Praxis Family and Consumer Sciences (5122 )

A social security account number card is required by US citizens to be hired for a job.

A SSN is required to document employment authorization in order to complete I-9 requirements.

Creating a list of things to do is less necessary when a daily routine has been established.

A daily routine makes certain tasks habitual, which can eventually eliminate the need for the list. For instance, a parent might get up every morning and go through the same steps to get his children ready for school. Since this set of tasks is performed habitually, it does not need to be written down. In addition, the development of a routine helps get the body and mind accustomed to performing certain tasks as certain times. Many people find that a routine makes it less difficult for them to find the motivation to perform unpleasant tasks.

A needs assessment for a family and consumer science program should begin with a gap analysis.

A gap analysis is a needs assessment in which the performance of the class is compared to the performance of students at leading school. While this may involve a survey of summative assessment results, it should also include a look at the instructional methods, equipment, and community support at the respective schools. This process is similar to the benchmarking performed by business leaders, wherein a business is compared to its most successful competitor. The idea is to bring one's own performance in line with the top performer in one's field. The subsequent needs analysis will define the ways in which the family and consumer science program should improve its approach to leaders in the field.

A la carte is when items are priced individually

A table d'hote menu is a menu containing a complete meal with limited number of courses to choose from at a fixed total price. Banquets are large, elaborate meals for numerous people. Buffets are meals consisting of several dished where guests serve themselves.

Toddlers (1-2 years old) are most likely to throw a tantrum.

A tantrum is the expression of frustration with challenges of the moment often from the child not having the vocabulary to express his or her feelings.

The daily values listed on food packaging assume that a person's daily diet consists of two thousand calories.

Adult males are generally advised to eat about this many calories every day. Women and children, however, may require fewer calories, while athletes may require more. When one's recommended caloric intake is considerably lower or higher than two thousand, one must make necessary adjustments to the daily values.

According to personal finance experts, the maximum percentage of income a family should spend on housing is 25%.

Although some lenders are willing to give money to homebuyers who will spend up to 40% of their income on housing, this is considered a risky loan. Such a loan is especially risky when the borrower has other long term debt besides housing costs. As a consumer, it is wise to create a detailed budget before committing any funds to housing costs.

Reflexes are natural, unlearned behavior and disappear between 3-4 months when the muscles become stronger

An infant's natural reflexes of grasping and rooting disappear between 3 and 4 months.

Complementary colors are opposite on the color wheel.

Analogous colors use adjacent colors (ex: yellow, yellow-green, green). Monochromatic uses different tints, shades, and intensities of one color. Triadic color scheme uses three colors equally dispersed on the color wheel.

Working with separate cutting boards avoids cross-contamination

Bacteria can spread when using the same cutting board or opposite sides.

A major benefit of vitamin A can give a person healthy hair and skin.

Carrots, pumpkins, fish, and eggs are all good sources of vitamin A. Help with forming new cells is a major benefit of folate, or folic acid. There is a great deal of folate in spinach and fortified grains. Vitamin C is one of the primary disease-fighting nutrients. It is obtained most effectively from citrus fruits and broccoli. Concentration and alertness are improved by vitamin B-12. It is most abundant in fish, poultry, and eggs. Calcium is a mineral that helps muscles contract. It is abundant in dairy products and sardines.

DVD's are an example of a discretionary expense.

Discretionary costs are expenses made at the discretion of the consumer. Discretionary expenses are those over which a consumer has the most control. A comprehensive budget must include discretionary expenses as well as fixed and variable expenses. Fixed expenses, such as rent, are the same every month. Variable expenses, including groceries, school supplies, and heating oil, are always present but vary in amount over the course of a year.

Drop-in child care is useful when a family's regular child care provider is unavailable.

Drop-in child care is a service offered by some daycares and other child care centers. When parents have a specific need for childcare, when their normal provider is closed, for instance, they can call the drop-in center and see if there is any room for their child. The parents will need to have registered with the drop-in center ahead of time. This arrangement helps child care facilities operate at maximum capacity and helps parents fill unexpected holes in their child care schedule. Drop-in child care can be expensive, however, and may not be a valid option for children with special needs. Whether a child is in school or not would have little bearing on the utility of drop-in child care.

In order to reduce the risk of spinal bifida in infants, food manufacturers have begun adding folic acid.

Folic acid is a B vitamin that aids in the synthesis of hemoglobin, which is required to transport oxygen throughout the bloodstream. Pregnant women, women who are trying to become pregnant, and elderly people should all ensure that their diet includes foods with folic acid. There are also a number of safe supplements containing folic acid.

In interior design, the arrangement of elements in a pattern around some central point is known as radial balance.

For instance, a dining room might be arranged such that all of the furniture extends out from a central table. The pattern of the radial elements can be based on size, color, or texture. Symmetrical balance is the arrangement of identical elements around a center point or line. This is the most rigidly balanced form of interior design. Gradation balance is the subtle but regular alteration of specific elements in an interior. For instance, a room might include various shades of the same color. Asymmetrical balance is the arrangement of unlike elements that nevertheless creates a balance when looked at as a whole. Harmonic balance is the agreement of the various design elements in a room. It does not entail any particular physical arrangement.

A kitchen is fourteen feet long and ten feet wide, but it has an adjoining pantry four feet deep and four feet wide. The gross area of the kitchen is 156 square feet.

In interior design, the gross area of a room is its area, as well as the areas of any ancillary spaces. Pantries, closets, and similar spaces are considered ancillary. The area of a room is found by multiplying length by width. Sometimes, the length of a pantry or closet will be referred to as depth. If the shape of a space is irregular (for instance, L-shaped), it is best to divide the room into rectangular spaces, find the areas of these spaces, and then add them together.

A student whose interest level and performance have steadily declined admits to his teacher that he is depressed, but is not yet willing to do anything to remedy this problem. He is in the contemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of change.

In this stage, a person recognizes the need for a change but is not yet prepared to take action. This is the second of six stages. IN the first stage, precontemplation, the person does not yet recognize that he or she has a problem. In the third stage, preparation/commitment, the persona determines that a change is necessary and begins to collect information about solutions. The fourth stage is action, when the person begins to change his or her behavior. In the fifth stage, maintenance, the person notes the benefits of the new behavior and strives to avoid falling back into bad habits. IN the sixth and final stage, termination, the person has made the new behavior habitual and is very unlikely to backslide.

Discussion, then a final decision by the parents, is the best method for a family to decide on a vacation destination.

It is important for parents to give their children a sense of involvement in the process, though the parents should retain the ultimate decision. When parents make decisions without consulting their children, the children are less likely to be willing to participate fully. On the other hand, when children are included in making important decisions, they often are governed by emotion or whim rather than reason. The best decision-making system, then, is a combination of discussion and parental leadership.

Stained clothing should be cleaned within 24 hours.

