Praxis II SS

Great Awakening

Period of widespread religious resurgence

Profit

A financial gain, esp. the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something`

Dred Scott versus Sanford

Abolitionist encourage a Missouri slave Dred Scott to sue for his freedom on the basis of his owner had taken him to a free state for several years and then to a free territory

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment

Arctic Ocean

Above Canada, Europe and China

Gettysburg Address

Abraham Lincoln -stated importance of Civil War in providing equality for all and "New birth of freedom".

Aqueducts

Way of moving water from rivers and wells into and throughout the cities Bridge-like stone structures that carried water from the hills into Roman cities

domino theory

communist one turn communist the next will turn communist etc

Eli whitney

cotton gin

Internment:

100,00 Japense Americans re-located to camps called War Relocation Centers. Even though their rights were violated, many still fought for America in WWII.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. -58,000 Americans would lose their lives -first "TV war" -More bombs were dropped here than on Germany, Japan, and Korea combined

Barrier Reefs

A prominent ridge or coral that roughly parallels the coastline but lies offshore, with a shallow lagoon between the reefs and the coast.

Mycenaeans

Practiced a religion that grew into the greek pantheon, worshipped Zeus and other Olympic Gods. Linear Script B used for Greek.

Manifest Destiny

desire to expand West and to cover the land from Atlantic to Pacific

In regards to African Americans and their involvement in the US Civil War,

their participation in the war effort served as a stepping stone to citizenship

Regarding the US civil War's inevitability,

there was actually more that united North and South than divided the two

Conflict between Roman Catholic and East Orthodox

Emperor Leo III ordered the destruction of all icons in Byzantine Empire. Pictures of Jesus was replaced by the cross, pictures of holy figures considered blasphemy. Pope Gregory II called a synod to discuss issue. Pope claimed to destroy images was blasphemy. Leo tried to capture Pope but failed.

How did the labor force change in the 1830s

Employers began hiring Immigrants

The overwhelming American military victory over Mexico

Enabled the United States to take vast territories in the Treaty of Hidalgo

Socrates

From Athens -idea of *dialectics:* arrive at truth by debating diff view points -taught Plato

Economies of Scale

Cost advantages associated with large operations

Base Maps

Created from aerial and field surveys. It is typically designed to provide a visual reference for other layers to help orient the user of the map. Aerial imagery, terrain, and streets are examples.

Alexander Hamilton

He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Development of the Assembly Line

Henry Ford

Imports and Exports

Import is any international transaction that causes goods to flow into a country; an export similarly is any international transaction that causes goods to flow out of a country

The Sedition Act of 1918

Imposed harsh punishments for expressing ideas disloyal to the United States.

The secession crisis

In 1860 South Carolina seceded from the union in 1861 six more states Alabama Georgia Florida Mississippi Louisiana and Texas followed suit

Vice President

President of the Senate

Abraham Lincoln

Led the US through civil war, reunited the North and South and worked to abolish of slavery

Three branches of the government

Legislative, executive, and judicial

Factors that led to the US Civil War (having to do with slavery)

Missouri Compromise of 1820 Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln

slavery compromises

Missouri comp & comp of 1850 hopes to defuse issue of slavery

Highest peak in the world

Mount Everest

The Highest Point

Mount Everest

Congress

National legislative body of the U.S.

1637 Pequot War

Native Indians of Connecticut and Rhode Island were defeated by the colonists

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Supreme court ruled that segregating schools on race was discrimination, overturned the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson

Monarch

Supreme head of state usually a king, queen or emperor

Cartography

The Art and science of mapmaking

Supply and Demand

The amount of some good that is available represents supply. The amount of the good that buyers wish to purchase represents demand.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Environmental Adaption

Using natural means to adapt to an area.

Woodrow Wilson

1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare

When was the Panama Canal completed?

1914

Where did Christopher columbus arrive and what did he find

island in the Bahamas, the thought he was in the East Indies, called people "Indios"

belief in white superiority and the hope of owning slaves

kept poor, non slaveholding whites committed to a system that actually harmed them

Aztecs

known for its complex temples and pyramids and its cultivation of maize?

manifest destiny

land to west coast

muckrakers

nT Roosevelt investigate journalists who sought to expose social ills

Battle of Yorktown

patriots won decisive victory and British surrendered; end of the war

Battle of Saratoga

patriots won, and won backing from the French

Middle Passage

portion of trade route in which African slaves brought to US (brutal and inhumane)

Executive

president and cabinet - purpose is to enforce laws (also veto power - requires ⅔ majority to override - and power to appoint justices)

Montgomery bus boycott

successful year-long boycott protesting segragation on city buses; led by the Reverend Marin Luther King.

our policy of containment led to

the Vietnam War

Harriet Tubman

underground railroad

special interest group

a group that attempts to sway the political process to further their own agenda. protected by 1st ammendment.

Price Elasticity of Demand

a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price

14th amendment

addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

The Kansas-Nebraska act

caused a tremendous northern protest and the birth of the republican party

acculturation

changing social patterns, traits, or structures of one group or society by contact with those of another; the resultant blend Sharing and acceptance of each other's values and cultures

What is the 9th Amendment?

citizens' rights are not limited to ones stated in bill of rights, and rights that are not listed still cannot be violated

John D. Rockefeller

cofounder of Stanford oil company

inflation

increase in avg. prices

intolerable acts

instigated revolution

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

insures bank deposits in case of banks failing

Judicial Branch

Contains the court system. The most power lies with the supreme court. The federal courts follow suit. They ensure that the constitution is upheld.

Supreme Court

Final authority in a court system

S Carolina

beginning of Civil War

Declaration of Independence 1776

written largely by Jefferson -Jefferson worked with ben franklin and John Adams as well -it told Britain we wanted to be seperate from them!! -it began the revolutionary war

WWII

1939. US joined after pearl harbor in 1941. Major concentration on defeating Hitler

WW2

1941 Pearl Harbor-

what year did the stock market crash

1929

Andrew Johnson

A Democrat from Tennessee Lincolns vice presidential candidate

Iroquois People

-Several tribes in North Eastern U.S. -were there around the time of European Exploration

Joint Stock Company

A group of private investors who put their money together to fund a big cause. Funded colonies such as Jamestown

Pilgrims

A group of separatists who landed in Cape Cod to try and establish a new colony for themselves.

Foothills

A hilly region at the base of a mountain range.

Strict Construction

A judicial philosophy that looks to the "letter of the law" when interpreting the Constitution or a particular statute.

At what level of sociological integration would the Australian Aborigines be classified? A. Band B. Tribe C. Chiefdom D. State

Band

Thomas Paine

English-Americans politician who wrote pamphlets promoting the American Revolution

Constitution

Document containing the system of fundamental laws of nation

Non-interventionism

Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense.

18th Amendment

Prohibition (1920) *repealed by 21st amendment in 1933*

Coral Reefs

Prominent oceanic features composed of hard, limy skeletons produced by coral animals; usually formed along edges of shallow, submerged ocean banks or along shelves in warm, shallow, tropical seas.

Second Continental Congress

Established the Continental Army and chose George Washington as its commanding general. They allowed printing of money and created government offices.

Locke vs Hobbes: Property

Locke: ownership of property is a natural right Hobbes: property only causes competition and conflict

North atlantic treaty organization

NATO defense pact democractic powers against soviets

Mid-Atlantic Colonies

NY, NJ, PA, Delaware most diverse area of the 13 colonies farming (food crops) and commerce large urban centers of business; few slaves rich soil

Factor Market

The people who exchange their services for wages. These people are the sellers and the hiring companies are the buyers

Manifest Destiny

U.S. had a special duty to spread over the North American Contintent

Marshall Plan

U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies.

The Articles of Confederation was the nation's first attempt to unite. It provided the nation's framework from 1781 to 1789. It was replaced by the ______________.

US Constitution

John Brown

US abolitionist. In 1859 he was executed after raiding a government arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia , with the intention of arming slaves and starting a revolt. He became a hero of the abolitionists in the Civil War, and he is commemorated in the song "John Brown's Body."

What is the name of a government that only consists of one branch?

Unitary government If there is only one branch, that means that everything that branch decides is the right answer and becomes public policy. These are often seen in dictator style governments in which all decisions are made by one person.

Mayans

Yucatan, Guatemala and Eastern Honduras. By 500 BCE agricultural people had begun using a ceremonial calendar and built stone pyramids on which they held religious observances

Dred Scott Decision

Slave who had escaped and was in a free state, and because he was in a free state should have been free. Slave owner tried to get him back, court ruled that because slaves were "not human beings" they could not sue for their freedom. Said slaves were property and said could be retrieved from free states. Angered a lot of abolitionists and pushed harder for abolition of slavery.

Space Age

a time period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age is generally considered to have begun with Sputnik (1957).

Lyndon B. Johnson

(1963-1965) and (1965-1969) The 24th Amendment is added in 1964. In 1965 the 25th Amendment is passed and in 1967 it is added to the Constitution.

Six Day War

(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula.

Valley Forge

(4.3) the site of the Continental Army's camp during the winter of 1777-1778. Poorly housed, dressed, and fed, many died from cold and starvation.

Inuit People

-"Eskimos" -lived in Artic Areas of North America for thousands of years -continue to live in parts of Alaska and U.S.

Sherman Antitrust Fund

passed by the U.S. Congress to prohibit trusts; it was named for Senator John Sherman

The literature of the Renaissance was more _________ and ______-_________ than that of the Middle Ages.

secular, wide-ranging

Legislative branch

they make the laws. Made up of the House of representatives

Capital

wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value

constitution

written1787 implemented 1789

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 congressional legislation designed to break up industrial trusts such as the one created by John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil. The bill stated that any combination of businesses that was "in the restraint of trade" was illegal. Because of the vagueness of the legislation and the lack of enforcements tools in the hands of the federal government, few trusts were actually prosecuted as a result of this bill. -signed into law by Harrison -extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting.

another name for WWI

the great war the war to end all wars

Magna Carta

1215, first document forced upon king (King John) by subjects limiting his powers Influenced Bill of Rights and modern concepts of government Influenced Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke

Alien Sedation Act

1798 law that allowed the government to deport or imprison aliens and allowed the prosecution of critics of the government. It was unpopular with many states, whose representatives created laws that counteract act, because they said it was a violation of the constitution. This was important because it reflects how during the first decade of our nation, even things like freedom of speech had to be dealt with as we tried to decide what kind of nation we wanted to be.

15th Amendment

1868: Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Ulysses Grant

1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 1873

Anti-federalists

=Jefferson's Democratic Republicans Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. Leader: Thomas Jefferson George Mason, Patrick Henry, Sam Adams -opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government -Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control -advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states - insisted that a Bill of Rights must be included in the Constitution to protect individual's rights against a powerful central government -typically were members of the poorer classes -more Southerners -wanted states to be able to make own laws so could make laws abt things like slavery

Amendment

A change or addition to the US Constitution -27 passed today

Napoleon Bonaparte

A general during the French Revolution. Later became emperor of France and king of Italy

Stamp Act Congress Oct 1765

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act. -decided to boycott British goods *Important because it was the first instance of the colonies coming together and taking action together.*

Assembly Line

A switch from skilled to unskilled labor. Companies have control over employees. Beginning of mass production

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual.

Trail of tears

ends in oklahoma

Physical Geography

The study of physical features of the earth's surface

Geography

The study of the earth.

The Appalachian Plateau

Was one of the regions of the South that had the strongest pro-Union sentiments at the outbreak of the Civil War.

Harriet Tubman

escaped slavery to become a leading abolitionist. rescued 70 slaves

Founding Fathers

Washington, Franklin, Jefferon, Thomas Paine, John Adams, Sam Adams, James Madison, Patrick Henry -All signed Declaration of Independence -all republican values

Franklin D Roosevelt

Leadership through WWII and worked to bring the US out of the great depression. The New Deal

Assassination of President Kennedy (1963)

After announcing his run for the Presidential Nomination and winning the California primary he celebrated with a speech at the Ambassador Hotel in California, he was walking off the stage and was shot three times.

1857 Dred Scot Case

Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that all blacks - slaves as well as free blacks - were not and could never become citizens of the United States; therefore, they had no legal right to sue in federal courts.

What effects time zones from one side of the country to the other?

Lines of Longitude

Roman contributions

Literature, Art and Architecture- Julius Caesar

Tenth Amendment

Any powers not explicitly listed are automatically given to the states.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches, with the Legislative branch making laws, the Executive applying and enforcing the law, and the Judiciary interpreting the law.

What is the 14th Amendment?

Provided citizenship to slaves after the Civil War Constitutionally protected equal rights under the law for all citizens Reversed the Dred Scott case decision Born in USA = citizen

Fighting between Americans and Native Americans in Florida heated up during the ______________ Wars.

Seminole

Federalist Papers

Series of letters written to the state if New York promoting the constitution

WW!

1914

The Coldest Land

Antarctica

Which Italian Renaissance writer wrote "Divine Comedy" and "The Banquet"?

Dante Aligheri

DOK

Depth of Knowledge

Revenue

Incoming money

Caribbean Sea

Off Coast of America

Townshend Act

Placed a tax on essential goods such as paper, glass, tea etc...

The Largest Lake

The Caspian Sea

What did the South call their country during the civil war?

The Confederate States of America

atomic bomb

Trumans dropped bomb 1945

Herbert Hover's initial response to the Great Depression

Voluntary measures by businesses and private relief efforts.

Crude Death Rate

annual number of deaths for every 1000 people

Topography

A description of surface features of land.

Constitution Convention

A meeting of 55 delegates from 12 colonies in Philadelphia in 1787 who drafted the U.S. first constitution

Ronald Regan's Platform in 1980

Decreasing taxes and government regulation.

Steppe Regions

Dry flatlands, interior of Asia and North America. They can be grasslands or deserts.

Hoovervilles

Large collections of temporary housing symbol of gov. inaction

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln declares slaves free, 1863

Main causes of World War ONE

Tension over the competition for colonies Ethnic groups such as Poles and Czechs hoping for nations of their own The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

the proclamation act

Prohibited English settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to appease the Native Americans.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages.

Hepburn Act of 1906

A law that gave the government the authority to set railroad rates and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines.

Tropic of Capricorn

A line of latitude about 23 degrees South of the equator.

Why was the US Civil war called a "war of attrition"?

Because North was trying to outlast the South by cutting off their supplies. This was the North's main strategy to try and win the war

Gibbons v. Ogden

Case involving steamboat companies Commerce includes navigation and only congress has the right to regulate commerce among the states

Historically India's society has been organized into hierarchical groups known as what?

Castes

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Absolute Monarchy

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Declaration of Independence

Drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson (et. al) declared that states that were at war with England were separate from Great Britain (3 parts-New theory of government, reasons for separation, formal declaration of war and independence)

Importance of Rivers and Water 4 things

Drinking and crops Gathering place for hunted animals Water for domesticated animals Rich soil deposits as a result of regular flooding

What was the book "silent spring" written by Rachel Carson and published in 1962 about?

Environmentalism

Monarchy

Government that is headed by one person usually a King or Queen. Citizens do not vote for this leader, they usually are born into the position.

Intolerable Acts

In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Unitarianism

Late-eighteenth-century liberal offshoot of the New England Congregationalist Church; rejecting the Trinity, It professed the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.

The Alps

Located in Europe Tallest Mtn: Mont Blanc Spans several countries (France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria and along South of Germany) Runs East to West

Border states

The remaining slave states who wavered but stayed with the union Delaware Kentucky Maryland and Missouri

National union party

The republican party with the addition of loyal or war democrats Abraham Lincoln in his second election

As a general, George McClellan

encountered political hurdles

Himalayas

highest mountain in the world, over 100 peaks. located in Asia

Mass Production

produce large quantities by an automated mechanical process -became crucial after the civil war

15th amendment

prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race

19th amendment

prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex

Miranda v. arizona

the reading of Miranda rights is made law 1966

What was the economic state of Europe in WWI?

Prosperous time with strong colonial holdings the countries in Europe had

INS- (Immigration and Naturalization Service)

Protected and enforced the laws of naturalization, the process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen.

Hamlets

Small clusters of buildings.

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

brown vs board of ed

1954 integration in schools

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Eastern Hemisphere

East of the Prime Meridian

Pedro Alvares Cabral

His explorations established Portugal's claim to Brazil.

3 Influences of Ancient Indian Civilations

Hinduism and Buddhism, yoga, Indo-Euro and Indo- Aryan Languages like English

Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)

In 1968. MLK began to focus on the relationship between racism and poverty. He was in Memphis Tennessee to assist striking garbage workers and he was assassinated on the balcony of his motel on April 4th, 1968.

Locke vs Hobbes: Preferred type of Government

Locke: Any form of representative government Hobbes: Absolute monarchy, near-absolute authority

When was JFK assassinated?

November 22, 1963

Stephen a Douglas

Of Illinois introduced a bill in Congress known as "Kansas Nebraska act"

Square Deal

The philosophy of President Theodore Roosevelt; included in this was the desire to treat both sides fairly in any dispute. In the coal miner's strike of 1902 he treated the United Mine Workers representatives and company bosses as equals; this approach continued during his efforts to regulate the railroads and other businesses during his second term.

5 Contributions of Greece

Theater- Aristophanes Alphabet- derived from Phoenician alphabet Geometry- Pythagoras and Euclid, Archimedes created pi Historical writing- Herodotus and Thucydides made records of history Philosophy- Socrates, Plato and Aristotle

Reconstruction after the war led to..

-first ever impeachment (Andrew Johnson)

Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods.

stamp act

paper goods

The Stamp Act

taxed paper good and made colonists angry

Chief Powhatan

"Chief-of-the-Chiefs" who lead 30 Algonquian tribes known as the Powhatans, who helped the English settlement at Jamestown, father to Pocahontas.

Jim Crow Laws

"Separate but equal" laws legalizing racial segregation, restricting right to vote for black people enacted in Southern states beginning with the election compromise of 1876 and subsequent removal of "radical reconstruction." These laws were enforced through the 1960's

Anasazi People

-Native Americans that lived in what is now the Southwest parts of the U.S. -Made cliff dwellers: buildings in side of cliffs

First Continental Congress

1774. All colonies except Georgia gathered to list grievances and develop a response (to passing of Intolerable Acts, which were passed in response to the Tea Party)

declaration of independence

1776

Benjamin Harrison

1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier

homestead strick

1892 workers against the Carnegie steel com - blow to labor movements

William McKinley

1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy

Richard Nixon

1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate

Gerald Ford

1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis

How many Continents are there?

7 Continents: Europe, Africa, South America, North America, Asia, Oceania (Australia and Pacific Islands), and Antarctica.

North and south pole measurement on the globe

90 degrees

Social Gospel Movement

A social reform movement in the late 19th century (1800s) that developed within religious institutions and sought to apply the teachings of Jesus directly to society. They helped alleviate social issues by providing social services like building and maintaining mission schools and old folks homes during the late nineteenth century.

US Constitution

A written document that describes and defines the system and structure of the US government

The 13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

Open economy

Allows import and export from global economy

Balance of goods and services

Also known as trade balance: the balance of goods and services equal the value of exports minus the value of imports

Bill of Rights

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

Monroe Doctrine

American continents would be closed to European colonization, and that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.

Ring of Fire

An area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean Upside-down U shape from New Zealand, through E. Asia and along Western Coast of North and South America

Goods

Are a product that can be bought or sold. It must be tangible, meaning it has a physical presence. If not, it's considered service.

Jean-Jacque Rousseau

Argue that government should be formed by consent of the people

What is the 8th Amendment?

Banned cruel and unusual punishment; freedom from excessive bail

On what nation did Germany launch a blitz?

Britain. The German blitz upon London struck fear in most Londoners. Many families left the city and headed for the country, fearful of the attacks. The British eventually fought back the Germans from launching a ground attack against the city.

War 1812

Britian and US increases us reputation as legit nation

Charlemagne

Charles the great. Founder of the holy roman empire. Considered the ideal leader.

Babylonians

Code of Hammurabi, an advanced law code

In 1776, a pamphlet was published by Thomas Paine setting forth the reasons for American Independence. What was the name of this pamphlet?

Common Sense

Cold War sides

Communism (Soviet) vs. Democracy (U.S.) -They always had tension during WWII (even though on the same side)

Egyptians

Depended upon the Nile river. Had written language, religion and government

Checks and Balances

Each branch monitors and limits the power of the other two. Made sure no one branch was too powerful.

The Hottest Land

Ethiopia

Boron de Montesquieu

European philosopher who proposed the idea of separation of powers

Senate

Every state is represented by two senators -they represent the entire state rather than the constituents of a single district -6 year terms

8th Amendment

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Emancipation amounted to a revolution as newly freed blacks were elevated not just theoretically, but practically as well, to civil equality with whites.

False

Mountains

Formed by two continental plates colliding and forcing each other upwards.

First Battle of Civil War

Fort Sumpter, battle of the confederates

Lord Baltimore

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

The 14th Amendment

Intended to end the black codes, this amendment gave citizenship to former slaves and declared that all states must give all citizens equal protection under the law.

Parliamentary System

Is a system of government in which the members of the execute branch are drawn from the legislature. A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president.

Which of the following describes the effect of the interstate highway system on life in the United States? A. Increased suburban development B. Increased education funding C. Decreased use of airline transportation D. Decreased demand for overseas goods

Increased suburban development

Which of the following is most associated with the Boston Tea Party? A. Impressment of sailors B. Quartering of troops in homes C. Increased taxes on commodities D. Restrictions on due process

Increased taxes on commodities

19th century: immigration

Industrial Revolution led to promise of jobs, which led to immigration, which led to renewed nativism and nativist policies, which led to legislation like Chinese Exclusion Act and Gentleman's Agreement (Japan would restrict emigration to US)

United Nations

Intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation (international peace, security and cooperation)

Sumerians 4 things

Invent the wheel, irrigation systems, cuneiform writing simpler than hieroglyphics, time keeping system

Inflation

Is an increase in the average prices in a given economic system.

Atolls

Islands formed by coral reefs.

Knights of Labor

It included workers from all trades and races/ethic groups. Functioned as a secret society devoted to broad social reform. After a series of failed strikes, the KOL had largely disappeared by the 1890's.

The US Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation in which of the following ways? A. It allowed the government to print and borrow money. B. It provided for the common defense of the states. C. It provided a strong central government and federal taxation. D. It allowed the states to resolve issues regarding the western territories.

It provided a strong central government and federal taxation.

Giovani de Verrazano

Italian explorer who led an expedition funded by King Francis I of France to the New York region. Credited with discovering the New York harbor.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who landed in the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

19th century authors

James Fennimore cooper, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathanial Hawthorn, Herman Melville, Edgar Allen Poe, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman

1st permanent British colony

Jamestown, Virginia

First permanent English colony founded in

Jamestown, Virginia 1607

Which of the following presidents expanded the United States space program by establishing the goal of landing astronauts on the Moon? A. Harry S. Truman B. Dwight Eisenhower C. John F. Kennedy D. Gerald Ford

John F. Kennedy President John F. Kennedy announced this goal in 1960, the first year of his presidency.

What president expanded the United States space program by establishing the goal of landing astronauts on the Moon

John F. Kennedy (1960)

When did the Civil War take place?

Just as Lincoln was elected, April 12, 1861 - April 9, 1865

Tanzania borders the three largest African lakes: ________, _________ and _________.

Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Malawi.

What is cultivable land?

Land that food can be ground in/on

Marbury vs. Maddison

Landmark US supreme court case in which the court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review- allows the court to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

Woodrow Wilson

Led America through WWI. Created allies and the league of nations

Nat Turner

Led the most important slave uprising in nineteenth-century America. The rebellion he led killed about sixty white people in Virginia in 1831.

At which two sites did the first military engagements of The Revolutionary War take place?

Lexington and Concord

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness-as stated by declaration of independence

Election of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln originally didn't have a very strong stance on slavery, but his party was very strongly against slavery, so he grew to become much more abolitionist over time. By time elected, was seen as a very abolitionist president by the South. Southerners opposed Lincoln gaining the presidency because he favored the Northern delegates regulating trade and expressed views against slavery. This led to a push from Southern states to succeed from the Union.

Human development 4 phases

Lower Paleolithic- 1 million years Upper Paleolithic or stone age, neolithic- 6000-8000 Bce- wheel Bronze age- 3000 BCE- Metals Iron Age-- 1200-1000 BCE- Metal tools

Women's rights movement

Lucretia Mott and Sojourner truth Social and legal discrimination

19th Century Immigration

Many people came to America in 1800s looking for jobs, opportunity, freedom and a new life. Two largest were Irish escaping the Potato Famine and Germans escaping oppressive governments.

Topographic Maps

Maps that use isolines to represent constant elevations. If you took a topographic map out into the field and walked exactly along the path of an isoline on your map, you would always stay at the same elevation.

Which colony was established as a haven for English Catholics

Maryland

Which of the following colonies was established as a haven for English Catholics? A. Massachusetts B. Maryland C. South Carolina D. New Hampshire

Maryland Maryland was founded as a haven for English Catholics

Southern Colonies

Maryland, VA, NC, SC, GA hot summers & mild winters cash crops (not food crops) which led to need for slaves, commerce

What was the second Chesapeake Colony?

Maryland. It was a massive land grant owned by a single individual named Cecilius Calvert. He was Catholic, so Catholics found religious freedom in Maryland.

Response to the Intolerable Acts: 1774

Massachusetts passed a set of resolutions calling for colonists to: 1.) disobey the Intolerable Acts, 2.) stop paying taxes, and, 3.) prepare for war. *First Continental Congress held in Sept 1774*

General McClellan was so slow because

McClellan was wining bloodless "victories"

Attempts to settle slavery conflict

Missouri Compromise: created Maine along with Michigan so that there were two new states (one slave, one free) Compromise of 1850: California coming into union would be free state, but New Mexico and Utah could have choice to be slave state; also strict laws about runaway slaves (called Fugitive Slave Act: slaves captured in free states had to be returned to owners) Kansas-Nebraska Act: states could choose to be free or slave

The Missouri Compromise

Missouri territory applied to statehood Disrupted balance between northern free states and southern slave states Maine territory applied to be a free state Also no slavery in the res did Louisiana purchase

The election of Lincoln as president

Moved South Carolina to declare immediate secession from the union

The Civil Rights Movement (1964 - 1968)

Nearly 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans in Southern states still inhabited a starkly unequal world of disenfranchisement, segregation and various forms of oppression, including race-inspired violence. This movement would put an end to the oppression and advanced the black people in society.

Which Italian Renaissance writer wrote the political analysis "The Prince"?

Niccolo Machiavelli

4 Earliest Civilizations

Nile River in Egypt Mesopotamia (Earliest in 4000-3000 BCE) Indus River Hwang Ho in China

Eighth Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

Third Amendment

No quartering of soldiers

What is the 4th Amendment?

No unreasonable searches or seizures

Does the minority party in the House of Representatives have a Speaker?

No, only a Minority Leader and Minority Whip

New York Colony

Originally called New Amsterdam (was Dutch) England took over from Dutch and gave to King's brother, the duke of York

Majority Party

Party with the most representatives

Articles of Confederation

Plan for national government ratified in 1781 It failed and was replaced by a new constitution

Who were the Puritans, and where did they Colonize?

Plymouth, Mass. is where the Puritans (also known as Congregationalists or the "Pilgrims", and they were seeking separation from the Church of England) colonized. When they arrived, it was a few weeks before winter- which they were unprepared for. Nearly half of the group died that winter, but those who survived owed it to the local Indians (led by Squanto) because they taught them how to grow food and where to fish. In gratitude, the Puritans hosted a large dinner with the Indians- the first Thanksgiving!

Proclamation Line of 1763

Pontiac's Rebellion, ↳convinced the British to avoid future conflicts, shd slow down settlements ↳British Parliament issued the ~, a "do not cross" line west of the Appalachian Mountains: reserved territory for Native Americans ↳settlers ignored proclamation because just fought war for that territory Precursor to the American Revolution

Indentured Servants

Poor English people who signed who signed a contract with American colonists to work for 4 years in return for paid passage to America, increased population

All of the following speak to the activities of the Ku Klux Klan during reconstruction except

President Grant hesitated to forcefully act against them

Mid 1900s assassinations

President Kennedy (1963) Senator Kennedy (1968) and Martin Luther King Jr (1968)

Field Survey

Research study in which variables in an actual organization are measured and correlated sometimes called a correlation study.

3rd Amendment

Restricts quartering of troops in private homes.

Choice

Result because of scarcity. People decide whether to buy items at higher prices or look elsewhere.

Where was the capital of the Confederate States of America?

Richmond, Virginia

Vice President oversees the ____________

Senate

Overlapping Photos

Shows the same area from different positions along the flight line.

Tertiary Source

Source material that describes a work which is chiefly a selection or compilation of other primary and secondary sources. Example: Someone else merely states Freud's findings or compiles his work.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

Martin Luther

Started the protestant reformaton. Posted 95 theses on saxony church and criticized the church

Thomas Jefferson

Still worth studying today because his presidency encapsulates the best and worst of our nation. While he wanted America to be self-sufficient (attempted to impose the Jefferson Embargo), during his presidency mercantilism increased. While he argued for the key phrase of the Constitution that "all men are created equal," he owned slaves. And while he was in favor of small government, power became more centralized during his presidency.

In the past 35 years, significant parts of Brazil have been cleared to grow which of the following? Coffee. Corn. Rice. Sugar cane.

Sugar cane. In addition to being the world's number one exporter of coffee, Brazil is also the world's major exporter of ethanol for fuel use. Brazilian ethanol, unlike the corn-based ethanol produced in the United States, is made from sugar cane.

The 6 Mesopotamia Civilizations

Sumerians Amorites Hittites Assyrians Chaldeans Persians

The Largest Sea

The Coral Sea

The Lowest Point

The Dead Sea

The Longest River

The Nile River

A social studies teacher wants to connect geography with the spread of culture. Which of the following would be a good example of the spread of culture through trade? The Romans in Palestine The Phoenicians in Spain Alexander the Great in Egypt Pericles in Athens

The Phoenicians in Spain The Phoenicians established trading colonies in Carthage and Spain. They came from the Mesopotamian region of the world (modern day Iraq). They spread their culture through trade networks. Tracing the trade routes and noting the transfer of cultures along the route would be a good exercise to connect geography and cultures. Much culture was also spread by conquering nations.

22. Who is considered the presiding officer of the House of Representatives? A. The Speaker of the House B. The House Majority Leader C. The Vice President D. The Majority Whip

The Speaker of the House

The Japanese surrendered when from WWII when...

The U.S. dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Louisiana Purchase

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

Americans in the middle of the eighteenth century were referred to as a "people of plenty." Which of the following does not corroborate this description?

The US had impressive population growth

Supply

The amount of a product available to consumers

Which of the following factors most increased cultural diversity within the United States during the early nineteenth century? A. The relocation of American Indians in western territories B. The arrival of European immigrants in urban areas C. The migration of African Americans to northern cities D. The arrival of Asian workers to build railroads

The arrival of European immigrants in urban areas European immigrants represented many cultures, so they increased diversity in the United States more than any action by a single group.

Revolutionary War

The conflict arose from growing tensions between residents of Great Britain's 13 North American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown. - French assistance helped the Continental Army force the British surrender -Americans had effectively won their independence, though fighting would not formally end until 1783.

Interest Rates.

The cost of borrowing money

Federalist Papers

The debates of the congress and the concerns of the founding fathers were made available to the people of the nation in order to win popular support for the new proposed constitution

Nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

C Corporation

The most common type of corporation, which is a legal business entity that offers limited liability to all of its owners, who are called stockholders

Coordinates

The numbers that make an order pair and identify the location of a point.

Political Location

The political divisions within continent that designates various countries.

Federalists

The supporters of the proposed Constitution believed in loose decentralzied gov. FEDERALISM" — which implies a strong central government — was the opposite of the proposed plan that they supported. A more accurate name for the supporters of the Constitution would have been "NATIONALISTS."

Government

The system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed

Which of the following actions led to Unites States involvement in the First World War? A. The bombing of naval bases in the Pacific B. The surrender of military forces from Russia C. The invasion of neutral territories by Germany D. The use of submarine warfare in the Atlantic

The use of submarine warfare in the Atlantic The practice of unrestricted submarine warfare on civilian vessels like the Lusitania continued after the Zimmerman Telegram and was a major reason behind the United States declaration of war against Germany.

Thematic Maps

They use a base or topographic map as the foundation showing data based on a theme, such as population density, wildlife distribution, economic trends, etc.

Primary Author of the Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

Who sent Lewis and Clark to explore Western territory after the Louisianna Purchase?

Thomas Jefferson

Which U.S. President was responsible for sending Lewis & Clark to explore the Louisiana Territory? A. Thomas Jefferson B. James Madison C. James Monroe D. John Quincy Adams

Thomas Jefferson *think about when the Louisiana Territory was acquired: bought by THOMAS JEFFERSON from Napoleon in 1803*

The Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson primary author; declared autonomy but did not make government

Franklin Roosevelt asked Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act. What did the Lend-Lease Act authorize FDR to do?

To sell, trade, rent or give weapons to any country he thought would use them to keep the U.S. safe The Lend-Lease Act dealt with the selling, trading, leasing or giving of weapons as above. To prepare for war, Roosevelt: 1. Authorized the doubling of the Navy 2. Pledged to aid any North, South or Central America country which was attacked 3. Pushed Congress to approve a peacetime draft 4. Traded 50 Navy destroyers to England 5. Pushed the Lend-Lease Act through Congress 6. Ordered the Navy to attack on sight German submarines on our east coast.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the war with Mexico Mexico ceded the southwest territory of Texas to California to the US

Schliemann found a famous lost city which many had thought never existed. What city was it? Troy. Alexandria. Babylon. Timbuktu.

Troy. Homer told the epic many times about the war which had gone on in Troy. Schliemann researched what material he could find and later discovered the lost city. The Ottoman Empire later refused him permission to continue to dig in the area.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Uncle Tom's Cabin

dred scot v. sandford

Upheld property rights over human rights 1857

Trench Warfare

WW1

Uboat

WW1

Texas

Was a state in the republic of Mexico Mexico offered land grants to northern immigrants Stephen Austin But then too many people came to they tightened restriction on immigration and increased taxes Texas proclaimed independence and became its own republic Fear of British involvement cause us to admit Texas into union

Marshes

Wetland without trees; in North America, this type of land is characterized by cattails and rushes

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

What is a pocket veto?

When the president doesn't sign a bill for ten days, it then gets sent back to congress where it has to pass with a 2/3 majority to become a law

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

While looking for El Dorado (the seven cities of gold, which was probably a myth), Coronado became the first European to explore the American Southwest in, what is today, Arizona and New Mexico.

What was the cause of the French and Indian?

While the French and their Indian Allies worked the fur trades in Ohio, the Governor of Virginia gave a large land grant to his friends at the Ohio Company. The French and their Indian allies did not recognize the land grant, so they went to war. -actual fighting began when: -British colonists led by 21-year-old militia colonel George Washington (Yes, that George Washington) - tried to eject the French from the forts they were constructing in Western Pennsylvania.

Hera/Juno

Wife of zues. goddess of marriage

New Freedom

Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

iron curtain

Winston Churchill used phrase to describe te barrier of hostility democrats and communist

What is the 19th Amendment?

Women have the right to vote

On April 2, 1917, who went before a joint session of Congress to request a declaration of war against Germany.

Woodrow Wilson b/c of zimmerman telgram and sinking of Lusitania

Muckrackers

Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, child labor and more.

Gods of Greek/Roman Mythology

Zeus/Jupiter - King of Gods Hera/Juno - Goddess of Marriage Poseidon/Neptune - God of the Sea Cronos/Saturn - Youngest son of Uranus, Father of Zeus Aphrodite/Venus - Goddess of Love Hades/Pluto - God of the Underworld Hephaistos/Vulcan - God of the Forge Demeter/Ceres - Goddess of the Harvest Apollo/Apollo - God of Music and Medicine Athena/Minerva - Goddess of Wisdom Artemis/Diana - Goddess of the Hunt Ares/Mars - God of War Hermes/Mercury = Messenger of the Gods Dionysus/Bacchus - God of Wine Persephone/Proserpine - Goddess of Underworld Eros/Cupid - God of Love Gaia/Gaea - Goddess of Earth

Committees of Correspondence

a committee used to communicate with other colonies about British activities. Helped unify colonies and shape public opinion.

arm's race

a competition between nations to have the most powerful weapons

Imperfect Competition

a market structure that does not meet the conditions of perfect competition

Amendments 13

abolish slavery

Voltaire

advocate of freedom of the press and speech (1694-1778) French philosopher. believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. "Father of the Enlightenment"

the Cold War

after WWII until the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. This was a period when much of the world was divided by the communist/non-communist battle for military and political superiority. While the USA and the USSR were unquestionably the world's two superpowers, they avoided direct military conflict. Instead, they sought to bring other countries into their fold.

