Praxis ii 5039 Writing, Speaking, and Listening

Speaking and discussion skills

-come to any discussion or speech prepared -focus the speech on one topic -follow rules for collegial discussions; set specific goals and deadlines -pose and respond to specific questions or prompts with elaboration and detail, citing texts as appropriate -review key ideas expressed and demonstrate understanding of multiple perspectives -interpret information presented in various media and formats, then explain how it contributes to the discussion or topic -present an argument using specific claims, evidence, and effective rhetorical devices -include multimedia components in presentations to clarify information -adapt speech to a variety of contexts to demonstrate command of formal English when required or as appropriate

Dialogue

Classroom _________ requires students to work collaboratively, to listen to multiple perspectives, and to build on the points of others to reach high levels of critical thinking and understanding.

Subject writing

In _____ ______ activities, middle- and secondary-level students write interviews, accounts, profiles, or descriptions to capture the meaning of the subject being written about.

Persuasive writing

In this genre of writing, students learn rhetorical strategies to persuade others, such as writing editorials, arguments, commentaries, or advertisements.

Authority

Is the author identifiable? If yes, what is the author's background, and are the author's sources cited? If no, what agency or organization has created this online source? What is the organization's history, political view, or purpose?

Exposition Discourse

Speech or written form in which on explains or describes. Definitions and comparative analysis of ideas are examples.

Narration Discourse

Speech or written form that includes drama, stories, and folklore.

Description Discourse

Speech or written form that uses the senses to describe something. For example, novels, essays, or a speech about a childhood recollection may contain ________ discourse.

Prewriting (Writing process)

Stage 1 of the writing process; also called planning or rehearsal. This stage of the writing process involves gathering and selecting ideas. English teachers an help students per write in several ways: by creating lists, researching, points, brainstorming, reading to discover more about the author's style, discussing the topic, collecting memorabilia or clips from other texts, and free-writing.

Climax (organization of the passage)

The details are stated first, followed by the topic sentence.

Editing (5 stages)

This stage is also known as proofreading. Here writers work on conventions, such as spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Writers will also want to check for proper formatting and style, such as paragraphs or MLA citations.

Debate

This staple of the English classroom requires two oppositional sides to prove that one viewpoint is better than the other. The CCSS emphasize argument, so this is an important format to teach your students. Listeners strive to find flaws in the logic of the argument and to find rebuttals for the opposing side's argument.

Purpose

What is the motivation for the source - promotional, educational, entertainment?

Writing workshop

When an English teacher uses the writing workshop method, he or she structures the instructional time in the following way: --mini-lesson, led by the teacher or a capable student, based on individual and group instructional needs --status of the class, in which the teacher asks each student to provide a brief update on what he or she will be working on during the workshop --time for writing, in which students work alone, with a partner, or with the teacher to advance through the stages of the writing process. The teacher often confers with students during this time. Students also might participate in a peer revising or editing conference --submitting work for publication beyond the classroom in a literary magazine for young adults, in the local newspaper, in a professional publication for writers, in a contest, for an online publication

Currency

When was the source last updated or revised? This information is usually at the bottom of the home page.

Drafting (5 stages)

Writers begin composing either on paper or by using an electronic device. Attention is on the ideas and content, not the specific form or conventions, such as spelling or grammar. This stage may move the writer back to prewriting for some time or require multiple copies of drafts before advancing to other stages.

Publishing (5 stages)

Writers often select just a few pieces to move to the _____________ stage. ____________ in this context simple means "going public" with a written work. A final copy of the written work is composed and shared. Student writers can go public by posting the work on a bull item board, sharing the piece with classmates, sending the work to a student newspaper or publication, sending the work to another (such as a grandparent or the principal), displaying the work in the school or local library, or entering the writing in a contest.

Revising (5 stages)

Writers re-read and re-see the draft in progress, either alone or with the help of a peer, teacher, or group of writers. Emphasis of this stage is still on the idea and the clarity of content. Writers may also want to begin to work on the form and organization of the piece to ensure that the audience understands the purpose of the writing. They may need to return to other drafts, cut and paste passages, improve word choice, and so on by returning to the drafting stage.