It is not a good idea to iron stained objects, as the heat is likely to set the stain. Bar soap should not be used on fresh stains, because it too has the capacity to set stains. Hot water can set stains caused by proteins, like blood, milk, and egg. It is not considered safe to wash clothing with chemical stains alongside regular laundry. Although most washing machines are strong enough to remove toxic chemicals, there is no sense in taking the risk.

USDA Sodium levels

Low sodium contains 140 mg or less. Very low sodium has 35 mg or less. Reduced sodium has 25% less sodium than the original product. Lightly salted must be 50% less than the original product.

A five year-old is probably too young to mop the kitchen floor.

Mopping requires a degree of upper-body strength that a child of this age is unlikely to possess. However, a five year-old should be able to complete all of the other tasks listed as answer choices. Moreover, children at this age are often very enthusiastic about helping with household chores, particularly if they are given a chance to work independently. At this age, children are interested in participating in adult activities whenever possible, and parents should take advantage of this interest.

Educational research on early childhood curriculum and assessment guidelines calls for greater emphasis on active, hands-on learning using meaningful and relevant learning experiences, interactive teaching, and cooperative learning.

National early childhood organization unanimously criticize memorization, drill and practice, teacher lecture, and repetitive seatwork.

Rapid weight loss decreases metabolism.

Nutritionists and doctors believe that this is a form of self-defense by the body, which senses that food is not as available and therefore tries to limit its use of calories. Weight gain always raises metabolism, in part because there is more muscle or fat to provide with nutrients. Muscle burns more calories than fat, so an increase in muscle mass will correlate with an increase in metabolism. Any exercise tends to increase metabolism.

When making a schedule, children should be encouraged to include some free time and place the hardest tasks first.

One of the hallmarks of an effective schedule is specificity, so large categories like homework should be broken down into smaller tasks. At the least, the child should divide homework into subjects, and it may even be necessary to subdivide subjects into particular tasks. It is important, however, for a schedule to include some free time because interruptions and distractions are inevitable. If a schedule is too rigid, the student is likely to become discouraged when he or she s unable to meet it. Also, it is a good idea to place the hardest tasks first, since the student will have the highest energy and mental resources then.

The proper decision-making process begins by defining the problem to be solved.

Only after the problem has been outlined in its entirety should possible solutions be considered. It is a good idea to write down these options. Whenever possible, the emphasis should be on long-term solutions rather than quick fixes. In some cases, it may be determined that there is not enough information to make an informed decision. If this is the case, either information should be collected or, if this is impossible, the decision maker should figure out a strategy for mitigating this problem.

Location is one of the most important factors when making housing choices

Other factors could be cost, credit score, and resale value.

Experience is NOT a relevant factor when making changes in the family and consumer science curriculum.

Teachers of all levels of experience should be able to adapt their method and content when called upon to do so. In recent years, there has been pressure for the family and consumer science curriculum to be more closely aligned with general content standards. Teachers do report that knowledge, time, skill, and expense can be significant barriers to change in the curriculum. In particular, many teachers claim that they do not have enough time to implement major changes. The knowledge and skill obstacles may not be the fault of the teacher; for instance, a teacher might not get approval for changes from an administrator who is ignorant about the subject.

Sudden interest in a new hobby is NOT a warning sign of teen depression.

Teenagers at risk of depression tend to withdraw and will not be likely to take on a new hobby. Instead, depressed teens lose interest in activities that previously engaged and pleased them. Depression is also thought to be hereditary, so teenagers with a family history of the illness should be especially alert to these signs.

Debenture bonds are a type of corporate bond that is secured only by the assets and earnings of the corporation.

This is just one kind of bond sold by corporations to raise money. Consumers should be apprised of the various types of bonds offered so that they can make wise investment decisions. The general difference between bonds is the security offered; that is, the way in which the corporation guarantees repayment. A collateral trust bond uses the stocks and bonds of other companies as collateral. A mortgage bond is secured by a piece of mortgaged property, such as an office building or factory. A sinking-fund bond is a form of debenture bond in which the corporation additionally pledges to pay back the money slowly over a long time. A convertible bond can be traded in for common stock at any time.

According to John Gottman, humor is the best response to criticism by a spouse.

When the criticized partner responds to criticism by deflecting or soothing the other person, tempers are quelled and the partnership remains strong. Gottman's research suggests that there is a classic pattern of degenerating communication in an unsuccessful relationship. The pattern begins with criticism that is not directed at a certain behavior, but at the other person as a whole. In other words, the criticism of unsuccessful couples tends to lean toward character assassination. Eventually, these negative interactions lead to contempt, in which one partner openly disparages and disrespects the other. The inevitable response to contempt is defensiveness, followed by stonewalling or a total lack of communication. When couples stop communicating, the relationship is not likely to endure.

Putting a lid on the pot and turning off the stove are ways to put out an oil/grease fire on the stove.

With the lid on, the fire should quickly consume all of the oxygen and put itself out. Water would make it splash and moving the pot would potentially spill.

Denise has a credit card with an APR of 4.5%. If she has an average balance of $2500 throughout the year, how much interest will accrue? $112.50

APR stands for annual percentage rate; it is the amount of interest charged over the course of twelve months. To calculate the amount of interest accruing on Denis's account, multiply her average balance by the APR (making sure to convert 4.5% into the decimal 0.045). The product of this calculation is the amount of interest accrued on the account over the course of a year.

During times of conflict, family members will take sides to consolidate power.

Although this process is natural, it can become problematic if the groups last for too long or create a permanent imbalance of power. The idea that family life is a series of actions and reactions is an assumption of Milan systematic family therapy. This approach to family therapy emphasizes patterns of behavior that lock family members into their roles, therefore inhibiting their personal growth. Behavioral family therapists assume that bad behavior persists when it is reinforced. These therapists strive to show family members how they may be inadvertently rewarding the very behavior they seek to discourage. Object relations family therapists assume that ill will in a family is often a result of negative projection. In other words, the members of a family may attribute their own negative characteristics to their family members.

Agrarian societies are more likely to live with their extended families.

An extended family is comprised of more than one adult couple. For instance, it might include a man and a woman, their children, and their grandchildren. Agrarian societies in which people tend the same land for their entire lives are more conducive to the maintenance of the extended family. This is in part because it is more difficult for a large group to move around together. In modern, industrial, urban, and nomadic societies, it is more common for people to be grouped together in nuclear families (one adult couple and their children)

Bamboo is considered a rapidly renewable material

Asphalt is not a rapidly renewable material as it is petroleum based. Leather is not because the animals used to produce the leather are harmed during harvest. Plexiglass is not because it is also petroleum based.

Authoritative parenting is defined as democratic in nature where rules are established, but parents are responsive to the children and willing to listen to questions and ideas.

Authoritarian parents believe that children need to have their will bent to the authority. Permissive parents rarely discipline their kids. Uninvolved parenting has few demands, low responsiveness, and a lack of communication.

Wool pants are highly resistant to wrinkles.

