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how does biology contribute to aggression?

(1) genes <div><br /><div>(2) brain structure - <b>amygdala </b>(facilitate fear response)<b> </b>and <b>frontal lobe </b>(impulse control - criminals have decreased frontal lobe activation)</div></div><div><br /></div><div>(3) testosterone - irritability, assertiveness, impulsiveness</div>

what are the 3 steps of looking glass self?

(1) how do i appear to others?<div><br /><div>(2) what must others think of me? </div><div>(are we: share, intelligent, funny)</div><div><br /></div><div>(3) revise how we think about ourselves (based on correct or incorrect perspectives on others </div><div>evaluations)</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="What+are+the+3+stages+of+the+looking+glass+self+process.jpg" /></div></div>

what are the <b>upper</b> motor neuron signs?

(1) hyperreflexia<div><br /></div><div>(2) clonus (rhythmic contractions of muscles)</div><div><br /></div><div>(3) hypertonia</div><div><br /></div><div>(4) extensor plantar response</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="2_14.jpg" /></div>

what are the four principles of social stratification?

(1) property of society rather than individuals in that society<div><br /></div><div>(2) reproduced from gen to gen</div><div><br /></div><div>(3) universal (found in every society) but variable (differs across time and place)</div><div><br /></div><div>(4) not just quantiative inequality but qualitativebeliefs and attitudes about social status</div>

what are the 4 major categories of stressors?

(1) significant life changes - college, kids, married<div><br /></div><div>(2) catastrophic events - war, tornadoes</div><div><br /></div><div>(3) daily hassles<b><font color="#f4060a">(most harmful)</font></b></div><div><br /></div><div>(4) ambient stressors (pollution, noise, crowding)</div>

what 3 things did blumer propose to explain symbolic interactionism?

(1) we act based on meaning we've given something (ex: tree is place to rest)<div><br /></div><div>(2) different people assign different meanings to things. we give meanings to things based on social interactions, ex. someone tells us tree is infested with ants. but we have different views of the tree and we act differently</div><div><br /></div><div>(3) the meaning we give something isn't permanent, ex. something bites my back, so might not sit under next tree one finds. (tree now is defined as shade o a hot day with a potential of getting bit)</div>

what is an independent stressor?

(i.e. death of a loved one) occurs without the person's influence

what are the neurotic defense mechanisms?

(mnemonic: 3RID)<div><br></div><div>intellectualization</div><div><br></div><div>rationalization</div><div><br></div><div>regression</div><div><br></div><div>repression</div><div><br></div><div>displacement</div><div><br></div><div>reaction formation</div>

what is labeling theory?

(symbolic interactionism) <div><br /></div><div>a behavior is deviant of society has judged it to be deviant and labled it as such</div>

what is the theory of differential association?

(symbolic interactionism)<div><br /></div><div>deviance is<b> learned behavior</b> that results from continual exposure to others who violate norms. <div><br /></div><div><img src="Differential+Association+Theory.jpg" /></div></div>

what is the age range and virtue, and (-) for the trust v. mistrust stage

0-1<div><br /></div><div>HOPE<div><br /></div><div>suspicion/mistrust</div></div>

what is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?

0-2 years

stranger anxiety tends to emerge around what age?

8-11 month

what are the characteristics of an ideal Bureaucracy?

<b>(1) division of labor</b> - people trained to do specific tasks - con - can lead to <b>trained incapacity (lose overall picture from excess specialization)</b><div><br /><div><b>(2) hierarchy </b>- each position under supervision of higher authority</div><div><br /></div><div><b>(3) written rules/regulations</b> - con - (<b><font color="#fd0207">goal displacement</font></b> may occur - rules become more important than goals of organization)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>(4) impersonality (equal treatment)</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>(5) employment based on technical qualifications - </b>(hiring based on qualifications of person and not on favouritsm/personal rivalries)</div></div>

what are the 4 main points of culture?

<b>(1) people share culture</b>,<div><b>(2) cultures is adaptive</b>, </div><div><b>(3) culture builds on itself</b>, </div><div><b>(4) culture is transmitted</b></div>

what is are the 3 elements of the covariation model?

<b><div></div></b><b></b><b>(1) consensus</b><i> (people)</i><div><b>(2) consistency</b> <i>(time) </i><div><b>(3) distinctiveness </b><i>(situation)</i></div><div><b><br /></b><div><div><br /></div><div><img src="550px-covariation-model.jpg" /></div></div></div></div>

what are mead's 3 stages?