Praise

______ uses positive messages to recognize or influence others.

Diction

_________ is a person's choice of words based on their clarity, conciseness, effectiveness, and authenticity.

Presentation formats

As the final step of the composition and rhetoric processes, students go public with their ideas. There are many ways for students to present their writing and ideas. Below, you'll find a few common ways to help your students make effective presentations in your English classroom: --performing speeches, plays, videos, or Readers' Theater productions --delivering a speech, participating in a debate, or giving a PowerPoint presentation --creating booklets, brochures, family scrapbooks, or personal websites --publishing a school newspaper, student magazine, or portfolio of work --submitting work for publication beyond the classroom in a literary magazine for young adults, in the local newspaper, in a professional publication for writers, in a contest, or for an online publication

Types of writing

Choosing the type of writing helps the writer narrow the topic, set the purposes for writing, determined the style of writing (formal or informal), and select the tone (argumentative, objective, supportive). Informative or explanatory, research reports, journals, response to text, and poetry.

Speech

Classroom _________es can be prepared or extemporaneous; very brief and informal or several minutes and formal. Technology might be used to add visual appeal and to enhance audience engagement. Sample _______ formats include Book Talk, How To, Important Memory, and Keynote Speech.

Other sources

Film, art, media, and so on.

Coverage

Is the source completed or under construction? What key information is omitted?

MLA and APA Citations

MLA: Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown, and Company, 1945. Print. APA: Salinger, J.D. (1945). The Catcher in the Rye. New York: Little, Brown and Company.

Argument Discourse

Speech or written form that debates or argues a topic in a logical way. The typical __________ essay format is the five-paragraph essay, although longer essay formats may be required of students. Since this form is likely to be emphasized on your test and in your future classroom because of the current national standards, let's be sure you know key components of an ___________. According to Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University, well-written ___________ essays or speeches contain the following: --Well-defined thesis statement and an explanation why this topic is important (exigence) --Body paragraphs that include well-researched evidence to support the thesis (warrants) and counterparts and why these views are wrong. --Clear transitions between paragraphs --Thoughtful inclusion of ethos (an appeal to ethics), logos (an appeal to logic, facts), or pathos (an appeal to emotion). --A conclusion that advances the thesis based on the evidence provided.

Red herring

__ _______ may either be a logical fallacy or literary device that leads the audience or reader toward a false conclusion.

Intensity

___________ in advertisements or speeches is a persuasive technique that includes superlatives (greatest, lowest prices, fastest), comparatives (better than, fewer calories, improved), and exaggeration.

Prewriting (research writing process)

___________ involves identifying a general topic of interest or one that is determined by the test or teacher, listing key words to use in the search for information, and then accessing reputable sources, either online or print. Next, the student creates source cards, note cards with a list of your references. This _____________ process helps the student focus on the topic. The student then writes a statement of purpose, identifies questions and organizes questions with similar headings, and returns to more sources and makes additional source cards.

Analogies

_____________ are comparisons of two ideas that have the same relationship.

Listening skills

-pay attention to nonverbal cues -face the speaker and maintain eye contact -be attentive -be open minded -evaluate the speaker's point of view -don't interrupt -wait for speaker to pause before you start speaking -check for understanding; ask good questions -try to feel what the speaker is feeling -provide regular feedback -delineate a speaker's argument and specific claims

Panel

A ______ discussion requires students to listen to four or five classmates or guest speakers on a specific theme or topic. ________ists must be "experts" on the topic, which may require research prior to the discussion.

Portfolio

A _____________ is a compilation of a student writer's work for evaluation. Some ____________s are comprised solely of works self-selected by the student; others contain a combination of self-selected and required work. _____________s help teachers and the student assess a writer's growth over time.

Reference works

Dictionaries, encyclopedias, writers' reference handbooks, books of lists, almanacs, thesauruses, books of quotations, and so on.

Reliability

Does the source appear to be credible? Do most of the website links work? Do you think that this source will still be available in the future, based on your review of the authority and currency of the source?

Internet

Each of the types of reference works is available online. In addition, writers can use search engines or portals (sites that list many resources and websites) to gather ideas and information.

