be inhaling the plastic particulates that comprise the fixative itself. Spray fixatives should be used with a spray booth that exhausts to the outside. An exhaust fan is also needed to remove organic vapors and particulates.

What type of precautions should be taken when using workable fixative on a regular basis?

• Pinching can deliver a pleasingly organic look, but can also yield beautiful, refined results. Through this process, you learn to rely on your fingers to tell you information about the clay. You also develop a kinetic awareness of form and of the thickness of walls and floors. • Coil building is a forming method that uses rope-like coils of plastic clay, assembled in successive courses to build up wall of vessel or sculpture. The technique permits control of the walls as they are built up and allows building on top of the walls to make the vessel look bigger and bulge outward or narrow inward with less danger of collapsing. • Although it can be used to create many of the same shapes that are achievable on a wheel, slab building also allows the potter to create more angular shapes that are more challenging to make on a wheel.

What types of hand-building techniques can be used to create a ceramic vessel, and what are the advantages of each?

Western landscapes are more focused on realism and linear perspective, whereas Chinese landscapes are more concerned with conveying a feeling through their landscapes. There is logic and order to a western landscape which draws your eye to certain aspects the artist wants you to notice, but a Chinese landscape invites you to wander through the landscape and discover hidden treasures that are scattered throughout.

What visual characteristics distinguish a landscape painting in China or Japan from those painted in the European tradition?

Mayan pyramids were temples as well as tombs and only priests were allowed to ascend the stairs to perform rituals and sacrifices. The pyramids were part of a complex that also included palaces, ball courts, plazas, and courtyards.

What was the function of a pyramid in Maya life and culture?

Lossless file

When a digital camera takes a photo the image data is stored as a computer file. These files are quite large in size when the data is stored fully. The most common type of file in use is a TIF file.

Cirage

When a picture is monochromatically rendered in yellow.

Self-portraits became popular during the Baroque era with the advent of easel painting and the widespread use of oil paints. Artists created self-portraits for a variety of reasons—finding models could be difficult and artists needed to practice depicting the human form realistically, self-portraits are a method of self-examination, and self-portraits were in high demand in Europe during that time period and sold very well.

When in the history of Western culture did European artists begin to create self-portraits and why?

Plaster of Paris

When native calcium sulfate is roasted at 212-374°F it loses 3/4 of its water of crystallization and becomes this.

Ogee

When shown in profile, has a recessed S-shaped curve

Glory, Mandorla, or Vesica Piscis

When the light appears around the whole body.

Italy

Which country emphasized religious works, had the Church as its patron, displayed a dynamic style, and had dramatic, intense qualities?

Pigments with heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, cadmium, and lead are toxic. Cadmium yellow, flake white, and vermilion are highly toxic. Cobalt blue, viridian, and zinc white are moderately toxic. Earth colors and iron oxides are considered to be the least toxic of the pigments.

Which pigments used in paint, ink, or glaze have a greater level of toxicity and which have less?

Gothic Architecture

Which style of architecture is the Cathedral of Chartres?

• Installations such as Joseph Beuy's I Like America, and America Likes Me is considered time-based media due to the nature of his work. Being locked inside a room with a wild coyote isn't something that will be sustainable for long periods of time. Most installations are large and take up a lot of space, so some museums choose not to house them indefinitely to make room for other installations or smaller pieces that won't take up as much room.

Why are installations classified with time-based media?

They eliminate the need for stretching.

Why artist sometimes used prepared boards for watercolors.

Priming a canvas helps the colors to stand out. It also provides a solid support for oil paints and reduces the risk of the paint sinking into the canvas leaving dull spots. It also provides a smoother surface so your brush flows better. Because the primer evens out the tooth of the canvas, some artists might choose not to use a primer so they can create a watercolor effect by thinning out their paints to create a wash.

Why is a canvas generally primed before an artist paints on it? In what cases might an artist choose not to prime a canvas?

Automatic drawing was seen as the only way to escape from cultural, intellectual and historical constraints and unlock the basic creativity supposedly lodged deep within the artist's personality. For Surrealist artists, automatic drawing and painting represented a higher, more noble, form of behavior.

Why were the surrealists attracted to the idea of automatic drawing?