<b><div></div></b><b><img src="paste-58742267707396.jpg" /></b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src="stages-in-mead-s-role-taking-n.jpg" /><br /></b><div><b><br /></b></div><b>prepatory </b>(interaction through imitation)<div><br /></div><div><b>play stage</b> (pretend play)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>game stage</b> (understand society as a whole - "I" and "Me" - generalized other)</div></div>

what are immature defense mechanisms?

<b><div></div></b><b>mnemonic - PP (sounds immature)</b><div><b><br></b></div>(1) <b>projection</b> - throw attributes to someone else - can lead to....<div><br></div><div>  <b>projective identification </b>- person targeted with projection can start believing, feeling, having thoughts of the attributes that were projected to them<div><br></div><div>(2) <b>passive aggression </b></div></div>

what is the deal with Albert <b>Bandura a</b>nd the bobo doll experiment?

<b><font color="#f40004">learning-performance distinction</font></b><div><br></div><div>learning and behavior and performing it are 2 different things</div><div><br></div><div>not performing it doesn't mean you didn't learn it</div><div><br></div><div><img src="Bandura+and+The+Bobo+Doll.jpg"></div>

what is a major difference between classical and operant conditioning?

<b><font color="#fd0207">only</font></b> <font color="#0a2ffd"><b><i><u>operant conditioning</u></i></b></font> <b><font color="#fd0207">directly affects behavior</font></b>

what is sick role?

<b>Societal expectation</b> that you can take a break from working if you are sick but taking too long of a break means you are lazy

what is fundamentalism?

<b>a reaction to secularization</b>, religion goes back to its roots and is very orthodox/strict

what was observed for <b>securely</b> attached children?

<b>able to explore </b>in a room <b>with a stranger without much issue </b>and was soothed/returned to mother 

what connects broca's and wernicke's area?

<b>arcuate fasciculus</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>LOOKS LIKE AN <i><font color="#f40004">ARC</font></i></b></div><div><b><i><br /></i></b></div><div><b><i><img src="speech-process-in-brain-arcuate-fasciculus.jpg" /><br /></i></b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div></div>

what is at the heart of a variable ratio?

<b>average</b> number of responses

what is the actual self?

<b>balance</b> between I and me

what is self efficacy?

<b>belief </b>in ones ability to do things

what is epigenetics?

<b>changes in gene expression</b> due to modification of DNA at the molecular level. this includes methylation, acetylation, etc.<div><br /></div><div><img src="1280px-Epigenetic_mechanisms.jpg" /></div>

what sociocultural/environment factors contribute to depression?

<b>co-rumination/empathy</b>: having friend/partner with depression can increase likelihood of individuals around you getting depression<div><br /></div><div><b>low socioeconomic status </b>- </div>

what is social isolation?

<b>community voluntarily </b>isolates themselves from society/mainstream

what are the 3 components of rational choice theory?

<b>completeness</b> (every action can be ranked)<div><br></div><div><b>transitivity</b> (A>B>C so A>C)<div><br></div><div><b>independence of irrelevant alternatives </b>(choice X would not affect initial ranking)</div></div>

what do upper motor neurons do?

<b>control</b> lower motor neurons<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-85693187489793.jpg" /></div>

what are delta waves associated with?

<b>d</b>eep sleep<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what socio-cultural factors contribute to aggression?

<b>de-individuation - </b>loss of self-awareness and RESTRAIN when in groups<div><br></div><div><b>social scripts - </b>when people are in <b>new situations</b> they <b>rely on</b> social scripts - or <b>instructions provided by society</b> on how to act</div><div><br></div><div><img src="D5A8E484-3C96-42DA-9F62-82F0C3502D16.jpg"><br></div><div><br></div>

what is a <b>con</b> for employment based on technical qualifications in the ideal bureaucracy?

<b>peter principle</b> - where every employee in hierarchy keeps getting promoted until they reach level of incompetence (they remain at a position because they are not good enough at the job to get promoted any further)<div><br></div><div><img src="The-Peter-Principle.jpg"></div>

what is wernicke's encephalopathy?

<b>precursor</b> to Korsakoff's syndrome, left untreated it will progress to Korsakoff's<div><br></div><div><img src="tumblr_ncpbx2plen1sbfl86o1_500.png"></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

what are some internal factors related to how likely we are to conform?

<b>prior commitments </b>- if we say something that goes against group, we will decrease conformity because we are less likely to say something different later. if we said something earlier that is along the lines of the group, we will have increased conformit because we will say the same thing now. we are not likely to change what we say<div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>feelings of insecurity - </b>more likely to follow judgements of others </div>

what is self referencing?

<b>relating</b> new info to <b>yourself</b> to help encoding

what can help with disobedience?

<b>role model for defiance - </b>more likely to disobey orders when we see others doing the same

what does broadbent's early selection theory state?