Labor Force

all nonmilitary people who are employed or unemployed

Seven Years War

an eighteenth-century war fought in Europe, India, and North America. One of the major outcomes was England beating France to become the world's leading colonial power. The North American part of the war is called the French and Indian War.

Labor Unions

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. -eventually established 8 hour work day

Theodore Roosvelt

anti trust laws

marshal plan

assist European reconstruction

ring of fire

area located in the basin of the pacific ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur

The Compromise of 1850

arose around California being admitted to the Union. California was a very populous state, going to give a lot of votes in House of Representatives to either the abolitionists or slave states based on whether or not California was a free or slave state. California is admitted as a free state, with the caveat that when Utah and New Mexico became part of the Union, they would decide for themselves whether to be free or slave states. Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., Passed the Fugitive Slave Law

The Harlem Renaissance (1920s)

artistic and intellectual revolution of the African American community, set the stage for the civil rights movement

Where and when was the Three-Fifths Compromise debated and why?

at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 as a result of a debate within the Continental Congress The debate was about apportioning taxes based on a state's population vs. its land value.

Radical Republicans

believed ex-slaves should have the same rights

effect of high tariffs on an economy in the long run

benefit some at the expense of others

mass production

bgan in 1798 - increased growth of American industry

How is oil created?

biomass is deposited deep underground and gets compressed over millions of years

Dred Scott v Sanford

black americans could never become citizens

Assembly line

breaking down a task and having each worker specialize in one specific part of the task

stamp act

british tax colonist to pay for 7 yr war

brown v. board of education

called for non-segregated school systems 1954

Fifteenth Ammenmdment

can't be denied voting right based on race

National Industry Recovery Act

codes for fair competetion in industry

General William Sherman

captured Atlanta 1864 brought n enormous boost to northern morale After that the north began winning more battles

selective incorporation doctrine

case by case application of the Bill of Right's protections to the states using the 14th Amendment's Due Process clause- Basically deciding which protections are fundamental to due process clause

perfectly inelastic

changes in price do not effect demand for the good. Ex: gas for car

Interm-50 tolerable Acts

colonists dubbed a series of laws passed by the British in 1774

dividend

company gives stock owners percentage of company's profits based on how much stock each shareholder has

corporation

company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

Lee's success in 1862 was

conflicted in Antietam.

Nation's supply of money =

currency in circulation + bank deposits

Fugitive Slave Acts 1787-1864

dealt with treatment of escaped slaves. difficult to enforce with civil war.

War of 1812

declared in response to British interference with US shipping - led to nationalism and established US as naval power despite no real winner

Who was declared free by the Emancipation Proclamation

declared slaves living in states still in rebellion to be free.

Individualism

describes the increasing emphasis on the pursuit of personal advancement and private fulfillment free of oustide interference.

Planned economy

designed and managed by primary authority such as the government or a select group

supply and demand

determines price of goods and services S: the goods that are avaiable D: amount of good that buyers wish to purchase -price of things represents that quantitity of something produced vs. the quantity purchased

African Americans adapted to the conditions of slavery by

developing kinship networks

Lincoln's views on Reconstruction in 1865 were

echoed by his second inaugural addressing wanting "malice towards none"

Circular Flow of Income

economic model that pictures income as flowing continuously between businesses and consumers

Capitalism

economic system in which trade, industry, and the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned and operated for profit. (no government forces)

Townshend Acts

enacted in 1767 this act put customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint etc..multiple protests occurred because of this act.

The Pecora Commission

established by the U.S. Senate in 1932 to study the causes of the stock market crash

More supply, price...

falls

Red Scare (1920s)

first of two major panics about communist infiltration

United Nations

former after WW2, organization to prevent conflicts

Fredick Douglas

former slave- autobiography- saved other slaves

Checks and Balances

founding fathers sought to limit the potential abuse for power by making each branch answerable to the other two branches in some way -congress makes laws but the president can veto a bill or the Supreme Court can overturn the new law.

EmANCIPATION pROCLAMATION

freed slaves

1st amendment

freedom of religion and speech

19th Amendment

gave women the right to vote

more demand, price..

gets higher

townsend tax

glass etc

Hephaestus/vulcan

god of fire/ blacksmithing

demeter/ ceres

god of grain

Aphrodite/venus

god of love an beauty

Apollo

god of sun

hades/pluto

god of the underworld and the dead

ares/mars

god of war

Dionysus/bacchus

god of wine and vegetation

Athena/minerva

goddess of civilized life, handicrafts and agriculture

Continental Congress

gov't during revolution

import/export quotas

gov. may restrict access to foreign markets or restrict competition by placing a quantaity limit on imported/eported goods

Iroquis people

group of several tribes that were based in the North Eastern U.S during the time of the European exploration, formed the league known as the "six Nations"

In 1920, the *Nineteenth Amendment* to the United States Constitution was passed in order to

guarantee women the right to vote "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied. . . on account of sex."

Plessy v Ferguson

guaranteed- segregation"separate but equal"

bill of rights

guarantees to individual citizens

participatory economy

guides, production, consumption and allocation of resources with the input of society

Bicameral legislature

having two Houses Senate and House of Reps reason we have this is because populous and less populous states fighting over how many reps each state should get and how to decide it

Assyrians

horse-drawn chariots and organized military

electoral college number of reps determined by

house of reps and the senate amount for that state

Microeconomics

how individuals and buisnesses use their resources in a market economy the part of economics concerned with single factors and the effects of individual decisions.

How do changes in technology affect what people do in a region/ make a region more or less desirable?

human resources (workforce, ppl to trade with, jobs) and man-made resources like AC, cars, heaters, electricity can make living in previously undesirable regions more desirable. human resources and man-made resources can also increase ability to respond to natural hazards, which increases desirability to live in previously undesirably locations as well (buildings that can withstand earthquakes better for example)

Lines of Latitude

imaginary horizontal lines that run across the globe

The Dred Scott case

infuriated republicans and made them determined to defy the supreme court

After WWII, we gained the status as an

international superpower

Constitution

is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government.

Hoovervilles

large collections of temporary housing during the Great Depression , named after government INACTION under Hoover

Middle Passage

leg of journey to bring slaves from Africa to US- extremely inhumane conditions, brutal, unsanitary - many people below decks Slaves sold in southern colonies/states Cash crops purchased (tobacco, cotton, indigo) Last Passage: Take cash crops back to Europe and make a profit

Presidents Johnson's aim during reconstruction was

leniency towards the ex-Confederates

Effects of Immigration on American Society in the 1800's

lots of immigration in the 19th century due to industrial revolution - railroad, automobiles big industries competition for jobs led to *nativism* in the 1840s and 50s towards Irish and German immigrants, and then again in the early 1900's against Asian immigrants Laws such as the Chinese Exclusion Act (1884) and The Gentleman's Agreement (w/ Japan 1894) were passed during this time

The constant abolitionist agitation in the north

made abolitionists personally unpopular but convinced many northerners that slavery was a threat to America's freedom

The California gold rush

made the issue of slavery in the Mexican secession areas more important

mccarthyism

make accusations of patriotic disloyalty without evidence

separation of powers

many different positions to ensure that one person does not have too much power in gov. Barone de Montesquieu

Government Economic Activities: Direct services

military - protection funded by tax dollars

State government

modeled after the federal government (do not have to be, but each state chose to be) *Executive Branch:* Governor, elected by the people *Legislative Branch:* Bi-camaral State Legislature: (all states but Nebraska, which has a unicamaral leg.) *Judicial Branch:* State Supreme Court

Isthmus

narrow strip of land connecting to two larger regions (good for trade and building canals)

commodities

natural resources that have to be extracted rather than created (mineral ores)

At first, during WWII, we proclaimed..

neutrality. but we still lended financial and material aid to England and France

Reconstruction posed a problem for the post-bellum United States because

not only were there differences between Republicans and Democrats about the issue,

Typically in a survey that has bias, the bias is caused by one or both of these two things

not random enough (too focused on one group) not representative enough (didn't ask enough ppl)

crude birth rate

number of childbirths for every 1000 people

commodity money

objects that have value in themselves as well as value in their use as money.

Enlightenment

observation to support ideas. Focus on logic and ethic

Resistance to slavery

occurred most often in passive ways

Treaty of Paris in 1782

official end of the war, gave independence and territorial rights to colonies

environmental degradation

often causes the decline of civilizations- one example of this is in the Indus Valley (India)

Earliest Chinese Civilizations of China

oldest uninterrupted civilization, goes back 10,000 years, Confcius, Analects, the Tao Te Ching, and a variety of poetry

Benjamin Franklin

one of the five founding fathers of the Declaration of Independence

The Treaty of Versailles

one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Executive branch

ones to enforce the laws, includes the president and vice president

natural economy

operates on trade not a monetary system

Grange Movement

organized farmers in Midwest and south -regulate railroad companies - illegal price fixing by rr

Voting:

originally only white males over 21 -federal elections occur every 2 years House of Representatives - 2 year terms Senate - 6-year terms

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

subsistence economy

output of services and goods meet the populations consumption.

Common Sense

pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation during the time of the Revolutionary War

1649 Toleration Act

passed in England allowing all Christians religious freedom.

Special Interest Group

people who are concerned with some particular issue or part of the government and who try to influence legislators to act in their favor.

the Federalists Papers

persuasive essays to convinve antifederalists that they needed the constitution. 85 of them. by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison

Federalism

philospohy that the gov. is formed by a voluntary gathering of people who consent to be ruled over by a constitutionally limited central body. -typically favor strong national gov. Anti-Feds are opposite and emphasize decentralization of power

Culture develops in relation to

physical environment

Flood Plain

plane on either side of a river (communities often settled here because sediment deposited by flooding was rich in minerals and good for farming)

Liberalism

political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting power of government interference with the natural rights of citizens;.

what is Inflation

prices go up

Woodrow Wilson 14 Points

principles for peaceful international relations -included in Treaty or Versailles

Amending the constitution

proposed by 2/3 vote in each house of congress and ratified by 3/4 of state legislature

Boston Tea Party

protest by the American Colonists against the British government (about the tax issue). They staged the protest by boarding three trade ships in Boston Harbor and throwing the ships' cargo of tea overboard into the ocean. .

Louisiana Purchase 1803

purhcased it under presidency of Jefferson made country double in size -He sent Lewis and Clark to explore new land -led to the 1849 Gold Rush -Indian wars during this time

Brinkmanship

pushing issues with the Soviet Union to the brink of Nuclear Exchange b/c we assumed the USSR would always back down.

boston tea party

rebellion escalating

Great Depression Causes

record profits in 1920's led to lots of investment and not much regulation -income disparity (1% of population controlled ⅓ of assets) -bubble growth: diminishing returns, decrease in wages (fast production - agricultural overproduction - led to decrease in demand) -large debt increases -decline of agriculture, drought (Dust Bowl)

The high expectation of blacks did not align with political, economic, or social realities in the US as

redistribution plans, although popular in Congress, failed to pass

21st amendment

repealed the 18th amendment (prohibition)

Cheifdom

regional polity in which 2+ groups are organized under a single chief who's at center of a ranked hierarchy of peep

Taxes

required by U.S. citizens local, state, fed, income tax purchased goods money made through investment homeowners (to pay for public serives like public Ed.)

adment 15

right to vote for all MEN

river that forms part of border between us and mexico

rio grande

Branch

river or stream formed when water leaves a river

Tributary

river or stream that flows into another river

Government Economic Activities: Regulation and control

rules set by the federal government for international and interstate commerce systems for recourse if don't follow regulations regulating the financial sector

Slave Codes

rules that restricted slaves from owning land, getting an education, amassing in group etc..It denied freedom to slaves

Eleventh Amendment

says that you cannot sue a state in federal court without the state's consent

Chinese Empires

series of Dynasties. Most famous was Han Dynasty from 206 BCE to 220 CE.

The Constitution of the United States

set up government

hatching

shading done (usually on a map) by drawing tiny, closely set parallel lines

cartographers use _________ and __________ to represent elevation and relief

shading, hatching hatching shading done (usually on a map) by drawing tiny, closely set parallel lines

Spanish American War

short US control of Peurto Rico and Philippines

Political map

shows boundaries of countries, states and municipalities

Topographic map

shows physical features of location

civil war: focal point of political crisis

slavery

3/5 compromise

slaves count as 3/5 citizen for representation

Gender roles

social and behavioral norms that determine how males and females speak, think, dress, and interact within society

The Great Society

social reform by President Johnson medicaid, medicare, antipovery measures

political radical

someone who advocates changing the fundamental structures or institutions of society.

Leader of the House of Representative

speaker of the house

1st ammendment rights

speech right to assembe/ join an association press religion appeal (make a serious/ urgent request) to the gov. itself for relief when necessary. This may relate to British Stamp Act.

The Gettysburg Address

speech given by Abraham Lincoln; dedicating a cemetery for soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg.

Slave trade

spurred by southern desire for cheap plantation labor and by European desire for tobacco and cotton

Robert Fulton

steamboat

Rapidly growing American settlement in Oregon

strengthened American claims to the Colombia river country and made Britain more willing to compromise

Federalist

strong central govt

anthropology

study of humanities

The price of a good or service increases when..

supply of the good decreases

When the price of a good or services decreases when...

supply of the good increases

Southern Strategies in the US Civil War

surge into the North try to take control of important trade routes, supply lines and manufacturing bases

1811

the National road (funded by government)

Circular economic flow

the factor and product markets combine to make this

elevation

the height or depth above or below a baseline on a map.

Mortality Rate

the number of deaths in a population

Macroeconomics

the part of economics concerned with large-scale or general economic factors, such as interest rates and national productivity.

perfectly elastic

the tiniest rise in price will completelt eliminate demand

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Relief (cartography/ mapping)

the variation of elevation from place to place on a map

The US Civil War affected slaves in the Confederacy by

their military contributions proving effective

"walk slowly and carry a big stick"

theodore roosevelt

Kansas Nebraska act

to organize the area west of Missouri and Iowa as the territories of Kansas and Nebraska on the basis of popular sovereignty Outraged the north Divided democratic Republican Party along north and south Dissolved the Whig party

The Securities and Exchange Commission

to regulate stock market

Why was the Panama canal built?

to shorten the distance that ships had to travel to pass between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The canal permits shippers of commercial goods, ranging from automobiles to grain, to save time and money by transporting cargo more quickly.

Economic Reconstruction was

too heavily invested in railroad production

trench warfare WW1

troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery. The most famous use of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I.

calvary

troops on horses (South had strong calvary during Civil War)

Eli Whitney's cotton gin

turned south into a booming one crop economy where "cotton was King"

Battles of Gettysburg

turning point- stopped south- lee from further invading north- Gettysburg address

Alexander the Great

tutored by Aristotle, Conquered Egypt, Persia/Achaemenid founded by Cyrus the Great, India to Iberian Peninsula, Spread Greek culture East, cultural diffusion

Sugar Act/ Townsend Act

unpopular tax laws with the colonists

Sumerians

used the first known writing system

opportunity cost

value of what is forgone when an economic choice is made

Great Plains

vast grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains -extend to the edge of the Canadian Shield and the western edges of the Appalachians. -Minor hills and mountains are found in the Ozark Plateau of Missouri, and in the Boston Mountains and Ouachita Mountains of northwestern Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma.

John Brown

violently attempted to end slavery

constitution

written in 1789, the frame of the government. defined the composition of the three branches

Aquinas

was a Saint who lived from 1225 - 1274 (Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology.

Government Economic Activities: Direct assistance

welfare social security

Kwakiutl People

west coast of North America

opportunity cost

when scarcity reaches a point where it no longer makes sense to purchase it. ex: trade off

All of the following are arguments Constitutional change did not occur after the US Civil War except

while the first ten amendments to the constitution limit the power

Abolitionism (STDG)

wide spread movement to end slavery -Garrison, Douglass, Stowe, Tubman

Harrapans

widely dispersed civilization in the Indus valley. Luxurious and prosperous trade

winner-take-all

winner of electoral voting gets all the elctoral votes in the state counted towards his or her total. So, getting a tiny lead in the popular vote can end up producing a big lead

Should the US Civil War be referred to as a Civil War?

yes... virtually everyone refers to it as a civil war

2 main branches of geography

*Physical Geography* (mountains, biomes, etc.) *Human Geography* (countries, where people live, patterns of migration and reasons for migration)

1783 Treaty of Paris

-Between the United States and Britain that ended the American Revolutionary War. It was signed on September 3, 1783

English Toleration Act of 1690

-all Protestants could worship freely -meant that people in Massachusetts would have to accept even Quakers as equals -No longer need membership at a Congregationalist church to vote in general-court elections -Now needed own property to vote

Stamp Act 1765:

-all printed material had to carry a stamp, each stamp cost money -purely to gain revenue for Britain -mostly affected people who used a lot of paper such as newspaper printers and lawyers - who could obv easily spread the word

The Tennessee Valley Authority

-electric power to parts of the southeast

First and Last Battle of Civil War

1. Battle of Fort Sumpter 2. Appotomox Court House

Battles/Events During French and Indian War

1754 - 1758: British losing pretty bad 1759: Tide began to turn for British: captured French Forts Duquesne ("du-kane"), Ticonderoga and Louisbourg Sept 1759: British trounced French at Plains of Abraham near Quebec. 1760: Montreal surrendered *The British were victorious in North America, the Caribbean, Europe, and India* -The war continued officially for three more years *WAR ENDED: Treaty of Paris in 1763*

T. Jefferson

3rd president Author of Declaration of Independence

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people

Arctic Circle

A line of latitude about 66.5 degrees North of the equator.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production. Development of new weaving and iron working techniques,Vast expansion and improvement in roads and waterways, Greatly increased prosperity and political power for the middle class

George Washington

A war hero for the continental army. Elected first president and established the idea of a citizen president.

Northwest Passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations

AFL-organization of skilled workers according to craft rather than on an industrial basis -Merged with CIO: Now they are the largest union in the U.S

Southern General Robert E Lee

Abandon Richmond in 1865 and attempted to escape with the remainder of his army Cornered by Ulysses S Grant and forced to surrender at Appomattox

What is the 13th Amendment?

Abolished slavery

the Treaty of Paris

Agreement after French-Indian War -decided which countries got which parts of land. France lost nearly all of its land in North America -Native Americans received nothing. As the British moved west, Native Americans felt compelled to fight back

Majority Whip

An officer whose job is to ensure party loyalty among party representatives.

Ratify

Approval of the constitution or an amendment

The Driest Land

Atacama Desert

Similarities of Mesopotamian Civilizations

Autocratic

House of Representatives

Based on population Up for election every 2 years

Division of Powers

Basic principle of federalism; the constitutional provisions by which governmental powers are divided on a geographic basic (in the United States, between the National Government and the States)

Manifest Destiny

Belief in the United States that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent.

Legislative

Branch of government that creates laws

Indus Valley

C.3000-C.1750 BCE A civilization extending from what today is now Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River. At its peak it had a population of over five million. The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings.

Henry Clay proposal for the north

California would be a free state of the north The land dispute between Texas and New Mexico would go to Mexico Popular sovereignty would decide the issue in Utah and New Mexico No slave trade in D.C.

Ancient Egypt *Geography* Dynastic Period: 3100 - 500 BC (this is the period we usually hear about)

Called "the gift of the Nile" *Nile had very regular, annual floods* -Because knew when were going to rise and fall and irrigate crops, could plan farming around that *Nile: great for transportation* Nile flows North into the Mediterranean Sea Wind blew South, so could ride currents North, then sail back south using the wind *Unlike Mesopotamia region, was geographically protected and had defensible borders which led to long periods of political stability* -North: Mediterranean Sea -East: Red Sea -South & West: Sahara (biggest desert in world) Only viable route to attack Egypt on land was: Sinai Peninsula (Isthmus of Sinai) Could just station soldiers there to protect

Roger Williams

Called for citizens to be able to practice whatever religion they wanted Banished from Massachusetts Bay Colonies Founded Rhode Island

3 Influences of Roman Catholic Church on Medieval Society

Church supplied education, King was influenced by Pope, controlled vast amount of land in Europe.

Contributions of Rome

Contributions of Rome Technology, Medicine, Language, Religion, Roman Law and Politics, Literature, Arts, Games

Latitude

Distance north or south of the equator

latitude

Distance north or south of the equator Run parallel to each other

3/5's Compromise

Each slave equals 3/5's of a person for population count to decided the amount of representation in congress

The relative scarcity of arable land in China led to ____________________ in Chinese social life?

Early development of intensive agricultural cultivation techniques In order to compensate for a scarcity of land, farmers in China used cast iron tools, animals to pull plows, irrigation, and water conservation projects to increase efficiency in farm production.

Mercantilism

Economic belief in selling more than you buy. England used the colonies' natural resources to take advantage of their market.

President

Elected leader of a nation or group of people

Baron De Montesquieu

Famous for the idea of having three branches of government so that no one branch may have too much power

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

Common Welfare

Government working to help everyone in a country.

The Largest Island

Greenland

First nine amendments

Guarantees of personal freedom

What did Martin Luther do in 1517?

He published his list of demands for reform in the Roman Catholic Church. He nailed his 95 Theses to his church door in Wittenberg, Germany. He began the movement called the Protestant Reformation.

Demand

How much consumers are willing to pay. High demand =high price. Low demand=low price

Economic Systems

Is a governmental system that controls how goods are produced, distributed, and used within a society.

The religious center of Islam

Mecca - located in Saudi Arabia

Panama Canal connects what 2 bodies of Water

Pacific and Atlantic Sea

On December 7th 1941, the Japanese attacked..

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. We entered the war after this fighting on two fronts: Europe and the Pacific

Progressive Era

Period of reform from 1890s-1920s. It opposed waste and corruption, for social justice, general equality, and public safety. Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906.`

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

Autocracy

Rule by one

36. Which of the following religions did not have a major influence on ancient Chinese society? A. Sikhism B. Buddhism C. Confucianism D. Taoism

Sikhism

South China Sea

Singapore, Indo, Phillippines, etc

Pearl Harbor

Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

The Palestinian National Authority has jurisdiction in which 2 areas?

The Gaza Strip and the West Bank

Command Economy

The gov controls what and how much is produced, methods used and distrubution

Reign of Terror

The historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

Nathaniel Hawthorne

This novelist wrote "The Scarlet Letter", "The House of Seven Gambles", "Young Goodman Brown", and "The Minister's Black Veil".

Which of the following is considered a right of United States citizenship? A. To obey laws B. To serve on a jury C. To worship freely D. To pay income taxes

To worship freely

The emancipation of slaves apart, the war produced no major upheavals in the social order.

True

True/False: Horses were introduced to North America by the Europeans

True

True/False: Christianity was brought to the "New World" by Europeans

True Missionaries by Spanish Columbus' agricultural and mining camps: Christian

Hittite Empire 4 things

Turkey, extended to Palestine and Syria. Conquered Babylon, adopted their religion and system of laws, tolerate religions, absorbed foreign gods and their own belief systems. 1600-1200 BCE. Conquered by Assyria after war with Egypt in 700 BCE

4 things Indus Valley

Urban civilization, zero in mathematics, practiced Hindu, caste system

Fiscal Policy

Use of government powers to affect the performance of the national economic system.

Southern advantages

Vast in size and difficult to conquer troops were fighting on their own ground giving them familiarity and defending their homes

William Lloyd Garrison

Was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, voluntaryist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator,

Founding Fathers

Washington, franklin, Paine, Adams Madison Henry

Anti-Federalists

Were opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it lacked a bill of rights. Opponents of the Constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states' rights, their demands led to the addition of the a Bill of Rights to the document.

Western Hemisphere

West of the Prime Meridian

ethnology

comparative study of *many* societies

lousiana purchase

napolean sold to us

Seventh Amendment

right to a trial by jury

What contributed MOST to the growth of factory production in the United States during the early 1800s

the introduction of new industrial machinery (technology)

How was the US a "society of equals"?

the lack of a feudal hierarchy

In contrast to slavery in the US, slavery in Latin America

worked their slaves to death

Versailles Treaty

(1919) Treaty between Allied Powers and Germany, ending World War I. [284]

Mesopotamia

(c. 3500-c. 2350 BCE) Invention of writing, military expertise, city-states, Code of Hammurabi. Sumer constructed dikes and reservoirs. Invention of writing in 3500 BCE marks the beginning of civilization

Truman Doctrine

*1947, President Truman's policy* of providing economic, political and military aid to any country threatened by communism or authoritarian/totalitarian ideology, mainly *helped Greece and Turkey*

What factors are similar between most of the world's early civilizations?

*emerged along fertile river valleys:* rivers fed surrounding area with water - ideal for farming *Neolithic Revolution*: hunter/gatherer>> farming

Salem Witch Trials

-1692 -religous intolerance and political fears -19 executed on charges of witchcraft

Great Depression in Italy and Germany

-Rise of Fascism -Totalatrian gov. replaced Democracies -Adolf Hitler and the Natzis (Holocaust) -Stalin also sent many to labor camps

The 1920's

-economic boom -women right to vote (19th amendment) -Prohibition: huge failure. ended up increasing organized crime rates from bootlegging. Repealed in1933.

WHy didn't new deal work?

-help one group, hurt the other -social security act exclused women/minorities -not a large enough scale -fear of big government

First and last battle of Revolutionary War

1. Lexington and Concord 2. Battle of Yorktown

Francisco Vázquez de *Coronado*

1540: -led Spanish expedition up Mexico's western coast and into southwestern US -"discovered" the Grand Canyon -clashed violently with local Indians *Island near San Diego is named after him*

James Polk

1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War

Grover Cleveland

1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike

What year were women given the right to vote?

1920 (19th amendment)

1775

1st conflict of revolutionary war

How long is a senator in office?

6 years

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

The Virginia Company

A joint-stock company proposed by James I in 1606 hoping to establish settlements on the coast of North America.

the Great Compromise

A state's representation in the House of Representation would be based on population; two senators for each state

federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Benefits of railroad during the civil war

Advanced Warfare, troops could move at faster pace

Treaty of Paris

Agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country

founding father of the United States, chief staff aide to General George Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, the founder of the Federalist Party,

Alexander Hamilton

containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

The Largest Waterfall

Angel Falls

Federalists

Any supporter to the constitution, emphasized that it would create a federal system of government.

Robert E. Lee

Appointed command of the Confederate Army in 1862 during the Civil War. Despite his skill he was forced to surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that it was the US' right to expand from coast to coast. Built on white racial superiority and American cultural superiority, major debates of the time period.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that it was the right of the US to expand westward

Alliance with France

Benjamin Franklin negotiated an agreement with France to fight with the Americans in 1778.

Indian Ocean

Between East Africa, South Asia and Australia

Executive

Branch of government that enforces laws

Judicial

Branch of government that interprets laws

Appalachian trail

Built: 1920s-1930s -Walking trail that goes through Appalachian Mtns -Runs North to South on East Coast -started (and funded?) by individuals who wanted to make a hiking trail and created the Appalachian Trail Conversancy

Free-market Economy

Capitalism, private ownership law of supply and demand; people decide what is produced

Ancient China

Characterized by periods of Unity and Disunity -Unity: dynasties -Invaders: mostly assimilated into Chinese culture *Buddhism:* Middle Path, release of all cares to get to Nirvana, avoiding excess - Siddhartha Gautama *Confucianism:* gave rise to doctrine of *legalism*: importance of roles in society father-son, older-younger, ruler-subject important in terms of roles in society -if ruler is not taking care of the people, people have right to overthrow them. -reciprocity: do unto others as have them do unto you *Daoism:* Natural way of living, connectedness with universe

The Marshall Court

Chief Justice John Marshall delivered the majority opinions during critical cases in the formative years

due process clause

Clause in the Fifth Amendment limiting the power of the national government; similar clause in the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the state governments from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

How did the agricultural revolution (aka Neolithic revolution) and climate changes impact the civilization of ancient Egypt?

Climatic changes in Egypt about 5000 years ago caused surrounding areas to get drier, because were fewer available resources, people moved towards the Nile River to be able to grow crops. They began to utilize irrigation, then farmers were able to grow more food than what they needed for just themselves, so they could sell food to others. This freed others up to do different jobs. Made Egypt a more fixed/settled agricultural civilization and may have strengthened it. Moved civilization forward, etc.

3/5 Compromise

Congress decision concerning taxes based on population. 3/5 of a state's slaves were counted in terms of congressional representation, presidential electors, and direct taxes.

Opportunity Cost

Cost of the next best alternative use of money, time, or resources when one choice is made rather than another

Cattle Ranching

Cowboys often worked on cattle drives. This was when a large herd of cattle was moved from the ranch to a market place where they could be sold. A lot of the original cattle drives went from Texas to the railroads in Kansas.

Persian Wars

Cyrus the Great, Black Sea to Afghanistan, and beyond into Central Asia. Darius after Cyrus became king. From 499-448 BCE Greece vs Persia, included: The Battle of Marathon, outnumbered Greeks won The Battle of Thermopylae, small band of Spartans held of a throng of Persian Troops The Battle of Salamis, naval battle where outnumbered Greeks won. The Battle of Platea, Greek victory won when Greeks outnumbered Persia Did not end Persia but stopped invasions of Greece

John Quincy Adams

Democratic-Republican.(1825-1829) Secretary of State under Monroe. Skilled diplomat as evidenced by the Adams-Onis Treaty and the Treaty of Ghent. Wrote the Monroe Doctrine for Monroe. Accused of winning the presidency with a "corrupt bargain" with Clay. Repealed the Gag Rule in 1845.

The shifting of a population's economy from agricultural to industrialized is part of which type of economic model?

Demographic transition

Survey

Designating a few key sites of known elevation as benchmarks to allow measurements of other locations.

Fringing Reefs

Develop near the shore throughout the tropics , require a hard surface for larvae to settle. Susceptible to damage by sedimentation and freshwater runoff.

Declaration of Independence

Drafted in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain (3 parts-New theory of government, reasons for separation, formal declaration of war and independence).

Market Revolution

Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Because of: -increased output of farms and factories -entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, -dvlpmnt of roads, canals and RR.

Command economy

Economic system in which a central authority is in command of the economy; a centrally planned economy

Roman Empire and Republic

Etruscan settlements and traditions, founded by Romulus and Remus, raised by wolves. Romulus killed Remus. Hellenization, spread of Greek culture. Autocratic government

Shays' Rebellion

Farmer Daniel Shays led 1,200 people to protest new tax laws. Showed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

Federalists

Favored a strong united central government, close tiles to Britain, a centralized banking system, and close links between the government and men of wealth; led by Alexander Hamilton

Fort Sumpter

First Battle of Civil War Confederate general, Beauregard, fired on federal fort at Charleston Harbor. Northerners were so confident that victory was assured, didn't take Civil War seriously and came out with picnic baskets and sat on the hill to watch the battle. South overtook this region and Northerners had to scramble to get away

Lewis and Clark

First U.S. expidition to travel the Pacific Coast and Return

Mycenaean Civilization 6 things

First major European civilization, conquest not trade, Sparta, Metropolis, and Corinth, Homer the poet, Linear B, destroyed by Dorians or Greek invaders

Which Italian Renaissance writer wrote a large body of work, mostly in Latin, including "Familiar Letters"?

Francesco Petrarch

New Deal

Franklin D Roosevelt wave of govt reforms ,

When did great depression turn around?

Franklin D. Roosevelt helped lessen the worst effects of theGreat Depression in the 1930s The economy would not fully turn around until after 1939, when World War II kicked American industry into high gear.

Fall of West Rome

Germanic tribes controlled most of Europe. Refused the Nicene Creed and believed in Arianism. The Franks proved powerful force under Charlemagne. Waged many wars against Rome in the 8th Century. They took Britain and Rome

Which Italian Renaissance writer wrote the collection of short stories meant to amuse rather than edify the reader, "The Decameron"?

Giovanni Boccaccio

The War of 1812

Government pressure on tribes in northwest and Mississippi valley to be removed British in Canada raided American settlements British navy captured American sailors and ships Madison asked congress for war, they said yes

Largest Canyon

Grand Canyon

The 15th Amendment

Guaranteed that state and federal governments could not deny the right to vote to any male citizen because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Alfonso Alvarez de Pineda

He charted the Gulf Coast off of Florida in 1519. He was probably the first European in Texas. He claimed it for Spain

Logan's Lament

He was a leader of the Mingo Indians.

James Fenimore Cooper

He was the first to write about Native-Americans and wrote "The Leatherstocking Tales" and " The Last of the Mohicans".

Assembly Line

Henry Ford developed 1908-1915 New, more efficient ways of manufacturing: *mass production* Goal: Make Model T cheaply enough so everyone could afford one

During the early exploration of North America, what did the Europeans introduce to the New World?

Horses, small pox, Christianity

Humid Continental Climate

Humid climate type that possesses warm-to-cool summers and bitterly cold winters.

What group of South American Indians occupied the territory from northern Ecuador to Chile?

Incas These people constructed a wide arrangement of roads in order to help move goods and people through their empire. They were primarily herders and farmers.

Secondary Source

Includes sources that combine, synthesize, and or interpret information from primary sources. Examples include encyclopedias, textbooks, and reviews.

1st: Recovery

Increase in the gross domestic product's rate of growth (GDP). Unemployment rate decreases.

The Wettest Land

India

Incas

Interior of South America, Ecquador-Chile. "Children of the Sun", believed that they were the sun god's vice regents on earth and more powerful than other humans. Every person's place in society was fixed and immutable and that the state and army were supreme.

Which of the following most contributed to the growth of factory production in the United States during the early 1800s? A. Rise in labor union membership B. Introduction of new technologies C. Creation of vocational programs D. Increase in government regulations

Introduction of new technologies

Royal Proclamation of 1763

Issued by George III after Britain's acquisition of French territory following the Seven Years' War. -forbade settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains -proclamation on land treaties by the British establishing two important principles for negotiations : a) land ownership rights of the First Nations to be respected; b) if a First Nation did choose to give up land, it should receive a fair payment for it

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Lincoln under pressure declared free all slaves in area still in rebellion at the end of the year announced after battle of Antietam

Jeffersonian era

Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran on DR ticket against JA and Charles Pickney TJ and AB tied, vote went to House of Representatives Deadlock ended when Hamilton chose TJ, Burr became VP

King George

Leader of England during the American revolutionary war and was blamed for the loss of the 13 colonies.

3 Branches of US Gvmt

Legislative: Congress (bicameral legislature) -Senate (2 reps) and House of Reps (by population) -makes the laws Executive: -the president and his cabinet -enforces and carries out the laws -president must sign bills into laws (unless has 2/3) -if president vetoes, need a 2/3 majority to pass law Judicial: -interprets the laws -supreme court and all lower courts

Artists, authors, and scientists of renaissance 4 things

Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo in art and architecture, Literature was Petrarch, Thomas More, Erasmus, Boccaccio. Focus on reality. Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Dante. Helped spread From Gutenberg metal printing press. Scientific Develop was Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, earth wasn't center of earth

first battles of Revolutionary War

Lexington and concord

Address to Congress

Made by Franklin Roosevelt 1941 and declared war on Japan due to Pearl Harbor

Thomas Jefferson

Made the Louisiana Purchase. Doubled the size of the US. Also believed the power should be in the states not the federal gov

the New Deal

New Deal: FDR 1933-1936 Public works projects on building roads, parks, etc. to try and reverse the Great Depression Focused on *Relief* for the poor, *Recovery* for the economy and *Reform* for Wall Street and the Stock Market

What were the economic, ethnic, and religious differences among the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies? Refer to any particular colonies explicitly mentioned in your text (e.g. Maryland).