Sculptor's clay

Will last indefinitely in its original powder state or if kept in a wet or moist condition. Is used only to make models which are to be cast in some other material soon after they are completed. It must be moistened by a liberal spraying of water every 12 to 24 hours.

George Braque

With Picasso, founded Cubism.

Willem de Kooning

Woman I. Gestural abstraction of style.

Relief Printing

Woodcuts

Earthworks

Works of art created by material such as stones, dirt, and leaves. Robert Smithson's creation, Spiral Jetty, in the Great Salt Lake is an example.

Leonardo da Vinci

Wrote backwards. His writings had to be read in a mirror and weren't decoded for centuries.

Alfred Stieglitz

Wrote extensively on the relation of photography to the other visual arts. Married to Georgia O'Keefe.

Otto Dix

a German painter and printmaker, noted for his ruthless and harshly realistic depictions of Weimar society and the brutality of war. Along with George Grosz, he is widely considered one of the most important artists of the New Objectivity Movement. Stormtroopers advancing under gas, 1924.

Trajan's Column

a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars (modern Romania)

Naturalism

a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

Portico

a structure consisting of a roof supported by columns at regular intervals, typically attached as a porch to a building.

Curvilinear

characterized by curved lines

Transformation

a change in the nature, appearance, or meaning of something. Artists deliberately copy familiar images and forms with the intent of changing their meaning. Art involving such images might serve as a comment on a work's original meaning or express a social or political message.

Acetylene

a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding.

egg and dart

a decorative detail used to ornament molding in classical architecture with alternating oval-shaped and protruding elements

Marquetry

a decorative technique in which patterns are created on a wooden surface by means of inlaid wood, shell, or ivory. Raised.

Narrative art

a form of art that tells a story

Wattle and Daub

a framework of interwoven sticks and mud or clay used to build homes

Dovetail Joint

a furniture joinery technique of interlocking "wedge" shaped finger cut-outs

Loggia

a gallery with an open arcade or colonnade on one or both sides

Group f/64

a group founded by seven 20th-century San Francisco photographers who shared a common photographic style characterized by sharp-focused on and carefully framed images seen through a particularly Western (U.S.) viewpoint.

Byte

a group of 8 bits

Butt Joint

a joint formed by two surfaces abutting at right angles

Aquatint

a kind of print that achieves a watercolor effect by using acids that dissolve onto a copper plate

WiFi

a local area network that uses high frequency radio signals to transmit and receive data over distances of a few hundred feet. 2.4GHz - 5GHz

Architrave

a main beam resting across the tops of columns, specifically the lower third entablature.

palimpsest

a manuscript or piece of writing material on which the original writing has been effaced to make room for later writing but of which traces remain.

Rabbit Skin Glue

a material that has traditionally been used for sizing oil-painting supports, because of good adhesive strength

Repousse

a metalworking technique in which a malleable metal is ornamented or shaped by hammering from the reverse side to create a design in low relief.

Utrecht Psalter

a ninth century illuminated psalter which is a key masterpiece of Carolingian art; it is probably the most valuable manuscript in the Netherlands. It is famous for its 166 lively pen illustrations, with one accompanying each psalm and the other texts in the manuscript

Alhambra

a palace and fortress built in Granada by the Muslims in the Middle Ages. Features the Muqarnas dome in the Court of Lions.

Panathenaic Festival Procession

a parade of Athenians marching up to the acropolis and all helping to replace Athena's shawl, in frieze all around cella of Parthenon. A religious ceremony held every four years.

Grattage

a pattern created by scraping off layers of paint from a canvas laid over a textured surface

Daguerreotype

a photograph taken by an early photographic process employing an iodine-sensitized silvered plate and mercury vapor.

piece-mold casting

a process for casting metal objects in which a mold is broken into several pieces that are then reassembled into a final sculpture. Chinese.

Marouflage

a process of fastening canvas to a wall with an adhesive.

Iwan

a rectangular vaulted space in a Muslim building that is walled on three sides and open on the fourth

Putti

a representation of a naked child, especially a cherub or a cupid in Renaissance art.

Maquette

a sculptor's small preliminary model or sketch.