<b>sensory register-->selective filter-->perceptual process-->conscious</b><div><br></div><div>problem? if you selectively filter everything then you wouldn't be able to hear your name in a crowded room. </div><div><br></div><div><img src="6CB8A6A1-D10D-48CF-BCEE-888149D79865.jpg"><br></div><div><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);"> </span></div><div><br></div>

rods have a very ___ recovery time compared to cones,

<b>slow</b>. which is why takes time to adjust to a dark room

what is a trait?

<b>stable</b> <b>characteristic</b> of a person that causes individuals to consistently behave certain ways

what does the linguistic universalism theory state?

<b>thought</b> <i>determines language</i> <b>completely</b>.<div><br /></div><div>Ex: New Guinea only have 2 words for color. If they had other thoughts, they would develop more words for color</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-241450176479233.jpg" /></div>

what are cluster B personality disorders?

<div>(1) <b>Antisocial</b> - little or no regard for others (ANTIsociety)</div><div><br /></div><div>(2) <b>borderline </b>- unstable/<b>BORDERLINE </b>relationships/emotions, variable self-image, compulsive </div><div><br /></div><div>(3) <b>histrionic</b> - very attention seeking - displays emotions outwardly, wear bright clothes (H for <b>H</b>ollywood Actress)</div><div><br /></div><div>(4) <b>narcissistic</b> - huge egos, need for admiration, praise, grandiose</div>

what is the main physiological evidence of Parkinson's disease?

<div>(picture a <b>trembling </b>guy walking along a <b>park</b> and all of a sudden <b>niagra falls</b> is showering them)</div><div><br /></div>loss of <b>substantia nigra</b>, which is a darker tissue in the brainstem<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-756949331214337.jpg" /></div>

1st stage piaget

<div>0-2 years</div><div><br /></div><img src="paste-123750892699652.jpg" />

fetal development is at __ weeks

what is the conventional stage divided into?

<div><b>CON</b>vict named <b>NORM</b> (societal norms - good girl/bad girl) behind <b>BARS</b> (law and order)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src="paste-41880226103300.jpg" /><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-42494406426628.jpg" /><br /><div><br /></div></div>

what is the definition of symbolic interactionism?

<div>social theory that's a <b>microperspective</b></div><div><br /></div>takes small scale view of society, society is built of everyday social interactions<div><br /></div><div>focuses on the <b>individual and </b><i><b>significance </b>they give to objects, events, symbols</i></div>

who proposed the theory of 3 types of intelligence? - analytical, creative, and practical intelligence?

<div>sternburg</div><div><br /></div><img src="paste-186706523324420.jpg" />

what is gestalt law of past experience?

<div>visual stimuli categorized according to past experience</div><div><br /></div><img src="paste-137181255434244.jpg" />

positive emotions are associated with the __ side of the brain and negative emotions are associated with the __ side

<font color="#06f42e"><b>left</b></font><div><b><br /></b><div><font color="#f4060a"><b>right</b></font></div></div>

what is the life course theory?

<i>aging is a biopsychosocial process that starts from birth and ends at death</i><div><br /></div><div><b>holistic perspective</b></div><div><br /></div><div>biological process change as people live longer = affect social process</div><div><br /></div><div>life course approach refers to a research perspective that considers how experiences from earlier in life affect outcomes later in life</div>

what is a counterculture?

<i>group(subculture)</i> with expectations/values that <b><font color="#ff0073">differ strongly </font></b>with the <i>dominant culture </i><div><i><br /></i></div><div>example: old order amish (PA/OH) reject mainstream ideas and have their own ideas/values, reject technology and consumerism and replace with religious principles (simple lifestyle)</div>

operant conditioning visual summary

what is self-serving bias

drive vs incentive theory

ageing theories summarized

punishment vs reinforcement visual comparison

tonic neck reflex (fencing posture)

what are the themes in Vygotsky's sociocultural development theory?

Emilie Durkheim is associated with {{c1::functionalism}}

<img src="51CCBCCF-765D-4526-9A32-3825A9C88CDB.jpg"><br><div><br></div><div>Hes German, germans get shit done</div>

what is phenylketonuria and why should we care?