New England: Economy was based in whaling and lumber for ship building. No large slave population because they did not have large scale farming. Many Puritans, but other groups started new colonies to defy Puritans. Rhode Island was established for religious freedom. Middle Colonies: Economy was based on wheat as a cash crop, which led to a large number of immigrants. A lot of religious freedom. Pennsylvania was created as a refuge for the Quakers. Southern Colonies: Tobacco was the main cash crop. Large plantations required many slaves and indentured servants, unlike in the north. Haven for religious freedom. Maryland passed the Toleration Act giving religious freedom to all Christians.

3 Ancient American Cultures

Norte Chico in Peru, 20 individual communities, 5000 years ago, Caral-Supe oldest american civilization Anasazi or Pueblo, Southwest USA, 1200 BCE, complex adobe dwellings Maya, southern Mexico and north Central American, 2600 BCE, written language and calendar

What is NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization America joined this group to make sure that the nations surrounding the Northern Atlantic area were protected in case of war. It also helps when it comes to commerce between different countries. - created in response to the divisions of the Cold War

Northern Hemisphere

North of the equator.

Ordinal Directions

North, East, South, West

Monarchy

One person from a royal family is the ruler; absolute monarchs have complete authority. A government ruled by a king or queen

Unemployment

People in a labor force who do not have work. US uses employment and unemployment rates as a measure of its economy.

H.B. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

Persuaded millions of northerners and Europeans that slavery was evil and should be eliminated

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain.

John D. Rockefeller

Richest man in the world ever, the 'King of Oil', made a megga industry. 'Captain of Industry'

Lake Baikal is a fresh water lake claimed to be both--the world's largest, and by volume, the world's deepest. Lake Baikal can be found in which of the following countries? Tanzania. Russia. China. Argentina.

Russia.

Topographical map

Similar to a physical map but shows different physical landscape features. They are different however because they use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape. Contour lines on topographic maps are normally spaced at regular intervals to show elevation changes (e.g. each line represents a 100 foot (30 m) elevation change) and when lines are close together the terrain is steep.

Which of the following was not a contributing factor to The Great Depression? A. Income disparity between classes B. Large debt increases C. The decline of agriculture D. Slowed production levels

Slowed production levels Was actually the opposite that was a factor. Companies were producing goods too quickly, and then oversaturated the market - caused value of companies to go down, which led to the stock market crash

Subsistence Farming

Small scale farming to feed individual families practiced in New England.

Comparative Advantage

Some countries have material or legal advantages in the production of specific goods.

5 things Kushite

South of Ancient Egypt, largest empire on the Nile, lived in villages, with buildings made of mud, settled, practiced hunting and fishing, cultivated grain, herded cattle. Kerma the capitol, major center of trade, Kandake or Kentake were female, was the head of states, lion god, Egypt gods, Mediterranean and Negroid mix, conquered by Nubia 800 BCE

after the civil war

Standard Oil Monopoloy National Banking network of J.P. Morgan Transcontintental railroad telephone phonograph brooklyn bridge skyscraper first airplane

Democracy

System of government ruled by the people

Big stick diplomacy

T Roosevelt's idea that big govt intervene on small govt "speak softly and carry big stick"

Nicene Creed

The Byzantine Empire was Christian but with Greek culture and roman law. 325, the first council of Nicaea addressed the Trinity and other basic Christian beliefs. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 stated that any rejection of the Trinity was blasphemy.

Lobbying

The influential efforts of the interest groups

Marbury v. Madison

This ruling gave judicial review power of the supreme court 1803

Theodore Roosevelt

Wildlife Conservationist. Panama Canal

Wilson's 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin" anti slavery

First human in orbit

Yuri Gagarin (USSR)

The maximum, sustained level of use of an environment that is possible without incurring significant environmental deterioration is called its ____________. the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation

carrying capacity

The New Deal

economic programs implemented by FDR in his first term upping government spending to counteract Great Depression -focused on public works: relief, recovery, and reform

balance of goods and services

equals the value of exports minus the value of imports also known as trade balance

Tropic of Cancer

imaginary line of latitude @ approximately 23 degrees North of the Equator

Dust Bowl (Great Depression)

poor land management caused crop failures an massive sandstorms in the Midwest (Okies migrated west)

Louisiana purchase

$15 million by Thomas Jefferson. Explored by Louis and clark, led by Sacagawea.

Jacques Cartier

(1491 CE -1557 CE) A French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to the region for France.

The Lend-Lease Act

-authorized before WWII started -allowed us to ship materials to other countries whose defense was considered essential to the U.S.

Senate Majority Leader

-the most powerful position in the Senate -manages the legislative process -schedules debate on legislation -elected by the members of his party, which by definition is the majority party, the one with 51 or more members

Interstate Commerce Commision

...

internment

100000 Japanese Americans in camps

George Washington

1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address

Louisiana Purchase

1803 Jefferson purchased land past the Mississippi River from napoleon for $15 million

Manifest Destiny

1845, the believe that the United States had a divine right and duty to spread over the entire North American continent

First Amendment

5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition

Communism

A political system characterized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government

Limited Government

A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.

Speaker of the House

An elected position that presides over the house and becomes second in line of presidential succession.

Atlantic Ocean

Between Eastern Americas, Europe and West Africa

Civil War

Bloodiest war in American History

Open Market Operations

Buying & selling government securities to change the supply of money

Federal Reserve

Central bank system. 1913 - central banking system of the US - created by the Federal Reserve Act - quasi public system

Parliamentary System

Democracy. members of the executive branch are drawn from the legislature. helps seperate power b/c the exec branch is accoutable to the legislative branch. In a parliamentary system, laws are made by majority vote of the legislature and signed by the head of state, who does not have an effective veto power. In most parliamentary democracies, the head of state can return a bill to the legislative body to signify disagreement with it. But the parliament can override this ''veto'' with a simple majority vote.

Franklin Pierce

Democrat (1853-1857), Candidate from the North who could please the South. His success in securing the Gadsden Purchase was overshadowed by the controversy surrounding the Ostend Manifesto, the Kansas Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas." Passions over slavery had been further inflamed, and the North and South were more irreconcilable than before. He succeeded only in splitting the country further apart.

Egyptians 6 things

Developed Construction Methods, Writings known as hieroglyphics, highly developed religion, preservation of bodies, made paper from papyrus, calendar, mathematics

Great Depression

Dust Bowl, Organized Crime

What did the US majorly supply during WW1?

Economic goods. Soldiers didn't arrive til much later on in the war.

Natural Hazards

Environmental events such as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, tornados, tsunami, mudslides, volcanic eruptions, and droughts.

George Washington

First president of the United States

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. In 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; He translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

American Federation of Labor

Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886; It sought better wages, hours, working conditions. Skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas. It was a non-violent approach.

New Deal

Franklin Roosevelt's wave of attempts of government reforms during the Great Depression

Plato

From Athens -*Theory of forms*: idea that there is more than one dimension. Everything we see is a copy of a more perfect 'form' or idea that exists in another dimension. -taught Aristotle

Aristotle

From Athens -first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics -*Poetics*: how to write plays, still referenced today -*Final Cause*: to understand s'thing have to understand what its purpose is (ex: building house - purpose is to provide shelter) -taught Alexander the Great

What is the 6th Amendment?

Guarantees a speedy public trial by jury (criminal cases)

1st amendment

Guarantees citizens right to speech, assemble, religion, press, appeal to the government

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the machine separated cotton seeds from cotton fiber, speeding cotton processing and making profitable the cultivation of the more hardy, led to the dramatic nineteenth century expansion of slavery in the South.

Isolationism

Is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). In other words, it asserts both of the following: Non-interventionism & Protectionism

Oligarchy

Is a government that is governed by a small upper-class group. In an oligarchy, the leaders are not elected by the people. A government ruled by a few powerful people

Where did most Germans settle during the colonial period?

Pennsylvania

Market Economy

Producers make decisions about methods and distribution

Oligarchic government

Ruled by minority

Sumer

South part of Mesopotamia, dozen city states had its own religion

Balance of Good and Services

The balance of services and goods equals the value of exports minus the value of imports

border states

The border states during the Civil War were the slave states that didn't leave the Union. These states included Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. West Virginia, which separated from Virginia during the war, was also considered a border state.

Who was in roles of power in Massachusetts Bay? What were the results of this?

The church elite, the "visual saints." It resulted in a movement to have everyone read the bible. Parents were responsible for teaching their children how to read. Also, anyone who outwardly supported religious freedom or religious practices that differed from the Puritans, were banished from the colony.

Marine Climate

The climate of some coastal regions, with relatively warm winters and cool summers. These climates are found in the United States, Canada, Chile, Australia, and New Zealand.

What was the context for the Gettysburg Address?

The dedication of a national cemetery during the American Civil War

Which of the following most contributed to the expansion of the Roman Empire under Emperor Augustus? A. The collection of taxes from conquered areas B. The appointment of public officials to the government C. The toleration of monotheism in conquered lands D. The establishment of an organized military system

The establishment of an organized military system The efficiency and structure of the Roman military enabled the Roman Empire to expand through conquest.

What is believed to have occurred during the last Ice Age as a result of a land bridge created between what are now Siberia and Alaska?

The establishment of human settlements in North America

Absolute Location

The exact position of an object or place, measured within the spatial coordinates of a grid system.

Subtropical Climates

Very humid areas in the tropical areas of Japan, China, Australia, Africa, South America, and the United States. The climate is humid and have hot summers and mild winters.

Opportunity cost

Whatever must be given up to obtain some item

Rosetta Stone

provided translations of hieroglyphics

Morbidity Rate

the number of people contracting a selected illness within a population

geomorphology

the study of land forms

Reasons for US entry into World War I (1914)

1. German submarines sank US passenger liner 2. Zimmerman telegram intercepted, proposing German Mexican Alliance against US

How long are governors terms?

4 years

1st Battle of Bull Run

During the Civil war, the south won, General Stonewall Jackson saved the day for South

Scarily of arable land in China led to what in Chinese life?

Early development of intensive agricultural cultivation techniques

Technological invention in World War I

U-Boats, submarines

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the American continent in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression

Equator

line of latitude with a measurement of 0 degrees

Three-Fifths Compromise

compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention. Debate as to whether slaves would be counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes.

Ancient Mesopotamia

emerged as one of the early river valley civilizations through the use of river water for irrigating crops, which produced sufficient surplus of food to support the first cities.

International Dateline

line of longitude that has a measurement of 180 degrees

Command Economy

the government makes all of the decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services.

Inaugural Address by JFk

"ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country"

George Bush

(1989-1993), Berlin wall comes down, Persian Gulf war against aggressive Saddam Hussein who invaded Kuwait.

Plains Indians

-Those who roamed central plains of North America -equestrian culture

First 10 Amendments

1 - freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly and petition 2 - bear arms 3- no quartering 4- no unreasonable searches/seizures 5- no double jeopardy, cannot be deprived right to life, liberty and property w/o due process, rights of accused people 6 - speedy public trial 7 - jury 8- no cruel/unusual punishment, no excessive bail 9 - rights exist besides ones explicitly stated, even though not listed cannot be violated 10 - powers not explicitly given to federal gvmt belong to the states

What was Columbus' orginal mission?

1) Used to trade with India by land, but this became unsafe for Europe in the 1480's -1492 voyage was meant to find a new trade route to India 2) -National Imperialism for Spain: - France and England were also looking for new territory to colonize. -He was trying to help Spain compete with these countries -He landed in the Bahamas but thought he was in the East Indies. He reffered to the people as "Indios".

Dred Scott Case: (1857) Supreme Court ruled that:

1) Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. 2)Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S. territories. 3) The rights of slaveowners were constitutionally protected by the Fifth Amendment because slaves were categorized as property.)

black death

1347-1359 left 1/3 of population dead

Senator's term in office

6 years

Ammendments

A clear way to make changes to the constitution and prevented frivolous changes, allowed laws to be changed when necessary.

Special Interest Group

A coalition of people that attempt to sway the political process to further their own agenda (build around specific issues or to promote a specific candidate) Give candidates financial campaign assistance.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Proprietary Colony

A colony owned by one individual who could govern it any way he wanted. This helped expand the colonies

Articles of Confederation

A constitution drafted by the newly independent states in 1777 and ratified in 1781. It created a weak national government that could not levy taxes or regulate commerce. In 1789, it was replaced by our current constitution in order to create a stronger national government.

Berlin Wall

A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War.

Pilgrims

A group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. These people would have the first "Thanksgiving".

the Whigs

A party that opposed the centralized nature of Jacksonian government and supported the ideas of national commerce regulation and men of talent leading a nation

Gold Rush

A period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Progressive Era

A period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the 1890s to 1920s.

Conservative

A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.

Anti-Federalist

A philosophy that emphasizes the decentralization of power.

Northwest Ordinance

A plan for selling and governing new land west of the Appalachian Mountains. Spelled out how states would be created from the northwest territory.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's. She was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Reconstruction

After the Civil War between the years of 1865 - 1877, President Andrew Johnson continued Lincoln's plan after his death. Union troops sent to the South to keep the people under control. Former slaves could vote, blacks elected to public office. When the Northern Troops left, the southerners ignored the rights of blacks.

Frederick Douglass

American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman, minister and reformer. Escaping from slavery, he made strong contributions to the abolitionist movement, and achieved a public career that led to his being called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia". Is one of the most prominent figures in African American and United States history.

Fundamentalism

Anti-modernist Protest movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible

Transfer Paymet

Any payment o government makes to a person without an expectation of a direct exchange of goods or services. Ex. Social Security and Welfare.

Tribe

Any system of social organization made up of villages, bands, or other groups with a common ancestry, language, culture, and name

Anti Federalists

Anybody who opposed the constitution. Accepted the need for a central government, but wanted to keep strong state power. Demanded bill of rights.

Natural barrier against the grown of British colonies in North America

Appalachian Mountains. In addition, the British tried to discourage settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains by issuing the Royal Proclamation of 1763.

The Civil War came to a close when General Lee surrendered at the end of which battle?

Appomattox Court House

Business Cycle

Changes in an economic system's overall performance.

A Century of Dishonor (1881), by Helen Hunt Jackson,

Chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, focusing on examples of injustices.

Mixed Economy

Combines elements from both a market economy and a planned economy. Ex. US economy

George Washington

Commander of the continental army. Led them against the British and later ended up becoming president

Wilmont Proviso

David Wilmont proposed that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in territory acquired by Mexico Passed by the house but stopped in the senate He tried again

Supreme Court

Deals with interpretations of the Constitution and acts as a check to the other branches through the power of judicial review -can strike down or nullify a law deemed unconstitutional -9 judges currently

"A date that will live in infamy"

Dec 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor President was FDR

Cause of the Revolutionary War

Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation added one year later (the initial basis of gov. for the 13 colonies)

Social Security is an example of what type of government economic activity? A. Stabilization and growth B. Direct assistance C. Direct services D. Regulation and control

Direct assistance

Declaration of Independence

Document that claims that the United States is free grime control of Great Britain

Sharecropping System

Dominant agricultural model in the post-Civil War South. Is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50% of the crop).

Monetary Policy

Effort to affect the economy through the regulation of interest rates and the expansion or contraction of the monetary supply.

Which ancient culture might show people worshipping a falcon?

Egyptian Horus = the sky god Has a falcon's head Pharaoh was living manifestation of this god

goods vs. services

G- product that can be bought or sold and has physical presence. Ex) T-shirt S-bought or sold, but not tangible. Ex) a concert

Which of the following best defines opportunity cost? A. Allocating federal taxes to improve the economy B. Gaining one item out of two by giving up the second item C. Having limited resources to produce goods for market D. Allocating funds for the manufacture of a specific product

Gaining one item out of two by giving up the second item

Antislavery movement

Garrison had radical followers Moderates who petitioned to congress The library party fielded a presidential candidate on the "free soil"party against expanding slavery

Articles of Confederation

Goal that was clearly expressed was a limit on the power of the national government. This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote

The Largest Reef

Great Barrier Reef

William Penn

He established the colony of Pennsylvania and also helped quakers escape persecution

imperfect competition

If a seller is selling a non identical good in the market, then he can raise the prices and earn profits. High profits attract other sellers to enter the market and sellers, who are incurring losses, can very easily exit the market. There are four types of imperfect markets: - Monopoly (only one seller) - Oligopoly (few sellers of goods) - Monopolistic competition (many sellers with highly differentiated product) - Monopsony (only one buyer of a product)

President Andrew Johnson

Impeached by an angry Congress in violation of tenure of office act Tenure of office act forbade president from removing office officials approved by the Senate

Communism

Is a social structure that falls into the category of a planned economy. Owns and controls all means of production without any private interest.

Planned Economy (Command Economy)

Is directed by the state. This hands-on approach dictates the prices of goods or services, as well as their production and distribution.

Judicial Branch

Is the federal court system. Us Supreme Court. Explain the Law. Judicial Review.

Senate

Is the other house of the legislature. 100 members, 2 members for each state. Members are elected every 6 years. The Vice President is the head of this body. Must be 30 years old.

LLC

Limited Liability Company. Individual owners enjoy the benefit of an agreement that caps their financial obligations to the company.

Classical Republic

Limited individuals rights to privacy, belief, expression, opportunities to read, think and earn money. If people had freedom to do such things, they might stop being reliable and fully dedicated to the common good.

4th: Depression

Negative GDP growth and a decrease in capacity utilization.

3rd: Recession

Negative GDP growth, a slightly elevated unemployment rate.

What factors contributed to a decline in the prices of farm goods in the late-nineteenth-century United States?

Overproduction of agricultural products caused by improved farming methods and increases in farm land acreage.

After Britain gave India its independence in 1947, some Indians did not want to be ruled by the Hindu majority. What country was created to rectify this problem?

Pakistan Pakistan formed its own independent country, controlled by the Muslims who wanted to be free from the ruling Hindu majority. The country of Pakistan was formed from the northeast and northwest regions of India.

4 Major Inventions from China

Paper making, printing, compasses and gunpowder

Townshend Acts (1767)

Parliamentary measures that taxed tea and other commodities,

Majority Leader

Party with the greatest number of representatives gets to pick the person who becomes the ranking member of that party

Civil rights act of 1866 Or the 14th amendment

Passed by Congress to Clare all citizens born in US are regardless of race equal citizens under the law

colony that had the highest proportion of German settlers during the colonial period

Pennsylvania

Diminishing Returns

Producers start investing more and more for smaller and smaller increases in efficiency.

2nd amendment

Right to bear arms

Second Amendment

Right to bear arms

What is the 2nd Amendment?

Right to bear arms

Connecticut compromise

Roger Sherman # of state rep determined by population - all state get 2 senators - electoral college

The Compromise of 1850

Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.

Black Codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves.

Dred Scott vs. Sandford

Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The Court also ruled that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in the U.S.territories.

Minoans 7 things

Syllabic writing system, running water, bathtubs, flush toilets. Linear Script A not deciphered. Lived in the Island of Crete, off the coast of Greece. 2700-1450 BCE. Linear A and B. Minoans is not what they called themselves, named after King Minos. Volcanoes and Earthquakes. Conquered by the Mycenaean.

Marbury vs. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789

What is an effect of the gulf stream?

The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current that flows in the western North Atlantic, originating at the tip of Florida, traveling along the American coastline and splitting into the North Atlantic Drift that crosses to Northern Europe.

Which of the following is associated with the relocation of Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma? A. The Dawes Act B. The Adams-Onis Treaty C. The Trail of Tears D. The Great Migration

The Trail of Tears the Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of the Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma

Ratification

The approvel of 9 of 13 states to the constitution. Arguments broke out over ratifying the constitution

What contributed to Japan's rise as an industrial power in the late 19th century?

The arrival of Commodore Perry and the opening of trade with the United States and other countries was one of the greatest factors in the industrial development of Japan.

Which of the following changes would most likely occur in a community with high rates of immigration? A. The reduction of small business revenues B. A decline in religious observances C. The establishment of new cultural festivals D. An increase in zoning regulations

The establishment of new cultural festivals

Which of the following is most responsible for changing the cultural landscape of the American West in the late nineteenth century? A. The expansion of the railroad B. The growth of Indian settlements C. The relocation of Mexican citizens D. The establishment of slave states

The expansion of the railroad The expansion of the railroad brought diverse groups to the western territories who created cities and town along the railways.

Yorktown

The last major battle of the revolutionary war. The British were surrounded by the Americans and the French, and were forced to surrender.

Majority Leader

The legislative leader selected by the majority party who helps plan party strategy, confers with other party leaders, and tries to keep members of the party in line.

Spatial Organization

The location of places, people, and events, and the connections among places and landscapes.

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union.

Republic

The power goes to the citizens who are entitled to vote and it allowed elected leaders to govern according to laws

Who nominates a Supreme Court Justice?

The president , BUT the nominee must be approved by the senate

Scale

The size of a map expressed as a ratio of the actually size of the land.

the XYZ Affair

Three French agents asked for over ten million dollars in tribute before they would begin diplomatic talks with America. When Americans heard the news, they were outraged. Adams decided to strengthen the Navy to show France that America was a force to be reckoned with

What is the emphasis of social studies curriculum?

To teach citizenship responsibility Learning about responsible citizenship helps children understand the importance of a democratic society. Teachers should prepare children for problem-solving in an increasingly diverse and complex world.

Currency Appreciation/Depreciation

When a currency rises in value in relation to other currencies.(Appreciation). When it loses value relative to other countries (Depreciation).

Voluntary Export Restraints

When two governments agree to limit the volume of a particular exported good, they establish a voluntary export restraint.

3 things China

Yangtze River, 500,000 years ago, silk, grew millet, made pottery, Longshan black pottery

empire of Charlemagne

around 800 AD in Medieval times Charlemagne = Charles the Great, was king of the Franks, 768-814, and emperor of the West, 800-814. He founded the Holy Roman Empire, stimulated European economic and political life, and fostered the cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.

Harlem Rennaissance

as the name given to the cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars. -Zora Hurtson -Langston Hughes

American fear of communist attack * Truman's dislike of Stalin * USSR's fear of the American's atomic bomb * USSR's dislike of capitalism * USSR's actions in the Soviet zone of Germany * America's refusal to share nuclear secrets * USSR's expansion west into Eastern Europe + broken election promises

causes of the Cold War (1945)

tenth amendment 10th amendment

division of power: any powers not explicitly listed are automatically given to the states Federal government *only* has the powers that are specifically written into the constitution saying that they are federal powers

political map

does not show any topographic features. It instead focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map.

Examples of commodity money

gold, silver, copper, salt, peppercorns, tea, large stones decorated belts, shells, alcohol, cigarettes, candy

Arguments that the US Civil War was not economically revolutionary include all of the following except

high tariffs, a national banking system,

Tropic of Capricorn

imaginary line of latitude @ approximately 23 degrees SOUTH of the equator

The Truman Doctrine justified what United States policy?

provided political, military, and economic assistance to democratic nations threatened by authoritarian forces and governments, including Greece and Turkey.

Classical Civilizations: Greece: *City-states: Athens*

self-governing city-state *one of world's first real democracies* people had direct power (a vote) in the government -Western world hugely influence by politics, art and architecture of Athens -loved: *learning, intellectual discourse* *Socrates, Plato, Aristotle:* *Geography*: Near the Aegean coast cosmopolitan city, large population, lots of trade and cultural exchange with others in the Mediterranean region

Humans typically seek environments that....

support their needs. First for survival, then for comfort. However, humans may also endure danger and discomfort if there are sufficient incentives to do so.

tarriffs

taxes on imported goods

Tropic Latitudes

the climate zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn (hot dry season, cool dry season, rainy season)

Bill of Rights

the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution

George Washington

the commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775-83) and served two terms as the first U.S. president, from 1789 to 1797.

checks and balances

the constitutional arrangement of powers that prevents one branch of the government from becoming to powerful

Confederate States of America

the eleven southern states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia) that seceded from the US in 1860-61, thus precipitating the Civil War

Bill of rights

the first 10 amendments made to the constitution

The state of blacks in the South in 1865 reflected efforts of assistance by

the lives of some blacks not changing

the Confederate States of America

the name given to the new nation and government when delegates from the states of South Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia seceded from the Union; they elected Jefferson Davis as their President

Congressional Reconstruction could be considered harsh because

the south was divided into military districts

Culture Diffusion

the spread of cultural items (ideas, fashion, technology, etc.) from one central point to another.

Congress took over the Reconstruction process because

they realized the Republican majority was going to come to an end

Brigham Young

took over after Smith's death in 1844. Stern and austere, he was an aggressive leader and elegant preacher. He led the Mormons to Utah in 1846-1847. He would establish Salt Lake City. He married 27 women and had 56 children. He was made the territorial governor of Utah in 1850, and the polygamy customs of the Mormons delayed Utah's statehood until 1896.

Agricultural Revolution (=Neolithic Revolution)

transition from hunting/gathering to farming People created irrigation techniques to enhance regions where they could grow crops Places with water became important to where people would move Major Changes: 1.) settlements: build larger structures like pyramids, great wall created social classes - men vs. women's jobs gvmt in charge of resources, new tech/tools 2.) specialization: farmers able to grow more food than needed just for selves, *big change*: this freed people up to do other jobs besides farming *birth of civilization* Mesopotamia: Tigres and Euphrates North Africa: Egypt: Nile China: Yellow River

James Monroe

1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine

Franklin D. Roosevelt

(1933-1937) and (1937-1941) and (1941-1945) and (1945) The 21st Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1933.

House of representatives

435 members. the number each state has is based on the state's population. 100 % of members elected every 2 years

Increased scale of cotton production during the 1830s and 1840s in the United States.

...

General PGT Beauregard

Acting on orders for president Davis demanded Anderson surrender at Fort Sumter Anderson said he would surrender if not resupplied confederate open fire the next day the fort surrendered

president's cabinet

Advising the president on matters relevant to their executive departments All the secretaries

Treaty of Ghent

After 3 years of inconclusive war, British and American signed Provided acceptance of the status qui that had existed at the beginning of hostilities and both sides resumed conquests against each other

Chinese and Japanese Governments 7 things

After Mongols, ruled by Genghis Khan and his grandson Kublai Khan, China was ruled by Ming and Manchu (Qing) Dynasties. They were isolationist and ended in 18th century. The Ming Dynasty known for porcelain and Manchu (Qing) for farming and roads. Japanese developed independent of China, borrowed Buddhism, Chinese writing, and other elements. Ruled by Divine Emperor. Japan had feudal system led by Daimyos or lords and soldiers known as samurai. Japan was isolationist until 1800's.

Treaty of Paris

Agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country.

What are a couple major mountain regions in N. America?

Alaska Range: highest point in North America, Mt. McKinley, (Denali) 20,320 ft. (6,194 m) is located here. Appalachian Mountains: Highest point: Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 ft (2,037 m) Mt ranges inside the Appalachian Mts are: Cascades: Mt. Hood, Mt. Ranier, and Mt. St. Helens. Coast Range: Runs along the Pacific Ocean coastlines from California all the way up to Canada and all the way to the south west of Alaska to Kodiak Island Rocky Mountains: 3,000 miles long Highest point: Mt. Elbert Sierra Nevada: highest point is Mt. Whitney = tallest peak in the CONGIGUOUS US in Sequoia National Forest in Eastern CA Mount McKinley (Denali) is the tallest peak in N. America, and is located in Alaska. Mount Elbert is the tallest peak in the longest mountain range in the US- the Rocky Mountains, CO. Mount Rainier is an active volcano near Seattle Washington. Appalachian Mountains run from New England to Georgia on the East Coast

command economy

An economic system controlled by strong, centralized government, which usually focuses on industrial goods. The allocation of resources, labor, and capital are determined by the government which also sets prices. ex: Cuba Cuba has a Communist government which directs all economic activity.

The Monroe Doctrine

Americas are off-limits to Europeans!

How did the US civil war end?

April 1865: Grant's (North) and Lee's (South) units had skirmished over the course of several days in early April, 1865. But Lee (South) was eventually cut off from expected sources of supply by superior Union forces, including a cavalry unit led by George Armstrong Custer. Lee therefore, chose the only logical choice given his limited options: Surrender, rather than continue to face starvation and decimation. He surrendered on April 10, 1865. The entire Confederate force then laid down their arms two days later on April 12, 1865

Where and with who did the Revolutionary War begin?

April 19, 1775 *Lexington and Concord* (warned by Paul Revere), the *British militia and Minute Men* (colonial militia members who were supposed to be ready to fight at a minute's notice). The first battle was at *Bunker Hill*, "Don't shoot til' you see the whites of their eyes." first shot of war: "shot heard around the world" -colonists lost battle of Bunker Hill but British suffered such heavy casualties that soon thereafter they were forced to abandon Boston

Paleolithic Period

Around 2.5 million years ago-10,000BCE. Old stone age. Nomads lived in groups of 10-20 and made tools and weapons from stone and from bones. Shelter in caves. Around 500,000 years ago, humans began using fire for light

Garrison's Liberator and Nat Turner's bloody slave rebellion

Aroused deep fears of rebellion and ended rational discussion of slavery in the south

The underground railroad

Aroused southern demands for an effective fugitive slave law

Red Scare

As the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s, there was hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. (Communists were often referred to as "Reds" for their allegiance to the red Soviet flag.) Harry S. Truman

End of WW II 1945

At the Potsdam Conference of July-August 1945, U.S. President Harry S. Truman (who had taken office after Roosevelt's death in April), Churchill and Stalin discussed the ongoing war with Japan as well as the peace settlement with Germany. Post-war Germany would be divided into four occupation zones, to be controlled by the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States and France. To prevent future largae scale conflicts, The United Nations was created

What city is the Parthenon located in? The Parthenon was built as a place in which the Greeks would be able to worship their gods.

Athens

Which of the world's first democracies formed the foundation of democracy that spread throughout Western civilization?

Athens, Greece

Lake _____________, located in Russia, is known for its unique bio-diversity, with more than 75% of endemic species, including a fresh water seal.

Baikal

early 20th century (1900s): rise of communism

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia: -overthrew Czars -building on ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin -wanted more equality -gvmt would run all major aspects of economy

Crusades 8 things

Began in 11th to the 12 century. Major goal was to take Holy Land from Muslims. Emperor Alexius I called Pope Urban II for help after taking Palestine. In 1095 Pope called to reunite East and West Christians. The Crusades captured Jerusalem but changed hands many times. The Second Crusade in 1145 failed at Damascus. The Third Crusade under Pope Gregory VIII, failed to retake Jerusalem. The fourth under Pop Innocent III tried to take the Holy Land through Egypt. Led to greater power for the Pope and Church and open many trade and cultural routes between Europe and the East.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the destiny of the American nation was expansion all the way to the pacific Americans should share American liberty and ideals with everyone possible

End of Cold War

Berlin Wall came down -shredding of Iron Curtain 1991 Soviet union ended and world was over

Pacific Ocean

Between Western Americas, Eastern Asia and Australia

*on exam* What was the importance of building the Panama and Suez canals?

Big push by USA to build Panama Canal so they could *move military and goods* from West Coast of USA to Europe or East Coast of USA to Asia *without having to go all the way around South America* *Suez Canal* Connected Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea via the Red Sea allowed *Europe to* trade with *Asia* *without having to sail all the way around Africa*

Islam 6 things

Born in570 Ce, Mohammed become important in 610, formed Islam, submission to God's will. Before was inhabited by Bedouins, nomads. By 632, Arabia was Muslim. He conquered Mecca, where the temple of Kaaba was center of nomadic religion. Temple sacred to Islam and Mecca holy city. Koran was holy book, divine revelations from angel Gabriel. United Arabia, advances in literature, technology, science and art. Split in Shiite and Sunni

Boston Massacre

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

Progressivism

Broad-based reform movement, 1900-1917, that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, public health, the economy, the environment, labor, transportation, and politics.

Ottoman Empire 4 things

By 1400, grew in power in Anatolia and attempted to take Constantinople. In 1453 they took it and changed it to Istanbul. Religious tolerance, just laws and government. Monarchy by sultan.

Jim Crow Laws

By 1850 200,000 free blacks lived in the north and west

Which of the following was NOT associated with the Industrial Revolution? A. Development of new weaving and ironworking techniques B. Vast expansion and improvement in roads and waterways C. Decreased dependence on trade with other territories D. Greatly increased prosperity and political power for the middle class

C. Decreased dependence on trade with other territories Each region was now producing more good than that region needed, so they became MORE dependent on trade with other regions. Continues until today, living in an industrialized society

Corporation

Can participate in legal proceedings. Own assets. Right to create its own bylines to regulate its internal activities. A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

"Core" is a term used to describe a society that what?

Controls and exploits more resources

Causes of Reformation 4 things

Catholic Church selling indulgences and dispensations, selling religious offices, increasing clergy. Driven by rulers that wanted to cut out the Pope as ruler

*on exam* Why did many land invasions of Russia fail?

Charles 12th Sweden France Napoleon Germany Hitler *Tied to Russia's geography* Had to go through large amount of freezing cold land without much farm land - not much food. Armies would freeze and/or starve before could win battles

"Core" is a term used to describe a society that what? A. Provides other societies with resources B. Controls and exploits more resources C. Has less defined social roles for men and women D. Is nomadic in nature

Controls and exploits more resources (of the peripheries) cores: political and population centers- capitol ex: Rome during Roman empire peripheries:outer regions - districts, often exploited by cores for food and resources ex: all areas controlled by Roman empire

Scientific Revolution 5 Major figures

Church ruled Scientific belief. Copernicus- earth revolved around sun in Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres Brahe- cataloged astronomical observations Kepler- laws of planetary motions Galileo- defended Copernicus and Kepler, discovered Jupiter moons, died under house arrest for heresy Newton- gravity, optics, calculus, physics, nature could studied, observed, and proven through observation

Representative democracy

Citizens elect people to vote for them regarding issues, rights, and laws

Responsibilities of citizenship

Citizens should: pay taxes: federal, state and local vote, attend civic meetings, be informed, respect others, volunteer in the community.

First Continental Congress

Convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

Convinced southerners that the north generally supported murder and slave rebellion

The freedmans bureau

Created by Congress to provide food clothing and education and look after the interests of former slaves

The early republican party

Created in response to the Kansas Nebraska Nebraska act the unifying principle is banning slavery from all territories confining slavery to states where it existed in preventing further spread of slavery

The upsurge of Manifest destiny in the 1840s

Created widespread popular vote for Polk's expansionist policies on Texas, Oregon, and California

Twelfth Amendment

Creates a ticket for the presidency where the president and VP are elected together. 1804 Prevent the Jefferson Burr affair

10th Century Events in West and East 4 things

Dark Ages, numerous Viking invasions. by 11th Century rise of High Middle Ages with the Crusades. In China wars raged. First use of gunpowder. Mayan Empire was dying and Toltec rising. Pueblo at zenith. Muslims and Byzantine were growing

Virginia Convention

Declared Virginia's independence wrote a constitution for Virginia, asked other colonies to break away from Britain. "Give me liberty or give me death..."- Patrick Henry

Grover Cleveland

Democrat (1885-1889) and (1893-1897) His presidency represented no sharp break with the conservative policies of his predecessors except in opposing governmental favors to business but was noteworthy for railroad regulation and tariff reform. He had a strictly limited view of the government's role in both economic and social matters- limited government. Dawes Act and Pullman Strike.

Bill Clinton

Democrat (1993-2001) War in Bosnia; NAFTA, campaign that emphasized broad economic issues instead of the racial and cultural questions that had divided Democrats in the past., extended Palestinian self-rule and arranged timetables for Israeli withdrawal from disputed lands, was impeached due to the Monica Lewinski scandal and was later acquitted, cut spending; lowered taxes; decreased national debt

Andrew Johnson

During his administration, Alaska was purchased from Russia. His lenient policy toward the southern states after the Civil War and his refusal to cooperate with Congress led him to be the first president ever to be impeached. He was acquitted by one vote short of the two-thirds majority required.

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

John Locke

Enlightenment writer who advocated for everyone to be guaranteed certain rights

Establishment of the United Nations

During the Second World War, reps of 26 nations pledged their gvmts to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers, and signed the "Declaration by United Nations" on 1 January 1942 *name "United Nations," coined by FDR* *1945: UN officially comes into existence* -reps of 50 countries met in San Francisco to draw up the UN Charter. -Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. -Poland signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States. *The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and by a majority of other signatories.*

Who founded New Amsterdam?