Resin

a semisolid substance that comes from the sap of some plants and trees. It is used in varnishes, paints, turpentine, adhesives, inks and medicines.

Blind arcade

a series of arches in relief with blocked openings

Hammurabi's Code

a set of laws carved on a stele that governed life in the Babylonian empire.

Running stitch

a simple needlework stitch consisting of a line of small even stitches that run in and out through the cloth without overlapping.

Alabastron

a small pot with a narrow neck, and generally without a foot, used for holding oil or perfume. Greek vase.

Caryatid

a stone carving of a draped female figure, used as a pillar to support the entablature of a Greek or Greek-style building.

Capstone

a stone that forms the top of wall or building, as on a pyramid.

Madras

a strong, fine-textured cotton fabric, typically patterned with colorful stripes or checks. From India.

Art nouveau

a style of decorative art, architecture, and design prominent in western Europe and the US from about 1890 until World War I and characterized by intricate linear designs and flowing curves based on natural forms.

alla prima

a style of painting where, instead of building colors up with layers, the painting is done in one session while the paint is still wet

Action painting

a technique and style of abstract painting in which paint is randomly splashed, thrown, or poured on the canvas. It was made famous by Jackson Pollock, and formed part of the more general movement of abstract expressionism. Directly influenced by automatism.

Action Painting

a technique and style of abstract painting in which paint is randomly splashed, thrown, or poured on the canvas. It was made famous by Jackson Pollock, and formed part of the more general movement of abstract expressionism. This school of art believe that the way artists applied paint was the most important aspect of a painting.

Triglyph

a triple projecting, grooved member of a Doric frieze that alternates with metopes

Helvetica

a typeface in which characters have no serifs

Dougong

a unique structural element of interlocking wooden brackets, one of the most important elements in traditional Chinese architecture.

Groin Vault

a vault formed when two barrel vaults meet at right angles

acrylic paint

a water based paint that has a (polymer) plastic binder and dries to a permanent covering.

Bellini

adopted the technique of oil glazing and revolutionized Venetian painting. His most famous students, Giorgione and Titian adopted his glazing technique and which permitted beautiful color and rich tone which was has been unsurpassed.

Threshold limit values

airborne concentrations that workers can be exposed to day after day without adverse effect as regulated by the American medical Association.

Rocaille

an 18th-century artistic or architectural style of decoration characterized by elaborate ornamentation with pebbles and shells, typical of grottos and fountains

Campanile

an Italian bell tower, especially a freestanding one.

Magnesium carbonate

an alkaline substance that is used during the process of deacidification

Delian League

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

Bronze

an alloy of copper and tin

Kore

an archaic Greek statue of a young woman, standing and clothed in long loose robes.

Cloisonne

an enamel technique in which metal wire or strips are affixed to the surface to form the design; the resulting areas are filled with enamel (colored glass)

Photogram

an image made by placing objects on photosensitive paper and exposing them to light to produce a silhouette

Photogravure

an image produced from a photographic negative transferred to a metal plate and etched into a positive.

Readymade

an object made for another purpose, but displayed by an artist as art (bicycle wheel, urinal, hat rack)

Magatama

are curved, comma-shaped beads that appeared in prehistoric Japan from the Final Jōmon period

Fusuma-e

are paintings on sliding wall panels from the Japanese art tradition. They are typically considered to be temporary works because the materials are short-lived.

fenestration

arrangement of windows of a building

Giulio Romano

artist of the Gonzaga family; Raphael's top assistant; Mannerist

Environmental Art

artistic works that are intended to enhance or become part of the environment or make a statement on environmental issues. Cristo and Jeanne-Claude. The Gates Project.

Bit

binary digit

Ormolu

brass that looks like gold

Berthe Morisot

broke the practice of women being only amateur artists and became a professional painter. Her dedication won her the disfavor of academics. She used light colors and flowing brushwork. At the Ball paints a poignant picture of womanhood in the 19th century.

Ashlar Masonry

carefully cut and regularly shaped blocks of stone, fitted together without mortar

Franks Casket

chest from Anglo-Saxons that depict stories from Christian, Anglo-Saxon, Germanic and roman cultures and religions carved from whale's bone. Runic, Latin and latin in runic inscriptions. Half the casket is decorated with a pagan demigod, other half is Jesus and the wisemen, shows misunderstanding of the converts.