<img src="600px-How_does_PKU_occur.png" /><div><br /></div><div>tyrosine gives rise to adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine!</div>

population pyramid

visual field processing picture

benzo/alcohol mechanism of action

KNOW THIS SHIT

cochlear implant

ideal self and real self according to carl rogers

effort justification

freud personality theory visualized

palmer grasp reflex

auditory pathway

what is bradykinesia?

withdrawal symptoms

PET detail

parenting styles summarized

reticular activating system

what is source amnesia?

phototransduction visual summary

tongue innervation (khan notes)

split-brain patient

attention type visual comparison

what is yerkes-dodson law?

disequilibrium and equilibrium piaget process visualized

galant reflex

MRI vs CAT

what is diathesis stress model?

lateral vs ventral hypothalamic food functions

<img src="f0da9ba1e79c666c7f1d0386abee50a8.jpeg" /><div><br /></div><div>LH - Larry's Hungry - hunger</div><div><br /></div><div>ventrOmedial - satiety</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

freud psychosexul summarized

cross sectional vs longitudinal

how does chronic stress effect the body?

visual regions of tongue

what is parallel processing?

what explains the logic-hole in dreams?

<img src="maxresdefault (21).jpg"><div>Certain Parts are on and off during sleep</div>

menstrual cycle and feedback concept visual summary

self-serving bias vs fundamental attribution error

study types

parkinson biology

cortical lateralization and split-brain syndrom

split-brain

rods and cones visual comparison

schizophrenia positive vs negative

monoamines

basal ganglia anatomy

dopamine reward pathway

what does placebo control group even mean?

<img src="paste-107520211288068.jpg" /><div><br /></div><div>suggests randomized</div>

SSRI vs MAOI

cochlea/organ of corti visual

internal vs external locus of control

receptor types

piaget stages - uworld

conservation task - piaget

continuum human behavior

place theory

brain organization

drugs

operant conditioning

nicotine

instinctive drift

reinforcement schedule

operant conditioning examples

long-term potentiation

neuroplasticity

brain lobes

what is gestalt law of common fate?

neurotransmitter visual summary

serotonin visual guide

acetylcholine visual guide

dopamine visual guide

endorphins visual guide

folkdways, moroes, taboos, law, visual summary

brain imaging visual comparison

what is trichromatic theory of color?

PET mechanism

what is opponent process theory of color?

bipolar on-center vs bipolar off-center

collective vs group behavior summarized

fixed vs growth mindset

aging and cognitive abilities visual summary

habituation vs dishabituation

what is the rooting reflex?

<img src="paste-254841884508161.jpg" /><div>cheek stroking = baby turns head</div><div><br /></div><div>allows for orientation to mothers nipple or bottle</div><div><br /></div><div>disappears in few weeks of life, then baby turns head voluntarily</div>

innate vs learned behavior visual summary

escape vs avoidance learning

sensitization vs habituation visual summary

vygotsky summarized

menustral cycle steps

maslow's hierarchy visual summary

what is the sympathetic nervous system to stress?

explaining the hypnotized state

4 development theories

psychoactive drug categories

organization types summary

freud and erikson development summarized

what did eysenck propose with respect to biological theory of personality?

freud psychosexual summarized

surface vs source traits

neural brain development organization summary

factor analysis

defense mechanism visual summary

conformity and groupthink visual summary

obedience vs compliance vs conformity visual comparison

what is haloperidol?

<img src="paste-660505840582657.jpg" /><div><br /></div><div>antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia</div>

somatic vs conversion vs factitious disorder

neurotransmitter deficiency visual summary

parkinson vs alzheimer

nervous system receptor types

gestalt principles

social and self stigma visual summary

bodily senses visual comparison

monocular depth cues

stereopsis

accomodation (lense)

sensory adaptation

concentric stigma circles 

sleep stages and cycles

erikson's personality summary

sleep changes visual

internval vs external validity

box and whisker plot

box and whisker plot median comparison

primacy and recency bias visual graph

visual field comparison

parvo and magno pathway

private vs public conformity

self-fulfilling prophecy visual summary

route of drug administration

<img src="routes-of-drug-administration-getting-the-drugs-in-n.jpg" /><div><br /></div><div>intramuscular - fastest route</div><div><br /></div><div>most abused drugs are injected INTRAVENOUSLY however </div>

opiate mechanism of action

amphetamine mechanism of action

cocaine mechanism of action

semicircular vs otolith organs

what are the subsystems of the superego?

distal vs proximal stimuli

PET vs fMRI

what did cloninger contribute to biological theory of personality?

sucking reflex

the adrenal glands are stimulated by 

ACTH(adreno cortico tropic hormone)

what is the Thanatos drive?

AKA death drive: self destructive/harmful drive<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-566123934253057.jpg" /></div>

what is working memory?

AKA short term memory. consists of what you are thinking of in the exact moment. 7 units of information (+or- 2) available.<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_5 (5).jpg" /></div>

who are the 2 people associated with Humanistic theory?