Because of the thickness of the fiber and the general looseness of the weave, clothing made of wool tends to be very resistant to wrinkles. This is one reason why wool clothing is so useful for travel; it can be packed in a suitcase and not need to be ironed later. Silk and cotton products are moderately resistant to wrinkles. If packed poorly, they can be worn without needing to be ironed. Rayon and linen are notoriously prone to wrinkles. Clothing made of these materials must be washed, dried, and stored properly.

Quilting involves stitching a liner fabric in between two outer fabrics.

Because this process essentially creates a three-layered fabric, it is used in outerwear and clothing that is meant for cold weather. Knitting is the use of hooked needles to loop yarn threads together. Fabrics made by knitting tend to be very flexible. In stitch-through, a web of fiber is stitched together by a chain of smaller stitches. This technique is also known as malimo. Tufting is a process in which a woven backing has yarns inserted into it, where they are sealed in place with glue. This process, commonly used in the manufacture of carpets, is occasionally used in apparel as well. Weaving is the creation of a network of three yarns, interconnected at right angles throughout the fabric.

Bulimia can lead to tooth decay and does not always include purging, while anorexics tend to have a distorted self-image.

Bulimia can lead to tooth decay, due to a combination of malnutrition and corrosion by stomach acid. Anorexics often have a distorted self-image, believing themselves to be much heavier than they actually are. Bulimia does not always include purging (induce vomiting or defecation). Bulimics may obsessively exercise or abstain from food in order to lose weight. Both anorexia and bulimia are extremely dangerous and should be discussed at great length in the nutrition component of a family and consumer science class. These conditions are especially common among middle-school and high-school students.

Right to affordability was NOT one of the consumer rights asserted by Presidents Kennedy and Nixon during the 1960's.

Businesses do not have any obligation to sell products at prices within reach of the average consumer. There were five essential consumer rights promulgated at that time: the right to a safe product; the right to redress the right to be heard; the right to be informed; and the right to choose. The government enforces laws that require businesses to sell safe products or to clearly warn consumers about products that are not always safe. The right to redress enables consumers to receive a refund or compensation of some kind when a product does them hard. Consumers have a right to speak and be acknowledged by businesses. Consumers also have a right to as much information about products as they desire. Finally, consumers have a right to choose among a variety of products; it is with this in mind that the government enforces laws against monopoly.

Better Business Bureau is a nationwide system for local organizations, supported by business, that investigates customer complaints of dishonest business practices.

Chambers of Commerce bring the business community together. The small Business Administration is a US government agency that provides counseling to small businesses to promote and strengthen the overall economy. The Bureau of Industry and Security advances the US national security, foreign policy, and economics objectives by ensuring an effective export control and treaty compliance system.

Individuation is the process through which a person comes to think of himself or herself as a distinct person despite being a member of a family.

Children at first identify entirely with the mores, norms, and values of their family; it is only after prolonged exposure to other people outside the home that a child will begin to question his or her upbringing and perhaps modify his or her belief system. A fully individualized person is able to maintain a coherent personality without renouncing membership in a family with which he or she may have some disagreement.

The ability to create a personal budget is a cognitive objective of consumer science.

Cognitive objectives emphasize intellectual skills, including analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. The creation of a budget requires a student to assemble all information related to income and expenses and to organize that information in a comprehensible table. The abilities to select drapes and restrain consumer impulses are affective objectives, since they require the student to manage his or her emotions and consult his or her taste. The ability to arrange furniture is arguably an affective and psychomotor objective, since it requires physical activity as well as aesthetic sense. The ability to load a shopping cart is a purely psychomotor objective.

One disadvantage of dealing with consumer finance companies is that they tend to charge high interest rates.

Consumer finance companies lend money to private citizens who want to make a purchase. There are few lending restrictions related to the purpose of the loan. Because these loans are considered to be risky, consumer finance companies often charge exorbitant interest rates. In most cases, however, they will accept property as security. The high interest rates and predatory business practices associated with the consumer finance companies should dissuade consumers from dealing with them unless absolutely necessary. Before entering into an agreement with a consumer finance company, one should consider whether the planned purchase is absolutely necessary.

Black satin is the best for blocking sunlight.

Dark clothing tends to protect the body from ultraviolet radiation better, because they absorb rather than reflect the rays of the sun, Moreover, densely woven fabrics like satin have fewer holes though which sunlight can flow. Of course, black stain might not be the most comfortable fabric to wear in the sun. Dark clothing gets very hot, and sweating in satin clothing can be unpleasant. Many people prefer to wear cotton clothing, because the looser weave allows for superior ventilation. However, cotton offers little protection against UV rays, so it is important to wear sunscreen under the clothing.

Financial Stability is NOT necessary for a person to commit emotionally to a marriage.

Despite money being a main issue for divorce, it is more important for partners to have good self-esteem, empathy, a feeling of permanence in the relationship, and strong personal identities. Solid marriages weather the inevitable hard times with a mixture of humor, empathy, and habit. The idea of empathy is particularly important in marriage because it implies that each partner may not fully understand the other. Nevertheless, a loving spouse with try to help whenever possible.

A lesson plan calls for students to act out a negotiating scenario in which pairs of students try to settle a hypothetical dispute between a husband and wife over money. Dyssemia might prevent a student from succeeding at this task.

Dyssemia is a disorder which makes it hard to distinguish social cues and signals. A student with this problem would have a difficult time interpreting the gestures and underlying emotions of his or her fellow participants. Dyssemic students require special instruction about reading another person's body language and vocal tone. Apraxia is a learning disability that inhibits the ability to coordinate movements to accomplish a particular goal. Dysgraphia is associated with a difficulty in writing and spelling. Dyslexia is a broad category of language-related learning disabilities that extend beyond reading. Visual perception disorders make it hard for students to identify written words and symbols.

It is NOT a good idea to visit less than three daycare providers before selecting one.

Each of these visits should be thorough and should include a full tour and an extensive conversation with the care providers. Beforehand, a parent or guardian should make a list of questions for the meeting. For instance, one should get a description of a typical day at the facility, as well as spend some time observing the childcare providers at work. Whenever possible, children should visit the daycare facility before starting to go there regularly. Toilet training is handled differently by different providers, so if this is an issue, parents should inquire about the institutional policy. Children should be allowed to bring a favorite toy, blanket, or stuffed animal to daycare. Parents or guardians, especially those for whom this is the first daycare experience, should visit at least three daycare facilities before making a decision. Finally, parents or guardians should try to discuss going to daycare with their child in a positive manner as early as possible.

Matter in food terms can be divided into two categories: mixtures and pure substances

Elements and compounds are two categories of a pure substance. Heterogeneous mixtures are a subcategory of mixtures.

In 1889, Ellen Richards helped organize a series of 10 annual conferences that became known as the Lake Placid Conferences.

Ellen Richards' Rumford Kitchen at the 1893 World's Fair was related to her desire to provide "nutrition to the masses." The Morrill Act of 1862 propelled domestic science further ahead as land grant colleges sought to educate farm wives into running their households. The Woman's Right Convention was held in 1850 and led by Lucy Stone.