Dutch traders, who bought the land from Indians. New Amsterdam was a commercial venture, and they let anyone in who could help them make a profit- including Jewish and Quaker businessmen. However, the English came and took the colony by force. While the population doubled in the decade after the English takeover, women lost their right to own land and African Americans lost their jobs.

Andrew Jackson

Emerging Democratic Party Popular with the common land Prototype of self made man, westerner. Violent vindictive few ideas but strong convictions Most use of veto power

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 Dec 24, 1814 -restored prewar boundaries -increased the nation's prestige overseas -generated a new spirit of patriotism and national unity

Lincoln's rejection of the Crittenden Compromise

Ended the last hopes of a peaceful sectional settlement and an end to secession

Which of the following examples describes an action performed by the federal government? A. Collecting property taxes to fund public schools B. Establishing trade agreements with other nations C. Determining zoning guidelines for urban development D. Raising sales taxes on major goods

Establishing trade agreements with other nations Forming trade agreements with other nations is a government action restricted to the federal government.

Which of the following most contributed to Japan's rise as an industrial power in the late nineteenth century? A. Acquiring natural resources from China B. Establishing trade with the United States C. Joining a military alliance with Germany D. Annexing territories from Russia

Establishing trade with the United States The arrival of Commodore Perry and the opening of trade with the United States and other countries was one of the greatest factors in the industrial development of Japan.

Compromise of the proposal

Extension of the 36 30 line of the Missouri compromise through Mexican cession to the pacific

42. Alexander Hamilton was most closely associated with which of the following early American political parties? A. Anti-Federalist B. Federalist C. Democratic D. Whig

Federalist

Alexander Hamilton

Federalist Secretary of treasury The federal government has all powers that the constitution does not expressly deny Broad interpretation Wanted a national bank Support from businesses and ports

Richard M. Nixon

Republican (1969-1974) In 1971 the 26th Amendment was passed and added to the Constitution. Reduced troops in Vietnam and signed a peace treaty, ending US involvement in Vietnam. Normalized relations with China with detente. Watergate Scandal. Resigned from office

Bill of rights

First ten amendments to the U.S. constitution

WWII Presidents

Franklin Roosevelt: delcared war after Pearl Harbor Dwight D. Eisenhower RIchard Nixon Lyndon Johnson Truman: Atomic Bomb decision to drop

What operation of business encourages the most cost effective ways of creating and selling merchandise?

Free market. The more competition there is among people, the more they will have to get creative in order to sell their goods. Without certain limits set in place, people are free to experiment and find the best ways possible.

Fr. Jacques Marquette

French Jesuit missionary explorer who, with Louis Joliet, traveled down the Mississippi River and reported the first accurate data on its course.

French and Indian War

French and Indians vs British American theatre of 7 yr war

Laissez-faire

French phrase is used to describe an economy that is completely free from state intervention, including any potential government monopolies.

Bacon's Rebellion of 1676

Friction between English settlers and Native Americans

Three major periods of pre history

Lower Paleolithic- Humans use crude tools Upper Paleolithic- Humans began to develop a wider variety of tools, wear clothes, organize in groups, practice art, social structures, lived in caves. Neolithic- Complex Social Structures, family, religion, government, domesticate animals and crops, houses, fires, knit, spin, weave

*on exam* Where can we find future sources of energy?

Have to first figure out: Where are there rivers for hydroelectric power? Where is there consistent wind for wind energy? Where are there resources in the land that can be extracted (oil/natural gas/coal)? Also political geography: which countries have resources? Who are they willing to share/trade with?

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

The Wilmot Proviso

Heated up the slavery controversy between north and south

*Test tip!* If test asks what part of North America an explorer explored, think of things named after them

Henry Hudson: Northeast US and Eastern Most Canada Coronado: American Southwest Champlain: Vermont and Canada

Maria is conducting a survey to determine what percentage of her county's population is made up of tax preparers. She goes to the local mall on a typical Tuesday morning in early April and surveys the first ten people she encounters, none of whom are tax preparers. From the data, she determines that 0% of her county's population works as tax preparers. She realizes this must be incorrect, but isn't sure why. How might you best describe the problem with Maria's survey? A. Her sample was too limited. B. Her sample was skewed. C. Her sample was too limited and her data range was skewed by statistical outliers. D. Her sample was too limited and was not a random and representative population.

Her sample was too limited and was not a random and representative population. She only asked ten people (not representative enough) Tax preparers would be at work during this survey, (not random enough - skewed - excluding her core group)

Recession

High unemployment, high mortgage rates, less credit, stock market drops, depression occurs

Infant Mortality Rate

Measures the # of infant deaths for every 1,000 infants within a year ; used to asses general state of healthcare in a population

Dorian Invasion

Hypothetical Theory to explain the end of the Mycenaean civilization and growth of classical Greece. "The Return of the Heracleidae" 1200 BCE, comes from Hittites writings about the "Sea People"

A bill becomes a law

If either chamber does not pass the bill then it dies. If the House and Senate pass the same bill then it is sent to the President. If the House and Senate pass different bills they are sent to Conference Committee. Most major legislation goes to a Conference Committee.

In which of the following types of economies do the government and central planners play the largest part in deciding how resources are used and distributed to the people? A. Capitalist B. Command C. Free market D. Traditional

In command economies, the government makes all of the decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services.

Which of the following best explains how the global depression affected Germany after the First World War? A. Labor union membership increased across the country. B. Banks offered loans to rebuild homes. C. Government implemented regulations to improve worker safety. D. Inflation rates increased across the country.

Inflation rates increased across the country. The global depression after World War I resulted in increased inflation in Germany.

Gross national Product (GNP)

Is the market value of all the final goods and services produced by the citizens of a country within a year, no matter where those citizens might be geographically.

The national bank

Jackson vetoed the national bank BUS it ended I. 1836

Jefferson Embargo

Jefferson imposed this embargo which stated that there could be no trade with any foreign country. He did it to avoid war, protect merchant ships, and encourage our nation's self sufficiency. It collapsed the nation's economy, so it was eventually repealed

Levels of DOK

Level 1: Recall The student focuses on facts, definitions, details or routine procedures. Memorization is a skill at this level. There is one right answer. Level 2: Skill/Concept The student applies skills or concepts. This requires deeper knowledge than recall. Level 3: Strategic Reasoning. The focus is on reasoning and planning. It requires abstract thinking and support for reasoning. There may be more than one correct response. Level 4: Extended Reasoning. This requires complex reasoning, planning and thinking often over time. There may be multiple steps. Students may be asked to relate concepts within the content area or with other content areas. Students make real world applications

First battles

Lexington and Concord, then Bunker Hill --English soldiers passed through Lexington on their way to confiscate arms in Concord and were engaged (in both cities) by the Minutemen -Bunker Hill: outside Boston, "don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes," first waves of redcoats cut down (200 killed, 800 wounded), but then ammunition ran out and British won. Still a confidence boost for colonists, and bloody battle for redcoats.

The Dawes Act

Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans. The government was to sell the remainder to white settlers and use the income from that sale for Native Americans to buy farm equipment. But by 1932 white settlers had taken 2/3 of reservation territory, and Native Americans received no money from the sale of the reservations.

Locke vs. Hobbes: Quality of life in a state of nature

Locke: people are born good and are corrupted by society, therefore they are better of in a state of nature Hobbes: life in a state of nature would be nasty and brutish

Nile River

Longest River in the world Passes through 9 countries, esp Egypt Flows South (higher elevation) to North (lower elevation) *in ancient times: very regular, predictable annual floods*

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Lots of people investing in stocks in 1925-1929 Companies over-valued investment craze Margin purchasing: (Borrowing against value of existing stocks as collateral to buy new stocks, when stock market crashed couldn't pay for either stock) 24 Oct 1929: Black Thursday JP Morgan and others try to buy stocks to prevent a crash, but it wasn't enough Value of USD started to go down, then banks failed which led to a *credit crash* *less manufacturing*-> high unemployement

Land Acquisitions

Louisiana purchase doubled size of US holdings Annexation of Republic of Texas (after seceding from Mexico) California territory won from Mexican-American war in the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (got for 15 million dollars after previous declined offer of 35 million) Oregon territory gained in treaty with Britain Gadsden purchase (just south of California territory - New Mexico and Arizona) Later Alaska was purchased and Hawaii was annexed

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Renaissance

Means rebirth! Describes the renewal of interest in greek/latin art, lit and philosophy in the 14th-16th century. Exploration, discovery and scientific inquiry

What is another term used for lines of longitude?

Meridians run north-south The prime meridian is 0 degrees ________________. It runs through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

Civilizations is defined as

Metal tools and weapons written language territorial state calendar

The Mexican war

Mexico broke diplomatic relation with the us President Polk send John Slidell to Mexico City with a proposal for a peaceful settlement Mexico refused to see him, so Polk sent US troops into disputed territory They were attacked by Mexicans War began

Aztecs

Mexico. Major feature was human sacrifice to their chief god. Government was centralized with an elective king and a large army. Characterized by the evolution of pottery, fabrics, and flat-topped mounds (huacas).

Taft Hartley Act (1947)

Passed over President Harry Truman's veto, the law contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops. It imposed a federally mandated "cooling-off period" on strikes judged to endanger national security.

What is the difference between moderate and extreme temperatures?

Moderate: Not extreme or excessive; shivering Extreme: Severe, drastic; frostbite

Fertile Crescent

Modern day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel/ Palestine, and Jordan. South of the Arabian Desert, the west by the Mediterranean Sea, and North and east by the Taurus and Zagros Mountains

Black Monday 20th century

Monday, October 19, 1987. On this date, the collapse of stock prices on Wall Street triggered similar declines in markets around the world. The end of Reagan's economic turn-around

Which of these is not "real capital"? Machines. Factories. Money. Goods.

Money The others are necessary and needed for a company to be able to produce the goods and can be counted as real capital. They cannot however be used to purchase other real capital.

Hebrews or Iraelites

Monotheistic Religion developed into Christianity and Judaism

What advantages did the South have over the North during the Civil War?

More experienced military leadership (Robert E Lee, Stonewall Jackson)

What are a couple major mountains in N. America?

Mount McKinley (Denali) is the tallest peak in N. America, and is located in Alaska. (Home to 10 of the tallest peaks in America) Mount Whitney is the tallest peak in the CONTIGUOUS US , it's located in the Sequoia National Forest in CA Mount Elbert is the tallest peak in the largest mountain range in the US- the Rocky Mountains, CO. Mount Rainier is an active strato-volcano near Seattle, Washington. (considered one of most dangerous volcanoes in the world) Appalachian Mountains run from New England to Georgia on the East Coast

"Give me Liberty of Give me Death"

Patrick Henry from a speech he made to the Virginia Convention in 1775, at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia, credited with having swung the balance in convincing the convention to pass a resolution delivering Virginian troops for the Revolutionary War.

Civil War

North and South split into slave and non-slave states. they fought until control of the south is taken. Slavery is abolished and amendments 13, 14, and 15 are passed.

Gettysburg Address

November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg. Just over two minutes long; Lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence, proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of the Union with "a new birth of freedom". Lincoln also redefined the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union, but also for the principle of human equality

Morrill land grant act

Offer large amounts of federal government land to states to establish agricultural and mechanical colleges founding of the nations largest state universities

Battle of Appatomox Court House

Official end to the Civil War - Robert E. Lee surrendered

"Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!"

Patrick Henry to the Virginia Convention; credited with getting Virginia troops to participate in Revolutionary War

The Boston Tea Party

On December 16, 1773 a group of Sons of Liberty boarded this ship illegally and threw the tea into the harbor. The Parliament passed new laws called the "Coercive Acts". The colonists called this law the "Intolerable Acts". This new law makes: 1. Stopped the trade between Boston and Britian 2. End town meetings

Battle of Trenton

On December 25th, Washington crossed Deleware River, and took advantage of the Hessains becuase they were celebrating Christmas. He took the Hessains by surprise, and it was a victory for the Continental army.

The election of 1860

One by Illinois Abraham Lincoln The platform supported trans continental railroad and containment of slavery Lincoln lead in the popular vote but was short the majority one by electoral college

What is the Mayflower Compact?

One of the first written frameworks of government in the US, which the Puritans signed while traveling to North America on the Mayflower. By signing, they were binding themselves to following "JUST AND EQUAL LAWS."

Africa 6 things

Only few areas are capable of habitation. Egypt was important, most of the northern coast was Muslim. Ghana rose in trade in 9th century until 12th century mainly in gold for Saharan salt. Mali rose for trade. Timbuktu became import exporter of goods such as iron, leather, and tin. Mali was agricultural trade, most significant of west Africa. African culture was defined by migration, Arab Merchants and others settled.

Fugitive Slave Law

Part of Henry Clay's Compromise of 1850 Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, and South was angry about it. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. If a southern slaveholder claimed their slave was missing, federal agents would search for them (often in the North) and *required that civilians help.* *Even if someone was a free black, if a slaveholder said they were their slave, they were returned to their "masters" immediately.* Northerners detested this law because it forced them to actively support slavery instead of passively oppose it.

The Constitution of the United States

Passed and ratified in 1787 Established the US gvmt as it exists today w/ 3 branches, checks and balances Has been amended throughout history Bill of Rights = 1st 10 Amendments - focused on protecting citizens' freedoms Attempted to create government that would unite the nation but would preserve a lot of states' rights

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850. It set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

What colony was known as the "Best Poor Man's Country?" Why was it called this?

Pennsylvania; owned by William Penn, a Quaker. wanted PA to be Quaker haven promoted as religiously tolerant sold land for cheap After Penn's death, tolerance was not demonstrated (e.g. the Walking Purchase, in which they swindled the Indians out of land)

Entreprenteur

People who invest money in a product or enterprise in order to make a product. A person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Judicial Review

Perceived power of the power court declare laws constitutional or not

Features of Geographic Locations

Physical Features: 1) Vegetation Zones or Biomes - Forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra are the four types of vegetation zones. 2) Climate Zones - Tropical, dry, temperate, continental, and polar are five different types of climate zones. Cultural Features: 1) Population Density - The number of people living in a square mile or kilometer of a place. 2) Religion - The identification of the the dominant religions of a place. 3) Languages - The identification of the dominant language in an area.

Reconstruction

Physical and Ideological Reconstruction of South after civil war North wanted to implement their policies in the South *Radicals:* wanted to put an occupying army in the South and force the South to adhere to the North's rules/regulations. Congress favored this idea. *this is what they wound up doing* *Moderates:* wanted to let South oversee it themselves according to guidelines. *This was after Lincoln's assasination and Andrew Johnson was President. Congress was mostly Radicals, Johnson was a moderate and he was impeached for opposing the radicals' plan for Reconstruction* Many Northerners moved to the South to start businesses and were called "scalawags" and "carpet baggers" by the Southerners.

The __________________ is 0 degrees longitude and runs through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England

Prime Meridian

Three and Four Sector Economy

Private Sector and includes for profit businesses and their customers. Public Sector, includes government-owned or state operated institutions. Social Sector (Nonprofit), charity Informal Sector, includes exchanges between family members or friends.

Capitalism

Productions are privately owned, and decision determining the supply, demand, and price are determined solely by the free market. An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

Why was ratification challenging? Explain the position of the Federalists and the Antifederalists.

Ratifying the constitution was hard because 9 out of 13 states had to approve of it, and not everyone agreed. The Federalists supported the constitution because they liked the federal system. The Antifederalists were against the constitution because they were afraid the federal government would be too strong, and it needed a bill of rights.

Iroquois Confederacy (aka The Great League of Peace)

Regional tribal band in Upstate NY united into loose confederacy/league

4 Major figures of Enlightenment

Rene Descartes- "I think, therefore I am". Believed in logic and rules in observation David Hume- pioneered empiricism and skepticism, experience equals truth Immanuel Kant- believed in self-determination and observation, morality lays within humans Rousseau- developed social contract, government exists for people, influenced Jefferson and Locke.

Constitution

Replaced the Articles of Confederation.It was a series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade), provided limits on federal power (separation of powers). Was the founding structure of the nation.

Which of the following characteristics best describes the New England colonies? A. Rich farmland and humid climate B. Good harbors and moderate climate C. Rocky terrain and cold winters D. Coastal lowlands and moderate winters

Rocky terrain and cold winters -also had ship building and commerce

Popular Sovereignty

Rule by the people. Created a representative system of government in which elected officials spoke for the people.

Socialist government

Ruled by all

Republic government

Ruled by law

Cartography

Science or art of making maps. Steps of Cartography 1) Survey 2) Aerial Photography 3) Field Survey 4) Overlapping Photos 5) Field Survey

Dred Scott decision

Scott had no sand standing to sue in federal court but also the temporary residence in a free state did not make a slave free the court ruled that the Missouri compromise had been unconstitutional all along because Congress did not have the authority to exclude slavery from a territory

Marshall Plan

Secretary fo State George Marshall drew up massive assisting plans for Eurpoean reconstruction. More than 13 billion was spent to do this.

John Locke

Similar in beliefs to Jean-Jacques Rousseau -ppl in a state of nature would *willingly come together to form a state (this is the one thing he and Hobbes agree on) * -gvmt's derives its "just powers from the consent [i.e, delegation] of the governed,". -*inalienable rights. They are life, liberty, and the the right to own property* -*ppl good by nature* -*ppl could be trusted to govern themselves* -*if given right info, ppl would make good decisions* -*purpose of the government is to protect individual liberties and rights* -*ppl had right to revolt against abusive gvmt*

Phoenicians 4 things

Skilled seafarers and navigators, used stars at night to navigate, purple dye, glass and metals. Phonetic alphabet, symbols to represent sounds not words or syllables

First civil war battle

Soldiers at Forth Sumter did not surrender to the confederates in south Carolina. For Sumter was bombed

Confederate States

South Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia

Southern Hemisphere

South of the equator.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate; and create the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.

Ku Klux Klan

Started by Nathan Bedford Forrest; secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War.

William Lloyd Garrison

Started his own newspaper, the liberator, advocated total and immediate emancipation Founded the NewEngland Antislavery society 1832 and the American Antislavery society in 1833 Theodore weld too

perfect competition

State of a market in which there are a number of firms selling the identical product at the same price. No one firm has control over the market.

the Truman Doctrine

Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.

6th Amendment

The right to counsel in criminal trials. Gideon v. Wainwright held that states must provide indigent defendants with a free lawyer ("public defender"). Right to jury in criminal trials.

ethnography

Study of a *single* society (need to do this before can do comparative study of multiple societies)

Sociology

Study of the evolution, development, and functioning of human society

During the early exploration of North America, which of the following was not something introduced to the New World by Europeans? A. Small pox B. Horses C. Christianity D. Syphilis

Syphilis Syphilis did not exist in Europe until Columbus' men contracted it and brought it back to Europe, where it spread

The Himalayas

Tallest mountain range in the world Tallest Mtn: Mt. Everest North of India and spans through several countries

The Townshend Acts

Taxed goods, such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. It also allowed customs officials to search without real reason in order to prevent smuggling. Colonists believed that this tax was an example of taxation without representation.

How can the government collect money from citizens?

Taxes (every individual and corporation) Fees (people who do things requiring those fees, like registering a car) Funds things like military (federal), roads (state), police department (local)

Which of the following would not be considered one of the natural resources that might greatly affect a country's economy? A. Oil B. Cultivable land C. Technology D. Water

Technology (not a natural resource)

Oregon Country

Term used in the early 1800s for the region that includes present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Wyoming, Montana, and Canada -Acquired in 1846 from treaty with British

The Trail of Tears

The 1838 forceful removal of Native Americans, particularly the Cherokee, from their homelands in Georgia and Tennessee as ordered by President Andrew Jackson in the Indian Removal Act. The Cherokee were made to march in the winter to reservations in Oklahoma by federal troops under General Winfield Scott. Over 4,000 died out of 16,000 who were forced to go. One of the greatest tragedies in American history.

In 1517, Martin Luther began a movement that rocked Europe. What movement did Martin Luther begin? The Protestant Reformation The Renaissance The 30 Years War The War of the Roses

The Protestant Reformation

Harry S Truman

Took over after FDR, led the US through the end of WWII. Made the decision to drop an atomic bomb on Hiroshima

What drove interaction between the Roman and Han empires during the era of classical civilizations?

Trade in luxury goods The Silk Road was a system of trade routes established during the Han Dynasty that stretched from China through India to Egypt, and eventually to the Roman Empire.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Treaty between colonists and British, ended the revolutionary war

How would the following assignment help your sixth grade social studies class understand the Truman Doctrine which argued that the United States should support free peoples who were resisting Communist domination? You find out that the first grade recess has been reduced because the second graders want more time. You think that the second graders are being unfair. You decide to present an argument to the principal that all recesses should have equal time. Work in a group to construct your argument.

Truman argued that the United States had an obligation to support free peoples who were resisting oppressing Communist governments. The U.S. has sent aid in many such situations. This activity would help the students see how a group can support a group being oppressed by another. Creative activities, such as this, can help students understand complicated issues.

Cold War Presidents

Truman: -containment policy -involvement in Korean War Senator Joe McCarthy: Second Red Scare. His Parnaoia led to this. President Richard Nixon: Instead of hosititlity and military action, he used diplomacy. -He encouraged the United Nations to recognize the communist Chinese government - After a trip there in 1972, began to establish diplomatic relations with Beijing. President Ronald Reagan: Cold war heated up again... - He believed that the spread of communism anywhere threatened freedom everywhere. -He worked to provide financial and military aid to anticommunist governments. -no large-scale conflict to contain communism, such as the Korean War or the Vietnam War.

Battle of Saratoga: 1777

Turning point of the American Revolution. -French had wanted to back the Patriots, but wanted to see if it was a viable option. -Patriots won this battle, convinced the French to give the U.S. military support (money and weapons). -lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Legislative Branch

United State Congress. The Congress consists of two different governing bodies: The House of Representative and the Senate. Makes Laws. Taxes. Spending. Declare a war.

Which of the following is the most effective method for a farmer to use to minimize the effects of a drought?

Using drip irrigation The question would encourage the student to think about what farmers can do in response to drought conditions and that drip irrigation would be an effective way to conserve water.

The baby boom occured right after

WWII

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China and took possession of Hong Kong.

The U.S. first international crisis

War of 1812' James Madison -2 yr. conflict with the British -major accomplishment to surive it as such a young nation

The First Great Awakening

Was a period of heightened religious activity in the British North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.

If the ocean is in the West with prevailing winds blowing from West to East over the ocean, and a mountain range is at the Eastern edge of the ocean, which of the following pairs would best describe the relative amount of precipitation and temperature variation for the areas west (in the ocean) and east of the mountain range (on other side of mountain range from ocean)? (see picture) WEST: EAST: A. More precipitation | More-moderate temperatures B. More precipitation | More-extreme temperatures C. Less precipitation |More-moderate temperatures D. Less precipitation | More-extreme temperatures

West: More precipitation | East: More-extreme temperatures This is because of the rain shadow effect which occurs as air masses move from lower elevations to higher elevations, creating more rainfall on the side of the mountain with the wind and ocean and colder, drier temperatures on the side of the mountain blocked from the precipitation.

Majority Whip

Who assist the majority leader in the house.

Declaration of Independence

Written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson A call to the colonies to unite against the king, articulating the philosophical framework upon which the US is founded

The Silk Road

a system of trade routes established during the Han Dynasty that stretched from China through India to Egypt, and eventually to the Roman Empire.

Spanish-American War

a war between Spain and the US in the Caribbean and the Philippines in 1898. The US declared war and successfully invaded Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, all of which Spain gave up by the Treaty of Paris (1898).

Loyalists

colonists who remained loyal to the British government (tories)

Articles of Confederation

created ability to raise and command an army, created ability to print and trade currency, settled territorial disputes

the Articles of Confederation

created by the continental congress, it was America's first constitution which provided for a new central government with limited powers. Eventually replaced with the constitution

Cyrus McCormick

created the mechanical reaper

demographic transition

distinct and drastic change in death and birth rate

Trail of Tears

forced relocation of the Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma.

All of the following were problems Andrew Johnson face during Reconstruction except (8.3 and 8.4)

large numbers of black and white men relied upon the Southern states

Free market economy

market economy system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.

revenue

money a buisness gets from the normal sale of goods

commodity money

money that has intrinsic value like many original forms of money examples: shells, gold, cigarettes

3/5 Compromise

⅗ Compromise: ⅗ of slaves counted towards a state's representation and taxation

Prohibition

18th amendment, no alcohol

Senate

30 years old 9 yrs citizen / 2 per state

Why did we make U.S. Constitution

Articles of confederation not working out so well

The Largest Desert

Sahara

thirteenth ammendment

abolished slavery 1865

2nd amendment

the right to keep and bare arms

What did the United States Supreme Court conclude in its 1857 ruling on the Dred Scott case?

"Slaves had no legal right to sue for their freedom." Chief Justice Roger Taney (remember Real Tool) ruled that all blacks - slaves as well as free blacks - were not and could never become citizens of the United States; therefore, they had no legal right to sue in federal courts.

Teachers often use trade books to introduce units in the content area. Which book might be appropriate for introducing a unit in second grade social studies? "I Love My Family" "So You Want to Be President" "Town Mouse, Country Mouse" "Follow the Drinking Gourd"

"Town Mouse, Country Mouse" According to the scope and sequence for U.S. social studies programs, community is an appropriate topic for second grade students. This book could be a good stepping off point for introducing urban, suburban and rural communities. The Expanding horizons approach or widening horizon approach assumes that children learn about their environments in expanding concentric circles. It begins with what children know at a developmental level and moves outward. The topics grow with the children. State standards also influence this instruction. K-1 Family Home, School 2 Community 3 State history and geography and/or holidays and history of the U.S. 4 Regions of the world or state history and geography 5 American history and geography 6 World history and geography 7 State history and/or U.S. History 8 Civics, American History

Inuit people

"eskimos" - have lived in the Arctic/Subartic areas of North America for thousands of years

Plessy Vs. Ferguson

"seperate but equal"

President pro tempore

"temporary presiding officer" -Serves as president of the Senate in the absence of the VP; chosen by the majority party -largely ceremonial role, only needed when VP not around -given to the longest serving member of the majority party

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the *valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare* to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced *human sacrifices* and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

European Renaissance

(1300s - 1600s) -Revival that emphasized Greek classical antiquity; -- -return to classics and concern for style and elegance -Humanism that focused on human potential and achievements; every human has worth -Realism in painting that captured scenes of daily life

Francesco Petrarch

(1304 CE -1374 CE) Known as the father of Renaissance Humanism. He was a cleric and committed his life to humanistic pursuits and careful study of the classics.

Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi

(1386 CE -1466 CE) an Italian sculptor. Probably exerted the greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

Leonardo da Vinci

(1452 CE - 1519 CE) Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503).

Desiderius Erasmus

(1466 CE -1536 CE) A Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe. Although his criticisms of the Church led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. He wrote The Praise of Folly and translated the New Testament from Greek to Latin.

Niccolo Machiavelli

(1469 CE - 1527 CE) A Florentine historian and political theorist. He wrote "The Prince" in 1513. It was a handbook for politicians about how governments most effectively work, not necessarily how the should morally work. It described how politicians should gain and maintain power. Believed that the government should be feared.

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni

(1475 CE - 1564 CE) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Sir Thomas More

(1478 CE-1535 CE) Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England. H was executed by Henry VIII for his refusal to acknowledge his king publicly as Supreme Head of the Church Clergy of England. He believed that the basic problems of society were caused by greed. Law should exalt mercy above justice. Citizens who live by reason will live a nearly perfect life. He also wrote Utopia.

Rafael Sanzio da Urbino

(1483 CE - 1520 CE) An Italian "frescos" painter and sculptor. He was known as the best pure painter of the Renaissance. He created the "School of Athens" and "Madonna" at the Vatican.

Martin Luther

(1483 CE - 1546 CE) A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.

Gadsden Purchase

(1853) -Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million -all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny. -set the current borders of the contiguous United States (the U.S. states, minus Hawaii, Alaska, and commonwealth of Puerto Rico)

What percentage of the House of Congress is up for reelection every two years?

100%, all members

The Renaissance

(14th Century CE - 17th Century CE) "Renaissance" literally means "rebirth." It refers especially to the rebirth of learning that began in Italy in the fourteenth century, spread to the north, including England, by the sixteenth century, and ended in the north in the mid-seventeenth century (earlier in Italy). During this period, there was an enormous renewal of interest in Ancient Greek and Latin Art, literature, and philosophy, It was also a time of great scientific inquiry, the rise of individualism, extensive geographical exploration, and the rise of secular values.

Protestant Reformation

(1519 CE - 1648 CE) Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church. It split the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Churches, The Church of England, among many others.

William Shakespeare

(1564 CE - 1616 CE) English poet and playwright. He is considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; Works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

Samuel de Champlain

(1567 CE - 1635 CE) French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec.

Industrial Revolution

(1733 CE - 1840's CE) Social and economic change that began in England in with the construction of the Cotton Mill in 1733. The industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion. Men, women, and child worked up to 14-hour work days, which would eventually lead to Unions and Child Labor Laws.

American Revolution

(1775 - 1783) The American Revolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which rebel colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America.

George Washington

(1789-1793) and (1793-1797) Congress adopts the Bill of Rights in 1789 and establishes an army. The Bill of Rights is ratified 1791. Congress passes the 11th Amendment, Whiskey Rebellion

John Adams

(1797-1801) The 11th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1798. Washington D.C. becomes America's official capitol in 1800., He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself

Thomas Jefferson

(1801-1805) and (1805-1809) Louisianna Purchase in 1803. In 1803 the 12th Amendment is approved by Congress and added to the Constitution in 1804. Lewis and Clark begin exploring the Lousianna Territory in 1804, returning in 1809. First secretary of state. Took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. Organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality.

William Lloyd Garrison

(1805 CE -1879 CE) A prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He was the editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

James Madison

(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

Trail of Tears

(1838-39) an 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

John Tyler

(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense.

James K. Polk

(1845-1849) The Mexican War starts in 1846. The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ends the war in 1848. Wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Great Britain. Wanted to aquire California and to incorperate Texas into union, while reducing the tarriff and re-establish an independent treasury system.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession=California Territory); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Millard Fillmore

(1850-1853) The Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850. California becomes a free state, territories chose popular sovereignty, Uncle Tom's Cabin. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

James Buchanan

(1857-1861) The Confederate States of America are formed in 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860. Lecompton Constitution supporter.

Andrew Johnson

(1865-1869) The 13th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1865 and the 14th Amendment is passed by Congress and added to the Constitution in 1868. House of Representatives impeaches the President in 1868 and the Senate acquits the president of the 11 articles of impeachment. In 1868 the President issued a unconditional pardon to those who participated in the southern rebellion. The 15th Amendment is passed in 1869.

Ulysses S. Grant

(1869-1873) and (1873-1877) The 15th Amendment is added to the Constitution Administrative inaction and political scandal involving members of his cabinet, including the Crédit Mobilier scandal and the Whiskey Ring conspiracy. He was more successful in foreign affairs, where he was aided by his secretary of state, Hamilton Fish. He supported amnesty for Confederate leaders and protection for the civil rights of former slaves.

Rutherford B. Hayes

(1877-1881), "His Fraudulency". President as a result of the Compromise of 1877, he resumed gold payments, refused to expand currency, and didn't overhaul civil service as promised. Complained about treatment of blacks but did nothing to prevent it. He started an era of honesty. He played down the tariff issue. He resumed assumption of hold payments and vetoed bills to expand the currency. He was involved in the Customs House Dispute, where he dismissed Chester Arthur and Alonzo Cornell from their positions as officials of the Customs House when they refused to carry out civil service reform measures. He also passed the Band Allison Act.

James A. Garfield

(1881) Second president to ever be assassinated. He was assassinated 6 months after his inauguration.

Chester Arthur

(1881-1885), an honorable man. Firmly believed in the spoils system but eventually demolished it, took Rutherford B. Hayes place when he was assassinated, Pendelton Act

William McKinley

(1897-1901) and (1901) The United States declares war on Spain in 1898, starting the Spanish-American war, although it ends in the same year with the Treaty of Paris. The United States annexes Guam, the Phillipines, and Puerto Rico.

William H. Taft

(1909-1913) The 16th Amendment is passed by Congress in 1909 and added to the Constitution in 1912. The 17th Amendment is passed by Congress in 1912.

Woodrow Wilson

(1913-1917) and (1917-1921) The 17th Amendment is added to the Constitution in 1913. The Underwood Tariff Act and the Federal Reserve Act pass in 1913. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act passes in 1914. In 1915 the US Marines are sent to Haiti. In 1916 the Workingmen's Compensation Act, teh Federal Farm Loan Act, the Warehouse Act, Adamson Act, and Jones Act are passed. In 1917 the US buys the Virgin Islands from Denmark. The Zimmerman Note incident occurs in 1917. Also at this time is the Espionage Act of 1917. The Fourteen Points are proposed in 1918 and the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versaille occur in 1919. The 18th Amendment is passed in 1919. In 1920 the Versaille Treaty is defeated by the Senate and the 19th Amendment (WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE!!!) is passed.

World War 1

(1914-1918) First time all European Countries are engulfed in one war (Italy, Austria-Hungry, and Germany, against France, Russia, Great Britain) as a result of Industrial Revolution, scramble for Africa, and alliance systems. At least 20 million people died. The assignation of Archduke Ferdinand was the breaking point. The war ended the Empire system throughout the world.

Warren G. Harding

(1921-1923), laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Calvin Coolidge

(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

Herbert Hoover

(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933.

Great Depression

(1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world's economy due to the United State's stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies.

Harry S. Truman

(1945-1949) and (1949-1953), Succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon his death. Led the country through the last few months of World War II, and made the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. Created the CIA

Cold War

(1945-1991) The period after the Second World War marked by rivalry and tension between the two nuclear superpowers, the United States and the communist government of the Soviet Union. The Cold War ended when the Soviet government collapsed in 1991.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

(1953-1957) and (1957-1961), when elected President, he was the most popular American; "I like Ike!" button. Modern Republicanism---didn't undo the New Deal of the Democrats. Called "The Republican's Choice" . He was the commander of the allied forces in Europe, the army chief-of-staff after the war, and the director of NATO for two years. Dwight displayed "grandfatherly good will". The night before the 1952 presidential elections, he declared that he would personally go to Korea and end the war. This helped to win the majority in 41 of the lower 48 states. Eisenhower reigned over a period of unstable peace and prosperity. At the time of the integration of Central High he made the decision to send the 101st Airborne to Little Rock to protect the students

John F. Kennedy

(1961-1963), Cold war and the superpower rivalry and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Used the technology of the television to tell the public about the crisis and he allowed the leaders of the Soviet Union to withdraw their missiles. Building of the Berlin Wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war. He was assassinated.

Gerald Ford

(1974-1977), Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

Ronald Reagan

(1981-1985) and (1985-1989), first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Chinese Empire

(2100 BCE - 1911 CE) Since the end of the Warring States Period in 221 BC, China has functioned as an Empire. Although the Dynasties have changed several times, the basic government structure remained the same until the 20th century. The Chinese also have extensive written record of their culture, which heavily empathizes history, philosophy, and a common religion.

The Middle Ages

(500 CE - 1500 CE) Includes the Byzantine civilization, the Rise of Islam, civilizations of the Americas, the Vikings, Charlemagne and his European Empire, the feudal system, the Crusades, Knighthood and Castles, The Black Death, Genghis Khan and China, the African Kingdoms and the Hundred Years' War.

Indian Empire

(7600 BCE - 1858 CE) The subcontinent was seldom unified in terms of government until the British Empire controlled the area in the 19th and 20th centuries. In terms of culture, India has had persistent institutions and religions that have loosely united the people, such as the caste systems and guilds. These have regulated daily life more than any government.

Mexican Cession

(California Territory) historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War

The Cuban Missile Crisis (1961)

(JFK) An international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba.

Panama Canal

(Teddy Rosevelt Era) 1880s started in Nicaragua Completed in 1905 in new country of Panama after US helped Panama rebel and split off from Columbia (which they were a part of before this) -Panama gives US rights to control canal for $250k/year -US returned controlling rights to Panama in 1999 -Allowed shipping traffic to go from Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean without having to go around South America

Olmec society in Mesoamerica

(c. 1200-c. 400 BCE)Monumental sculpture, ceremonial centers, writing. The first major civilization in Mexico. They lived in the tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico. Practiced ritual bloodletting and played the Mesoamerican ballgame, hallmarks of nearly all subsequent Mesoamerican societies

Early China

(c. 1500-c. 771 BCE) Ancestor worship, manorialism (lords and peasants worked together to support one another. The wealth of the lords came by the labors of the peasants who worked their lands. In return, the lords protected the peasants, offered them shelter, and insured that they were fed). Health discoveries (ex. acupunture) Agriculture (ex. the wheelbarrow and chain pump) war fare (ex. iron weapons) silk, and the making of paper. Most of these discoveries were made in the Han Dynasty.