Abraham <b>Maslow(</b>hierarchy of needs)<b> </b>and Carl <b>Rogers</b>.<div><br></div><div>both believed central feature of personality was <b>self-concept</b> - <i>achieved when genuineness + acceptance are brought together</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><i><br></i></div>

what is required for an age cohort?

An age cohort must be taken from the same generation.<div><br /></div><div>A generation needs three common aspects: a sociocultural location or common experiences, a temporal location (20 to 25 years in length per generation), and a historical location or commonality of era.</div><div><br /></div>

what are some things strongly related to alzheimer's?

ApoE4 (metabolism of fats)<div><br /></div><div>high blood pressure</div><div><img src="nature-risky-inheritance-050614.png" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what are examples of mania?

DIG FAST<div><br /></div><div><b>D</b>istractibility</div><div><br /></div><div><b>I</b>nsomnia</div><div><br /></div><div><b>G</b>randiose</div><div><br /></div><div><b>F</b>leeting thoughts</div><div><br /></div><div><b>A</b>gitation</div><div><br /></div><div><b>S</b>peech (pressured)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>T</b>houghtlessness (risky behavior)</div>

what are paraphilic disorders?

DISTRESS from having sexual arousal to unusual stimuli for a person's culture<div><br /></div><div>must cause distress/disability to self or harm to another person</div>

what is gender dysphoria?

DISTRESS permeates as person identifies as different gender

Obsesive-compulsive personality disorder

DO NOT MIX WITH OCD<div><br /></div><div><b>focus on control, orderliness<br /></b><div><br /></div><div><img src="DQeMU-8UMAAba7g.jpg" /></div></div>

conservation of matter is learned

DURING concrete operational

what is the role of the amygdala?

emotional control.

what is neuroticism?

emotional stability (anxiety, tension)

what is schizoid personality disorder?

emotionally detached and shows little emotion

what is social cognitive theory of personality?

emphasizes relationship between people and their environment. <div><br /></div><div><img src="Social+cognitive+Theory.jpg" /><br /><div><br /></div><div>"AM I Motivated?</div><div>Requires <b>Attention, Memory, Imitation, and Motivation</b>"</div></div>

what is the encoding specificity effect?

enchanced memory when testing takes place under learning conditions

the GI tract (esophagus, small testine), large intestine), lungs, liver, and pancreas all develop from the 

endoderm<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-238594023227396.jpg" /></div>

what portion of the inner ear helps determine strength of rotation/movement of head?

endolymph inside semicircular canals

opiates act on ___ receptors

endorphin

what is the functionalist view of mass media?

entertainment/<b>agent of socialization</b> (<b>enforcer of social norms</b>)

the ____ interacts with genes to influence behavior

environment

what are source characteristics?

environment around the message and the speaker's background<div><br /></div><div>expertise, trustowrthyness, do they seem knowledgeable</div>

what is autobiographical memory?

episodic + semantic<div><br /></div><div><img src="What+is+autobiographical+memory.jpg" /></div>

remembering residential history/childhood memories is

episodic memory

what is escape learning?

escaping a stimulus once it has occured<div><br /></div><div>negative reinforcement</div>

what is instinctual drift?

established habits, learned using operant techniques, eventually are replaced by innate food-related behaviors<div><br /></div><div>the learned behavior "drifts" to the organism's species-specific (instinctual) behavior</div>

what are churches

established religious bodies in a larger society<div><br /></div><div>ex: Roman Catholic church<br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>

what is the secondary appraisal of stress?

evaluation of your ability to cope with the situation<div><br /></div><div><img src="Lazarus+and+Folkmanâ€™s+Theory.jpg" /></div>

what is normative influence?

even thoug<b>h you have background knowledge</b>, you conform to the group to<b> <font color="#fd0207">avoid being a social outcast</font></b>

what is a stressor?

event that is threatening/challenging<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-24859270709252.jpg" /></div>

what is groupthink?

everyone thinks/acts the same way to maintain cohesiveness<div><br /></div><div><img src="1200-608292-the-psychological-phenomenon-of-groupthink.jpg" /></div>

what did charles cooley think about social development?

everyone you interact with influences you

whats a problem with just world hypothesis?

evil deeds rewarded<div><br /></div><div>good deeds punished</div>

what is the function of glutamate?

excitatory neurotransmitter<div><br /></div><div><img src="Exp_8_GlutamateV2.jpeg" /></div>

what can change the absolute threshold of detection?

expectations<div><br /></div><div>experience</div><div><br /></div><div>motivation</div><div><br /></div><div>alertness</div>

what is the diffusion of responsibiliy theory?

explains bystander effect. when in a group you feel less responsible for shit<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is opponent process theory?