Acrylic plastic

commonly used for art restoration because of its chemical and water resistance

Girandole

composition or structure in radiating arrangement or form. As a French term, it refers to an ornamentally-branching candle holder.

Malagan Masks

created by the people of the Melanesian island of New Ireland. These elaborate wooden pieces are specifically created for funerary ceremonies.

Vignetting

creates a soft-edged border around an image that blends into the background

Helical

curve that lies on a cylinder or cone

Calligrapy

decorative writing developed during the Shang Dynasty in China.

Precisionism

developed in America in the 1920's out of a fascination with the machine's precision and importance in modern life.(Charles Sheeler, Charles Demuth, Georgia O'Keefe)

Charge-coupled device

device that converts light into electrical energy; used in digital cameras. CCD

Refectory

dining hall

Venus of Dolni Vestonice

earliest ceramic artifact found in the Czech Republic.

Ram in a Thicket

elaborate gold figurine found at Ur (Southern Iraq), early example of ceramics and art

Linen

fabric woven from fibers of the flax plant

Cliche Verre

half-drawing half-photo from a scratched glass plate. Plate used as a negative. 1850s.

Hot wire cutter

heated wire for cutting expanded and rigid foam—styrofoam.

Video Editing Software

iMovie, Windows Movie Maker, Adobe Premiere Elements, Final Cut Pro, and CyberLink PowerDirector.

Theodore Gericault

important French painter and lithographer, known for The Raft of the Medusa and other paintings. He was one of the pioneers of the Romantic movement.

Jean-Antoine Houdon

in 18th century produced realistic busts of several famous men; Voltaire, Rousseau, Washington, La Fayette, Franklin, Jefferson. Neoclassical sculptor.

Scumbling

in oil painting, the technique of brushing one layer of paint on top of another in a way that reveals some of the under color.

Abbot Suger

in the 12th century, he built the Church of Saint Denis, the premier model of Gothic architecture

Appropriation

intentionally borrowing or using well-known images or objects created by someone else.

George Eastman

invented the Kodak camera, and dry-plate process.

Accidental Color

involves the image of a bright object staying imprinted before the eyes when a person looks away, but changing to its complementary color. For example red will change to green

RAW

is a camera file format that acts like a negative, allowing you to make significant changes to the original image

Cindy Sherman

is a feminist artist who addresses the way Western art has presented women for the "male gaze" by her self-portraits in photography. She sees gender as a socially constructed concept and an unstable one.

Heddle

is a wire with a hole or eyelet in its center through which a warp yarn is threaded

Book of Kells

is an illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables. A purely Irish illuminated manuscript.

Raden Saleh

is one of the best known painters from Indonesia and a pioneer of modern Indonesian art. He was considered to be the first modern artist from the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and his paintings corresponded with nineteenth-century romanticism which was popular in Europe at the time. He also expressed his cultural roots and inventiveness in his work.

Peter Paul Rubens

is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings of both religion and mythology.

Peter Paul Rubens

is the most famous Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings. Christ Risen.

Limners

itinerant painters of colonial America.

Harappa

large ancient city of the Indus civilization, located in present-day Pakistan. Protected by a large brick wall, it has public baths and paved streets.

Armory Show in New York (1913)

major event that brought modernism to the attention of a broader American public.

Hall of Mirrors

most famous room in Versailles, on one end is peace room, and the other side is the war room, 17 mirrors face 17 windows. Jules Hardouin-Mansart.

Avant-garde

new and unusual or experimental ideas, especially in the arts, or the people introducing them.

Arcosolia

niches covered by arches, often used as spaces for burial sarcophagi

Ignudi

nude youths

Gigahertz

one billion cycles per second; abbreviated GHz.

Megapixel

one million pixels in a raster graphic.

biomorphic forms

organic abstract shapes that resemble organisms or anatomical elements.

Tracery

ornamental stonework holding stained glass in place, characteristic of Gothic cathedrals

Giuseppe Arcimboldo

painted witty, even surreal portraits composed of fruits, vegetables, fish, and trees

Tachism

painting by smearing or splattering. Used by Manet, and made his paintings look flat.