Scholarly writing

Essays, research papers, and bibliographies are the most prevalent types of ________ ________ in middle- and secondary-level classrooms.

Student-created sources

Examples of student-created resources include a student's personal dictionary of words to know or spell, note cards, graphic organizers, oral histories, and journals.

Workplace writing

Middle- and secondary-level students must learn how to prepare resumes, cover letters, job applications, and business letters.

Drafting (writing process)

Stage 2 of the writing provess In this stage, students begin writing, connecting, and developing ideas. ______s often contain main points, a thesis, relevant support, and elaboration. Depending on the purpose for writing and the audience for the piece, there may be a few drafts or many.

Revising (writing process)

Stage 3 of the writing process This stage of the writing process involves rewriting, or "re-seeing." At this point, the student looks at the piece again, either alone or with the help of a teacher or capable peer. The student strives to ensure that the reader is able to understand the piece of writing. In the _______ stage, emphasis is placed on examining sentence structure, word choice, and organization of the piece.

Editing (writing process)

Stage 4 of the writing process This stage involves checking for style and conventions - spelling, grammar, usage, and mechanics. At this point in the writing process, the student ensures that errors in conventions will not be intrusive when others read the piece of writing.

Publishing (writing process)

Stage 5 of the writing process This is the "going public" stage. A student can share his or her writing with a larger audience in many ways. Teachers can encourage students to publish their writing in newsletters, online publications, performances, brochures, and magazines.

Evaluating (writing process)

Stage 6 of the writing process In this stage, the student looks back at his or her work and self-evaluates. The audiences also _________s the effectiveness of the writing.

Personal writing

Students can express their innermost thoughts, feelings, and responses through a variety of _________ ________, including journal writing, autobiographies, diaries, reflective essays, logs, blogs, personal narratives, and personal essays.

Evaluating print or digital source materials

Students must evaluate sources carefully that each source is reliable, worthwhile, and accurate. Must determine whether print sources (such as journal articles) and no print sources (such as Internet sources) are reliable. 1. Check the basic information about the source, such as author, year published, and publisher. 2. If your source initially appears reliable, take time to read a portion of the material. 3. Check digital sources.

Audience and Purpose

Successful writers know the importance of writing for a specific audience and a specific purpose. Imagine you're writing a personal letter to a former teacher or mentor. Then imagine the differences between that letter and a letter that you write to your prospective employer or to your best friend. The words you choose, the style of writing you employ, and the formality of your letter format all depend on knowing your audience. In middle school and high school English classrooms, teachers should provide students with a variety of opportunities to practice writing for different purposes and for specific audiences.here are a few prompts to get your students thinking about ________ and __________ in your writing classroom: --Besides you (the English teacher), who is intended or imaginary audience of the place? --What is the background knowledge of your audience? What kinds of information will you need to provide to communicate your message clearly? --How might this piece of writing be used beyond the classroom? Will it be helpful in some other real life context, such as for local nonprofit agency or to persuade readers of a local newspaper? --What is a purpose of this writing assignment? Be sure to consider your educational reason for assigning the task and your students' purpose for writing. For example, is the purpose to persuade, to entertain, or to inspire? --What voice should the writer use to communicate most effectively? For example, is the purpose a formal piece, or would the local dialect or informal language be more effective?

Argument

The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) call for increased attention on teaching argument writing. The parts of an _________ include a claim, evidence to support the claim, the warrant that explains how the evidence supports the claim, support for the warrant, and qualifications or counter arguments that refute competing claims.

Stages of writing

The _______ ___ _________ include prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. The stages are recursive, which means repeating or reoccurring. Of course, not all writing moves from the prewriting to the drafting stage; not all writing moves from the drafting to the publishing stage.

Inside circle/outside circle

The teacher divides the class in half, and students form two circles facing one another - an inside circle and an outside circle. Students discuss with the person facing them, and after some time, the teacher asks one circle to move left or right so that students can continue the discussion with a different partner.

Illustration (organization of the passage)

The topic sentence is stated and then followed by the details.