explains drug addiction, a form of motivation<div><br /></div><div>KA definition: <b>motivation that stems from the contrasts in opposite stimuli, like pain and pleasure</b><br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="opponent-process-theory-n.jpg" /></div></div>

what is gender schema theory?

explains how individuals should be gendered in a society<img src="screen-shot-2013-12-15-at-11-11-26-pm1.png" />

what is a mediating variable?

explains relationship between IV and DV

what type of memory is a flashbulb memory?

explicit - autobiographical

what is priming?

exposure to one stimulus can alter our perception of another or subsequent stimulus

what is internal validity?

extent to which a causal conclusion based on study is warranted.

what is a stigma?

extreme disapproval of a person based a behavior or quality of that person

what is a simple trait?

eye color or hair color<div><br /></div><div>linked to specific genes</div><div><br /></div><div>mendelian monogenic inheritance patterns refer to traits that are associated with a single gene and are associated with simple traits</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what imaging techniques combine structure and function?

fMRI and PET

what are institutional facts?

facts created by social conventions and rely on other facts<div><br /></div><div>ex: money depends on the paper we have given value</div>

what is change blindness?

failure to notice a change in an environment due to selective attention<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_15.jpg" /></div>

spreading activation can cause the creation of 

false memories

what is a type II error?

false negative<div><br /></div><div><img src="436264.image0.jpg" /></div>

what is a type 1 error?

false positive<div><br /></div><div><img src="436264.image0.jpg" /></div>

which is the most important agent of socialization?

family

are position/vibration/touch (mechanoreceptors) fast or slow?

fast

what is an advantage of a CAT scan?

faster than MRI

what is culture shock?

feeling of disorientation/uncertainty/fear when encountering unfamiliar cultural practices<div><br /><div>Ex: muslim guy in europe getting offended by unmarried couple kissing in public</div></div>

what is serotonin involved in?

feelings of satiation

what is the glass ceiling effect?

females poorly represented in higher positions<img src="large.png" />

what are the 3 factors that contribute to a growth rate in a population?

fertility, mortality, migration

what is acute withdrawal?

few weeks, physical withdrawal symptoms

what is post-acute withdrawal?

fewer physical symptoms, more emotional/psychological symptoms<div><br /></div><div>mood swings, anxiety, irritability, tiredness, low enthusiasm, variable concentration</div>

which taste papillae does not contain taste buds?

filiform papillae

what is the anterior chamber of the eye?

filled with aqueous humor - provides pressure to maintain shape of the eyball - allows nutrients and minerals to supply cells of cornea. Image

what is the vitreous chamber?

filled with vitreous humor, jelly like substance, gives pressure to eye<div><br /></div><div><img src="Vitreous-Humour.png" /></div>

what is the function of the cerebellum?

fine motor control/voluntary movement. proprioception<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-126632815755268.jpg" /></div>

fast adapting neuron

fires as soon as stimulus starts, stops, then starts up again once stimulus stops

what years are crucial for development in personality according to freud?

first 5 years of life

what are examples of complex innate bheavior?

fixed action pattern<div><br /></div><div>migration</div><div><br /></div><div>circardian rhythm</div>

what is structural functionalism?

focuses broadly on social structures that shape society as a whole, and how each part helps keep society stable

what is the basic thrust of <b>humanistic theory</b>?

focuses on healthy personality development, humans are inherently good. <b>self motivated</b> to s<b>elf actualize. </b>emphasize <b>free will</b>.<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="fig4_08i.gif" /></div><div><br /></div>

what is conflict theory?

focuses on inequalities of different groups in society<div><br /></div><div>society evolves through stages:  </div><div>feudalism --> capitalism --> socialism</div>

what is a phenomenological study?

focuses on subjects experiences, perceptions, and perspectives

what is ethology?

focuses on the observation of animal behaviors, call these <b>overt </b>behaviors (not obvious, just means <i>observable)</i><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><br /></i></div>

what happens during neurulation?

notochord stimulates ectoderm to develop into neural tube<div><br /></div><div>notorchord induces change above on cells above in the ectoderm (cells become thicker) called the neural plate</div><div><br /></div><div>neural plate cells begin to dive into mesoderm. ring structure/tue forms and become known as a neural tube.</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="800px-2912_Neurulation-02.jpg" /></div>

what parts encompass the limbic system?

nucleus accumbens<div><br /></div><div>amygdala</div><div><br /></div><div>hippocampus</div>

what is the first brain structure thought to be lost in the progression of alzheimers?

nucleus basalis, important for cognitive function and AcH release<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_26 (1).jpg" /></div>

what defines an authoritarian personality?