Alkyd Paints

paints are made from pigments bound in an oil-modified synthetic resin. They handle in the same way as traditional oil paints, but have the advantage of being much faster-drying.

Laid papers

paper with impressions of parallel lines due to the pulp resting against wires on the screen as the paper is being made

Carolingian Renaissance

period of intellectual, cultural, and economic revival occurring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of both Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.

Fugitive colors

pigment or dye colors that fade when exposed to light. Naphtol crimson and reddish violet.

Halftone Art

printed imagery in which shades of gray are represented by a minute pattern of dots of variable sizes.

George Grosz

produced numerous paintings and drawings, such as Fit for Active Service, that were caustic indictments of the military. In these works, he often depicted military officers as heartless or incompetent. The simplicity of the line drawing in the work contributes to the directness and immediacy of the work, which scathingly portrays the German army. New objectivity.

PSD

stands for PhotoShop Document and is the native format to save any file created in Photoshop. Files are usually created in layers and are normally quite large, but are editable.

Minarettes

steel tools that are used by sculptors for the purpose of retouching and attention to small details.

Bitmaps

store information pixel by pixel. Raster Graphics.

Nihonga

style of Japanese painting that includes some aspects of the Western style of painting including chiaroscuro, one-point linear perspective and bright colors

Quattrocento

the 1400s, or fifteenth century, in Italian art

Neolithic Era

the New Stone Age; the time period after the Paleolithic Era, marked by the use of tools. Started around 15,000 BC. Ended when the crafting of metal tools became popular.

Spandrels

the almost triangular space between one side of the outer curve of an arch, a wall, and the ceiling or framework.

Transept

the arm of a cruciform church perpendicular to the nave

Pendentives

the concave triangular section of a vault that forms the transition between a square or polygonal space and the circular base of a dome. Sits on four piers (rectangular columns).

Book of Durrow

the oldest surviving complete illuminated gospel book in the insular style; probably created between 650-700 in Northumbria (northern England/southern Scotland)

Flocculation

the process by which colloidal (i.e. clay-size) particles join together

Calendaring

the process of pressing paper between rollers to give it a smooth surface.

Glyptic

the quality of an art material like stone, wood, or metal that can be carved or engraved

Metopes

the square panel between the triglyphs in a Doric frieze, often sculpted in relief

Aerial Perspective

the technique of representing more distant objects as fainter and more blue.

Narthex

the vestibule or entrance porch of a church

Iconography

the visual images and symbols used in a work of art or the study or interpretation of these.

triaxial weave

the weave in which yarns run in three directions

Metier

the work one is especially suited for; one's specialty; an occupation

Post-Impressionism

the work or style of a varied group of late 19th-century and early 20th-century artists including Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cézanne. They reacted against the naturalism of the impressionists to explore color, line, and form, and the emotional response of the artist, a concern that led to the development of expressionism.

Post-Impressionism

the work or style of a varied group of late 19th-century and early 20th-century artists including Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cézanne. They reacted against the naturalism of the impressionists to explore color, line, and form, and the emotional response of the artist, a concern that led to the development of expressionism. 1886-1892

Kerf

used to describe the thickness of the cut a woodworking saw blade makes in a piece of wood as it cuts through it. The term is also sometimes used to describe the thickness of the blade itself

Pantograph machine

used to enlarge the size of a sculpture while maintaining appropriate proportions.

trompe l'oeil

visual illusion in art, especially as used to trick the eye into perceiving a painted detail as a three-dimensional object. Developed during the renaissance.

Incrustation

wall decoration consisting of bright panels of different colors

Jean-Francois Millet

was a French painter and one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. Millet is noted for his scenes of peasant farmers; he can be categorized as part of the naturalism and realism movements. "The Gleaners"

Robert Rauschenberg

was a pop artist who made "combines" by interspersing painted passages with sculptural elements.

JBIG

widely-used compression standard for images with very little color, such as black and white document pages

Scriptoria

writing rooms where Irish monks copied the works of early Christianity, such as the Bible, but also the works of Latin classical authors