Comparison (organization of the passage)

The writer demonstrates similarities and differences between two or more subjects.

Location (organization of the passage)

The writer describes a person, place, or thing and organizes the description in a logical manner.

Classification (organization of the passage)

The writer explains the relationships between terms or concepts.

Chronologically (organization of the passage)

The writer shows order of time or the steps in a process.

Cause and effect (organization of the passage)

The writer shows the relationship between events and their results.

Socratic seminar

This great discussion structure shifts the center of conversation from the teacher to the students. Students sit in a whole group circle and talk collaboratively on a topic. The teacher needs to spend time setting up the norms of the _________ ___________, such as asking probing questions, paraphrasing, listening and speaking courteously, no raising hands, and ensuring that all students engage in the discussion. The teacher does speak, usually at the beginning and the end of the seminar, and strives to ask thought-provoking questions.

Think-Pair-Share

This informal, impromptu classroom conversation structure requires a student to gather his or her own thoughts individually and then pair with a nearby classmate and share thoughts on the topic.

Prewriting (5 stages)

Writers think about a topic, gather information, establish purposes for writing, consider the audience for the piece, make preliminary notes or lists, and prepare to write. Teaching techniques for _____________ include brainstorming, outlining, free writing, researching, interviewing, clustering ideas using a graphic organizer, and asking 5W and 1H (who, what, where, when, why, and how) questions.

Ad hominem

__ ___________ is a technique in an argument used to counter a position using feelings or prejudice, not facts, reason or logic. Technically, an _ ________ argument directly attacks another person, not that person's position.

The big lie

___ ___ ___ is a misrepresentation of facts or gross distortion used as a propaganda technique by an official body or politician.

TED Talk

____ ______s are delivered without notes, from memory, and are approximately 18 minutes long. Slides or visuals are displayed behind the orator. This type of talk requires much rehearsal, and the slides must be of high quality, free of errors, and visually stimulating.

Brand new

_____ __ persuades the audience that this brand new, "shiny" reason, issue, or product is one that we must agree upon or possess.

Card stacking

_____ __________ is a persuasive technique in which one side of an issue is advanced and the other is repressed.

Fear

_____ is a persuasive technique that uses something feared or disliked by the intended audience to advance a solution. For example, bad breath is used to persuade one to purchase gum.

Irony

_____ uses a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or expected meaning.

Point of view

______ __ ____ identifies the perspective form which a piece is written. First-person ___ ___ ____ is told from the view of one of the characters. Third-person ___ __ ____ is told by someone outside the story. Third-person ___ __ ____ can be told from three different views: 1. Omniscient, in which the narrator shares the thoughts and feelings of all the characters 2. Limited omniscient, in which the narrator shares the thoughts and feelings of all the characters 3. Camera view, in which the storyteller records the action from his or her ____ __ ____, unaware of any of the characters' thoughts or feelings, as if creating a film of the event.

Humor

______ appeals to emotion that builds rapport between the speaker and the listener. In addition, humor is one way an orator or writer can establish ethos (a persuasive appeal) between the speaker and listener.

Explicit claims or facts

_______ _____ __ ______ share information directly, clearly, or factually so we believe we have the information we need to make a decision.

False statements or fallacious reasoning

________ ___________ __ __________ ____________ is an error in reasoning, not in grammar or usage. Examples include slippery slope, red herring, and straw man, which are defined in this section.

Revising (research writing process)

________ and the remaining stages of the research writing process are the same as the general writing process in the last section. _____________ should be particularly focused on the organization of the paragraphs and the conciseness of sentences.

Drafting (research writing process)

________ begins with the students making an outline of the headings for each of the source cards. Some sources will be used; others may be deleted at this point. The student can change the statement of purpose from the prewriting stage to a draft thesis statement and begin to write the body of the research paper using source cards and notes. Students need to be sure to both paraphrase and include an in-text citation or use a direct quote with an in-text citation as they use source material. They should also be sure to write an introduction and conclusion. Research papers also include a title page and works cited or references section, which follows a specific format, typically Modern Language Association (MLA) in a middle school or high school English course.