The typical interval for a personal budget is one month.

Expenses such as rent and bills tend to be due on a monthly basis, and a month is long enough that brief fluctuations in food costs will balance out. Of course, a person needs to be sensitive to the fact that some months will be more expensive than others. For instance, if a person lives in a cold climate, he or she is likely to spend more money on heating during the winter months. Those who get paid every week or every two weeks will need to make a simple calculation to determine their monthly earnings.

Caramelization is a type of nonenzymatic browning reaction that causes the nutty flavor and brown color

Fermentation is the conversion of a carb into an acid or alcohol. Degradation happens when foods containing starch are cooked and heat breaks the glycosidic bonds linking the glucose together, resulting in a natural sweetness. Denaturation of protein molecules in foods cause substantial change to the texture of the food.

In order to avoid gender discrimination when dividing the class up into groups, a teacher can give leadership positions to at least one boy and one girl in each group.

Groups should never be segregated by gender unless there is a specific reason for doing so. Also, students should be discouraged from always performing the tasks stereotypically associated with their gender. For example, boys should be encouraged to assume roles related to the arts, while girls should be given opportunities to work with math and science. For most teachers, the best defense against gender discrimination is awareness and a commitment to equal treatment for all students.

A person who is 41% to 100% heavier than his or her ideal weight is moderately obese.

Health professionals have divided obesity into three degrees: mild, moderate, and severe. A person who is less than 20% heavier than his or her ideal weight is considered mildly obese. People who are more than 100% heavier than their ideal weight are severely obese. Moderately obese people are much more likely to have diabetes or osteoporosis, but do not necessarily suffer from these conditions.

Telling, in Hersey and Blanchard's leadership styles, emphasizes the performance of tasks and ignores the development of positive relationships.

Hersey and Blanchard's model, known as situational leadership, describes four different leadership styles: telling, delegating, selling, and participating. These styles are distinguished by the degree to which they emphasize either tasks performance or relationship building. The delegating style entails little commitment to either function. A delegating leader passes off authority to his or her subordinates. A selling leader is heavily involved with both task performance and the building of relationships. Such a leader is constantly engaged with his or her subordinates, helping them do their jobs and keeping them motivated. While a telling leader is very involved in the performance of tasks, he or she is not every interested in building positive relationships with subordinates. Such a leader is likely to micromanage subordinates, often to their annoyance. A participating leader is not involved in tasks but is very invested in his or her relationships with subordinates. Such a leader rarely asserts authority over the other members of the group.

An example of horizontal socialization is where students who excel in math receive different treatment than students who excel in English.

Horizontal socialization is a fundamental difference in the treatment of people who inhabit different roles. Doctors and teachers, for instance, are treated differently by society, even though one profession is not necessarily prized more than the other. Vertical socialization, on the other hand, is the different treatment individuals receive when they occupy different class positions. Wealthy people, for example, are socialized differently than poor people. Resocialization is the intentional adjustment of a person's socialization, typically in the hope that the person will become better integrated into society. People who are released form prison, for instance, must be resocialized into society. Anticipatory socialization occurs when a person expects to enter a new role in the future and adjusts his or her behavior accordingly. At the end of summer vacation, for example, students might start to adjust their clothing and hygiene as they look forward to the start of the school year. Desocialization is the relinquishing of a previously-held role. In a sense, all people are involved in a constant process of desocialization, since they are constantly casting off roles and taking on new ones.

The United States has a higher rate of teen pregnancies than most other developing countries.

However, this rate has decreased over the past 20 years, due to effective instruction and the distribution of birth control. Nevertheless, the rate of teen pregnancy remains too high, especially among Hispanics and African-Americans. Because teen pregnancy has such a damaging effect on success in life, family and consumer science teachers are encouraged to treat this subject in their discussion of family life. The Center for Disease Control offers a number of resources related to teen pregnancy.

A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

IN the US, every packaged food must contain a listing of the number of calories per serving. Also, whereas in the past it was possible for manufacturers to confuse the consumer by indicating odd serving sizes, the designation of serving size is now regulated by the federal government. All the manufacturers of a particular product are required to use similar serving sizes.

An eight year-old with the mental age of a ten year-old is likely to have an IQ of 125.

IQ is measured by dividing mental age by actual age and then multiplying by 100. Mental age is defined as the average amount of knowledge held by a person at a given age. IQ is seen as an arbitrary figure and somewhat unreliable as an indicator of intellectual development. Many critics feel that it ignores intuitive, spatial, and creative abilities. The average IQ should be 100.

Cotton is safe to use bleach occasionally.

If bleach is frequently applied to cotton or other cellulosic fibers, the fabric may be damaged. Bleach should not be used on any other fabrics, as it has the ability to cause serious damage. Bleach will often dissolve fabrics made of hair fibers, such as silk, wool, and cashmere. Although bleach be a valuable tool for fabric cleaning, it must be used sparingly to avoid irreversible damage to fibers.

The members of a family are more likely to be motivated when a goal is well defined.

If parents decide to save for a new car, their children will be more likely to accept material sacrifices once they know about the underlying goal of these sacrifices. People in general have a hard time accepting changes or commands when there is no communicated rationale. In addition, motivation toward a family goal tends to be higher when members volunteer their participation. A tangible reward that seems fair is another way motivation is increased. Also, the members of a family are better able to stay motivated when they can objectively evaluate their own performance and then use this evaluation to make corrections. Finally, motivation cannot remain high when some members of the family feel that they are working much harder than other members.

One common criticism of cooperative education programs is that they isolate students from the rest of the academic community.

In a cooperative education program, students actually participate in some of the businesses and organizations they are learning about in consumer education class. These programs provide direct on-the-job training and help students make informed career choices later in life. These programs also increase contact between the business and academic communities, which can be rejuvenating for both sectors. Finally, research suggests that cooperative education programs actually increase student motivation, perhaps because they show students the direct application of what they are learning in school.

When two children have a dispute and agree to settle it according to their mother's opinion, they are engaging in arbitration.

In arbitration, two conflicting parties agree to rely on the advice of a supposedly impartial third party. Sometimes, the parties will also establish guidelines for the way a decision is to be reached. In parenting, it can be difficult to settle a dispute with arbitration, since children are unlikely to honor a decision that goes against their interest. Conciliation is a method of settling disputes in which the conflicting parties are simply asked to meet and converse, with the idea that a resolution will naturally occur as a result of this meeting. In mediation, the conflicting parties decide to enlist the aid of an impartial third party as they attempt to settle their differences. The parties in mediation do not agree to follow the advice of the third party. In negotiation, two parties try to agree on terms that are acceptable to both. Negotiation in family life is a bit like compromise. A restorative justice system is where the person who has been wronged gets some kind of compensation from the wrongdoer. When the parents force one sibling to apologize to the other, they are essentially using restorative justice.

Sibling rivalry is most pronounced in same-sex siblings within three years of age.