obedient to superiors, but don't have sympathy for those inferior <div><br /></div><div><b>oppressive</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>rigid thinkers, <b>inflexible viewpoints</b></div>

sleep deprivation can lead to

obesity, depression, mood disorders<div><br /></div><div><img src="130003e1511191274o5362.jpg" /></div>

what is obedience?

obey orders from a higher authority<div>(traffic laws, firefighter, mein fuhrer)</div>

what is gestalt's law of closure?

objects grouped together are seen as whole (filling in a triangle where there is none, pacman shit). Image

what is a case control study?

observational study where 2 groups that have different outcomes are compared to find a causal factor

what is OCD?

obsessive (unwanted repetitive thoughts)<div><br></div><div>compulsive (unwanted repetitive actions)</div><div><br></div><div><img src="obsessive-compulsive-disorder-1.jpg"></div>

breathing related disorders can take 3 forms:

obstruction related, brain related, hypoventilation<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-422289774477316.jpg" /></div>

what are the trauma/stress related disorders

occurs after stressful/traumatic event.<div>Ex: PTSD</div>

what is neglect syndrome?

occurs when damage to the brain causes a change or loss in the capacity of the spatial dimension of divided attention<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-524123449065473.jpg" /></div>

what is Schizotypal personality disorder?

odd beliefs/magical thinking

steric theory of olfaction (shape theor)

odors fit into receptors similar to a lock-and-key

what is formal sanction?

officially recognized and enforced

what is disengagement theory?

old people detach from society and become more introspective<div><br></div><div>become more self-absorbed as they age</div><div><br></div><div>self-reflection</div><div><br></div><div>Disengagement theory examines the self-reflection that occurs as one ages and how aging causes a separation of society.</div><div><br></div><div><img src="71D61F9B-AC0A-4522-A794-EF5B7C03092C.jpg"><br></div>

what is the collection of nerves, sitting above the cribiform plate, that allows olfaction?

olfactury bulb, projected down into olfactory epilthelium with receptors<div><br /></div><div><img src="OlfactorySchematic.jpeg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-320589243875329.jpg" /></div>

where is grey matter located in the brain?

on the outside, white is on inside

what is spreading activation?

one cue/memory stimulates retrieval of other related memories<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-118618406780929.jpg" /></div>

what is an independent stressor?

one not controlled by the person

what is individual discrimination?

one person taking action against another

what is a microculture?

one that cannot support people through their lifespan, only affect one period of life<div>Ex: girl scouts, sororities, boarding school</div><div><br></div><div><img src="F8F4DC35-1CDF-4AE7-8784-3680EB8F446D.jpg"><br></div>

what is primary deviance?

one that is met with mild/no reaction<div><br /></div><div>doesn't impact person's self-esteem<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="Primary+and+Secondary+Deviance.jpg" /></div></div>

what is secondary deviance?

one that is met with severe reaction/consequence<div><br /></div><div><img src="Primary+and+Secondary+Deviance.jpg" /></div>

what is a dependent stressor?

one that the person influences

what are pathological defense mechanisms?

ones that distort reality

what is central route processing?

only if you are interested in it, deep processing of info, creates LASTING attitude change

what is the role of the prefrontal cortex in the reward pathway?

oooh look at that fat blunt

what is the pupil?

opening in middle of iris. opens and closes due to iris contraction. Image

BF skinner is associated with

operant conditioning

what are peptide neurotransmitters?

opioids (endorphins)

the nasal retinal nerves cross over at the

optic chiasm<div><br /></div><div><img src="Medial-Fibres-Crossing-over-at-the-Optic-Chiasm.jpg" /></div>

what does evolutionary game theory state?

organism that is most fit will survive and reproduce, and those genes will become more common in successive generation<div><br /></div><div><b>reproduction and environment are central to evolutionary game theory</b></div>

what does a social movement require?

organization, leadership, and resources

what is audition?

our sense of sound

what is public conformity?

outwardly changing but inside you maintain core beliefs<div><br /></div><div>only outwardly agree with the group</div>

the stapes is attached to the ____

oval window, pushes in when vibrating<div><br /></div><div><img src="aud2.gif" /></div>

what does attribution theory overemphasize and underemphasize?

overemphasizes internal/dispositional factors<div><br /></div><div>underemphasizes external/situational factors</div>

nociception

pain

what is the more knowledgable other?

part of Vygotsky's theory. is the person who knows more than the learner and assists in their development<div><br /></div><div>the interaction of:  learner + MKO --> learning + higher M.F.</div>

what is the ego?

part of unconscious and conscious. it mediates between the superego and the Id. seeks LONG TERM gratification

what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

part of working memory involving visual memories. works with the <b>phonological loop</b> to <div><br /></div><div><img src="visvoc.gif" /></div>

what is passive aggression?