Indus River Valley

(c. 2500-c. 1750 BCE) Importance of water, city planning, agriculture. Civilization developed on the Indus River floodplain. Today part of Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-western India. Well-organized, their drainage systems, wells and water storage systems were the most sophisticated in the ancient world. They also developed system of weights and trade

Federal Government

(executive, legislative, judicial; checks and balances)

Dred Scott Decision

(slave is property, not human being, and not US citizen so has no right to sue in US court; slave in free state returned to owner) and election of Lincoln inflamed the slavery controversy

Cold War

(tied to military competition and "Space Race", which led to private sector technology boom) -Russians sent first man into space -America sent first man to the moon (goal established by JFK) -Truman Doctrine passed, providing assistance to democratic nations threatened by authoritarian and communist forces (included helping Turkey and Greece)

The Magna Carta

***Most important in limiting King's power and influencing the development of democracy*** -1215: thanks to years of unsuccessful foreign policies and heavy taxation demands, England's King John was facing down a possible rebellion by the country's powerful barons. Under duress, he agreed to a charter of liberties known as the Magna Carta (or Great Charter) that would place him and all of England's future sovereigns within a rule of law. -eventually served as the foundation for the English system of common law. -Founding Fathers of the United States of America celebrated this document as a symbol of freedom from oppression -Founding Fathers of USA in 1776 looked to the charter as a historical precedent for asserting their liberty from the English crown -influenced Enlightenment Thinkers like John Locke -representative gvmt -right to life, liberty, pursuit of property

Thomas Hobbes

***helped to influence the writing of the United States Constitution: -no order exists in a state of nature -people need to surrender some of their power and form a government to create order**** -British -Wrote the book, "Leviathan" argued for *near-absolute authority* -The first modern philosopher to articulate a detailed social contract theory -Essentially said that *people are war-like monsters and need the government to create order* -believed that the social contract was an 'occurrence' when *individuals came together and ceded some of their individual rights so that others would cede theirs* (e.g. person A gives up his/her right to kill person B if person B does the same). -by giving up some of their rights, human life was thus no longer "a war of all against all"

War of 1812

*-America's first declared war* -US vs Britain -*ended by The treaty of Ghent* in 1815 CAUSES: -US hadn't been taken seriously as a country or sailing power -British were in war with France -started because *British were "impressing" US sailors*(taking them off US ships and forcing them to work on British ones, often helping in fighting war with France) -Britain's impressment allowed UK to disrupt American shipping to France and get new British sailors to strengthen UK war effort -also started because of *British interference with shipping (like "The Orders in Counsel" which required American ships to dock in Britain and pay tax before trading with other European nations)* -US wanted Canada -*US wanted to expand, Native Americans obv did not want that, and asked for support from British* EFFECTS: -British and US get control of some of each other's land *-No clear winner of war, at the end: Treaty of Ghent made British and US just gave each other back the territories they had taken from each other* -end of war *established US as legit naval power*, not just a land power -Neither the US or Great Britain actually won. *-Indians suffered significant casualties and gave up even more territory, definitely the lost the most in this war* -The war of 1812 *confirmed that the US would exist* -Britain would never invade American again -end of war *brought out a strong feeling of nationalism and unity (got rid of divisiveness between states because had to pull together to fight war) * -helped create a unified national identity as Americans -*launched Andrew Jackson's career* -solidified the settlement and conquest of land east of the Mississippi River -lack of US success in Canada reinforced Canadian nationalism -The war also spelled the *end of the Federalist Party*

What was the significance of Bacon's Rebellion?

*1. a shift away from indentured servants to slaves* *2. a general desire by the English crown to control the colonies* ↳1686 King James II really tried to put the hammer down: ↳consolidated Connecticut, Plymouth, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New York, and East and West Jersey into one big mega-colony called *The Dominion of New England* ↳dictatorial ruler was former New York governor Edmund Andros -appointed his own officials -laid down his own taxes without even consulting any of the elected assemblies -after Edmund Andros thrown in jail, Massachusetts given a governor from England, not from a company board residing inside the colony itself

Classical Civilizations: *Roman Empire* (after Roman Republic)

*Augustus became first emperor of the Roman Empire* Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 AD. -- -Conquered *entire Mediterranean coast*, some Middle East, Northern edge of Africa and most of Europe -controlled trade routes for Western World and therefore controlled Western World -Ruled by an emperor. -At first, Romans persecuted Jewish and Christian people. Emperor Niro blamed Christians for setting fire to Rome -Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity (after 313 AD) Pax Romana = The Roman Peace When Rome pretty much controlled everything and no one tried to fight them *286 AD* Emperor Diocletian *divided Empire* into East in West because believed could not control whole empire from one place One of his key generals ran the West while he ran the East *313 AD Constantine legalized Christianity* Constantinople - capital in Eastern Roman Empire

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1, 1863) =

- A major battle where the North not only wins the battle, but starts to win the Civil War. -Robert Lee failed attempt

What are the 4 main levels of sociological integration (aka 4 Levels of Cultural Complexity) (ways sociologists classify people within cultures and regions)?

*Band*: simplest structure, typically families or small groups of families that live together, egalitarian, everyone has equal footing in the society, informal, often nomadic, foragers, little or no formal leadership (ex: Eskimos, Australian Aborigines) *Tribe*: more complex, larger broader system of organization than a band - large groups of extended families, usually some shared heritage/bloodline among members, usually herders or have gardens, lack central gvmt, often warrior societies (ex: Masai) *Chiefdom*: Larger than a tribe or band, has a chief, has someone who rules it/permanent offices with rules of how succession happens. More stratified/hierarchy, less egalitarian. Can be multiple regions that are part of Chiefdom, but there is a certain place where there is a seat of gvmt, and where people would go to resolve governance issues - central gvmt (ex: Kirghiz of Central Asia) *State* largest, most complex system of organization, definite hierarchy of people in government that controls a region, different bureaus handle different parts of government (FBI, DMV), usually has police, military that is organized, taxation and markets, rely on system of codified law

Why should people study geography?

*Can help us interpret the past, understand the present and predict the future* Geography helps people develop an understanding of *relationships between people, places and environment over time*, and the *world as it was, is and might be*. Geography can help us understand why people invaded another country, why the people that won wars won them, etc.

Major advances of the early 20th century (1900s)

*Einstein's Theory of Relativity*: changed ideas about physics, space and time, contributed to advent of nuclear weapons/power -*assembly line/mass production* -*first flight*: Wright Brothers

What factors impact human migration?

*Environmental Factors* -agricultural revolution/sources of water -disasters/extreme sit.(Dust Bowl, Katrina) *Socio-economic Factors* -employment -Industrial age: urban centers, factories *Political Factors* -war, persecution -Jewish ppl WWII, Cherokee Trail of Tears, Syrian refugees today

Fall of Western Roman Empire *end of ancient civilizations*

*Fall: 400 A.D.* *This fall marked the end of the ancient civilizations* Reasons for fall: -Had *overexpanded* -Brought on *mercenary soldiers* to fight for Roman Empire because couldn't cover whole area themselves ---Emperors beholden to mercenary generals because mercenaries had no loyalty to Empire, could fight for the next person who paid them more ---Emperors were often killed by mercenaries -this caused *political instability* -there was also: *excessive taxation* -and subsequent *inflation* -*decreased agricultural production* -*division over rise of Christianity* all this weakened the Roman Empire and *continuous barbarian invasions eventually devastated Rome,* picking apart empire piece by piece over about 100 years - 400 AD - Western Roman Empire fell: *End of Antiquity (ancient civilizations)* Time after this is know as Medieval Period *Eastern Roman Empire continued into Medieval Period*

slave trade triangle

*First Passage:* Europeans would sail down to Africa, and purchase people or kidnap them to bring to the Americas as slaves *Middle Passage:* Africa to US- extremely inhumane conditions, brutal, unsanitary - many people below decks Slaves sold in southern colonies/states Cash crops purchased (tobacco, cotton, indigo) *Last Passage:* Take cash crops back to Europe and make a profit

The Spanish conquistadors claimed many reasons for their conquering and destroying of nations. Which THREE of the following are reasons they gave? They wished to convert the conquered to Christianity. They wanted riches. They believed that "might made right." They wanted to be the first to map the world.

*God, Gold and Glory* *They wished to convert the conquered to Christianity.* (They believed that their religion required them to conquer or convert pagan nations. Since they had the only "true" religion, they were superior.) *They wanted riches.* (this was their real goal) *They believed that "might made right."* (They were stronger in weapons than the nations they conquered and believed that this gave them the right to conquer.) They *DID NOT* want to be the first to map the world. Many maps of the world, though inaccurate in many cases, already existed.

7 Wonders of Ancient World

*Great Pyramids at Giza* (Pharaoh Kufu buried there) *Hanging Gardens of Babylon* *Temple of Artemis at Ephesus* *Statue of Zeus at Olympia* *Mausoleum at Halicarnassus* *Colossus of Rhodes* *Lighthouse of Alexandria*

What colony was formed after the Puritans and English merchants gathered together in Massachusetts? What kind of colony did they strive to build?

*Massachusetts Bay Colony*A board of English merchants relocated to Massachusetts. There was a widespread of autonomy and self-government, which lend to the success of MA Bay. Together, the Puritans and English merchants hoped to build a "*City on a Hill*," (excerpt from Sermon of Model of Christian Charity by John Withrop) in which the needs of the many would outweigh the needs of the few, and its people would strive for the common good.

Classical Civilizations: Greece: *Earlier Civilizations* (Before high-era)

*Minoans:* 2000-1450 BCE -trade and commerce based society in Crete *Mycenaeans:* 15th to the 13th century BCE -war and conquest based society in Southern Greece *precedes the Classical Era*

What are a couple major rivers that run through the US, and where are they located?

*Mississippi River* Minnesota past New Orleans to the Gulf of Mexico *Missouri River* -longest river in N. America. passes through 10 US states and 2 Canadian provinces - connects with Mississippi River at bottom

Civil Rights Movement

*Plessy vs Ferguson (1896):* Allowed segregation *Brown vs Board of Ed (1954):* Separate is NOT Equal (even after 10 years after ruling the South still did not desegregate in some places) *Rosa Parks & Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)* MLK organized, 99% of bus riders supported boycott *Little Rock Nine (1957)*: Federal Troops accompany 9 students wishing to attend integrated school *1959 Civil Rights Act* ineffective - states did not adhere to policies set by federal gvmt *1960 Sit in Strategy* MLK *Freedom Rides* Busloads of black and white students rode the same buses even though busses were trying to segregate them. RFK ordered protection for these students *LBJ Signs Civil Rights Act (1964)*: *Voting Rights Act (1965)*: banned literacy tests previously required in some states for black people to be allowed to vote - tests were really biased and pretty much impossible to pass *Black Power, Black Panthers, Malcom X, Black Pride*

Puritans

*Puritans (uber-Protestant)* Congregationalists- believed church congregations should determine leadership and worship structures, not bishops -religion believed in collective effort, the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few or the one -only people who could vote or hold office were church members -to be a full church member you had to be a "visible saint" -power stayed in the hands of the church elite

3 Crucial Factors That Can Affect an Economy

*Resources*: cultivable land (either for food for citizens or to export), fossil fuels, minerals (iron ore/copper), water, etc. *Population*: leaner pop = less strain on resources greater pop = can be more prosperous as long as doesn't exceed carrying capacity *Technology*: ingenuity & innovation = lifeblood of economic growth - creating new sectors or refining existing practices

Explain the idea of cores and peripheries as discussed by historians

*cores:* political and population centers usually cities/city-states exploit resources of the periphery regions have the wealth, power and military strength ex: Capitol ex: Rome during Roman empire *peripheries:* outer regions Have more natural resources than the core Often exploited by cores for food and resources, but aren't able to control them as well (spread out, less power, less wealth) ex: districts ex: all areas controlled by Roman empire

League of Nations

*established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles "to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security."* -first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. -- -Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Interaction between Human and Physical Geography

*landfills* (waste seeping into ground water, destroy natural habitats to build landfills) *strip mining* (blowing top off of mountains to reach what's inside. Not digging down, blowing up) *air pollution* (running electricity in homes because get electricity from power plants that burn coal) *water pollution* *extinction of species* (overhunting, habitat destruction) *deforestation* *ozone layer depletion* *climate change*

Pilgrims

*more extreme than the Puritans* -wanted to separate from the Church of England. -came to New World in 1620, trying to get to Virginia, wound up in Massachusetts, *founded Plymouth* -while still on their ship 41 of the 150 people signed the *Mayflower Compact* saying would follow 'just and equal laws' set for them by representatives -would have starved to death except that Native Americans led by *Squanto shared food with them* *Native Americans taught them how to plant corn and fish* -colony was subsumed by Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691

What factors impact where people live? Why do humans choose a region in which to live?

*presence of natural resources* (including *energy sources*, both renewable and non-renewable) *favorable climate* *availability of work/money* (incentive to move to less desirable areas) *environment's carrying capacity* (maximum level of sustained use environment can tolerate without significant deterioration) *human resources* (work force, ppl to trade with, in history, places w ppl imperialists could enslave) *man-made resources* (steel, bleach, electricity generated by power plants, AC) *ability to respond to natural hazards* (made easier/more possible by man-made resources)

Mesopotamia

*region of the world* (in modern day Iraq) *emerged in the fertile crescent between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers* some of earliest civilizations on earth existed this region: Sumer Babylon Hittites New Babylon Phoenicians Persia *had so many different civilization there because this region's flat, open geography and obvious land value near rivers led to many invasions and take overs*

Classical Civilizations: Greece: *City-states: Sparta*

*self-governing city-state* landlocked in the Peloponnese peninsula (Southern Greece) *Totalitarian gvmt* ruled by a King *Culture*: highly militaristic, emphasized physical and mental strength over everything else practiced eugenics (killing off the weak) to ensure physical superiority *gave greatest rights to women of any Greek city-state* -could own and inherit property -could divorce their husbands

What benefits came from WW1 in the US?

- 19th Amendment (women can vote) - the Great Migration (the migration of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North)

Andrew Jackson

- Jackson's election is considered the beginning of the modern political party system and the start of the Democratic Party. - Jeffersonian democracy, a system governed by upper/middle class educated property owners, was replaced by Jacksonian Democracy, a system that allowed universal white male suffrage.

What were the Union's (North's) advantages over the Confederates (South) in the Civil War?

- North had many more soldiers - North manufactured more than the South - North had stronger agriculture - North had more RR tracks - North had a developed and organized government

Effects of World War 2 on the US

- strengthened the federal government because the government took total control of the economy, for the better of the nation (wages, federal income tax was developed and enforced, production quotas, employment rates, etc..) - women entered the workforce during the war, they made up 1/3 of the labor force, but when the war ended and men returned many women were let go or reduced to lower paying jobs - the Nazis' racism made the nation strive to be a place for diversity and free from racism; this paved the way for the Civil Rights Movement - the US was no longer seen as a isolationist country - the dollar replaced the pound in the leading currency - the World Bank and United Nations was developed, and the US still plays a leading role in the UN

Why did the US ultimately decide to enter WW1?

- the German's decision to resume unrestricted submarine warfare - interception and publication of the Zimmerman Telegraph (Germany promised Mexico that they would help them reclaim CA if they joined them in war) - the fall of the Russian regime which made Pres. Wilson's claim that he'd only fight if it meant making the world safer more plausable

Ancient Egypt *Religion* Dynastic Period: 3100 - 500 BC (this is the period we usually hear about)

-*life centered around serving the Pharaoh* -Pharaoh thought to be a living god -*living manifestation of Horus, falcon-headed god* -worshipped other gods as well: sun god (Rah), god of the dead (Anubis), Seth, Osiris -Aten: god of disc of sun. -Egypt was *monotheistic for a hot min* when Pharaoh Akhenaten wanted people to only worship Aten (his namesake) as the one true god. The *people hated this and after Akhenaten died, went back to polytheistic* beliefs and wrote Akhenaten out of the lineage of the dynasty Symbols: -*ankh* (symbol of eternal life): cross with loop on top means person holding it is a god -*staff* means person holding it is a ruler

What changes did the Industrial Revolution bring about?

-*urbanization* cottage industry (living in countryside) --> manufacturing industry (*moving to the city*) -Development of new weaving and ironworking techniques -Vast expansion and *improvement in roads, railroads and waterways* --> because regions now produced more than their own region needed and wanted to ship them out to sell them *no longer regionalized economy - now nationwide and globalized* -telegraph invented: can order this cross-country -*Emergence and rise of the middle class:* Greatly increased prosperity and political power for the middle class --> before industrial revolution either owned land and were rich or didn't and were poor -*Increased dependence on trade with other regions and foreign trade* Continues until today, living in an industrialized society -*wage-labor system created* - ppl trained for a job and would work for an hourly wage (rather than producing and selling goods)

Salem Witch Trials: 1691

-150 men and women accused of witchcraft -14 were killed -Some believed this was a result of the English Toleration act, because colonists were looking for scapegoats/male leaders were looking to re-assert their gender dominance

Mayflower Compact

-1620 -an agreement between colonists that became foundational civil gov. in Plymouth -was the first written framework of government established in what is now the United States. ****

Declaration of Independence

-1776 -All men are created free and equal and possess the same inherent, natural rights. Legitimate governments must therefore be based on the consent of the governed and must exist "to secure these rights." -Decision of the thirteen American colonies to separate themselves from Great Britain.

Homestead Strike

-1892 -workers against the Carnegee Steel Company -violent conflict -Plant general manager Henry C. Frick announced wage cuts of nearly 20 percent. -followed by strike in 1984 between railroad workers and Pullman Palace Car Company

What geographic factors played a role in both Napoleon and Hitler's failure to invade Russia?

-A very poor road network -Inclement weather -A very poor agricultural base (no food unless brought it with them, no farms to take over) (However could melt snow for water, so no problem with water)

What are the three major periods of history?

-ANCIENT: Before Fall of Western Roman Empire, 400s AD ex: The Roman Empire, circa 1st century B.C.E. ex2: The Egyptian empire, circa 11th century B.C.E. ex3: The empire of Alexander the Great, circa 4th century B.C.E. -MEDIEVAL: 500s to 1500ish ex: The empire of Charlemagne, circa 9th century C.E. -MODERN: 1600+

Reconstruction

-Andrew Jackson and the "black codes": to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans -KKK -President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871 took aim at the Klan and others who attempted to interfere with black suffrage and other political rights

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

-Another Spanish explorer in the 1500's -shipwrecked in Texas and wandered through the American Southwest, looking for gold, then walked about 1,000 miles to Mexico

Abraham Lincoln

-Anti-slavery platform helped to precipitate the Civil War -Assassinated shortly after the war ended and before he could fulfill his campaign promise to reconcile the North and the South. - Gettysburg Address of 1863.

World War II

-Axis Powers: Italy, Germany, and Japan. Wanted to fight spread of communism and wanted to expand. -Allies: U.S., Soviet Union, and Britain -1939: Germany Invaded Poland. France and Britain then declared war on Germany. -1941: Japan attacked U.S (Pearl Hsrbor) and the U.S. joined the Allies -U.S. dropped two atomic bombs and ended war in the Pacific (Defeating both Germany and Japan)

Outcomes of 7 Years' War/French Indian War (Ended 1763)

-British got Canada and French land East of the Mississippi -created debt in the UK = more taxes -needed soldiers in the new territories - colonists made to "quarter" them -rules that colonists couldn't expand -spread British resources pretty thin -angered colonists -Pontiac's Rebellion: 1763

Mound Builders

-Built Ohio River Valley and areas by Great Lakes -it is believed that European diseases such as smallpox killed them out

Boston Massacre 1770

-Colonists were taunting British soldiers, so soldiers opened fire on them -5 colonists killed, 6 more wounded but lived -Crispus Attucks was first person to fall at massacre, a sailor of mixed race ancestry (African&Native American) -9 Brit soldiers put on trial, 7 acquitted, 2 convicted on manslaughter -the Brit soldiers' lawyer was John Adams

Main causes of WWI

-Existing conflicts came to a head -Tension over competition for colonies -Ethnic groups such as Poles and Czechs looking for countries of their own -competition for resources, workers, consumers. *catalyst for war*: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne, by Serbia extremists in 1914 -Militarism: Germany built up its navy, but Britain wanted to remain the largest navy -Nationalist movements occurred in the the Balkans. -

Early Republic and it's expansion

-Expansionism after the Constution. Lots of growth for the nation!! -Torn apart during Civil War and a difficult reconstruction to follow

FDR and the New Deal

-FDR defeated Hoover -"the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." -four-day "bank holiday" -"fireside chats" -Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC):to protect depositors' accounts and the Securities -Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate the stock market and prevent abuses

Judicial Branch

-Federal Court System -heirarchy Top: Supreme Court: deals with interpretations of the Contitution. Can strike down law deemed unconstittuional. - interprets the laws. -The state judges are elected by the citizens rather than being appointed.

Five Civilized Tribes

-Five Native American nations in Southeatern United States -Used advanced farming techniques -Lived in Settled Communities -Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek (Muscogee), and Seminole.

Marshall Plan/ Eurppean Recovery Plan (ERP):

-Gave almost $13 billion to help reconstruct European countries after the war -Truman feared that European governments would collapse and perhaps fall to communism if not aided -The plan was a great success; it raised living standards, created jobs, silenced communist parties, and benefited world trade

Hoover

-Great depression -As the Depression deepened, Hoover failed to recognize the severity of the situation or leverage the power of the federal government to squarely address it.

Consequences of dropping atomic bomb

-Harry Truman's decision -killed between 150,000 and 250,000 innocent civilians -PotsDam Declaration: a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II. It was rejected by the country.

Electoral College

-Individuals in state vote for President they want -Electoral College delegate from each district will cast a vote for the person who got the most votes A certain number of electors from each state proportional to and seemingly representative of that state's population. Each elector chooses a candidate believing they are representing their constituency's choice. The candidate who receives a higher proportion of electoral votes within a state receives all the electoral votes for that state.

Mussolini

-Italian dictator WWII -overthrown by Gov. -This pushed Germans back to their own capital and they had to surrender -He was captured and executed by Italian communist partisans a few weeks before the end of the war. -

Monroe Doctorine

-James Monroe 1823 -No European Nation should interfere with Americas Growth and colonization in Western Hemisphere -we wouldnt interfere with Europian colonies or their countries

The Civil War and reconstruction

-North: larger population, more developed manufacturing base, more developed transportation network -South: more experienced and tactical military leadership (Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, etc) -lasted 1861-1865 -Northern strategies: isolate south by shutting off shipping access and starving them out, capture capital (South moved capital to protect it), split South's military for a two-front war -Southern strategies: surge in the North to take control of shipping lines, manufacturing bases, etc. -Fort Sumter: first battle, Beauregard fired on northern fort (northern Anderson surrendered) -Antietum: single bloodiest day (casualties and injuries), first Southern surge attempt; McClellan stopped Lee -Chancellorsville: Lee defeated Hooker's Army of Potomac in major victory, but Stonewall Jackson was killed -Gettysburg: second Southern surge attempt; Meade defeats Lee, Pickett's Charge fails -Appomattox: Lee's forces surrounded, Lee surrenders; essentially, war is over -Radicals favored military occupation of south, while Moderates wanted south to self-govern during reconstruction; Congress was Radical and impeached Moderate president Johnson -Northerners moved to the south to start businesses (called carpetbaggers and scalawags) -disputed presidential election in 1876; North told south that they would end radical reconstruction if northern president was chosen. South agreed and began passing Jim Crow laws (practices not overturned until Civil Rights movement 75 years later)

Civil Rights: racial prejudice

-Plessy vs. Ferguson: separate but Equal -Brown vs. Board of Education: school integrations - more than 10 years before enforced -Rosa Parks and Montgomery bus boycott (MLK) -Little Rock Nine (federal troops accompanying 9 black students at integrated school) -1959 Civil Rights Act was not effective because it wasn't enforced -Sit-in strategy (MLK): sit in businesses not respecting integration -Freedom rides: black and white students riding buses together to protest de facto bus segregation -1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act (banning literacy tests) protected black rights -Black Power, Black Pride, Black Panthers (Malcolm X)

Executive Branch

-President -Vice President - majority of the vast bureaucracy of the federal govern. -single largest branch of the govern, employing nearly 5 million people (president cabinet, diplomatic corps, armed services , park services, etc.)

containment:

-President truman prevent the spread of communism wherever it was a threat to democracy

Factors that contributed to the Great Depression

-Record profits in 1920's: people did not want to regulate businesses making so much profit people not investing wisely as a result of this -Stock market crash: People were over investing (investment craze) Companies were overvalued, stock was worth more than the company was actually worth -Income disparity between classes (99% of assets in the country controlled by 1/3 of the population) and lots of very poor people -Large debt increases (Margin purchasing: Borrowing against value of existing stocks as collateral to buy new stocks, when stock market crashed couldn't pay for either stock) -The decline of agriculture The dustbowl caused farmers to go out of business and lots of workers to get laid off -farmers went into debt to mechanize their farms. While in debt, mechanized farms aided them in producing more goods, so costs on farm-grown goods went down -High unemployment -Bubble growth: diminishing returns, decrease in wages *faster production* led to decrease in demand and lack of profitability for producers

Ural Mountains

-Run north to south in western Russia -Tallest Mtn: *Mount Narodnaya* -Eastern side of these mountains is often considered the boundary line or border between the continents of Europe and Asia

Boston Tea Party: Dec 1773

-Samuel Adams & Sons of Liberty dressed up as Mohawk Indians -dumped enough modern equivalent of a $4 million of tea into Boston Harbor ↳upset that cheap tea was cutting into profits of smugglers and established tea merchants ↳most were just angry on principle that were being taxed on such a universal product, worried that Tea Act had set a precedent that Britain could tax whatever they wanted -*confirmed Massachusetts's role as the core of resistance to legitimate British rule* ↳*British responded by passing "Intolerable Acts"*

Christopher Columbus

-Seen as the first explorer, but wasn't really -Santa Maria, Pinta, and Nina -Lief Ericson actually made discovery 500 yrs before Columbus Difference? Ericson did not establish a colony in America

Robber Barons

-wealthy and immoral business persons. -An American capitalist who acquired a fortune in the late nineteenth century by ruthless means

planned economy/command economy

-Socialism -directed by the state -hands on -dictates price of goods and services as well as production and distribution -Cuba, Iran, North Korea -communism

Articles of Confederation

-Started being written: July 12, 1776 Second Continental Congress -Approved version sent to states for ratification: 1777 -ratification by all 13 states: *1781* -superseded by the Constitution and federal form of government in 1789. Created to solve these enable colonies to: 1.)*Create/Raise an army* from amongst the states and *command that army together* 2.) Fund the war efforts - *be able to print and borrow money- negotiate with other countries* 3.) *Resolve territorial disputes* - where are borders going to fall for each colony, etc. *Weaknesses:* limited because states held most of the power, Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage.

Reasons for Declaration of Independence

-Tariffs (The Stamp Act taxing printed matter and the Townshend Acts taxing goods like tea--Townshend Acts later repealed except for tax on tea) -Lack of representation in parliament ("no taxation without representation") -Quartering of British soldiers (initially because of expansion after French and Indian War, but then to NY and Boston when colonists started rebelling) -Boston Massacre (troops fired on citizens; killed 3, wounded 8-9, two of whom died later) -The Intolerable Acts (closed Boston port, gave more power to Massachusetts governor, and expanded colonists' responsibility to take care of British military)

American Revolution and the Founding of the Nation

-Tension between England and other colonies grew -Anger about taxation used to help Britan pay for Native American and French conflicts -Declaration of Independence

Texas Annexation

-Texas had been part of Mexico, then seceded from Mexico and started the Republic of Texas -wanted to join US, so US annexed Republic of Texas and made it a state in 1845 -US originally refused in 1837, because U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico (it did later). -In addition to TX, Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY

Civil War and Reconstruction 1861

-The northern and southern states had become less and less alike--socially, economically, politically. The North was industrial and commercial and was against slavery -The South had remained largely agricultural and wanted to keep slavery.

the Louisiana Purchase

-Thomas Jefferson bought from French (Napoleon) in 1803 for $15 million -sold at a low price by Napoleon to fund his wars in Europe -secured American control of the Mississippi river and *doubled the size of the nation* (was very large region, not just present-day Louisiana)

Government Economic Activities: Stabilization and growth

-Treasury Secretary regulates the prime interest rate -this effects the rates banks charge, and so, lending -can be used to mitigate inflation or to create credit

Legislative Branch

-United States Congress -House of representatives -Senate

Cold War Highlights

-We created containment policy ( to stop the Soviet Union from forcibly spreading communism beyond the territories it already ruled or dominated) -Start of the Nuclear Age -Soviets laucnhed satellite Sputnik into space -John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) made the bold public claim that the U.S. would land a man on the moon by the end of the decade. His prediction came true on July 20, 1969.

House Majority Leader

-a person from the majority party, helps to get legislation passed -beneath the Speaker of the House -mainly chosen by the speaker because he's popular with particular factions within the party

In Italy, Benito Mussolini formed bands of Fascists called squadristi or Black Shirts. Mussolini used these bands and various other means to gain complete control over the Italian people. Which THREE of the following were facets in his control strategy: -a secret police force to spy on the people -control over all media -youth groups which focused on military ideas and activities -complete absorption of the army into the Fascist state and the ousting of Victor Emmanuel as king.

-a secret police force to spy on the people -control over all media -youth groups which focused on military ideas and activities *Mussolini never got full control of the military and King Victor Emmanuel stayed King.* *Mussolini recognized the Vatican as a state and the pope as the head of this state.* *Mussolini declared Catholicism as the official religion of the state and, in return, the church supported his regime.*

Monopoly

-an organization that becomes the sole provider of a product. -They have no competetion so they can drive up their prices without a fear of consumer backlash!

laissez-faire

-applied to capitalist market economy -an economy that is completely free from state intervention, including potential gov. monopolies

Pontiac's Rebellion 1763

-armed revolt of Native Americans after end of 7 Years War -especially the Ottawa and the Delaware tribes -rebellion ultimately failed to dislodge the British, but the Native Americans killed hundreds of settlers, especially when they besieged Detroit ↳convinced the British to avoid future conflicts, shd slow down settlements ↳British Parliament issued the Proclamation Line of 1763: "do not cross" line west of the Appalachian Mountains: reserved territory for Native A's ↳settlers ignored proclamation because just fought war for that territory

1800's responses to slavery Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 The Kansas-Nebraska Act

-around 1820's was growing resistance to slavery -founding fathers did not prohibit slavery because wanted compromise with all states to get constitution ratified. -Northern colonies did not want slavery from the beginning, Southern colonies wanted to keep slavery and because their economy was built on slavery, ending slavery would very badly damage their economy -each time new state came into the union was a fight over whether or not it would be a slave state or free state, if it was a free state would give more power to abolitionists, if it was a slave state, would give more power to the other slave states -to keep union together, had a bunch of compromises: *Missouri Compromise*: Missouri joins Union as slave state, and to balance free/slave state count, cut a chunk of Massachusetts off into a new state, Maine, which would be a free state. This compromise also outlawed slavery in future states to be created north of the 36, 30 parallel. *The Compromise of 1850*: California joined Union as a free state, but Utah and New Mexico would decide for themselves if they would be free or slave states. Fugitive Slave Law included in this bill which forced citizens in northern states to help find runaway slaves. If a slave owner said a black person was their slave, they had no say in the matter, even if they were free, they were still "returned" to the slave owner. Slavery was also outlawed in DC with this law. *Kansas-Nebraska Act* - repealed Missouri Compromise because even though both states were above the 36th parallel, they were allowed to vote through popular sovereignty if they would be free or slave states. This angered the North and heated up the anger between the Northern and Southern states. This destroyed the Whig Party

Nathaniel Bacon

-arrived in Virginia in 1673 -led an armed uprising against Governor Berkeley of VA in 1670 because Berkeley wouldn't let colonists to kill more Native Americans and take more land *-sometimes portrayed as an early example of lower-class artisans and would-be farmers rising up against the corrupt British elite* -Bacon *burned Jamestown* -made himself ruler of Virginia -looted the Berkeley's supporters' land -rebellion finally quelled by the arrival of English warships -Twenty-three of Bacon's rebels were hanged, but not Bacon, who died shortly after taking control from dysentery

Juan Ponce de León

-arrived in what is now Florida in 1513 -looking for gold and the fabled Fountain of Youth -In 1521, he was shot by a Calusa brave with a poison-tipped arrow and died

What is the rain shadow effect?

-as air masses move from lower elevations to higher elevations, creating *more rain on the side of the mountain with the wind and ocean* and *colder, drier temperatures on the side of the mountain blocked from the precipitation* Mountains force air upward, causing it to cool and lose its moisture as precipitation on the windward side

Muckrakers

-coined by Roosevelt -the action of searching out and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way -Riis, Sincalir, Steffens, Tarbell

Massachusetts Bay Company

-company founded the colony of Plymouth -charter expired in 1684 and Plymouth became a royal colony.

House of Representatives

-contains 435 members. - each member represents a single congressional district within his or her home state -members do not represent state as a whole -representation proportional due to population -each state gets at least 1 rep.

market economy

-cost of goods and services depends on free price system -in other words, Gov, does not dictctate costs of goods and services. it is determined by supply and demand. -used by the U.S. -"hands off" model

Northern Strategies in the US Civil War

-cut off supplies to South -split the South and make them fight a 2 front war -try to starve out the South - isolate them because North had most of the food crops while South had mostly cash crops like tobacco -try to capture the Southern capital -prevent South from being able to surge into the North

Minority Leader

-de facto spokesperson for the minority party -principal leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate. -House and Senate EACH have one (not the same person)

*First Continental Congress: Sept 1774*

-delegates from 12/13 colonies (not GA) met in Philadelphia to coordinate the resistance of the Intolerable Acts * this was the first real colony-wide government in colonial America* -not all colonists were pro-independence -elites in NY and PA very nervous about revolutionary fervor that was making poorer people think they could have a say in the political process

Key Progressive Era Events

-efforts to outlaw the sale of alcohol; -regulate child labor and sweatshops; -scientifically manage natural resources; -Pure Food and Drug Act; -Americanize immigrants or restrict immigration altogether; -bust or regulate trusts

Colonial Society:

-elite ruling class, esp in South: wanted to perpetuate -bottom of colonial society: growing # of poor people -never good to be poor, BUT better to be poor in the colonies than in Europe ↳people kept indenturing themselves to get to the colonies BECAUSE: -lots of food -possibility of maybe, someday, getting some land if you were male -Married women: couldn't own property -husbands usually willed their land to their sons and their personal items to their daughters -in EARLIEST days of colonization, everyone was needed for survival, women had a greater role in the economy, although they were still expected to be wives and mothers above all else. -Male dominance written into law and solidified in practice

The two bodies on Congress- 2. The Senate

-every state gets two Senators -6 yr term -party with most members is called the Majority party (same in the house of reps) -next greatest is the minority party -party leader and whip

causes WWII

-expansionism of germany -racist/authoritarian regimes rose to power in japan,spain,italy and germany -fascism -germany still butthurt about WWI

1737: the Walking Purchase

-famous fraud of colonial America, perpetrated by Pennsylvania colonists -Indians agreed to cede a tract of land bound by the distance a man could walk in 36 hours -governor James Logan hired a bunch of fast runners who marked out territory much larger More than half of the male population was eligible to vote and Pennsylvania's dual promise of religious freedom and cheap land attracted A LOT of German-speaking immigrants (no Germany back then)

When the Europeans arrived, Native Americans HAD:

-farming -complex social and political structures -widespread trade networks

Judicial Branch

-federal court system (organized in a hierarchy)

The Phoenicians

-first explorers, traders, and colonizers of the ancient world; their civilization reached its peak in 1000 BC -established trading colonies in Carthage and Spain *spread their culture through trade* *lived in the Mesopotamia region*

The Sugar Act of 1764:

-first purportedly oppressive tax on colonists -basically actually enforcing tax on imports from the Caribbean by stamping out smuggling -gave British courts the right to try colonial smugglers -colonial courts had been notoriously lenient on smugglers, took away their power to try those cases

Democratic Party (under Andrew Jackson)

-formerly been known as the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans -lower to middle class men, usually farmers -suspicious of the widening gap between the rich and the poor (a result of the Market Revolution) -particularly worried about bankers, merchants, and speculators, who seemed to be getting rich without actually producing anything

Aztec Indians are known for _____________ and ______________. They lived in __________________.