In the first eight to ten years of life, siblings tend to alternate between cooperation and competition. As they grow older, they will often spend little time together for a few years, but during adolescence will gradually develop empathy for one another. Most research suggests that adult relationships between siblings simply exaggerate the tone of the relationship of the youth; that is, good relationships get better and bad relationships get worse.

Children between the ages of six and eight should be able to count coins.

In the first few years of school, children should learn the values of the various coins, and should be able to assemble different combinations of coins to produce the same value. At this age, children should understand the general purpose of a bank and a savings account. Some children at this age will be able to manage a small allowance. Making change, comparing prices, maintaining records, and using banking terms are skill not typically developed until at least age nine.

The original purpose of family and consumer science education was to redress social problems such as child labor and the repression of women.

In the last year of the 19th century, Ellen Swallow Richards convened a group of social reform-minded educators at Lake Placid, New York, to develop programs for domestic economy and household management. These programs were the beginning of what has become family and consumer science education. It is important for teachers to acknowledge that the roots of this subject are in social reform. Even now, the underlying intention of family and consumer science education should be to empower students in their family lives by teaching them to manage their finances and consumer decisions.

One drawback of inpatient treatment for alcoholism is that it is expensive.

Inpatient programs are not often covered by health insurance, forcing the family to pay out of pocket. The efficacy of these programs is well established, estimating 70% of participants to stay sober for at least five years. Many of these programs include the Alcoholics Anonymous 12-step model. Patients cannot drink while enrolled since they are on the property. The inpatient programs require the personal commitment of the patient.

The best way to limit a child's television time is to set a timer and turn the television off when the alarm sounds.

It establishes ahead of time the amount of television that can be watched, so the child will not be surprised or feel that the discipline is arbitrary. Setting up a timer also creates an objective method of enforcement with which the child cannot argue or attempt to negotiate. In this, as in many cases, it is helpful to create firm, consistent rules that the child can understand. When boundaries are consistent, the child will quickly learn the futility of arguing and will more easily come to accept the limitations on his or her desire. Scaring the child or using other negative reinforcement is a less desirable solution. Merely suggesting that the child go outside is unlikely to be influential unless it is backed up by other methods.

The synthetic woodwork finish that creates the most durable surface is polyester.

It is an opaque finish, meaning that it obscures the natural look for the lumber underneath. Lacquer, polyurethane, and varnish are the other three popular opaque woodwork finishes. Polyurethane is quite durable as well but it can be difficult to repair when it is damaged. Varnish can be either opaque or transparent; it is usually easier to apply than lacquer. Vinyl is a transparent finish that is resistant to degradation by moisture and chemicals.

Children in daycare are better at articulating their desires.

It is believed that this ability develops because the child is dealing with a caregiver who, unlike the child's parent, may not intuit demands. Research shows that children in daycare are more likely to be aggressive and disobedient,perhaps because they feel the need to advocate their own interests away from home. Doctors emphasize the importance of establishing the parent-child bond before starting daycare. Children in daycare make friends more easily, perhaps because they get more practice at interacting with others. The value of daycare is closely correlated with the quality of supervision.

By having each student share a small sentence about their families, the teacher is using a language experience approach to meet the needs of all students.

It provides the opportunity to hear the diverse backgrounds while participating and working with the teacher one-on-one provides an opportunity to see the words written on the board.

One advantage of large classes is that there is greater access to resources.

Large classes have more students, and therefore more connections to the community. These connections can be extremely useful in a family and consumer science class. Also, schools are likely to apportion more equipment and financial resources to larger classes. For these reasons, teachers of large classes often have excellent resources at their disposal. The other answer choices are false statements. Large classes ten to create poorer relations between students and teacher, as there are simply too many students for the teacher to establish close relations with each one. Large classes tend to limit the teaching methods that can be used, since some activities are not manageable with a large group. Teacher just keep records for every student, so it stands to reason that larger classes will create more paperwork. Finally, most teachers are more comfortable in an intimate setting with just a few students.

The major criticism of Levinson's "seasons" of life model is that it overstates the importance of the mid-life crisis.

Levinson outlined four major periods of life: infancy to adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. The major crisis of life according to Levinson was the realization during middle adulthood that the dreams established in early adulthood are not entirely attainable. This brings on the mid-life crisis. Subsequent psychology has indicated that this crisis does not occur for all people and is often not every severe when it does occur. However, Levinson's model does acknowledge the suffering of life and does address the last years of life, in which a person confronts and reconciles with mortality. Levinson also asserts that life transitions are made consciously and with a great deal of stress. Finally, Levinson emphasizes the role of parents in shaping the early years and thus the foundation of a person's personality development.

Group polarization is when a group will often make more extreme decisions than any one member would make independently.

Management experts believe that this is due to the desire for conformity and the subsequent reinforcement of whatever solutions are first suggested. Rather than critique another group member and create disharmony, participants will often go along and even amplify the first opinion given. Organizational conflict can actually be a healthy thing, since it indicates that views are being aired openly. Social facilitation is a phenomenon in which the presence of others encourages a person to work harder. Groupthink is similar to group polarization, except that it does not necessarily result in extreme decisions. Groupthink is the suppression of reason in the interest of maintaining group cohesion. Social loafing is a phenomenon in which people do not work as hard in a group, often because they feel their contributions will not be respected.

A list of community resources is NOT a necessary component of an effective syllabus.

Many students do not know what a course entails, so the syllabus should include a clear mission statement and outline of the course content. The mission statement should state the specific goals of the class. The syllabus should also include clear assessment objectives and an explanation of the grading scale to be used. Experience teachers know that making the assessment and grading protocols explicit at the beginning of the year can eliminate a great deal of trouble later on.

Many high school students believe that most important content area in family and consumer science is food and nutrition.

Moreover, this is the most popular family and consumer science subject among high-school students. Perhaps this is because food and nutrition are more relevant to the current lives of high-school students, especially those who are concerned with their physical appearance and health. Housing, family development, and personal fiance may not yet be pertinent subjects in the lives of young people. It is incumbent upon the family and consumer sciences teacher, then, to emphasize the importance of these subjects.

Starting at about nine months, an infant will begin nonsensically imitating adult speech, or echolalia.

Most children begin exhibiting echolalia at about nine months of age. This is one of the steps in language acquisition. There are six such stages: crying, cooing, babbling, echolalia, holophrastic speech, and telegraphic speech. Over the first few months of life, an infant will develop different cries to express different emotions. After six or eight weeks, the infant will begin to display a vowel-intensive warbling sound, known as cooing. Babies between four and six months old typically begin to make a babbling noise, which over time will come to resemble the baby's native language. Echolalia is the next step, followed by holophrastic speech, in which the baby uses single words to communicate more complex ides. Finally, between eighteen and twenty-four months, the child will initiate telegraphic speech, combinations of words that make sense together. Deep structuring is not one of the steps of language acquisition. The linguist Noam Chomsky posited that language includes a surface structure (parts of speech, vocab, for example) and a deep structure (underlying meanings of words).