Publishing (research writing process)

________ typically involves submitting a research paper to the English or Humanities teacher in hard copy and sometimes using an electronic submission tool such as TurnItIn.com to check for plagiarism.

Appeal to authority

_________ _ ________ is a type of persuasion in logic in which an expert or knowledgeable other is cited for the purpose of strengthening the argument.

Appeal to emotion

_________ ___ ___________ is a type of argument in which the author appeals to the reader's emotion (fear, security, pity, flattery) to prove the argument.

Creative writing

_________ ________ provides students with the opportunity to play wth language, express emotions, articulate stories, or develop a drama for others to enjoy.

Glittering generalities

_________ _________ use words like "justice," "freedom," and "democracy" in vague ways. Since these are positive concepts that everyone would support, this technique helps the audience accept an argument.

Charisma

__________ occurs when the persuader appears firm, strong, confident, and even bold. People tend to follow charismatic leaders even when they disagree with their positions on issues.

Euphemism

__________ uses indirect or milder word or phrases referring to something embarrassing or unpleasant, such as "passed away" or "died."

Beautiful people

___________ ___________, a common technique in advertisements, employs good-looking models (some of whom are celebrities) to get our attention and persuade us that if we use this product we may even look as good as these _____________ _____________.

Quotations

___________ are used as rhetorical device to establish the writer or orator as a knowledgeable person. This is an appeal to the mind, also known as logos.

Bribery

___________ is a persuasive technique that offers you something extra, such as buying a makeup product and getting a free gift with purchase, which is truly not "free," as the cost of the gift is covered in the price.

Foreshadowing

___________ is a technique in which the writer or speaker gives hints or clues about what is to come at some later point in the piece.

Editing (research writing process)

___________ should include additional focus on ethical citation of sources and accuracy of works cited.

Conventions

____________ include spelling, grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and paragraphing.

Fishbowl

____________ is a technique in which a small subset of the class sits in a circle in the center of the class and engages in dialogue. The rest of the class listens to and observes the __________; from time to time, the teacher pauses the discussion to seek the listeners' content and to process feedback on the ___________ discussion. The teacher then seeks new members to join the fishbowl and continue the dialogue.

Evaluating (research writing process)

______________ involves self-assessment and audience feedback on the effectiveness of the writing.

Hyperbole

______________ is an exaggerated claim or statement that's not meant to be taken literally and is used to make a point, such as "I have a ton of homework."

Association

______________ links a product, idea, or service with something the members of the target audience already likes or desires, such as fun, security, intimacy, or success.

Nostalgia

______________ looks back at an earlier time in history, when life was supposedly simpler, better, and desired.

Flattery

______________ praises or acknowledges so that the audience accepted and persuaded.

Extended metaphore

_______________ ________________ is a metaphor (comparison of two unlike things) used throughout a work or over a series of lines in prose or poetry.

Extrapolation

________________ is a technique that works by ignoring how complex something is and predicts an outcome we hope will be true because we want to believe it.

Counterpoint

________________ uses contrasting ideas to communicate a message.

Bandwagon

_________________ tries to appeal to people's desire to not be left out and sends the message that "everyone is doing it." One technique closely associated with ______________ is majority belief, such as "American people believe...," which of course cannot be known by the speaker. In a live audience situation or public events such as a rally or fundraiser, group dynamics build on the _____________ technique to persuade people to "go along with the crowd."

Juxtaposition

____________________ places normally unassimilated ideas, words, or phrases next to one another to create an effect of surprise and wit.

Performance

________________s can be scripted, like a play, or impromptu, like a classroom reenactment of a scene from Shakespeare. In addition to play and reenactments, other structures to teach _____________ include Readers' Theater, Digital Storytelling, and Spoken Word.

Presentation

_______________s require students to inform, demonstrate, explain, or persuade an audience. Typical formats include senior project presentations (individual presents to audience), Book Talk (individual presents short talk either face-to-face or digitally), and Newscast (team of presenters share information either face-to-face or using video).

Discourse

_______s, according to Foucault, a preeminent researcher on ______, are systems of thought that "systematically construct the subjects and words of which they speak." _______ can be classified into four general categories: --exposition --narration --description --argument