-growing maize -Stone temples and pyramids, specifically the great pyramid of Tenochtitlan in present-day Mexico City -central Mexico

Classical Civilizations: Greece: *Geography*

-hilly - not good for farming - led to *seafaring culture* -dominated the Aegean Sea and, in part, the Mediterranean Sea -Homeric epics: Iliad, Odyssey (about return home from Trojan war) are seafaring stories -Peloponnese peninsula/region in south had farming. Separated central part of the country by the Gulf of Corinth. -city-states: Athens, Sparta

mercantilism

-key economic theory of the British Empire in the 1700's -*government should regulate the economy in order to increase national power* -encouraging local production through tariffs and monopolies -trying to ensure a favorable balance of trade (raw materials vs. finished goods) -colonies could create favorable trade balance because both produced raw materials and bought back finished goods made from those raw materials -for it to work, need more and more land so you can have more raw materials and more colonists to buy finished goods

The Speaker of the House

-leader of the House of Representatives -If both the President and the Vice President can no longer serve, becomes President -elected by whichever party is in the majority in the House -elected every 2 years because the whole House is elected every 2 years -

Liberalism after 7 Years' War

-main task of government was to protect citizens' natural rights -citizens' rights defined by John Locke as life, liberty, and property -governments were the result of a social contract, whereby individuals would give up some of their liberty in exchange for a government protecting their natural rights.

mixed economy

-market economy and planned combined -some amount of private owned industry -some gov. regulation

When the Europeans arrived, Native Americans DID NOT HAVE:

-metalwork -gunpowder -wheels -written languages -domesticated animals

Colonial American economics / economy:

-mostly farmers, or worked on farms -mostly small farms, unlike the giant in Caribbean -New England had fewer tropical diseases, and was increasingly free of Native Americans ↳colonial population there skyrocketed ↳families began to run out of land ↳second and third sons increasingly had to go make their way in growing coastal cities -idea of a person owning a small farm and the idea of freedom are pretty closely intertwined -*New Englanders were richer than any other colonial elites* -growing numbers of artisans in the colonies, especially clothing and metalwork -most important colonial trade goods: *tobacco, sugar* ↳relied heavily on slave labor *slave labor central to colonial economy*

Ancient Egypt *Culture* Dynastic Period: 3100 - 500 BC (this is the period we usually hear about)

-mummified dead and built pyramids to house them (big scientific achievement): did this because of belief in the afterlife -key purpose of pyramids: place for Pharaohs to live in afterlife -theory of how pyramids built: started from inside and built out - if Pharaoh died young - small pyramid, died old - bigger pyramid -made huge advances in math and medicine -created logographic written language

Senator qualifications

-must be at least 30 years old -must have been a US citizen for at least nine years prior to his or her election -must reside in the state he or she is rep.

Qualifications of being a President

-must be at least 35 years old -must be a natural-born citizen -must have been a resident of the US for 14 years prior to election -if a previous president was removed due to impeachment/imprisonment , they can not be president again -same qualifications go for the vice president -president and vice president can not reside in the same state at the time of election

Townshend Acts 1767

-new taxes on glass, tea, etc. -board of customs created: stop smuggling -colonists: boycott, encouraged homespun clothes to replace British ones

Trust

-no longer allowed in American buisness -When a company assigns their stock to a board of trustees, and combines them into new organizations.

1773 Tea Act:

-offered tax exemptions and rebates for tea coming in from the British-East India Company ↳was so cheap for Brit Ea. India Co. that they could undercut even the smugglers -allowed Brit E. India Co. to dump cheap tea on colonies, which actually lowered the price of tea -intended to save Brit. E. India Co., did not care about colonists

Why did the cold war start?

-we saw the spread of comunism as a huge threat -USSR: took control of China and spread communism in many Southeast Asian and Latin American countries

Minority Whip

-only in the House of Representatives, NOT in the Senate -assists minority leader on the floor, takes attendance and counts votes -job mirrors that of the majority whip but without the power that comes from holding a majority in the House of Representatives -keeps party leaders informed about members, and persuades party members to vote along party lines

The Grange Movement

-organized by farmers in the Midwest and South -to regulate railroad companies -believed they were victims of illegal price fizing by railroads.

Dust Bowl

-poor land management caused crop failures and massive sandstorms in the Midwest -Hard hit families migrated to California, often called Oakies

The Majority Whip

-primary task: counting votes on important pieces of legislation -whip party members into shape/to follow what party wants them to do: make them vote the way the party wants them to -job is to: rally support around bills that the party is trying to get passed -subordinate to the Speaker of the House -member of the majority party -3rd most powerful position in the House of Reps -key role: keep the majority party unified by keeping its members in line when there is a vote -keeps tabs on how the members of the majority party are lining up for a vote

Imperialism

-progressives felt as though taking the territories away was a form of imperialism and campaigned to give them independence. *Phillipines became independent 1946 *we still have puerto rico -Construction of the Panama Canal: we supported an independent Panama in Central America, so we gained the right to build a canal when Panama declared independen in 1903.

The Manhattan Project

-project to build the first atomic bomb -named after original location in Manhattan, NYC

What was the result of the Civil War?

-rejoined Nation, -Emancipation Proclamation & 13th Amendment ended slavery -RRs expanded to the Transcontinental Railway -made official national currency -development of the telegraph

Knights Templar

-religious brotherhood created during the Crusades to protect Jerusalem -swore themselves to protect the land from the Muslims who threatened it -later rounded up by the church and burned at the stake for being heretics.

Rights given to Emancipated Slaves During Reconstruction & When/Why Taken Away

-right to vote -right to own property -integrated facilities *But then!* was a disputed 1876 Presidential Election, and North offered the South a compromise: End Radical Reconstruction and remove Northern troops from the South, if the North's Presidential candidate could win Once radical reconstruction ended, South passed *Jim Crow Laws* - separate facilities, took away voting rights, and these practices stayed in place for 75 years!!

FDR plans

-save the farms -pays farmers to produce less crop, prices go up -destroy excess crops WPA: -created public works jobs -federal arts project Social security act: -unemployment insurance -retirment, disability -welfare -partially self funded

Spanish Wanted to colonize Florida to

-set up military bases to thwart the pirates who preyed on silver-laden Spanish galleons coming out of Mexico -missionaries came over, hoping to convert local Native populations. -it went terribly, and many of the missions were destroyed by an uprising of Guale Indians in 1597

The Black Legend

-story that the Spanish unleashed unspeakable cruelty on the Indians. (true) -But! story was used by the English, to justify their own settlements -English said needed to expand their empire to save the Indians from the awful Spanish

capitalism

-system type if market economy -all means of production are privately owned -supply, demand, and price are determined soely by free market -all profit (difference between cost and revenue) goes only to owners and investors of a buisness

Taxes and fees

-taxes imposed on federal, state, and local levels -fees also raise revenue (vehicle registration fees, etc), but you only pay if you get service

Articles of Confederation

-the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, -new basis of gov. for the free colonies. - replaced by the US Constitution in 1789.

1800's Industrialization (before civil war)

-the process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and service steamboat, cotton gin, reaper

Native American Religions

-usually involved a vibrant spiritual world -ceremonies geared towards the tribe's lifestyle -Hunting tribes focused on animals, -agricultural tribes on good harvests, -most Indian groups believed in a single creator god, who stood above all the other deities -not monotheistic in the way that Christians who came to the New World were

Stock Market Crash

-value tripled over 4 years; perceived value higher than actual value -1929 Black Thursday, everyone recognized overinflation and began selling -bank failures and credit crash (banks couldn't lend) -over next three years, unemployment went from 1.5 million to 12 million

steps for bill to become law

. Bill is Drafted: Members of Congress, the Executive Branch, and even outside groups can draft (write or draw up) bills. 2. Introduced in House: Representative introduces the bill in the House. Only members can introduce bills. 3. Sent to Committee: The Speaker of the House sends the bill to a committee. 4. Committee Action: Most bills die here. The committee may pigeonhole, table, amend, or vote on the bill. If bill passes, it goes to Rules Committee. 5, Rules Committee: It decides the rules for debate, and when the bill will come up for debate. 6. Floor Action: House debates the bill, and may add amendments. If a majority votes in favor of the bill, it goes to the Senate. 7. Introduced in Senate: A Senator introduces the bill, which is sent to a committee. 8. Committee Action: Same procedure as in the House. If the committee majority votes for the bill, it goes to the whole Senate. 9. Bill Called Up: Majority floor leader decides when the whole Senate will consider the bill. 10. Floor Action: The Bill is debated, and amendments may be added. If a majority votes in favor of the bill, it is returned to the House. 11. Conference Committee: If the House rejects any of the changes, the bill goes to a conference committee of members from both houses. It works out a compromise. 12. Vote on Compromise: Both houses must approve changes made by the conference committee. If approved, the bill goes to the president. 13. Presidential Action: The president may sign (approve) the bill or veto (reject) it. If approved, it becomes law. 14. Vote to Override: If the president vetoes the bill, it can still become law if two thirds of both houses vote to override the veto.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

. John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the "Father of English Colonization in North America" received land in northern New England which became the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the Colonial America Time Period.

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states

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Migration to the trans-Mississipppi southwest

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America's "great experiment," pre 1861,

resulted in a better standard of living

Areas Covered by Geography

1) Investigates global climates, landforms, economies, political systems, human cultures, and migration patterns. 2) Answers questions not only where something is located, but also why it is there, how it got there, and how it is related to areas around it. 3) Explains why people move to other regions. 4) Explains world trade routes and modes of transportation. 5) Identifies where certain animals live and where various crops and forests grow. 6) Identifies and locates populations that follow certain religions. 7) Provides statistics on population and numbers and growth, which aides in economic and infrastructure planning for cities and countries.

The Five Themes of Geography

1) Location - Such a relative or specific location 2) Place - Physical characteristics (beaches, deserts, mountains, plains) or human characteristics (architecture, roads, industries) 3) Human-Environmental Interactions - Human adaption to the environment (using umbrellas when it rains), human modification of the environment (building terraces to prevent soil erosion), Human dependance of the environment for food, water, natural resources. 4) Movement - Interaction through trade, migrations, communications, political boundaries, etc. 5) Regions - Formal Regions (city, states, countries), functional regions (defined by a common organization as defined as political boundaries, like school districts), and vernacular regions (informal divisions determined by perceptions or one's mental image, such as the "Far East".

10 Largest Seas

1) Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean 2) Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean 3) South China Sea, Pacific Ocean 4) Bering Sea, Pacific Ocean 5) Gulf of Mexico,Atlantic Ocean 6) Sea of Okhotsk, Pacific Ocean 7) East China Sea, Pacific Ocean 8) Hudson Bay, Arctic Ocean 9) Sea of Japan, Pacific Ocean 10) Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean

Fourteenth Amendment

1. All persons born in the U.S. are citizens 2. The amendment guarantees that the states cannot take away the "privileges or immunities" of citizens that are given them by the Constitution. 3.The amendment guarantees "due process" (fair treatment in judical system) of law by the state governments. 4. equal protection of the laws 5. how many members of the House of Representatives each state would have. 6. The amendment says that all people will be counted as a "whole number." No more 3/5 compromise. 7. people who have participated in a rebellion against the government cannot hold a state or federal office.

To prepare for war, FDR:

1. Authorized the doubling of the Navy 2. Pledged to aid any North, South or Central America country which was attacked 3. Pushed Congress to approve a peacetime draft 4. Traded 50 Navy destroyers to England 5. Pushed the Lend-Lease Act through Congress 6. Ordered the Navy to attack on sight German submarines on our east coast.

causes of Revolutionary War

1. Boston Tea Party 2.Intolerable Acts (punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea party.) 3. D.O.I

The 10 Largest Lakes

1. Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan-Russia-Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran (salt water) 2. Superior, U.S.-Canada 3. Victoria, Tanzania-Uganda 4. Huron, U.S.-Canada 5. Michigan, U.S. 6. Aral, Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan 7. Tanganyika, Tanzania-Congo 8. Baikal, Russia 9. Great Bear, Canada 10. Nyasa, Malawi-Mozambique-Tanzania

End of the Civil War

1. General Robert E. Lee surrenders (April 4, 1865) - General Lee, the leader of the Confederate Army, surrenders to General Ulysses S. Grant at The Appomattox Court House in Virginia. 2. President Lincoln is Assassinated (April 14, 1865) - While attending the Ford's Theatre, President Lincoln is shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth 3.. Reconstruction of the South (1865-1877) - The South is occupied by Federal troops while state governments, economies, and infrastructure are rebuilt.

The 10 Largest Islands

1. Greenland, North Atlantic 2. New Guinea, Southwest Pacific 3. Borneo, West mid-Pacific 4. Madagascar, Indian Ocean 5. Baffin, North Atlantic 6. Sumatra, Northeast Indian Ocean 7. Honshu, Sea of Japan-Pacific 8. Great Britain 9. Victoria, Arctic Ocean 10. Ellesmere, Arctic Ocean

The two bodies on Congress- 1. House of Representatives:

1. House of Representatives: Elected to a two-year term, each representative serves the people of a specific congressional district by introducing bills and serving on committees, among other duties. -representation is proportionate to population -all taxt legislation originates here! -only house can impeach fed officials (conviction is up to the Senate) -party leader and whip

What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? How did the Constitution address these weaknesses?

1. In the AOC congress couldn't tax, however in the constitution congress could tax for revenue. 2. Congress couldn't enforce treaties, but the constitution changed it, for example the military could be sent to protect foreign policy. 3. The AOC only allowed each state 1 vote, but the Constitution created two houses. The Senate gave each state 2 votes, and the House of Representatives gave votes based on population. 4. Congress couldn't regulate trade, but the Constitution gave control to the federal government to keep trade consistent and fair between the states

What were the causes of the Revolutionary War?

1. Many unpopular acts, such as the Stamp Act, Tea Act, and the Intolerable Acts. Colonist were outraged by the unfair taxes, which led to tension with Britain. 2. Olive Branch Petition - the King rejected the colonists' peace offering 3. Declaration of Independence - officially declared that the 13 colonies were separate from England

The 10 Largest Rivers

1. Nile, Africa 2. Amazon, South America 3. Mississippi-Missouri-Red Rock, United States 4. Chang Jiang (Yangtze), China 5. Ob, Russia 6. Huang Ho (Yellow), China 7. Yenisei, Russia 8. Parana, South America 9. Irtish, Russia 10. Zaire (Congo), Congo

Neolithic Period

10,000 to 7000 BCE. New Stone Age. Engaged in systematic agriculture and began domesticating animals. Humans became settled and lived in farms or villages. Human pop. increased. More structured social system. Pottery, crafts, and rise in exchange of goods

3 compromises from the U.S. Constitution debates..

1. The Conneticut Compromise: -# of state representatives in the House of Representatives would be determined by a state's population. -every state no matter what size would get two reps in the senate. -electoral college system 2.The Three-Fifths Compromise: -slaves shoud be counted as citizens even though they would not have rights as citizens -A slave is 3/5 of a citizen 3. Bill of Rights -Rights garunteed to citizens -it is the first 10 ammendments in the Constitution

Vietnam War

resulted in military draft during presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson

What are the five themes of geography?

1.) Place: Continents, countries, cities 2.)Location: absolute and relative on the globe 3.)Human-environmental interaction -- how people rely on and affect the environment 4.) Movement and Connections: transportation, communication, people and goods 5.) Regions, patterns and processes: climatic, economic, political and cultural

Branches of Gov.

1.Executive, (President and about 5,000,000 workers) 2.Legislative (Senate and House of Representatives) 3. Judicial (Supreme Court and lower Courts).

What percentage of the Senate is up for reelection every two years?

1/3 (33.3%) of the members Each candidate has a 6 year term

When the Soviet Union broke, how many new nations were formed out of its previous territory?

12 Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.

Japanese Feudalism

12th-19th c. Where local rulers dominated the land, while the emperor was a figurehead. Organized around a four-tiered social structure, with the samurai warrior class at the top. Below them ranked farmers (including fisherman), and then artisans, with merchants and shopkeepers at the bottom. This hierarchy was due to Confucian ideals, which emphasized the importance of individuals who produced things.

Peloponnesian War

13 year war fought between Athens and Sparta after the Persian war. Sparta eventually won, and had control of Greece, but country was greatly weakened by this War

14 points

14 principles for peaceful international relations would be worked into Treaty of Versailles at the end of the war

Christopher Columbus' journey

1492 - was an attempt to find the most efficient trade route to India

John Cabot

1497: made first voyage to America for England claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland

John Hawkins

1532- 1595 English naval officer, slave trader, privateer, and cousin of Sir Francis Drake. -Hispaniola (now Haiti) in 1562-1563 -first English slave trader. -hated by the Spanish, who did not want foreigners entering their highly profitable slave-trading business. ---During his third West Indies slave-trading trip with Drake, a need for repairs sent their six ships to a harbor in near Veracruz, Mexico. The Spanish fleet attacked the English ships -attack led to a series of battles that later culminated in a war between the Spain and England. -England won and became dominant world power --- -Hawkins invented the strategy of blockading the Spanish Armada

William Berkeley

1600's governor of Virginia -wouldn't let colonists kill more Native Americans & take more land, so Nathaniel Bacon led rebellion against him -rebellion finally quelled by the arrival of English warships -Twenty-three of Bacon's rebels were hanged, but not Bacon, who died shortly after taking control from dysentery

The Colonial Period

1607: England established first settlement in Virginia "The Jamestown Colony" 1620: The Plymouth Colony founded by Purtians opposed to state church of England. Pilgrims reach Plymouth, Massachusetts, aboard the Mayflower; "Mayflower Compact" adopted. Slave trade became a big part of colonial life

Santa Fe, New Mexico

1610: Spain established its first permanent settlement in the Southwest, at Santa Fe, New Mexico -Spanish decimated local population -Franciscan friars became increasingly militant about stamping out all native religion. -Spanish saw all the Pueblos as one people (they were not), knew tribal differences made it difficult for Native Americans to unite and rise up against them 1680: -Native American religious leader, Pope organized an uprising to drive the Spaniards out. -killed 400 Spanish colonists -forced the rest to leave Santa Fe -colony in New Mexico was effectively destroyed -Pueblos tore down all the Christian churches and replaced them with "kivas", their places of worship. after the revolt: -Spanish were much more tolerant of indigenous religion and they also abandoned the forced labor practice called "encomienda"

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Pascal

1623 - 1662 French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher -child prodigy -work in the natural and applied sciences -important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum -1645 built 20 finished Pascalines, 2nd ever mechanical calculator -worked on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science -in 1646, he refuted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. Pascal's results caused many disputes before being accepted.

Colonization Efforts in Massachusetts. Maryland, Rhode Island, and Pennslyvania

1629, 400 Puritans arrived in Salem. which would become a famous port and later for the "Witch Trials". 1628, the self-governed Massachusetts Bay Company was organized, and the Massachusetts Indians sold most of the land to the English. 1630, Boston was established. 1638, Harvard University was established.

South Carolina Colony

1663: King Charles II gave 8 English proprietors the right to set up a colony just North of the Spanish-controlled Florida to serve as a buffer. -original settlers came from the sugar colony of Barbados -tried to enslave the Indians and ship them to the Caribbean -when that didn't work out they began to import African slaves

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States. He saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in 1865.

Seven Years War = The French and Indian War: 1754 - 1763

1700s war fought in Europe, India, and North America. - -major outcomes: England beating France ↳world's leading colonial power -North American part of the war is called the French and Indian War -Lasted for NINE Years 1754 - 1763

John Adams

1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts

"Remember the Ladies"

1776 letter Abigail Adams to husband, John Adams Early illustration of interest and activism of women in national policy (John Adams was Massachusetts representative to Continental Congress in Philly at the time)

Shay's Rebellion

1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention.

Bill of Rights

1791 First 10 amendments -major source of civil liberties -applies to states via selective incorporation doctrine -promised to Anti-Federalists in order to secure ratification of Constitution -focus on protecting citizens' freedoms

-The Bill of Rights

1791, first 10 amendments to constitution guaranteeing individual freedoms

The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

1798; The Naturalization Act increased the waiting period for citizenship. The Alien Act gave the president the power to arrest and deport aliens. The Alien Enemy Act allowed the government to arrest and deport citizens of countries at war with the United States. The Sedition Act stifled opposition to the government and promised to punish those who would "defame [the government and members of the government], or bring either into contempt or disrepute, or to excite against either the hatred of the people of the United States."

Thomas Jefferson

1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 1807

marbury vs madison

1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, that Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. This was unpopular with the citizens of our nation because they felt that this this purchase was costly when when we were poor, and gave us more land when we had too much.

Lewis and Clark

1804-1806: -commissioned by president *Thomas Jefferson* to *map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region* -St. Louis, Missouri, up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean -kept very careful maps and records new land -guided in part by Sacajewia

Jefferson laws

1808 constitutional mandate prevented importation of slaves Louisiana purchase

James Madison

1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff

The National Road

1811 aka The Cumberland Road -first federally funded interstate highway -to enable people to travel west more easily -*western expansion* -authorized by Thomas Jefferson, but construction did not begin until 1815

The Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 aka the Transcontinental Treaty/Florida Purchase Treaty/Florida Treaty -treaty between the United States and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain (now Mexico). -settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. -Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-Onís Treaty in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas.

the Missouri Compromise

1820 Missouri was going to be added to the US as a state. Wanted to be added as a slave state, which would have made there be more slave states than free states. Abolitionists and Northern states did not want this, so compromise was made to admit Missouri to the Union as a slave state and to cut a chunk of Massachusetts off into a new state, Maine, which would be a free state, so the number of each type of state would still be balanced.

Missouri Compromise

1820. 11 free and 11 slave states. Missouri was set as the northern most line of slave territory. Arkansas and florida were allowed as slave states

Monroe Doctrine

1823 Forbidden further European colonization of North or South America and that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. Stated that any attempt to interfere by a European power would be seen as a threat to the US. Kind of US saying they are in charge of whole Western Hemisphere.

Monroe Doctrine

1823, forbade European colonization and interference in Americas

Monroe Doctrine

1823, no European nation should interfere with the growth of Americas colonization within the Western hemisphere , and vise versa

John Quincy Adams

1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act

Indian Removal Act

1830 Federal enforcement of removal of all Native American tribes to west of the Mississippi The trail of tears

whigs

1830s - 1850s -eventually became today's Republican party -took name from English antimonarchist party as a slam at Jackson -felt that Andrew Jackson was grabbing so much power for the executive branch that he was turning himself into King Andrew -big supporters of Clay's American System and its active federal government -greatest support in northeast, especially from businessmen and bankers, who benefited from those tariffs and the stability provided by a national bank -thought the government should promote moral character, because that was necessary for a person to act as a truly independent citizen. -wanted limited westward expansion, and reform -anti-Catholic -supported: banks, business, corporations, economic growth, the positive liberal state, humanitarian reform, and morality in politics -promoted: -protective tariffs -federal funding for roads/canals to dvlp profitable markets for agriculture -support of industry -measures that strengthened central gvmt -opposed: expansionism, executive tyranny, states' rights, labor, and the democratic suffrage (women's right to vote)

Texas Revolution

1836 expat Americans rebel texas joins union in 1845

Martin Van Buren

1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837

nativism

1840's - 1850's anti-foreign feeling in US in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics (think "Gangs of New York") idea that a group of people that moved to the United States are now "native" and the next group of immigrants are encroaching on the "native" groups' land and jobs. in 1900's nativism was focused against Asian immigrants and bills such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and The Gentleman's Agreement were passed

William Henry Harrison

1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President

John Tyler

1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Free Soil Party

1848 anti-slavery party. -It developed in part from a political rivalry in New York State. The Democratic Party there consisted of contending factions: the Barnburners, who were strongly opposed to slavery, and the Hunkers, who were neutral or supportive of slavery.

Zachary Taylor

1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist

Millard Fillmore

1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850

Franklin Pierce

1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 -Even though both of these territories were above the 36th parallel, and the Missouri Compromise stated that states above the 36th parallel would be free states, These 2 new territories would decide for themselves if they wanted to be free or slave states (popular sovereignty) -Angered people in the North who wanted them to be brought in as free states -heated up anger between slave states and free states *repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820* Destroyed the Whig Party

Harry Truman

1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations

Dred Scott Vs. Sanford

1857 black men and women could never become citizens

James Buchanan

1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid

Abraham Lincoln

1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation

Jimmy Carter

1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords

The Homestead act

1862 granted free land to any person who would farm for at least five years Used by those settling the west

Battle of Antietam

1862 - Maryland bloodiest single day on American soil *First major Southern attempt to surge into North* Confederate Robert E. Lee tried to invade north, Union George McClellan drives him off. Could have pursued and killed him, ending war, but doesn't. *Battle was a draw, but because South retreated, Lincoln uses this as victory and issues the Emancipation Proclamation*

Chancellorsville

1863 *Major win for Confederate Army* Confederate victory Hooker (N) v Lee (S) *Stonewall Jackson was killed by his own troops in this battle*

Gettysburg

1863 2nd major surge into North by the Confederates Pickett's Charge failed Meade (USA) v Lee (Confederates) Turning point in war, Union victory most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. *Beginning of the end of the civil war*

The Gettysburg Address

1863 Abraham Lincoln; -officially, dedication of cemetery for soldiers died at the Battle of Gettysburg; -primary purpose: deliver a profound statement of American ideals and a rededication of the war *Stating that the civil war was about everyone having freedom and equality* -*Built upon the Emancipation Proclamation* and was aimed at further *ideologically alienating the South from countries like England and France who did not support slavery*

Emancipation Proclamation

1863. Freed the slaves (in both the North and the South) During the Civil War Primarily done "for effect," was not honored by the South Contextualized Civil War as being about slavery offer of freedom was to undermine Confederate southern states, it freed all slaves living in a rebellious state in the south. if they served. The Union formed black regiments, and blacks became a major part of the war effort.

Emancipation Proclamation

1863. This offer of freedom was to undermine Confederate southern states, it freed all slaves living in a rebellious state in the south. if they served. The Union formed black regiments, and blacks became a major part of the war effort.

Plessy vs. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case of Homer Plessy vs. Ferguson, Louisiana that *created the idea of "separate but equal"* stating that it was not unconstitutional to have separate facilities for black and white people as long as they were equal. However, the facilities for black people were almost always sub par. As a result many states across the South had "Jim Crow Laws." Separate water fountains, restrooms, entrances, segregated seating at movie theatres, etc. Most importantly, segregated schools.

Appomattox Court House

1865 General Lee's troops surrounded by Grant's troops and Lee is forced to surrender. This battle ended the US the Civil War on April 9, 1865

Andrew Johnson

1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment

14th Amendment

1867: declared that all persons born in the US were citizens, that all citizens were entitled to equal rights and their rights were protected by due process. This defined citizenship in a confused post Civil War nation, and made all slaves citizens as well.

Rutherford Hayes

1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes

the Gilded Age

1877-1900; rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration; rise of big business and the labor movement, A term used to describe the greed, materialism, and political corruption that accompanied the growth of industry and cities (e.g. low wages, long hours, poor working conditions)

James Garfield

1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office

Chester Arthur

1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.

What was the first legislation to limit the powers of trade and regulation?

1890 Sherman Antitrust Act Until that point there were no conditions placed upon businesses which led to some businesses having more of a hold on a certain sector than others. With this act in place, businesses were limited by how much power they could have over the people

What amendment was the only one to be repealed?

18th : Prohibition The 21st amendment was passed later to repeal this act. It is the only amendment which has been successfully repealed and required another amendment to be passed in order to do this. This shows how powerful amendments can be.

Only amendment to be repealed?

18th, prohibition repealed with the 21st amendment

Theodore Roosevelt

1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal

The Gentleman's Agreement

1907-1908 Agreement between US and Japan that US wouldn't bar Japanese immigration like they had with the Chinese Exclusion Act, but asked that Japan not grant passports to laborers headed to the US to work. It also stated that the US could bar Japanese people with passports originally for other countries from entering the US (because lots of people were getting passports to Canada/Hawaii and then going to the US) Previously, in 1894, the US and Japan had agreed to free immigration, but racial tension had been growing, especially in California. In 1905 a Japanese and Korean Exclusion League was organized, and in Oct 1906, the San Francisco school board arranged for all Asian children to be placed in a segregated school. This obv made Japan very angry and so in Feb 1907, Theodore Roosevelt called the mayor and school board to the White House and told them to stop the segregation. They did, and then Japan agreed to sign the "Gentleman's Agreement" restricting Japanese immigration to the US.

William Howard Taft

1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded

Triangle Shirtwaist Company War 1911

1911, the factory in New York City burned, killing 145 workers. It is remembered as one of the most infamous incidents in American industrial history, as the deaths were largely preventable-most of the victims died as a result of neglected safety features and locked doors within the factory building. Brought attention to the dangerous sweatshop conditions of factories, and led to the development of a series of laws and regulations that better protected the safety of workers.

WWI

1914-1919 *Triple Alliance*: Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary *Triple Entente*: France, Britain, US and Russia War uses many new technologies and tactics: -trench warfare -aerial combat -submarines -machine guns -tanks Outcome: Treaty of Versailles Drastically changed face of Europe: new countries, different boundaries, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires collapse

The Great Migration

1914-1945; mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North

The Great Migration

1914-1945; mass movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest; reasons = jobs, prejudice, crop failures, decreasing cotton prices, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the KKK leads to: higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for some people. Unfortunately, there were also some race riots in the North

WWI

1914. Allies: Britain, France, Russia, Greece, Italy, Romania, Serbia. Central Powers: Germany, Australia, Hungary,Bulgaria, and Turkey. Over the spread of communism

The Treaty of Versailles

1919 -one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. -ended war between Germany and the Allied Powers -signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand -Refused to allow either defeated German or Communist Russia to participate in peace conference negotiations -forced Germany to sign a war-guilt clause that was used to justify imposing large war reparations payments -changed map of Europe -created league of nations -left legacy of bitterness

Great Depression

1920s. Huge gap between rich and poor. 14 million unemployed, banks down and downward spiraling economy

Warren Harding

1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition

Calvin Coolidge

1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative

The Great Depression and the U.S.

1929 stock market crash "Black Thursday" product demand became low Jobs lost This problem went global b/c the U.S. because of the debt payments set up from WWI

Herbert Hoover

1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff

the new deal

1933-1937 Government sponsored programs implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to revitalize the economy and alleviate poverty and despair caused by the Depression.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"

Donald Trump

2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"

Korean War

1950 The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

The Korean War

1950-1953 -June 1950 the N. Korean army invaded S. Korea, quickly taking Seoul -UN Security Counsil met in emergency session and declared the invasion an unwarranted aggression. -After three years of fighting, the war ended in stalemate. *US got involved to try to limit expansion of Communism*

Dwight Eisenhower

1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex

Brown VS. Topeka Board of Education

1954 Supreme court case that overturned Plessy Vs. Ferguson ruling; ruled "separate but equal" education system is "inherently unequal". This upheld rights guaranteed under 14th amendment. Rationale: Minorities separated from the majority will not/ cannot have access to the same experiences and opportunities; therefore, separate can never be equal in education.

Brown vs. Board of Education

1954 court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and stated that state laws allowing segregation in schools was unconstitutional

Assassination of Robert Kennedy (1968)

1968: Democratic presidential who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

What was the original voting age in the constitution?

21

Little Rock Nine

1957 school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. -governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. White people rioted with Arkansas Natl Guard -President Eisenhower immediately ordered US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.

Space Race

1957-1969 Many scientists and military leaders believed that control of space would be very important. Consequently, the USA and USSR invested billions of dollars in developing satellites, space stations, rockets, etc. This investment led to great scientific advances, but also caused friction and insecurities.

"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country"

1961 JFK Inaugural address Called upon Americans to think about how could give back and contribute to prosperity of country

John Kennedy

1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps

"I have a dream"

1963 MLK Speech Given on steps of Lincoln Memorial to over 200,000 civil rights supporters at March on Washington Dream: Everyone treated equally and have equal opportunity regardless of color of their skin

Lyndon Johnson

1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society

War on Poverty

1965 - Johnson figured that since the Gross National Profit had risen, the country had lots of extra money "just lying around," so he'd use it to fight poverty. It started many small programs, Medicare, Head Start, and reorganized immigration to eliminate national origin quotas. It was put on hold during the Vietnam War.

George H. W. Bush

1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War

Dot Com Boom

1990's surge of the world wide web industries that collapsed in the 2000's

Bill Clinton

1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment

Jamestown, VA

1st *successful* English colony in America 2 previous attempts to colonize the region were both epic failures (Croatoan) -*project of the Virginia Company*: existed to make money for its investors, something it never did. -trying to find gold in the Chesapeake region like the Spanish had in South America -disproportionate number of goldsmiths and jewelers, not enough farmers *-first year, half of the colonists died* Four hundred replacements came, but, by 1610: after a gruesome winter called *"The Starving Time"*, the number of colonists had dwindled to sixty-five.

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

Senate

2 Senators from each state Up for election every 6 years

Local governments

2 levels: counties/municipalities city/town typically oversee: parks and rec, fire, police, public transportation, etc.

What is the standard term length for a United States congressman in the House of Representatives?

2 years

George W. Bush

2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"

Barack Obama

2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act

What was the voting age according to the original Constitution?

21 Originally only white male citizens over the age of 21 were allowed to vote -was changed from 21 to 18 because people were upset that people could serve in the military (or be drafted to serve) without having the right to vote yet

Original Voting age in U.S constitution

21 years old

Time Zones

24 hour zones that 1,000 miles apart from the other, each one is an hour before or after the one next to it. It helps to differentiate between the different times from one point on the Earth to another point.

House of REp

25 yrs. 7 yr citizen/ rep proportional to pop

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president from 1901-1909. He was known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War.

Amazon River

2nd longest river in the world located in South America Through Brazil, Peru

How old do you have to be to be senator?

30 years old

Hellenic Age Alexander the Great

334 - 323 B.C.E. Empire of Alexander the Great (from Macedonia in Greece) -Conquered land from Greece, through Egypt all the way to India -United Greek and Persian cultures -if shown map, difference between Persian Empire and Empire of Alexander the Great's is that Alex's has Greece, Persian does not. -founded many Greek-style cities, and -spread Greek culture across the Middle East

President

35 years old born in us /resident of us 14 years prior to election

Persian War

492 BC to 449 BC. Persian empire was largest and most powerful empire in the world at time - Egypt to India Greek city-states (Athens, Sparta and others) united to defend Greece Battle of Thermopylae = plot of movie "300" Persians had way more troops, Greeks were winning, Persians found way to come up behind them, Spartans stayed and fought to the death so rest of Greek army could get away Greeks defeated Persians at Battle of Salamis, with Athens using new ships called triremes to out-maneuver and beat the Persians

How many oceans are there?

5 Oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean.

Classical Civilizations: *Roman Republic* (before Empire)

500-27 BCE -incorporated a lot of Greek society -gods w diff names -architectural style -artistic styles -emerged as *dominant world power* after *Punic Wars* with Carthage (Hannibal of N. Africa) -Seat of the Roman empire was the *Senate* -society divided into *patricians, plebeians, and slaves* patricians: upper class - could be Senators plebeians: commoners - got representation in Senate slaves: slaves (duh) - no representation in Senate -gvmt was a *Republic*: Representative gvmt, but with no direct votes for the people themselves (basically just the electoral college/congress) *After assassination of Caesar, Augustus became first emperor of the Roman Empire*

Vietnam War (1964 - 1973)

58,000 Americans would lose their lives in the first TV war. The United States wanted to prevent communism from spreading to South Vietnam. Although America inflicted extremely heavy casualties on the enemy, public opinion turned against the war. More bombs were dropped here than on Germany, Japan, and Korea combined.