Linen is a natural fiber

Nylon and polyester are synthetic fibers made from raw materials., such as petroleum based chemicals. Wool is a protein fiber from the hair or fleece of sheep and lambs

Palm oil is NOT an unsaturated fat.

On the contrary, it is a saturated fat, meaning that excessive consumption of it can lead to heart disease. Coconut oil, butter, and lard are some of the other saturated fats. The other answer choices are unsaturated fats, which are better for the body. In fact, olive oil and canola oil can reduce the amount of cholesterol in the body.

A basic slip stitch or blind stitch is an easy way to sew a seam from the outside of the garment or item such as a pillow or stuffed animal. This is usually used for hems when the seam should stay unseen.

Overcast stitches are used to prevent a flat, raw edge from raveling. A catch stitch is used to stitch a flat edge in order to prevent raveling. A rolled-hem stitch is used to make a small hem on sheet fabric.

Communication plays a pivotal role in all types of relationships.

Placating typically does not lead to an authentically healthy relationship. Healthy communication values the opinions and feelings of others. Focusing on blame is unhealthy.

Accepting that the marriage is over is the first step a person should take after divorce.

Psychologists estimate that it takes most people at least two years to accept divorce entirely. Until this is reached, the divorcee should not initiate a new relationship. The best way to complete the process of acceptance is to establish an individual identity. This may include developing a balance between being single and being a parent. It is appropriate to plan for the future, but people should be aware that it is impossible to predict what they will want once they have fully processed the finality of the divorce.

Setting up a mock storefront for a retail business would best develop the psychomotor skills of elementary-school students.

Psychomotor skills are best acquire through physical action. Setting up a storefront is one such activity, since the best way to learn about product placement is to practice it rather than read or be told about it. Learning to calculate compound interest and looking up banking terms in the dictionary are activities that develop cognitive skills. Drawing a picture of one's ideal house is a good way to develop affective skills, insofar as the students will need to decide which clothes they want to buy and then work out a comprehensive pricing list.

Worsted is the name for wool that has been spun into a fine yarn from parallel threads.

Renowned for its strength, worsted is used in dresses and suits. Cashmere is an especially soft form of wool that is created from the hair of a specific Indian goat. Angora is another high-end wool made from the long hairs of the angora rabbit. Polyester is a synthetic textile, meaning that it is not made from plants or animals. It is often blended with other fibers in the creation of clothing. Spandex is a synthetic textile with amazing flexibility.

Having a child between the ages of 2 and 4 has little to no effect on job satisfaction.

Research suggests that parents often feel some strain as they occupy multiple roles, but this is offset by the enjoyment they derive from their work. Having a newborn, on the other hand, has a noticeably damaging effect on job satisfaction. The demands of caring for a newborn, as well as the desire to spend as much time as possible with this new child, make it unpleasant to be away from home for any reason. Flexible scheduling, high wages, and intellectual challenge are all directly correlated with job satisfaction.

Iron is not present in high levels in dairy products.

Riboflavin is another nutrient found in great quantities in dairy products. Accords to the USDA, people should eat two or three serving of dairy every day. A serving is equivalent to eight ounces of milk, a cup of yogurt, or one and a half ounces of cheese. People should be careful about which dairy products they consume, as many contain a great deal of fat.

Role strain is exemplified by a new teacher who struggles to maintain authority in the classroom.

Role strain is any hardship a person encounters while trying to fulfill the socially accepted requirements of a role. Individuals are almost never a perfect fit for any role they attempt to inhabit, so role strain is inevitable. A public speaker who cultivates his or her expertise is displaying role performance, or the conscious fulfillment of a social role's characteristics. A person whose parents die goes through the role exit process, because he or she no longer is in the role of a son or daughter. A child who imagines what it would be like to be a police office is demonstration role taking, in which a person imagines what it would be like to fill a certain social role. A substitute teacher who waits tables on the weekend exemplifies the idea of the role set, or the different roles that a single person can inhabit at a given point in his or her life.

Silk clothing can be easily damaged by the sun.

Silken garments can fade quickly if they are not kept out of direct sunlight. For this reason, silk should be kept in a drawer or dark closet. Silk is very resistant to abrasions and wrinkles, and it burns very slowly. Silk is renowned for its smoothness. It is considered one fo the least coarse fabrics in the world.

Sodium and chloride are major minerals; every day a person should consume 100 mg of each.

Sodium and chloride can both be obtained from table salt. Some of the other major minerals are potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Trace minerals, such as iron, zinc, and copper, need only be consumed at a rate of 10 milligrams every day. The precise effect of these minerals on the body has not yet been determined.

Student centered instruction is an instructional approach in which students influence the content, activities, materials, and pace of learning

Student centered instruction does not include students just sitting and listening to a lecture, not having any activity focus for the learner, or not engaging students in active learning.

Encouraging students to strive for perfection is NOT a good strategy for instructing a learning-disabled student.

Students with learning disabilities will likely have struggled at times in school and may become discouraged if they fail to reach an impossible standard. Teachers should give students positive reinforcement whenever they make progress. Students can be overwhelmed by complex tasks, even when they are capable of accomplishing each of the constituent steps. Students with learning disabilities thrive when they are given a specific routine for the school day. Such students often become confused and unruly when they do not know what they are supposed to be doing. Students with attention deficit disorder may benefit from lessons that incorporate motion and tactile learning. Because such students often have a surplus of nervous energy, they are better able to focus when they are physically occupied. Dialogue is a great way to introduce abstract concepts to students with learning disabilities. These students need more opportunity to ask questions and receive clarification of difficult concepts.

Carl Jung

Swiss psychiatrist and founder of the school of analytical psychology. Proposed introverted and extroverted personalities.

The Fibonacci sequence is 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5...

The Fibonacci sequence is one of the classic proportions used frequently in interior design. It occurs often in nature and has been found to be pleasing to the eye. The quantities of the Fibonacci sequence may be number of units or distances.

Personalized customer service is the best way for traditional retailers to maintain their customer base, establish brand loyalty, and compete with online retailers

The best way for a business to remain profitable is through repeat customers though personalized customer service. Customers only shop based on price when price is the only thing that separates competing offerings and no emotional connection through brand loyalty.

Accepting a stepparent is hardest for adolescent girls.

The bond between a stepparent, particularly a stepfather, and an adolescent girl takes the longest to form. One possible reason for this phenomenon is that stepfathers tend to be less engaged with stepdaughters than with stepsons. The effect of remarriage on children is much the same as divorce because it involves a fundamental restructuring of the family concept. Nevertheless, stepparents who work to engage with their stepchildren can develop positive relationships over time.

The primary determinant of whether a teacher will adopt instructional technology is perceived usefulness.

The cost of the technology is basically irrelevant to the teacher, since it is the school or district that will bear the cost. Student interest is of some importance, since the technology will not be successful unless it is engaging to the students. However, there are plenty of engaging technologies that have little application in the classroom. Geographic location has very little bearing on adoption of technology, since most equipment is available in all parts of the country. Finally, the teacher's aptitude is slightly less important than perceived usefulness, since most teachers assume that they can learn how to use new technologies in a fairly short time.

Federal law states that the liability for each card lost or stolen is $50 for any fraudulent charges.

The credit cardholder is not fully liable for unauthorized use, regardless of the time frame or fraud conviction.

Fuzzy fibers that ball up and adhere to the outside of a garment are said to be pilling.

The degree to which a fabric "pills" is one criteria of durability. Fuzzing is the emergence of tiny fibers from a yarn, creating the effect of roughness on the outside of the garment. Snagging occurs when fibers catch and are pulled out of the weave. Breathing is the ability of a loosely woven fabric to allow the passage of air. Light fabrics tend to be better at breathing. Creasing is the creation of permanent folds in the fabric. Oftentimes, pants will be worn with an intentional crease along the fornt and back of the legs.

A cash advance, or a payday loan, is a short-term loan, generally for $500 or less, that is typically due on the next scheduled payday.

The finance charges in states that do not limit payday loan interest may be from $10 to $30 for every $100 borrowed, equaling an APR of almost 400%

Fabric hung across the window by a rod that covers either the extreme ends of the window or the entire window is called a curtain.

The major difference between curtains and draperies is that curtains are hung from a rod and typically lay closer to the window. A louvered shutter is a hard panel in front of a window. The panel consists of one or more planes that can be opened and closed. A grille is a permanent window covering, usually made of metal. Grilles are generally aimed at reducing the amount of light that flows in through a window. A roman shade is a translucent, accordion-like panel that is raised or lowered with a cord.

Both the content and the style of family communication are important.

The members of a family should work on communicating positively. The decisions made by families tend to reinforce the status quo in the interest of conformity and conflict avoidance. For reasons both genetic and environmental, the members of families are likely to struggle with the same sorts of problems in life. Despite a general tendency toward stability and consistency, families inevitably change in response to the aging of each member and to pressures from the environment. Finally, it is a central tenet of family science that it is impossible to understand a family member without understanding the family as a whole.

A compressed workweek improves employee satisfaction.

The normal work week consists of 5 eight-hour days; a compressed schedule increases the amount of work time for each day but decreases the number of days. Typically, the total amount of time spent at work stays the same. For instance, a common compressed workweek consists of 4 ten-hour days. There is not any demonstrated correlation between a compressed workweek and employee performance. However, employees who have a long commute are generally very enthusiastic about such a plan, since it eliminates one commute to and from the office. This advantage would be irrelevant to employees who work from home.

The greatest amount of variation between people of the same age is found during early adolescence.

The onset of puberty may occur at any time over the span of five years, though it typically occurs earlier in females than in males. The changes brought on by puberty are monumental and can cause rapid changes in personality, physical development, and emotional maturity. Teachers need to be aware of these changes, particularly when working with middle-school children. Family and consumer science teachers may need to act as liaisons between parents and their children, as family relationships can become strained during early adolescence.

Vegetables have a recommended daily intake of two and half (2 1/2) cups.

The other recommended amounts are: grains (six ounces), fruits (two cups), dairy (three cups), protein foods (five and a half ounces)

According to Piaget's model, the ability to imagine the mental lives of others emerges during the preoperational stage.

The preoperational stage is the second of the four stages and occurs between 2 and 7 years old. This ability is called sympathy. The first stage in the Piaget model is sensorimotor, which lasts from birth until about age 2. During this time, the sense organs become activated, and the child learns about object permanence. In the third stage, known as concrete operational, the child improves his or her cognition and realizes that objects with different shapes may have the same volume. This stage occurs between the ages of 7 and 12. In the formal operational stage, the capacity for abstract thought is developed. When this stage occurs (and it does not for every person), it typically occurs after age 12.

Restaurants are the most common employer of high school students.

The presence of so many students in food service jobs can be useful to both the family and the consumer science teacher. These students will have direct experience with the cost of food, as well as with the nutritional choices available in a restaurant. It is an excellent idea to allow students to incorporate their work experience into classroom activities.

Borrowers with a poor credit rating will not be eligible for a bank's prime rate.

The prime rate is the lowest rate of interest offered by a commercial bank or other lending institution. It is made available only to borrowers with pristine credit ratings, since these people and businesses are most likely to repay the loan according to the agreed-upon schedule. Savings deposits, demand deposits, and certificates of deposit are all investitures made by the consumer in a bank, and therefore do not depend on credit rating. A savings deposit can be withdrawn at any time, which a certificate of deposit must be kept in the bank for a prescribed length of time. A demand deposit is essentially the same thing as a checking account, because the funds within it can be withdrawn at any time and in any amount. Banks are required to have deposit insurance to guarantee that they will be able to return the funds invested by customers.

The term "carded" when it appears on a clothing label means that the garment is made of short and thick cotton fibers.

The use of carded fibers creates a fabric that is soft and strong. When the garment is made of long, straight cotton fibers, it is said to be combed. A combed fabric is smoother and shinier. A garment that only contains one type of fiber is considered pure. Garments that have been subjected to a permanent or durable pres are more resistant to wrinkles. These processes are usually noted on the clothing label. A label may also indicate whether a garment has been inspected and that it was not created in a sweat shop.

Air temperature is considered to be the most important determinant of human comfort in housing.

There are a number of factors that influence human comfort, but the primary concern for most people with regard to housing is to be kept warm and dry. In general, a house needs to be between 69 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit in order for its inhabitants to be comfortable. Relative humidity is the moisture content of the air relative to the amount of moisture that could be in the air at that temperature without condensing. People tend to be comfortable in houses that maintain a relative humidity from 30 to 65%. Mean radiant temperature is the degree to which a person's temperature changes because of radiation. Depending on the air temperature and ventilation of the room, the people and objects within it will either absorb or give off heat. It is more comfortable to absorb heat than to lose it. Air quality is the amount of pollutants and noxious vapors in the atmosphere. Obviously, air quality correlates to comfort. Ventilation is the degree to which the air in a room circulates freely. The amount of ventilation appropriate for a room will depend on its intended use. Kitchens and bathrooms, for instance, tend to benefit from more ventilation.

An affiliation with the US government is the not necessarily as important as other considerations when evaluating internet research.

There are a number of federal government websites that can be valuable for a family and consumer science teacher, but this affiliation is not a guarantee of utility. The internet can be a great resource for information about family and consumer science, but an educator must ensure that the information obtained online is accurate and from a reputable source. Trustworthy websites, especially those connected with universities and government departments, have an editorial board that approves content. The organization that maintains the website should be easy to discover and investigate. A good website is likely to have links to other, similar websites. Just as we can tell a lot about people by their friends, so we can tell a lot about a site by its links. A trustworthy website will be updated frequently.

Thrift is NOT an area of emotional intelligence.