What is the standard term length for a United States senator?

6 years

What is the range of latitude from the equator to the North Pole? 180 degrees 360 degrees 0 degrees 90 degrees

90 degrees Lines of latitude are also called parallels and run east-west. They are parallel to the equator. Lines of longitude are called meridians and run north-south. The equator is 0 degrees latitude. The prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. It runs through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England. The poles, North and South, are located 90 degrees from the equator.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Sedition Act

A Federalist bill of 1789 criminalizing criticism of government Gave Adams administration power to muzzle its newspaper critics Found unconstitutional by democratic republicans, but there was not a precession to legally determine unconstitutionality

Rene-Robert De La Salle

A French explorer who sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the entire inland region of North America for France. He named the region Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV.

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization of *Central America and southern Mexico.* Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E.. 1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. *Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order*

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. conquered by Pizarro, located in Peru (separated from MesoAmericans), spoke Quechua, Militarism/Imperialism, believed strength of empire depended on ruler, public labor requirements: roads, bridges, tunnels, temples, polytheistic, "cult of royal mummies" built biggest civilization in South America

Leif Erickson

A Norse explorer who was likely the first to discover North America. Settled at Vinland, which in present day is the Northern tip of Newfoundland.

Juan Ponce de Leon

A Spanish explorer. In 1513 and in 1521, he explored Florida, thinking it was an island. Looking for gold and the "fountain of youth", he failed in his search for the fountain of youth but established Florida as territory for the Spanish, before being killed by a Native American arrow.

State

A body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority

Ottoman Empire

A Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire around 1453. Became static because of the Muslim belief that all truth can be found in the Koran so did not participate in the Renaissance and Enlightenment with the western civilizations.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. Residents of each territory should decide for themselves whether to allow slavery California petitions to enter the union as a free state and the southerners were furious because they were now outnumbered in the senate

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. Began with the Kansas Nebraska Act in which the people in that area decide whether or not slavery would be permitted in their territory.

Communism

A belief, as well as a political system characterized by a classless, stateless social organization -Common ownership of national good

Opportunity Cost

A benefit, profit or value that must be given up in order to achieve something else

Tundra

A biome at the northernmost limits of plant growth and at high altitudes, characterized by dwarf woody shrubs, grasses, mosses, and lichens.

Plateau

A broad, flat area of land higher than the surrounding land. They may be as high as 10,000 feet above sea-level.

Ancient Rome

A civilization that began on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BCE. During its 12 centuries of existence Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation it came to dominate Southern and Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, and parts of Northern and Eastern Europe. Ancient Roman society has contributed to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, and society. It achieved impressive technological and architectural feats, such as the construction of an extensive system of aqueducts and roads, as well as large monuments, palaces, and public facilities.

Ancient Greece

A civilization that lasted from the 8th/6th century BCE to 600 AD. Immediately following this period was the beginning of the Early Middle Ages and the Byzantine Era. Because of conquests by Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hellenistic civilization flourished from Central Asia to the western end of the Mediterranean Sea. Classical Greek culture, especially philosophy, had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean Basin and Europe, for which Classical Greek is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture.

Veto

A constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body

Veto

A constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body.

S Corporation

A corporation that retains the legal characteristics of a regular (C) corporation but has the advantage of being taxed as a partnership if it meets certain criteria

Ethnography

A detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people by researchers

Anne Hutchison

A devoted Puritan, started to hold prayer meetings where they discussed sermons and compared ministers. this created a problem for Puritan leaders; in 1637, the General Court called her to trial to answer to charges of heresy, and was banished. Help found Rhode Island after exile.

Declaration of Independence

A document proclaiming the 13 colonies as the United States of America. Officially declared the colonies independent from England.

Oligarchy

A form of government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite.

Dictatorship

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Acropolis

A fortified hilltop in ancient Athens where the Parthenon stands

Import/Export Quotas

A government may restrict access to foreign markets or restrict competition by foreign producers by placing a quantity limit on imported and exported goods.

What at the 5 Great Lakes? Be able to locate them on a map.

A group of five FRESHWATER lakes of central North America between the United States and Canada; HOMES HURON - bird with beak going into thumb of michigan mitten ONTARIO - little shy guy - Canada - sits ON top of lake eerie MICHIGAN - on LEFT side of Michigan mitten EERIE - near Eerie PA, on the bottom, kinda eerie SUPERIOR - On top and biggest

What at the 5 Great Lakes? Be able to locate them on a map.

A group of five freshwater lakes of central North America between the United States and Canada; the lakes are Huron (looks like a perched bird), Ontario (sits ontario, or on top of, Lake Erie), Michigan (boarders Michigan), Erie (at the bottom which is kind of eerie, and it boarders Erie, Pennsylvania), and Superior (the "superior" lake because it is at the top, and is the biggest)

Cartel

A group of manufacturers or suppliers that produce the same product and allow the prices of the good to remain high.

Anti-Federalist

A group who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1787. They opposed a strong central government (tyranny) and supported states' rights.

Delta

A land form made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake.

Colosseum

A large arena in Rome where gladiator contests and other games and sporting events were held.

Parthenon

A large temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. It was built in the 5th century BCE, during the Athenian golden age.

Tropic of Cancer

A line of latitude about 23 degrees North of the equator.

Antarctic Circle

A line of latitude about 66.5 degrees South of the equator.

Valleys

A low area between mountains or hills where streams and rivers often flow.

European Feudalism in the Middle Ages

A major element of social and economic life was feudalism. Vassals swore oath to provide military service to lords, in return for land. Land worked by vassals or serfs. King legally owned all the land. Vassals returned certain percent to the lords and then to the king. Manorialism which the lord ruled the serfs.

Suez Canal

A man-made canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea which was opened to shipping in 1869. Egyptians with funding from France and later Britain created this major transportation project completed in 1869. Shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today.

Isoline

A map line that connects points of equal or very similar values.

Conical Projections

A map projection in which an area of the earth is projected onto a cone whose vertex is usually above one of the poles, then unrolled onto a flat surface.

Azimuthal Projection

A map projection in which the plane is the most developed surface.

Cylindrical Projections

A map projection that is made by moving the surface features of the globe onto a cylinder.

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Strait of Hormuz

A narrow body of water crucial for the shipment of goods such as oil from the Persian gulf into the arabian sea and indian ocean. It is a choke point that controls the entrance and exit to the Persian gulf. Persia = Iran *located between Iran and Oman*

Basin

A natural depression in the surface of the land often with a lake at the bottom of it.

Land form

A natural feature of the Earth's surface. Ex: hills, plateau, mountains, plains , etc.

Cold War

A non-military conflict (1961-1963) Between U.S. and the Soviet Union over the influx of communism in Europe

Nontariff Barriers

A non-tariff barrier is any restriction on international trade that is not a tariff.

Manchuria

A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931. From here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China beginning in 1937.

The Scarlet Letter

A novel about Hester Prynne, a woman in seventeenth century New England who is convicted of adultery. At the beginning of the story, she is forced to wear a scarlet letter A on her dress as a sign of her guilt. Hester will not reveal the identity of her partner in adultery. Her husband comes to realize who her lover is and takes revenge on him. Eventually, her dying lover publicly admits his part in the adultery.

Clara Barton

A nurse during the civil war who later founded the American Red Cross

Gabriel's Rebellion

A planned slave rebellion in Richmond led by Gabriel, a slave. The plan leaked out just before the march, and authorities rounded up the participants and executed thirty-five of them, including Gabriel.

Socialism

A political belief and system in which the state takes a guiding role in the national economy and provides extensive social services to its population -Preach superiority of their system to all others and it will become eventual natural order

Democratic Party

A political party that favors greater government action than its conservative opposition does, to direct and promote the welfare of the people in the republic it often governs One of the two major U.S political party;founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson to support a decentralized government and state's rights

Federalism

A political philosophy that states that the government is formed by a voluntary gathering of people who consent to be ruled over by a constitutionally limited central body.

Authoritarianism

A political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.

Totalitarism

A political system in which the state holds total authority over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible.

Liberal Democracy

A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization formed by Samuel Adams after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used both peaceful and violent means of protest.

Ancient Mesopotamia

A religion in and around the Tigris-Euphrates river system in which some of the earliest known civilization formed. it includes Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Declaration of Independence

A statement adopted by the continental congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the 13 American colonies then at war with Great Britan were now independent states, and that's not longer part of the British Empire. Primarily work of Thomas Jefferson of VA.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Caste System

A system in India that gives every Indian a particular place in the social hierarchy from birth. Individuals may improve the position in their next life through their actions, or karma. After many lives of good karma, they may be relieved from the cycle of life and win their place in heaven.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments.

Representative Democracy

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.

Parliamentary System

A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president, a system of government in which both executive and legislative functions reside in an elected assembly. The head of the government must be a current member of the legislature.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Checks and Balances.

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power.

Taiga

A terrestrial habitat zone that is characterized by large tracts of coniferous forests, long and cold winters, and short summers

Socialism

A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

the War of 1812

A war between the United States and Britain the resulted because of capturing naval vessels and Native Americans problems blamed on Britain. It was important because after the war, American pride was evident, and they saw themselves as a player on the world stage.

Gettysburg Address

Abraham Lincoln made the Gettysburg Address and that the speech was made at the dedication of the Gettysburg national cemetery during the Civil War.

Articles of Confederation

Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War, the Articles established the United States of America. The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability.

6 Developments through the 11th century

After the Mauryan dynasty, the Gupta ruled India, long period of peace and prosperity. Invented decimal system and concept of zero. Produced cotton and calico. Complex system of medicine. Ended by Muslim invasion at the end 11th century. The sultans ruled after for many centuries. Most famous was Tamerlane who expanded Indian borders and started Mogul dynasty. His grandson Akbar promoted freedom of religion and built many mosques, forts, and other buildings.

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven", and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher", "Tell-Tale Heart", and "The Cask of Amontillado".

admend. 14

American blacks gain citizenship-overturns Dred Scott

What is the 1st Amendment?

Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition

Oregon fever

American missionaries followed traders into Oregon country and began to publicize the richness and the beauty of the land Thousands of settlers trekked across the Great Plains and to settle the new shangri -la

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, "Leaves of Grass". He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote "Walden" and "Civil Disobedience". He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom; prime example of a transcendentalist; He wrote "Nature" and "Self-Reliance".

Herman Melville

American writer whose experiences at sea provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels

W. E. B. Du Bois

An American civil rights activist. He became the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becoming founder and editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis. He rose to national attention in his opposition of Booker T. Washington's ideas of social integration between whites and blacks,

Ulysses S. Grant

An American general and the 18th President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Whig Party

An American political party, which spanned from 1833 to 1856 and had only two successful presidential victories , that believed in expanding federal power on economy and encouraged industrial development; Could only gain power on the local level. The party was led by rival Henry Clay.

William Penn

An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.

John Locke

An English philosopher who said that the king gets power from the people, and people are born with natural rights. He influenced American political theory and the declaration of independence

Missouri Compromise

An agreement proposed by Henry Clay in 1820 that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state. It also outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of 36°30´ latitude line.

Capitalism

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Traditional Economy

An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next.

Mongol Empire

An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe making it the largest land empire in the world.

Orogeny

An episode of intense deformation of the rocks in a region, generally accompanied by metamorphism and plutonic activity.

Equator

An imaginary circle around the middle of the earth, halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole

Prime Meridian

An imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, which marks the 0° line of longitude.

Which of the following would be considered an example of ethnography? A. A comparison of hunter-gatherer societies with more agriculturally-based societies B. Highlighting the religious differences between Israel and Palestine C. Contrasting funereal customs in Western Europe and Eastern Asia D. An in-depth study of the Sioux Native American tribe during the 19th century

An in-depth study of the Sioux Native American tribe during the 19th century

Harriet Beecher Stowe

An outspoken abolitionist and an American writer, author of Uncle Tom's cabin. The book describes slavery through a slave's perspective. Her story persuaded people to want to end slavery.

What happened during the 1824 presidential election?

Andrew Jackson won a plurality of the votes, but the House of Representives chose John Quincy Adams to be President. The election of 1824 represents the only time in the history of the United States since the passage of the 12th Amendment in which the House of Representatives was called upon to choose the President. Jackson had won a plurality of the Electoral College votes, but not the majority required, and the members of the House therefore, voted and chose Adams.

Ann Hutchinson

Ann Hutchinson was a medical practitioner in Boston. exiled to Rhode Island by Puritans for saying that church membership (right to hold office and vote) should be based on inner grace rather than outward acts She was killed by Native Americans in Rhode Island

Parallels

Another name for lines of latitude.

Meridians

Another name for lines of longitude.

The Shot Heard Around the World

April 1775, English soldiers on their way to confiscate arms in Concord passed through Lexington, MA and met the colonial militia called the Minutemen. A fight ensued. In Concord, a larger group of Minutemen forced the British to retreat.

Articles of Confederation vs. Constitution

Articles came first Once in the revolution, saw the value of having a union between all the states, and wanted a stronger governing document (stronger than the articles of confederation)

Which of the following Native American cultures is known for its complex temples and pyramids and its cultivation of maize? Hopi Iroquois Aztec Mohican

Aztec Stone temples and pyramids are associated with the Aztec Indians of central Mexico, specifically the great pyramid of Tenochtitlan in present-day Mexico City. Aztec people were also known for growing maize.

Norman Conquest

Began in 1066. Led by William the Conquerer. His military victory at the Battle of Hastings led to Norman control of England. This control would influence England more with continental Europe than Scandinavian culture. Would also lead to rivalry between England and France for the next millenium.

Mediterranean Sea

Bordered by Europe in North and Africa in South Only one natural way in/out: Strait of Gibraltar Man-made canal: Suez canal connects Mediterranean sea to the Red Sea, from which you can get to the Indian Ocean

Hoovervilles

Camps built outside of major cities by people who had lost their homes during the Great Depression. Called Hoovervilles because the people blamed Hoover for their situation.

9th Amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

Frigid Zones

Climate zones of the Arctic/Antarctic -lack any warm summers -no temp higher than 42 degreed Farenheit

Cross-Cultural Comparisons

Comparison of various psychological, sociological, or cultural factors in order to assess the similarities or diversities occurring in two or more different cultures or societies.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in *1869* -1850s-1860s (Lincoln Era) -*western expansion* -Joint venture between Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad -*Funded/built by private railroad tycoons, not government* -Connected railroads owned by the 2 companies -Ran from Iowa/Nebraska to Oakland/San Francisco -Enabled people to travel across the US

Which of the following items are both human wants? A. Shelter and clothing B. Food and cars C. Clothing and video games D. Computers and sports equipment

Computers and sports equipment *question is asking about WANTS, not needs*

The battles in the West, Vicksburg and Chattanooga, proved significant for all of the following reasons except

Confederate victories at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge extended the war

Legislative

Congress (bicameral: two houses) - House of Representatives based on population, Senate has 2 per state - purpose is to make laws (also impeachment power and ability to ratify justice appointments)

Legislative Branch

Congress has the power to make laws. Consists of the House of representatives depends on population of state. Senate has 2 representatives for each state.

Checks and Balances

Congress may pass laws........but the President can veto them. The President can veto laws.......but Congress can override the veto with a 2/3 vote. The President and Congreess may agree on a law..........but the Supreme Court can declare a law unconsitutional. The President can appoint Judges and other government officials.......but Senate must approve them. Supreme Court judges have life terms.......but they can be impeached. Congress approves presidential nominations Congress ratifies president's Supreme Court nominations, can "decline" if don't like Congress controls the budget Congress can impeach the President Congress can impeach judges and remove from office Congress can pass laws over a veto by getting a 2/3 vote The courts can declare a law unconstitutional The courts can declare presidential acts unconstitutional President can veto congressional legislation President nominates Supreme Court judges

Henry clay proposal for the south

Congress would enact tougher fugitive slave laws Did not abolish slavery in DC (just trade) No jurisdiction of interstate slave trade Federal government would pay Texas annexation debt

Persians

Conquerors, the conquered kept their own laws, customs, and religious traditions, developed alphabet, practiced Zoroastrianism, Mithraism, and Gnosticism,

Supreme Court

Consists of nine justices, each appointed by the President and confirmed by Congress. Appointment is for life. Supreme Court exercises the power to determine constitutionality of statutes

Executive Branch

Consists of the president, the vice president and those who assist them. Controls military and must approve decisions made by the legislative branch.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

The index released to show the prices of goods which the average American buys is known as what? Price Inflation Index. Goods Cost Index. Consumer Price Index. Index of Consumer Goods.

Consumer Price Index.

Northern advantages

Contain the majority of the wealth superior industry larger labor force because the south would not use slaves as soldiers and the north received a large number of immigrants retain control of the U.S. Navy superior system of railroads

House of Representative

Contains 435 members. They represent a single congressional district within his or her home state. Selected only for 2 year term and must be 25 years old.

The Rockies

Largest of Major North American Mtn Ranges Tallest Mtn: Mt Albert Passes through Canada and USA

Mr. Yeltson is planning a unit on world history, specifically the Inca of South America. Which of the following projects would require the highest level thinking skill? A.) Research the Inca civilization. Why did they call themselves,"The Children of the Sun." Write a paragraph with supporting details. B.) Draw a map showing the area occupied by the Mayan and Inca civilizations. Use a map scale. Which civilization was larger? C.) How did government of the Mayan civilizations differ from the government in the Aztec culture? Give details. D.) Which culture do you think was most successful, the Mayan, the Aztec, or the Inca? Support your answer.

D.) Which culture do you think was most successful, the Mayan, the Aztec, or the Inca? Support your answer. This question asks students to research, analyze, and evaluate. Evaluation is on level 6 of the original Bloom's Taxonomy of learning and it is level 5 of the revised version. Students would have to take many factors into consideration and make a judgment based on the information they gather. The other questions are on the knowledge, comprehension, or analysis levels.

longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian (runs through Greenwich, England), measured in degrees 180* from Prime Meridian = International Date Line

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian.

Nixon Doctrine

During the Vietnam War, the Nixon Doctrine was created. It stated that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops.

Clay's American System

Economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy in 1st half of 19th Century; consisted of 3 parts - 1. *tariff to protect and promote American industry,* especially new factories and industries 2. A *national bank that would replace the First Bank of the United States*, whose charter had expired in 1811. This new bank was called The Second Bank, to foster commerce 3. federally financed (subsidies) internal improvements - like roads and canals, what we would now call *infrastructure* Main supporters: John C Calhoun, Henry Clay

Richard Nixon

Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.

Electoral College

Electors are apportioned to each states equal to the number of members of Congress to which state is entitled; District of Columbia has three electors; Each elector chooses a candidate believing they are representing their constituency's choice; The candidate who receives a higher proportion of electoral votes within a state receives all the electoral votes for that state; Winning candidate is the person who receives the most electoral votes

Which of the following groups was declared free by the Emancipation Proclamation? A. Enslaved people who had escaped to western territories B. Enslaved people who lived in border states C. Enslaved people who served in the federal army D. Enslaved people who lived in areas still in rebellion

Enslaved people who lived in areas still in rebellion

Economic Downturn

Entering into recession. High unemployment, high mortgage rates, less credit, stock market prices drop, psychological depression occurs

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review over federal legislation

name the seven world continents

Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, and Antarctica

Nativism

Favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups

The Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the constitution. 1. separation of church and state, freedom of religion, press, assembly, speech; 2. Right to bear arms. 3. Cannot quarter soldiers; 4. Right to privacy and unreasonable searches; 5. Due process, self-incrimination, and double jeopardy; 6. Right to a public trial by and impartial jury; 7. Right to sue people; 8; No cruel and unusual punishment; 9. Enumeration of specific rights in the constitution cannot be taken as a way to deny other rights retained by the people; 10. Rights not delegated to the federal gov't by the constitution are reserved to states or people.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies. It was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. Intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade, However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Lewis & Clarke Expedition

First overland expedition taken by the US to the Pacific coast. Led by Lewis and Clark, helped the US gain knowledge of the lands they acquired in the Louisiana Purchase.

Mesas

Flat areas of upland. Their name derives from the Spanish word "table". They are smaller than plateaus and are usually in arid/dry regions.

What was the result of the American Revolution?

Focus on liberty and freedom. Evident difference in the North, who relied on payed labor, and the South, who relied on slavery. America was still not its own nation.

Microeconomics

Focuses on the theories that describe the behavior of individual consumers and business. focusses on individual markets and on the actions of individual households and firms

The trail of tears

Forced march under the US army to escort 1000s of Cherokee Indians to the west One quarter of them mostly women and children. Died

Trail of Tears

Forced re-location of Eastern Native Americans as a result of the growing country (After Louisiana Purchase)

Democracy

Form of government that gives the people freedom. The people rule directly or through representation.

Constitutional Republic

Form of government where people elect representatives who make the decisions for them

Fort Sumter

Fort in South Carolina that remained in federal hands Major Robert Anderson reported supplies were running low Lincoln promised that he would not interfere unless the southern states initiated hostilities

International date line

Found on the 180th meridian and serves as the place where each day begins and ends on earth

James Madison

Fourth president of U.S. who contributed to the federalist papers

What is the 15th Amendment?

Gave voting rights to all male citizens, regardless of race Gave black males (former slaves) the right to vote

4 Accomplishments of China

Great Wall inventions of paper, paper money, printing, gunpowder, high level of artistic talent silk

What advantages did the North have over the South during the Civil War?

Greater manpower Larger population More dvlped transportation network (3x more railroad) Superior economic resources Superior firepower

Government's role in economics

Guides the overall pace of economic activity, attempting to maintain steady growth, high levels of employment, and price stability. By adjusting spending and tax rates or managing the money supply and controlling the use of credit (monetary policy), it can slow down or speed up the economy's rate of growth --

Red Sea

Off the coast of the Arabian Peninsula, between Egypt, Sudan and Saudi Arabia

How does geography help us interpret the past?

Historical *events all happened within the context of geography*. Everything that happened was influenced by geography. Reasons for people going to new lands, leaving old lands, attacking certain countries/regions, how certain regions were better protected (and therefore able to survive longer) than others Geography also helps us *understand how the world was perceived at a given place and time.*

Colonization of Virginia

In 1585, Sir Walter Raleigh landed on Roanoke Island and sent Arthur Barlow to the mainland, which they named Virginia. Two attempts of settlement failed. The first permanent English Colony was founded by Captain John Smith in Jamestown in 1607. companies of crop growth and trade began to flourish but the English Crown was indifferent about the colony, so local government grew strong. Four of the first Five presidents were from Virginia because of their political power and influence.

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, the U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase.

Which of the following is NOT a member of the G-20? Australia. Indonesia. Iran. Turkey.

Iran

World War 1

In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy and Japan. (Joined by U.S. in 1917). Mass killings, Germany defated in 1918. Peace conference in Paris in 1919 led to Treaty of Versailles. Treaty of VerAllies asked for 30 billion in repairs, took away central powers'overseas colonies, and divded Austira and Hungary into two deperate countried.

Why did U.S. eter WW1?

In 1915, the British passenger liner the Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine and zimmerman telegram

Guild

In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and created an organized institution to promote their economic and political interests.

The ideas of Thomas Hobbes

In the political treatise Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes argued that humans in their natural state (one without a government) live a life that is "nasty, brutish, and short." It is only with mutual consent that people agree to a government system.

Which of the following was a major effect of the New Deal in the United States?

Increased federal government spending

The Seminole Wars were fought in Florida, with US troops trying to convince Native Americans to leave the land so settlers could move in. After 3 wars in 1817-18, 1835-42, and 1855-58, Congress passed the __________________________ forcing all of the Seminoles and other Native Americans from that area to leave. This was later know as the ______________________.

Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears

Andrew Jackson

Indian Removal Act/ Trail of Tears removed Indians from Georgia and sent them to Oklahoma. Also allowed universal white male suffrage

Tribal Sovereignty

Indian tribes possess inherent sovereignty and are considered domestic dependent nations over which Congress has plenary power

American Industrialization

Industrial growth in the U.S. mushroomed after the Civil War as railroads, factories, and cities all grew across the west 1865-1920. Unskilled labors worked in terrible conditions for very little pay while owners earned millions. Most development occurred in the Northeast and Midwest regions; the South still recovering from Reconstruction.

Ancient Egypt (c. 2711-c. 1090 BCE)

Influence of geography, hieroglyphics and Rosetta Stone, religious rulership, pyramids and the Valley of Kings.

Federalism

Is a political philosophy that holds that the government if formed by a voluntary gathering of people who consent to be ruled over by a constitution.

Constitutional Monarchy

Is a system of government with a monarch and a parliament. A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

Lobbying

Is the term given to the influential efforts of the interest groups; more than 17000 professional lobbyists operate in Washington. Engaging in activities aimed at influencing public officials, especially legislators, and the policies they enact.

What was the first successful English settlement in the Americas?

Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Jewelers and goldsmiths came, hoping to find gold. When there wasn't any gold, when there was no one willing to farm, and a harsh winter called the "Starving Time," struck, nearly half of the colonists died. The low survival rate in the New World made it difficult to find new colonists

Confederate States of America leader

Jefferson Davis

Who was the president of the Confederate States of America?

Jefferson Davis

The Scopes Trial

John T. Scopes was arrested for breaking Tennessee law by going against the Butler Act and teaching evolution in the classroom. After 8 days he was found guilty and fined $100

The correspondence between which of the following couples, in which the wife urged her husband, "Remember the ladies," is viewed by historians as an early illustration of the interest and activism of women in national policy

John and Abigail Adams

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support.

The Norman Conquest

King Edward of England died in 1066, after a reign of 23 years. Leaving no heirs, Edward's passing ignited a three-way rivalry for the crown that culminated in the Battle of Hastings and the destruction of the Anglo-Saxon rule of England. Was a pivotal event in English history. It largely removed the native ruling class, replacing it with a foreign, French-speaking monarchy, aristocracy, and clerical hierarchy. This, in turn, brought about a transformation of the English language and the culture of England in a new era often referred to as ________ England.

The largest lake in Argentina is _________________

Lake Argentino

The largest lake in China is _________________

Lake PoYang

Indo-European Languages

Language family, which includes German, English, Russian, French, Spanish and is spoken by 50% of the world's people.

Battle of Yorktown: 1781

Last battle of the Revolutionary War; Colonists won decisive victory British had been surrounded and they surrendered *brought about end of Revolutionary War*

Monroe Doctrine

Latin American nations began declaring their independence Fear that Europe would come to reclaim their colonies Monroe declared that Europe better not mess with the US

George Whitefield

Leader of the Great Awakening who gave Biblical reasons for U.S. independence

Response to surrender at Fort Sumter

Lincoln declared an insurrection and called for the states to provide volunteers to put it down Virginia Tennessee North Carolina and Arkansas succeeded

The events in the Western theater of the US Civil War from 1861-1862 showed that

Lincoln's new choice in general, Henry Halleck,

The Gettysburg Address

Lincoln: everyone in America has rights to freedom, equality, etc; kept foreign powers opposed to slavery from aiding the South

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln: freed slaves (more symbolic; not honored)

The Andes

Located in South America 2nd Tallest Mtn Range in World Runs North/South Tallest Mtn: Mount Aconcagua -longest continental range in the world -spans seven countries — Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina

Locke vs Hobbes: Views on government and rights

Locke & Hobbes (yes they actually agree): people must give up some of their rights in order to gain protection and the security of basic rights, and people would willing come together to form a state/gvmt

Locke vs Hobbes: Religion

Locke: Religious tolerance Hobbes: a government should have only one religion to maintain unity

New England

Maine, NH, Mass, CT, RI shipbuilding and commerce cold winters, rocky terrain

Local Government: counties/municipalities and cities/towns

Mayors, council members, board members, etc. Oversee parks and rec, emergency services, public transportation, public works, etc

The Trail of tears

Native-Americans (particularly the Cherokee in Georgia and Tennessee) were forcibly removed from their land and made to march in the winter to reservations in Oklahoma. Over 4000 died out of 16000 who were forced to go. One of the greatest tragedies in American history.

Naturalization

Naturalization is the process by which U.S. citizenship is granted to a foreign citizen or national after he or she fulfills the requirements established by Congress in the Immigration and Nationality Act; General requirements: US resident for at least 5 years (or three years if marrying citizen); Be able to read, write, and speak English; have knowledge and an understanding of U.S. history and government (civics); "Be a person of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States during all relevant periods under the law"

First man on moon

Neil Armstrong

13 Colonies

New England: Maine, NH, Mass, CT, RI Mid-Atlantic: NY, NJ, PA, Delaware Southern: VA, NC, SC, GA

Did the positive relationship between the Puritans and the Native Americans continue in the Mass. Bay Colony?

No. Many settlers felt that the Natives weren't using the land properly. So they would attempt to buy land in from them, in exchange for their service. Puritans also felt that Native Americans needed religious salvation, while other settlers desired to join them. This became such an increasing concern for the Mass. Bay Colony leaders that they sentenced anyone who left the colony to be with the Indians to 3 years hard labor. Anti-Indian propaganda was designed and released by leaders.

Greek contributions

Olympics, Mythology, Drama, Democracy

Republican Party

One of the two major modern American political parties. It emerged in the 1850s as an antislavery party and consisted of former northern Whigs and antislavery Democrats. Now the party is conservative (pro-life, anti-affirmative action, anti-too much government intervention, anti-taxing on the rich, pro-death penalty)

Globalization

Originally, this buzz term referred to the spread of economic activities from a home country to other parts of the world, but its reach has profoundly influenced cultural and political realms.

The Dawes Act

Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans.

"Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!"

Patrick Henry speech to the Virginia Convention in 1775 Swung the Virginia House of Burgesses into entering the Virginian Army into the Revolutionary War against England

Gettysburg proved significant for all the following reasons except

Pickett's charge came close to success

Railroad Expansion

Played a major role in the industrialization of the United States and the occupancy and upbringing of new settlements West.

Who inhabited the Virginia Chesapeake area when the English first arrived? Did they develop a good relationship with the English?

Pohattan and his tribe. Pohattan realized that English did not know enough about survival, and they had guns. So Pohattan decided to help them. For awhile, their relationship was mutually benefiting. The Indians traded for guns and materials, and the English traded for fur and food. Eventually, their differences (e.g. the Indians' respect for the land and the English disrespect for the land) and inner tribal warfare (due to competition for food and fur) led to the deterioration of their relationship. As more Englishmen arrived, and Native American uprisings were continually unsuccessful, the Native Americans signed a treaty forcing them to reservations in West Virginia.

What is the 10th Amendment?

Powers not given to the federal government belong to the states These are the reserved powers

Mercantilism

Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country.

Federalism

Power divided between the federal/national government. This strengthened the American central government.

Separation of Powers

Power divided between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This prevents any one person or branch from having too much power.

Federalism

Power divided between the national government and state government

Sparta and Athenians

Powerful city states had contrasting cultures Sparta- located in Peloponnesus, ruled by oligarhic military state. farming, no trade, valued military acts and strict discipline. strongest military, held off huge Persian army at Thermopylae Athens in Attica, no land for farming, invaders who spoke Greek. Athens was a democracy by Cleisthenes of Athens in 510 BCE, art, theater, architecture, and philosophy Sparta vs. Athens in Peloponnesian War in 431-404 BCE

10th Amendment

Powers Reserved to the States

Purpose of Government

Preamble to US Constitution says "We the people, in order to form a more perfect Union, to "... (1) establish justice, (2) insure domestic tranquility, (3) provide for the common defense, (4) promote the general welfare and (5) secure the blessings of Liberty.... "

Who is the chief ambassador for the United States? President. Vice President. Secretary of State. Secretary of Interior.

President This is the one person who most people will come to associate with the nation. This is just one of the many roles that the President is required to perform on almost a daily basis. *NOT secretary of state*

The Teapot Dome

President Harding's Secretary of the Interior accepting bribes for granting leases to drill oil on federal land.

The government imposes a price ceiling. What does this mean?

Prices stay below the market equilibrium price. The government will impose a price ceiling when it wishes to keep the cost of a commodity below market equilibrium price. An example is low-income housing limiting the amount a landlord can charge to rent.

What is required for voting in the U.S?

Prospective voters must register with the state voter registrar in order to vote in federal elections.

What is the 3rd Amendment?

Protection from quartering (housing) of troops or soldiers

Fourth Amendment

Protects against unreasonable search and seizure

What is the 5th Amendment?

Protects from double jeopardy Due process, eminent domain Protects the rights of accused people Right to not be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process

Reformation

Protestant Revolution and Catholic Reformation. Protestant rose in Germany by Martin Luther, John Calvin in Switzerland, England by King Henry 8th, Catholic Reformation was response to these

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Speaker of "City upon a hill"

Renaissance 5 things

Rebirth, after Dark ages and black plague, rose in beliefs and politics of Greece and Rome. Art, literature, music, science, philosophy. Florence, spurred by Medici family. Education for the upper class into law, math, reading, writing, and classical greek and rome works. Realistic literature and art. Realism frove culture to new heights.

real capital

Refers to physical facilities used to produce goods and services such as office buildings and factories

The Gilded Age

Refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era of the late 19th century (1865-1901). Is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. Characterized by robber barrons, panics, and political corruption.

The Iran-Contra Scandal

Regan Administration caugh illegally seeling weapons to Iran and using profits to support anti-communist rebels in Nicaraugua

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Represents the ultimate financial restriction on any given national economic system.

Abraham Lincoln

Republican (1861-1865) and (1865) The Emancipation Proclamation declared in 1862. The 13th Amendment is passed in 1865. Tried to gain national exposure by debates with Stephen A. Douglas. The Lincoln-Douglas debates attracted much attention. His attacks on slavery made him nationally known. He felt slavery was morally wrong, but was not an abolitionist. He felt there was not an alternative to slavery and blacks were not prepared to live on equal terms as whites. Won presidency in November election. First President assassinated.

Benjamin Harrison

Republican (1889-1893) His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in the 1890 mid-term elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indiana.

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican (1901-1905) and (1905-1909)Conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War. "Walk Softly and Carry a Big Stick"

George W. Bush

Republican (2001-2005) and (2005-2009), neo-conservative, foreign policy dominated by war on terror, No child left behind, tax cuts, high deficits, major economic problems, proposed privatizing social security, opposed stem cell research/pro-life/carbon reductions/ international law, but wanted more domestic drilling to alleviate oil dependence, major contributions to HIV/AIDs

Government of Rome

Republican (representative) form of government; a representative democracy when people vote for a smaller group of citizens to make laws.

Copperheads

Republican term for northerners opposed to the Civil War; it derived from the name of a poisonous snake.

Republicanism after 7 Years' War

Republicanism initially meant supporting a government without a king, but in the colonies it came to mean something broader. -only property-owning citizens possessed "virtue" -"virtue" was defined as a willingness to subordinate one's personal interests to the public good -harkened back to a Roman ideal

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

Requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government.

5th amendment

Right to a fair and speedy trial

7th Amendment

Right to jury in civil trials.

Sixth Amendment

Right to speedy trial by jury in criminal cases

What is the 7th Amendment?

Right to trail with an impartial jury (common law)

Fifth Amendment

Rights of people accused of crimes

Which of the following describes the use of a natural resource in ancient Mesopotamia to develop an early civilization? A. Rivers for irrigation B. Plateaus for hunting C. Grasslands for farming D. Oceans for trade

Rivers for irrigation Ancient Mesopotamia emerged as one of the early river valley civilizations through the use of river water for irrigating crops, which produced sufficient surplus of food to support the first cities.

Two Generals of the Civil War

Robert E. Lee (South), Ulysess S. Grant (North)

Which of the following Civil War officers supported a plan to enlist slaves into the Confederate army in exchange for freedom, but rejected a different plan calling for a drawn-out guerilla war against the North?

Robert E. Lee. In addition to victoriously commanding the Army of Northern Virginia at several battles during the first two years of the Civil War, towards the War's end, with the Confederate army suffering immense casualties, Lee approved a plan to recruit slaves in exchange for their freedom. Before these units of freed men had a chance to be tested in battle, however, Lee surrendered, rejecting some of his fellow officers' suggestions to continue a drawn out guerilla war. After the war, Lee supported the Reconstruction programs of President Andrew Johnson, but did not support giving freed blacks the right to vote.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; A prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

What happened when Lincoln was the election in 1860?

Seven slave states seceded and formed a new "nation", The Confederate States of America

The process of selling illegal goods is known as what?

Shadow economy This is carried out beneath the radar of the true economy since there are no taxes which are paid upon these goods. They are also not reported to officials since they are illegal. This can also be called the black market.

Treaty of Gent

Signed on December 24, 1814 in the city of Ghent, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain.

John Wilkes Booth

Shot Lincoln in the back of the head while watching a play at Ford's theater Lincoln did not live to see the final surrenders

physical map

Shows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Mountains and elevation changes are usually shown with different colors and shades to show relief.

Indian Removal Act ( 1830 )

Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law premitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.

1865

South Surrenders

Panfilo de Narvaez

Spanish explorer who landed in Florida in 1528 and claimed Florida for Spain. In Florida, he looked for the Seven Cities of Gold, but was ambushed by Native Americans.

the religious fervor of the second great awakening

Stirred a fervent abolitionist commitment to fight the sin of slavery

Strait of Gibraltar

Strategic waterway, controlled by British, between Spain and Africa Africa lies just 8 km away from Spain across the _____. (Think: The Alchemist) *located between Spain and Northwest Africa*

Geomorphology

Study of Earth's land forms and the processes that have formed them.

Why were there so many different civilization that took over Mesopotamia in the ancient world? What were some of them?

Sumer, Babylon, Hittites, New Babylon, Phoenicians, Persia This region was open and flat, so it was easy to invade and it's location between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers made it very appealing as a place to live

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution Leader: Alexander Hamilton John Adams, John Jay, James Madison, George Washington, Ben Franklin -national government should be strong -didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Federalist

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Judicial

Supreme Court and lower courts - purpose is to interpret laws (can throw out unconstitutional laws (judicial review) - ability set up through Marbury vs. Madison)

2nd: Prosperity

Sustained growth in the GDP and an unusually low unemployment rate.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Swiss-born French author, championed freedom and justice -*ppl naturally peaceful until civilization came along* -*unlimited popular sovereignty* -government is created by and completely subject to the will of the people* -*did not approve of representative government* -liberty possible only where there was direct rule by the people as a whole in lawmaking *(communism)* -*group has priority over each individual* -ppl must subordinate selves to the law created by the collective -enforcement of law, including criminal law, is not a restriction on individual liberty: the individual, as a citizen, explicitly agreed to be constrained if, as a private individual, he did not respect his own will as formulated in the general will. -the *law is a civilizing force*, and therefore Rousseau believed that the laws that govern a people helped to mold their character

Which of the following physical features provided a natural barrier against the growth of British colonies in North America? A. The Gulf of Mexico B. The Appalachian Mountains C. The Mississippi River D. The Rocky Mountains

The Appalachian Mountains The British did not establish colonies west of the Appalachian Mountains. In addition, the British tried to discourage settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains by issuing the Royal Proclamation of 1763, with the Proclamation Line, after the end of the 7 years war, that all the colonists ignored and went to settle further west anyway.

Which of the following events is recognized as the end of the American Civil War? A. The second Battle of Bull Run B. The election of Abraham Lincoln C. The secession of South Carolina D. The Battle of Appomattox Court House

The Battle of Appomattox Court House

agency establish by Eisenhower administration

The Civil Rights Commission was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957, to investigate and report on issues involving discrimination and civil rights in the United States.

What ended reconstruction?

The Compromise of 1876 It resulted in the national government pulling the last federal troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era.

How did the Enlightenment and Great Awakening influence the Colonies?

The Enlightenment encouraged people to use reason and logic to solve problems and make decisions. This shaped America. The Great Awakening promoted religious tolerance and changed views on religious authority figures. Both changed how people thought about human nature, politics, and religion.

American Revolution causes

The Founding of the Colonies (the american colonies were scared Britain would interfere with their freedom) French and Indian War (between American colonies and New France) British taxing colonists

French Explorers in the United States

The French never succeeded in attracting settlers to their territories. Those who came were more interested in the fur and fish trades than forming colonies. Eventually, the French would cede their southern territories, such as New Orleans, to Spain and the new United States of America.

What were the major compromises made in writing the Constitution? Explain how these compromises addressed the concerns of different constituencies.

The Great Compromise created the two houses of Congress. That way, each state would have the same number of votes in the Senate, but in the HoR, the larger states would get more votes based on their population. Voters picked HoR representatives, and politicians picked the senators. The Three Fifths compromise decided to count slaves when determining how many representatives a state could elect to the house. Each slave only counted as three fifths of a person. This was a compromise between the north who didn't want to count the slaves and the south who wanted to count them.

What event most contributed to Southern states seceding from the Union

The Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln - Southerners opposed Lincoln gaining the presidency because he favored the Northern delegates regulating trade and expressed views against slavery.

Which of the following is generally considered most important in limiting the power of kings and influencing the development of democracy? A. The Norman Conquest B. The Magna Carta C. The Treaty of Versailles D. writing of The Trew Law of Free Monarchies

The Magna Carta

In 1811, the federal government funded construction of which of the following aimed at western expansion? A. The National Road B. Transcontinental Railroad C. Panama Canal D. The Appalachian Trail

The National Road Pay attention to: *date: 1811 *federally funded *western expansion *National Road - 1811- Federally Funded (Jefferson)* Transcon Railroad - 1869 - Privately Funded (Lincoln) Panama C- 1880s - 1904 - Federally Funded (Roosevelt) App Trail - 1920s - Funded by Appalachian Trail Conversancy? (Calvin Coolidge)

Contributions of Greece

The Olympics, theater, advancements in science, art, great works of literature, amazing architecture, philosophy, mathematics, and the world's first democratic government

1620

The Pilgrims establish their own government, the basis of which was the Mayflower Compact, which they drafted on their journey to the New World on the Mayflower. The Plymouth Colony is established.

The South acted in an aggressive fashion regarding entry into the Civil War for all the following reasons except

The South knew only segments of the of the North would join the fight

Spanish Explorers in the United States

The Spanish explored and claimed huge portions of the United States after the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

What was the Stamp Act?

The Stamp Act was a tax put on the American colonies by the British in 1765. It said they had to pay a tax on all sorts of printed materials such as newspapers, magazines and legal documents. It was called the Stamp Act because the colonies were supposed to buy paper from Britain that had an official stamp on it that showed they had paid the tax.

Which of the following exemplifies the Constitution's federalist structure? A. The separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches B. The Full Faith and Credit clause of Article IV of the Constitution C. The Supremacy clause of Article VI of the Constitution D. The Tenth Amendment's division of power between national and state governments

The Tenth Amendment's division of power between national and state governments Federalism is the division of power between the national and state governments The U.S. Constitution establishes this federalist structure through the Tenth Amendment.

Which amendment to the United States Constitution outlawed slavery?

The Thirteenth Amendment

1850s

The Transcontinental Railroad (funded privately)

What US ship sank off the coast of Cuba which prompted the US to get involved in the Spanish American War?

The USS Maine This ship mysteriously blew up off of the coast of Cuba in Feb 1898 and caused people in America to demand retribution for the act. The US entered into the Cuban civil war and helped Cuba earn its independence.

Which of the following is one governmental power established by the Articles of Confederation? A. The creation of an equitable system of taxation B. The ability to negotiate with foreign governments C. The establishment of a powerful executive branch D. The establishment of a system of national court

The ability to negotiate with foreign governments

Aerial Photography

The acquisition of imagery of the ground taken from an airborne platform.

Social contract

The agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government Most prominent and 18th-century theorists of social contract and natural rights: Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Samuel Pufendorf (1673), John Locke (1689), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762), Immanuel Kant (1797)

scarcity

The amount of supply. If an object is scarce it will likely have a higher demand and in effect will cost more

Emancipation Proclamation

The announcement made by President Lincoln during the Civil War on September 22, 1862, emancipating all black slaves in states still engaged in rebellion against the Union. Although implementation was strictly beyond Lincoln's powers, the declaration turned the war into a crusade against slavery.

Executive Branch

The president, the vice president, and the majority of the vast bureaucracy of the federal government. Cabinets (15).

Industrial Revolution

The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, beginning in England from about 1750 to about 1850. Inventions such as steam engine, steam ships, locomotives, cotton gin, flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and power loom fueled the revolution as well as advances in steel production and the use of electricity. Later the internal combustion engine led to cars. At first there were no regulations regarding working and living conditions but later in the century there were many reforms.

Market Economy

The cost of good and services depends on a free price system. Government does not dictate what the price of goods or services should be. Prices determined by supply and demand.

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates.

Why was the roman Empire able to expand?

The efficiency and structure of the Roman military enabled the Roman Empire to expand through conquest.

Which of the following contributed to the development of both ancient China and Rome? A. The building of large universities B. The printing of paper currency C. The practice of representative government D. The establishment of trade centers

The establishment of trade centers Both ancient China and Rome developed due to extensive trade networks, increasing the power of their individual civilizations.

Lexington and Concord

The first actual military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. British were ambushed at Lexington and forced to retreat at Concord. The colonial militia became the official militia of the colonies.

Stamp Act

The first direct tax placed on the colonies without representation. Sparked a revolution

Stamp Act

The first direct tax put on paper. Colonists became outraged and ultimately ignored it.

Jamestown

The first lasting English settlement in Virginia that prospered. Funded by the joint stock company

The 13th Amendment

The first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted after the American Civil War. This amendment officially prohibited slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Renaissance

The great period of rebirth or enlightenment in art, literature, learning, and government in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history. Important figures included the poets Petrarch and William Shakespeare, political adviser Niccolo Machiavelli, and the scholars Thomas More and Erasmus. Oil painting, perspective, and proportion were all discovered/invented.

Which of the following events most contributed to Southern states seceding from the Union? A. The inauguration of Abraham Lincoln B. The occurrence of Nat Turner's Rebellion C. The ratification of the Civil Rights Act D. The signing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act

The inauguration of Abraham Lincoln Southerners opposed Lincoln gaining the presidency because he favored the Northern delegates regulating trade and expressed views against slavery.

6 Sumer legacies

The invention of writing the wheel library (Assyria by Ashurbanipal) Hanging gardens (Babylon) (Seven Wonders) First Written Law (Ur-Nammu's Codes and the Code of Hammurabi) The Epic of Gilgamesh (The first epic story)

Geomorphology

The study of Earth's land forms and the processes that have formed them.

Explain the Pacific Ring of Fire

The majority of the world's volcanoes exist along the Pacific Ring of Fire, due to the subduction and uplift occurring at the boundaries of tectonic plates. This extensive region of seismic activity resulting in volcanism and earthquakes can be traced on a map along the western coasts of South and North America, across the northern Pacific by following the islands of the Aleutians, then south along the eastern coasts of Japan and down to the Philippines and Indonesia, curving to the northwest of New Guinea, and plunging south again to New Zealand.

The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 were a product of difficult times in the early days of the U.S.A. What did the act change?

The number of years it took to become a citizen. The Alien and Sedition Act, signed into law by President John Adams, extended the naturalization period from five to fourteen years. It also made it a crime to publish "any false, scandalous and malicious writing" about the president, Congress or the government in general. The President also had the right to imprison or deport any non-citizen who was either suspected of being dangerous or who was from an "enemy country." Basically, this was the 1798 version of the Patriot Act. This act was a dark mark on the freedoms granted by the Constitution.

Julius and Ethel Rosenburg

The only two people who were ever executed for being spies in America, they were thought to have given information to the Soviet Union about nuclear weapons. Despite pleas for mercy, they were killed in Sing Sing prison.

13 Colonies

The original states : Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New jersey, New york, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Virginia.

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

continental divide

The place on a continent that separates river systems flowing in opposite directions -imaginary line that runs North and South along the highest points of the Rocky Mountains. -Rivers flow West and drain into the Pacific or East and drain into the Atlantic from this line

the Era of Good Feelings

The political bitterness declined because the Federalists had largely dissolved and were no longer attacking the president, then causing an era of good feeling because there was only one political party. The nation was politically united behind the Democratic-Republican Party. The Era of Good Feelings started after the War of 1812.

What led to the US involvement in World War I?

The practice of unrestricted submarine warfare on civilian vessels like the Lusitania continued after the Zimmerman Telegram and was a major reason behind the United States declaration of war against Germany.

Product Market

The selling of products to the people. The companies are the sellers and the people are the buyers.

Intolerable Acts

The series of acts that prevented western expansion, tried to control colonial government. caused outrage and resistance in the 13 colonies, and ultimately the Revolutionary War

Intolerable Acts

The series of laws passed by the British that pushed the Colonists further towards rebellion

Hundred Years War

The series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. Was discovered that foot soldiers with long bows were superior to armored knights thus ending medieval form of warfare.

In 1932, The Pecora Commission was established by the U.S. Senate to study the causes of what?

The stock market crash

Cultural Geography

The study of the interaction of humans with their environment and how that interaction produces changes.

Time zones

The system consists of 24 time zones that correspond with the 24 hours in a day

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct. After the Zhou Dynasty fell China welcomed this philosophy

World War 1

The war was fought over territory, particularly the Balkans. The main powers were France, Britain, and the United States against Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. The United States and its allies won and imposed a harsh peace on Germany

Panama Canal

Theodore Rooselet-represents "Big Stick Diplomacy"

Protectionism

There should be legal barriers to control trade and cultural exchange with people in other states.

Swamps

These are wetlands that have trees and vines beside slow moving rivers that have willows, oak, and cypress trees with fish, snakes, birds, and alligators

After the Congress passed the final draft of the Constitution, they had to get the states to ratify this. How does a state ratify such a document?

They elect delegates to consider it. Each state elected delegates who considered the proposed Constitution. Nine states needed to approve it so that it could become the law of the land.

Which of the following is true of the effect of high tariffs on an economy in the long run?

They benefit some groups at the expense of others Tariffs are usually implemented to protect domestic manufacturing, but they may result in a weakening of related economies as those countries affected by the tariff purchase fewer goods. For example, the Tariff of 1828, while designed to protect northern manufacturing, reduced British imports of cotton from the southern United States thereby damaging the southern economy.

During the late nineteenth century, in which of the following ways did churches in the United States respond to the social problems resulting from the industrialism of the previous decades? A. They aligned themselves with and financed the political agendas of organized labor. B. They lobbied Congress to pass laws guaranteeing social security for all citizens. C. They subsidized efforts to build small homes for the working poor. D. They built and maintained mission schools, orphanages, and homes for the aged.

They built and maintained mission schools, orphanages, and homes for the aged. Activists within the Social Gospel movement helped alleviate social issues by providing social services during the late nineteenth century.

What did King Phillip's War and the Peaquak War demonstrate both about the Native Americans and English?

They were both trying to preserve their way of life. The Indians correctly viewed the English as a threat to their way of life, and the Puritans felt that these wars and the challenge that the Native Americans posed to their growth as a punishment from God for not achieving their "City on a Hill."

geological processes

Things like plate tectonics, erosion, chemical weathering and sedimentation -natural forces that shape the physical makeup of a planet. -studied by geologists and earth scientists to: - improve understanding of planet's history -help locate useful resources; -aid prediction of disastrous events

Thomas Jefferson

Third president of the U.S. and key writer of Declaration of Independence

The 15th amendment

This allowed all MEN of any race or color to vote. Attempt by northern leaders to gain Republican votes It only past because Congress required southern states to ratify it

Triangular Trade

This allowed the exchanging of goods between the colonies and England, Caribbean sugar planters and Africa. It also brought great wealth to merchants trying to establish business

Alien Act

This law gave the president the power to imprison or send aliens out of the country Difficult to get citizenship Found unconstitutional by democratic republicans, but there was not a precession to legally determine unconstitutionality

mechanical reaper

This machine was used by farmers to harvest crops mechanically. For hundreds of years, farmers and field workers had to harvest crops by hand using a sickle or other methods, which was an arduous task at best. The McCormick mechanical reaper replaced the manual cutting of the crop with scythes and sickles. This new invention allowed wheat to be harvested quicker and with less labor force.

the Great Awakening

This religious experience was one of the foundations of the democratization of colonial society that occurred after the 1740s. Religious revivals criticized government leaders; this would be one of the precursors to the American Revolution.

Antifederalists

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison The constitution profited any action not specifically permitted in the condition Opposed national bank Strict interpretation Democratic republicans or jeffersonians Rural and frontier south and southwest

Thomas Jefferson (Republican) vs. John Adams (Federalism)

Thomas Jefferson won the election, and we begin to a see a decline in Federalism

Gen. Gage, the British commander in chief in America, wrote to Prime Minister North in 1775, "If you think ten thousand men are enough, send twenty; if a million [pounds] is thought to be enough, give two. You will save both blood and treasure in the end." What was Gen. Gage planning?

To put down the colonial troublemakers in Massachusetts. Gen. Gage planned to march to Concord, MA where he hoped to seize a cache of rebel guns and ammunition. He also hoped to arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams who were leaders of the rebels. Spies relayed this information to the colonists and the militia, called the minutemen, were alerted by riders, including Paul Revere. Revere didn't get through, but the militia was alerted and met the British on Lexington Green.

What eventually made Jamestown thrive?

Tobacco. It was extremely profitable for King James back in England. However, the increasing number of tobacco plantations effected the social order of the colony- it was comprised mostly of male servants, and a few masters. No women, no children, no middle class.

Political results of the US Civil War reflected a Northern dominance in politics for the next century.

True

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Dictatorship

Type of government where one leader has complete control over the citizens, military, courts, prisons, business, entertainment, etc.

Republic/Democracy

Type of government where power is held by the people, people elect representatives, representatives are responsible in helping all citizens.

Which countries are in "the big three"?

US, Russia, UK Because have economic and physical strength to maintain order in the UN, which is instrumental in keeping peace throughout the world

Viking Invasion

Vikings invaded North France in 10th century becoming Normans. From Scandinavia, advanced knowledge of trade routes and sailing. overpopulation caused invasions. 8th-11th century they invaded Europe. Conquered England. Large influence in England with language, government, social structure, names of places. by 900, they took over Iceland. Went to North America, Greenland, traded with Byzantine Empire until 11th century

"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." Which of the following writers would have advocated the sentiments expressed in the preceding words from the First Amendment to the United States Constitution? Calvin. Aquinas. Voltaire. Pascal.

Voltaire. Voltaire was critical of established religions such as Catholicism and Islam precisely because they decreed that there was only one right way to worship. Instead, Voltaire advocated the freedom to practice the religion of one's choice. He furthermore risked being imprisoned by the King of France whenever he expressed ideas critical of monarchs ruling by divine religious right, and also circulated his own newspaper to freely express such ideas. Voltaire, in short, was also an advocate of freedom of the press and speech.

Which of the following is a responsibility of a citizen of the United States? A. Participating in a protest B. Starting a business C. Attending a university D. Volunteering in a community

Volunteering in a community

Which of the following is required for an individual to cast a ballot in any federal election in the United States? A. Membership in a political party B. A valid driver's license C. Voter registration

Voter registration Prospective voters must register with the state voter registrar in order to vote in federal elections.

zimmerman telegram

WWI Promised the Mexican Gov. that Germany would help Mexico recover the territory taken by the U.S. after Mexican Amer. War. They wanted war support from Mexico in return

Treaty of Versailles 1919

WWI Allies asked for: 30 billion in repairs, took away central powers'overseas colonies, and divided Austria and Hungary into two separate countries.

The New Deal

Was a series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 to his reelection in 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 Rs: relief, recovery and reform.

Malcolm X

Was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans

John Mercer Langston

Was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, and political activist. In 1858 he and Charles partnered in leading the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.

What was the head right system?

When Jamestown numbers were dwindling, the Virginia Company marketed this system, offering fifty acres of land for each person a settler paid to bring over. This brought about large estates and farms owned by the wealthy, and were cared for by servants.

oligopoly

When two (or three) firms collude on pricing. a market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors

What are considered the two basic cultural types that have developed throughout history in relation to the physical environment?

Why would become agricultural/settled or nomadic has a lot to do with *available resources.* If have lots of natural food around, no need to use enhanced techniques *Agricultural/settled* -water control techniques (irrigation) -urban/rural dichotomy (cores:political and population centers- capitol and peripheries:outer regions - districts) -more complex political system (gvmt has greater responsibility to manage resources - leads to social classes and fixed gender roles because need for specialization to manage everything from planting to storing to making food) *Nomadic* -people raised animals and brought them with them -animal husbandry, hunter/gatherer -more egalitarian society -Ex: Native Americans along the Sierra Mtns in California used acorns to grind into flour to bake bread, lots of acorns around so no need to have complex gvmt to regulate

Civil Rights Act

Wide-ranging legislation passed by Congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

Results of Great Depression

Wide-spread unemployment 1929: 1.5 million 1932: 12 million New Deal: FDR 1933-1936 Public works projects on building roads, parks, etc. to try and reverse the Great Depression Focused on *Relief* for the poor, *Recovery* for the economy and *Reform* for Wall Street and the Stock Market

What was the economic state of Europe in WWII?

Widespread poverty, especially in Germany, which was used to scapegoat Jewish people

World War 2

World War II was a major global conflict that lasted from 1939-1945. WWII was between Allied (USSR, US, UK, China, France, ...) and Axis (Germany, Japan, Italy, and affiliates) powers, and spanned across every continent (except Antarctica) at some point. WWII began on September 1, 1939 when Nazi Germany (a.k.a. the Third Reich) invaded Poland. Japan, as well, was invading other territories in Southwest Asia. At the zenith of the war, Germany had control over much of Central Europe, and was sending Jews, Poles, homosexuals, and other "inadequate" people to concentration and extermination camps (see "The Holocaust"). WWII also introduced new styles of warfare, including widespread air strikes and tank warfare, both of which were undeniably dominated by Germany. However, Germany's resources began to run short as Allied forces began to capture and liberate the concentration camps. Eventually, the Third Reich, along with Japan and Italy, collapsed. As a result of WWI and WWII, the UN was made, along with the establishment of Israel.

Key players of the Harlem Renaissance

Zora Neale Hurston/ Langston Hughes

The Trew Law of Free Monarchies

a document written by King James I of England that outlined his view that a king ruled by divine right, and was not subject to earthly powers. -an attempt to justify his divine right to rule.

5th Amendment

a grand jury must decide if charges for major crimes can be brought against someone

Hartford Convention

a meeting of New England Federalists in the winter of 1814-15 (near the end of the War of 1812) to try and change the constitution and listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. Basically start of fading out of the Federalist party because they came off looking like traitors when the American people felt like they had won the war of 1812 (even though there was not really a clear winner) Federalists opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done. Many of these complaints were manifestation of their fears of being overpowered by states in the south and west. The Hartford Convention was an example of the growing issue of Sectionalism and was another event in the approaching end of the Federalist Party. In retrospect, the Hartford Convention proposals actually look pretty reasonable. They wanted to eliminate the clause wherein black people were counted as 3/5 of a human, and require a 2/3 congressional majority to declare war. But Because they had their convention right before Jackson's victory in New Orleans, they only came off looking unpatriotic and out of touch, as the elite so often do.

Common Sense: Jan 1776

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation during the time of the Revolutionary War After published: -change in attitude among colonists: ↳rather than seeing themselves as standing up for their rights as English people, began to make claims based on abstract ideas about freedom and natural rights. -justified actions as liberties of free, natural-born subjects in realm of England -But also talked about immutable laws of nature.

13th amendment

abolishes slavery

State Government

all powers except those denoted to federal government by constitution Modeled after 3 federal branches: governor, legislature (bicameral except for Nebraska), supreme courts

The slavery issue was difficult for Lincoln in 1861-62 because (8.1 and 8.2)

although he was against slavery, Lincoln also recognized that he had no right to interfere

Control of "Black Reconstruction" was extended to black Americans as (8.5 and 8.6)

black voters were determined to use their newly gained right to suffrage

Public Works Administration

built roads, buildings, dams

Black Death

bubonic-plague, fleas or rats by boats. killed a third of the population of Europe. ended feudalism as political system. Serfs found different work because demand for skilled labor. Nation states grew in power. Many left God for ancient Greek and Rome for government and belief

manhattan project

build first atomic bomb

All of the following speak to the characteristics of slavery in the antebellum South except

by 1860, 1 in 2 families owned slaves

Loyalists

colonists that remained loyal to the British Gov. also called Tories. Approx. 1/3 of colonists.

supply and demand is only true when there is..

competition (two or more buisnesses trying to sell same product) -this is the only reason one may improve a product

how many votes needed for a bill to become a law

congress passes with more than 50% vote, president signs if president vetoes, can override veto with 2/3 vote in congress

The result of the 3/5ths Compromise was decided that 3/5th of a state's slaves were counted in terms of what three things?

congressional *representation* presidential *electors* and direct *taxes*

Communism

controlled economy under authoritarian party. Eliminates private ownership

During the early exploration of North America, what were some things introduced to Europe from the New World?

corn canoes syphilis

Slavery and cotton were inter-linked because

cotton required massive unskilled labor

In the country formerly known as the Soviet Union, it was possible to approach a shanzhistka on the street and purchase, at the cost of just one green American dollar, 20 red roubles (as the local currency was quaintly called); if one went to the bank, on the other hand, one could only get 5 roubles per dollar. This situation was a result of which of the following? a) The demand for dollars was lower than officially acknowledged. b) The demand for roubles was greater than officially acknowledged. c) The rouble was linked to a flexible exchange rate. d) The rouble was pegged to a fixed exchange rate.

d) The rouble was pegged to a fixed exchange rate. The fixed exchange rate of the rouble against the dollar set by the Soviet government did not take into account the greater demand for U.S. dollars (and the accompanying lower real value of the rouble), thus creating a black market for roubles as described.

Compromise of 1876 /Compromise of 1877

disputed 1876 Presidential Election, Democrats (South)' candidate: Samuel Tilden Republicans (North)'s candidate: Rutherford B. Hayes Hayes lost the popular vote and there was a dispute about the votes in the electoral college, so the North offered the South a compromise: End Radical Reconstruction and remove Northern troops from the South, if the North's Presidential candidate (Rutherford B. Hayes) could win Once radical reconstruction ended, South passed *Jim Crow Laws* - separate facilities, took away voting rights for black pepople, and these practices stayed in place for 75 years!!

Scientific Revolution

emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.

Communism

falls under planned economy owns and controls all means of production without any private interest -no great disparity of wealth among citizens b/c all resources are shared

The Constitution's has a ______________ structure

federalist

The Pierce administration's attempt to acquire Cuba

fell apart after the leaking of the Ostend Manifesto

Olive Branch Petition: July of 1775

fighting between British and colonists had already broken out Continental Congress sent the Olive Branch Petition to King George III suggesting that Americans were loyal British subjects who wanted reconciliation with the mother country

Frederick Douglass

firmly belive din equality for all. -he escaped to the northeast and wrote well known speeches

Assembly line

industrialization

19th amendment

gave women the right to vote in 1920

Regarding Lincoln and the Emancipation proclamation, all of the following are correct except.

he realized as early as 1862 that the only way to win the war was to free all the slaves

Eli Whittney's Cotton Gin

helped turn cotton into profitable crop and shaped economy of the south at beginning of 19th century

manifest destiny

idea that US wanted to expand all the way from Atlantic to Pacific, to basically control North America

mercantilism

idea that the government should regulate the economy through local business, tariffs, and a favorable balance of trade, to increase their power. Relied on the increase of land ownership to provide room for producers and consumers.

Iron Curtain

imaginary boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the west

Lines of Longitude

imaginary vertical lines that run across the globe

Robert Fulton's Steam Boat

improved transportation and trade around time of civil war

How was judicial review (power to declare laws unconstitutional) set up/established?

in a Supreme Court decision: Marbury vs. Madison

Result of Prohibition

increase illegal sales of alcohol, organized crime encouraged

Result of World War I

inflation rates went up in Germany

the Intolerable Acts (=also called "The Coercive Acts of 1774)

intended to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party and for the pattern of resistance Boston exemplified. -Mass. Government Act (restricted self-government) -Quartering Act (colonists had to house British soldiers), -Quebec Act (extended Quebec territory, aka Catholic territory, which didn't sit well those apart of the Great Awakening) -Closed Boston harbor -led to more anger towards Great Britain, basically start of Revolutionary War

judicial branch

interprets the meaning of laws, and decide if law violates the constitution

morraines

large deposits of debris that have formed together

Maurya Empire 7 things

large, powerful empire established in India. 322-105 BCE ruled after Alexander the Great. highly developed in standardized economic system, waterworks, and private corporations. Traded with Greece, silk, exotic foods, and spices. Buddhism and Jainism. Laws that protect civil and social rights of citizens and animals. Peaceful because of Buddhism. Fell because of weak leaders and Demetrius, a Greco-Bactrian king.

Industrial Revolution

late 18th and early 19th century: monumental advances in manufacturing and other mechanized technologies. -led to 1. growth and improvement of roadways, railways, and waterways (geographically expanded trade), 2. urbanization, 3. rise of middle class and easier to move between classes, 4. increased dependence on foreign trade, and 5. wage labor system (as opposed to goods for services)

checks and balances

limits abuse of power each branch answers eachother in some sort of way. Ex) a president must veto a bill approves by senate or supreme court can overturn a new law

Prime meridian

line of Longitude that has a measurement of 0 degrees,passes throughout Greenwich, England and separates the globe into Eastern and Western hemispheres

Thematic maps

map designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. These maps "can portray physical, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a region.

In regard to the redeeming of the South after the US Civil War,

most Southern states found themselves back under Democrat control

Classical Civilizations: Greece: *Religion*

polytheistic *gods were very petty and human symbolized/responsible for diff parts of life/universe* Titans (giants) first ruled, then the Olympians took over Lived on Mt. Olympus: -Zeus: King of gods, god of weather, law, order & fate -Apollo: son: god of music -Athena: daughter: goddess of wisdom -Aphrodite: goddess of (amorous) love -Hades: god of the underworld -Ares: god of war

Gulf Stream

powerful, warm, and swift ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico, at the tip of Florida, along the American coastline and into the Atlantic Ocean to Northern Europe. *This makes the climate of Western Europe significantly warmer and milder than it otherwise would be.* (discovered by Ben Franklin and cousin)

Constitution

protected freedoms through Bill of Rights (first ten amendments), established US government to unite states -10th Amendment established federalism (division of federal and state power) -13th Amendment abolished slavery -14th Amendment made all people born in US citizens -15th Amendment gave non-whites the right to vote -19th Amendment gave women the right to vote -influenced by Hobbes, who thought that people have to surrender individual power in order to form a government that will create order (since order doesn't exist in nature)

Social Security Act 1935

provided Americans with unemployment, disability and pensions for old age.

The Truman Doctrine

provided political, military, and economic assistance to democratic nations threatened by authoritarian forces and governments, including Greece and Turkey.

The Adams-Onis Treaty

provided the purchase of Florida from Spain in 1819. It also gained Spanish to abandon claims in the Oregon Territory.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

reduced agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus and therefore effectively raise the value of crops.

Navigation Acts

restricted shipping to and from the colonies, intended to protect the British economy from foreign competition

Navigation Acts

restricted shipping to and from the colonies were instilled to protect British Economy from competetion Another source of tension between Britain and colonies

1920s

roaring 30 economic boom-ending stock market crash- prohibition- Harlem Renaissance- REd Scare (communist) Lost generation (introduced modernism to americans in the arts)

*on exam* Why is recycling important?

running out of viable places to put waste without contaminating resources we need especially in places where there are a lot of people and space for landfills is running short

Temperance movement

s a social movement against the use of alcohol

Bay of Pigs

scene of an unsuccessful attempt in 1961 by US-backed Cuban exiles to invade the country and overthrow the regime of Fidel Castro.

The splitting of the Democratic Party in 1860

shattered one of the last links between the sections and almost guaranteed Lincoln's victory in 1860

Thematic map

shows specific information or data related to area

Dread Scott

slave who sued his master for freedom after living in free territory for 5 years. Congress ruled that 1: slaves could not sue in court. 2: slaves could not gain freedom simply by living in a free state, so really there was no such thing as a free state 3: Missouri Comprimise was ruled unconstitional and all states were open to slavery

Glacier

slow moving mass of snow and ice, movements of glaciers can carve valleys out of stony landscapes and form morraines

Byzantine Empire 5 things

split of Roman Empire by 4th Century, East became Byzantine . 330 CE, Constantine founded Constantinople. Major influence came from Mesopotamia and Persia. Position gave advantage over invaders and for trade. More centralized rule than in the West. Famous for art and architecture and Code of Justinian which made Roman law into a clear system

Mexican-American War

started over: land dispute because US moved into disputed territory along the Rio Grande ended: 1848 with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Monroe Doctrine

stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Ninth Amendment

states that people's rights are not limited to just those listed in the Constitution.

What did Germany have to do because of Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (signed at the end of the First World War?

take the blame for Allied losses and damage, and for the war in general this is sometimes called the "war guilt" clause. This important provision stated that "Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments . . . have been subjected as a consequence of . . . the aggression of Germany and her allies."

protective tarriffs

tax on imports/exports to keep domestic products priced competitively, even if production is cheaper overseas gvmt artificially manipulating economy to help businesses remain competitive economically

Muckrakers

term coined by Theodore Roosevelt to describe journalists who sought out to expose social ills (Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair, Ida M. Tarbell, Lincoln Stephens)

First Manassas was a crucial battle because (7.1 and 7.2)

the South won the first major engagement of the war

Who were the first Europeans to establish major settlements in the American mainland?

the Spanish, led by Christopher Columbus -set up farming and mining and enslaved Native Americans to work them :/ -brought a lot of European culture to American mainland ****WERE NOT the first Europeans to explore North American mainland! That was the Vikings led by Leif Ericsson****

The California Territory got added to the US when....

the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed after the US won the Mexican-American war (1848) -had tried to purchase this land from Mexico prior to the war for $35 million but were turned down -treaty forced Mexico to sell this land to US for $15 million -purchasing of this land fulfilled "manifest destiny"

According to most historians, the first non-native people to explore the North American mainland were ________________.

the Vikings, led by Leif Ericson

the Progressive Era

the age in which the nation tried to fix the problems associated with the Gilded Age., Era that encouraged the support of labor over big business including better conditions for workers, higher taxes on business, and laws passed to regulate business

separation of power

the division of power among the three branches of the U.S government

federalism

the division of power between a central government and the constituent governments (states)

Federalism

the division of power between the national and state governments. The U.S. Constitution establishes this federalist structure through the Tenth Amendment.

Egyptians

the first true developers of a solar calendar, the decimal system, and made significant contributions to the development of religion, geometry, and astronomy

Contintental Congress

the gov. during the revolution -The basis before D.O.I and the Articles of Confed.

Federalism

the government is formed by people who are then ruled by a central body, federalist believe in a strong central government

The "Space Race"

the intense space exploration and technological competition between the US and the Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s also had competition in: nuclear weapons, military developments First human to orbit the Earth, Yuri Gagarin (USSR) First man on the moon, Neil Armstrong Satellites put up into orbit

North and South Poles

the points farthest north and south on the Earth along its axis

market equilibrium price

the price corresponding to the intersection of an item's supply and demand curves and at which consumers are willing to buy the same quantity that suppliers are willing to produce

Acculturation

the process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.

Affirmative Action

the process of hiring minorities for certain key positions

Industrial Revolution

the rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery. It was characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of manufactured goods.

crusades

the reoccurring wars between european Christians and middle east muslims

cultural diffusion

the spread of cultural items (ideas, fashion, technology, etc.) from one central point to another ex: The Russian people's interest in acquiring and wearing American blue jeans is an example of this

Macroeconomics

the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. Behavior of nations, entire industries and global system.

Miranda VS. Arizona

the supreme court case in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. Decision based on rights given in 5th Amendment.

lobbying

the term for the influential efforts of special interest groups

Federal Bureau of Investigation

to battle organized crime such as crime resulting from prohibition

Theodore Roosevelt

took over after Mckinley was assainated square deal three C's: control of corporations, consumer protection, conversation. -him and taft established anti-trust laws to break monopolies -Big Stick Diplomacy:The idea is derived from Roosevelt's memorable phrase: "speak softly, and carry a big stick". Had to do with Monroe Doctorine Big Stick Diplomacy was a major component of Theodore Roosevelt's international relations policy. The theory is that leaders strive for peace while also keeping other nations aware of its military power.

Egyptian empire

~3100 BC to ~300 BC