There are five areas of emotional intelligence: self-awareness, empathy, personal motivation, altruism, and the ability to love and be loved. These areas were outlined by the psychologist Daniel Goleman, who was one of the first experts to suggest that IQ is an insufficient measure of a person. The development of emotional intelligence is also important. It is possible to improve emotional intelligence by cultivating self-expression and learning to listen to one's conscience.

In general, when a mother works, her children have more self-esteem.

There is no one reason for this phenomenon, although one can speculate that girls might be inspired by the positive example of a successful working mother. The daughters of working mothers tend to be more independent, and they are likely to have a more egalitarian view of gender relations. When the sons of working mothers are unsupervised, their performance in school tends to decline. It is important for both parents to have a positive attitude about maternal employment, and it is especially important for husbands to support their wives in ways that can be perceived positively by children.

An effective time management plan encourages students to do their most difficult tasks first.

There is no way to eliminate every possible distraction. Instead, an effective time management plan should try to mitigate the damage of inevitable distractions. It is not necessary for a time management plan to be so comprehensive as to include meals, though some students may find it useful to do so. Making lists is the cornerstone of time management, since lists help students to prioritize their tasks and keep from feeling overwhelmed by the many things they have to do . Finally, because a time management plan will be tailored to the life of the individual, it will be different for each student.

The FTC does NOT mandate that clothing labels include whether the garment contains mink or rabbit.

These fibers are considered to be specialty wools; therefore,t hey do not need to be identified by anything other than the word "wool" ont he lable. Fur labels, on the other hand, much declare the animal speciies and the country of origin on the label. The label must name any fiber that represents more than 5% of the product's weight. The country in which the garment was processed and manufactured must be indicated. Only when clothing is made in the US and entirely from American materials can it be designated as "made in the USA"

An ovo-lacto-vegetarian is a person who eats fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products, and eggs.

These people get most of their proteins from beans, eggs, milk, and cheese. There are several other kinds of vegetarians. A vegan is someone who eats on plant foods; vegans do not eat any meat or animal product, including honey. Lacto-vegetarians eat fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products.

Three basic weave types are plain, twill, and satin

They differ by passing weft yarns over and under different numbers of warp yarns. Applied fabrics are accomplished by adding color, pattern, or other design features. Pile fabrics have loops or yarn ends projecting from the surface. Felt is a nonwoven fabric made from a compact web of fibers, not yarns, held together with a combination of moisture, heat, chemicals, friction, or pressure.

The Carl D. Perkins Improvement Act of 2006 mandated that the curriculum of family and consumer science be aligned with general content standards.

This act is an offshoot of the No Child Left Behind Act. Its intention is to boost proficiency by ensuring that the content of family and consumer science classes reinforces general academic knowledge. It is part of a general effort to standardize career and technical (Formerly known as vocational) education.

An activity that requires students to describe their ideal home falls within the affective domain.

This domain of education encompasses all of the emotional responses to subjects. A child's emotional responses evolve in a manner similar to their intellectual and physical responses. When students are asked to describe his or her ideal house, they are essentially organizing imaginative elements into a coherent response. This management of the imagination is an important skill The affective domain is one of three outlined in Bloom's taxonomy. The other two are the psychomotor and cognitive domains, concerned with physical and intellectual skills, respectively.

Married women typically earn a lower wage than single women.

This is an exception to the general trend, which is that married people are healthier, wealthier, and more content than their single counterparts. Married men are less likely to abuse alcohol and drugs, and less likely to become depressed. Married women are healthier and more likely to report satisfaction with their home lives. One reason why married women may earn less money is that they are more likely to be raising children, and therefore less focused on professional development. Despite reports about the decline of marriage, an overwhelming majority of Americans will marry at least once during their lives.

Community service is NOT one of the focuses of Junior Achievement programs at the high school level.

This is not to say that JA programs are indifferent to business ethics. However, the emphasis of JA is to prepare students for success in the business community after their education is complete. To this end, the programs administered by JA focus on economics, personal finance, work preparation, and business and entrepreneurship. JA is a non-profit organization that is active is most school due to the support of corporate and private donations.

Over-consumption of protein can lead to strained liver and kidneys.

This is one reason why doctors discourage the use of body-building supplements and protein shakes unless under medical supervision. An excessive consumption of protein can lead to general imbalances in diet, which can undermine fitness in the long run. Protein does contribute to the development of muscle mass, but this is not necessarily a problem. Weight-lifting and vigorous physical activities require complex carbohydrates as well as proteins.

The primary focus of the Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America (FCCLA) is the family.

This is the only in-school student organization that focuses primarily on the family. Since 1945, this organization has worked in all grades to promote the understanding of family roles and responsibilities and to encourage communication between family members and the community at large. Some of the particular points of emphasis for the FCCLA are personal responsibility, community service, and family education.

The dumbbell layout pattern is where the spaces are arranged along a linear path, with major elements at either end.

This layout pattern is appropriate for houses or building in which there are two main places of activity, and it is a good idea to keep the areas separate. A radial layout consists of a number of paths extending out from a central point. This kind of arrangement is typical of offices and building with one central purpose. In a clustered layout, several spaces with similar size, shape, and function are grouped close together and linked along a central space or corridor. A doughnut layout, as exemplified by the Pentagon, consists of a circular corridor with rooms on either side. A centralized layout consists of secondary elements arranged around a central point, or axis. One example of a centralized layout is a plaza, in which the central point may be a statue or fountain.

The ethical perspectives model focuses on the individual.

This model starts with the individual, then family, then community.

Keeping a log of how time is spent is the first step a person should take toward eliminating wasted time.

Time management experts agree that the first step in eliminating wasted time is to determine where it is being wasted. This is done by keeping an activity log for several days and then studying it to find where time is typically wasted. Once the time wasters have been identified, it will become easier to tighten up the daily schedule.

Vitamin C is water-soluble.

Vitamin C is water-soluble, meaning that it is absorbed into the blood stream and can be forced out of the body through urine and sweat. For example, caffeinated beverages can increase the urine stream and thereby diminish the absorption of water-soluble nutrients like vitamin C. Vitamin B is another water-soluble nutrient. Other vitamins, including A, D, E, and K, are absorbed by the intestinal membrane; these vitamins are said to be fat-soluble. Vitamin D can also be obtained from sunlight.

Vitamin D is known to improve the body's ability to use phosphorus and calcium.

Vitamin D is present in small amounts in foods like fish and eggs and is especially present in cod liver oil. Vitamin E is a major antioxidant, meaning that it eliminates cells that can have a deleterious effect on the body. This vitamin is found in good amounts in wheat germ oil, milk, and plant leaves. Vitamin B-3, also known as niacin, helps to reduce levels of cholesterol in the blood. It is found in yeast, dairy products, and wheat germ. Vitamin K promotes blood clotting. It is abundant in spinach, cabbage, and soybeans. Vitamin A contributes to the growth and maintenance of body tissues. It is particularly present in eggs, spinach, and liver.