passively expressing your anger

what is popular culture?

patterns of experience and attitudes that exist within a mainstream normative society - like attending a game or watching a parade

what are the elimination disorders?

peeing or pooping at bad times<div><br /></div><div><img src="012-1.png" /></div>

what hormones are released post-orgasm?

prolactin - sexual gratification/sexual arousal relief<div><br /></div><div>endorphins - euphoria and pleasure</div><div><br /></div><div>oxytocin - connectedness</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is poor lower class

proletariat

what is selection bias

proper randomization not achieve, thereby ensuring the sample isnt representative of population intended to be analyzed

what is an exurb?

prosperous area outside of a suburb and commute to city for work<div><br></div><div>example: Woodlands near Houston, TX</div>

what is gustducin?

protein associated with sense of taste

the dispositional theory of behavior is more closely related to

psychoanalysts

what did erikson propose for development?

psychosocial development<div><br /></div><div>personality/identity development occurs through one's <b>entire lifespan</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>each stage depends on overcoming a <b>conflict</b>, and success/failure at each stage affects overall functioning of theory</div>

what are somatic symptom disorders

psychosomatic issues<div>Ex: fibromyalgia</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Somatoform+Disorder.jpg" /></div>

what is a factitious disorder?

pt wants to be sick so he makes shit up to get Dx/Tx<div><br /></div><div>sick role: not for money<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="minti.jpg" /></div></div>

incipient stage

public takes notice of the situation that they consider to be a problem (part of social movement stages)

what is negative sanction?

punishment for violating norms

what is up regulation of sight?

pupils dilate, rods and cones start synthesizing light sensitive molecules

what is taxis?

purposeful movement towards or away from stimuli

what is racialization?

racial identity ascribed to a minority group

what is MRI?

radio waves used to expose magnetic field

kinesis

random movement (if you turned light on rats - theyll respond by randomly scurring) 

what part of the brainstem releases serotonin?

raphei nuclei

what is gestalt's law of pragnanz

reality reduced to simplest form possible (think, olympic rings). instead of seeing 5 rings you see olympic logo. Image

the primacy/recency effect is most pronounced when

recall takes place immediately afterward

what is cued recall?

recall that follows a "cue" of some sort<div><br /></div><div><img src="TESTS+OF+MEMORY+Free+recall+Cued+recall+Recognition.jpg" /></div>

what is free recall?

recall without any cue<div><br /></div><div><img src="TESTS+OF+MEMORY+Free+recall+Cued+recall+Recognition.jpg" /></div>

what abilities decline as people age?

recall, episodic memory, processing speed, divided attention<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-95627446845441.jpg" /></div>

what is retroactive interference?

recently learned info interferes with learning of older info<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is sensory adaptation?

receptor changing over time due to stimulus. can downregulate or upregulate (think hand on table, no change in pressure so receptor will stop firing until it changes again)<div><br /></div><div><img src="Sensory_Adaptation.jpg" /></div>

what is the the TrpV1 receptor?

receptor that causes signaling for both heat and pain. <div><br /></div><div>mnemonic: IMAGINE YOU  TRIPPED ONTO LAVA (TRP), WOULDNT THAT SHIT HURT?</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Activation_of_TRPV1_by_capsaicin.jpg" /></div>

what is a byproduct from the frustration aggression hypothesis?

rechanneling aggression towards someone else - minorities<div><br /></div><div>display aggression towards other people - scapegoating</div>

habituation

reduced response to a stimulus after frequent exposure

desensitization

reduction in response to a stimulus which may cause pain, even though pain receptors have not actually attenuated their signal

what is cross tolerance?

reduction in the efficacy or responsiveness to a novel drug due to a common CNS target<div><br /></div><div><img src="13.jpg" /></div>

what is selection bias?

refers to bias in how people are chosen to participate

what is locus of control?

refers to extent to which people think they have control over their life

how does the id fulfill the pleasure principle?

reflex (sneezing)<div><br></div><div>primary processes (forming mental image of the desired object)</div><div><br></div><div>wish fulfillment (image of desire helps to temporarily restore comfort)</div>

what is the function of the pons?

regulates waking and relaxing<div><br></div><div><img src="paste-129583458287620.jpg"></div>

what is the function of the parathyroid?

regulation of calcium levels

what is the function of the thyroid?

regulation of metabolism

what is the gestalt principle of subjective contours also known as?

reification or illusory contours<div><br /></div><div>describes how our mind fills in the gaps</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-91156385890308.jpg" /></div>

what is gentrification?

reinvestment into low income places, results in increased housing costs and poor people displacement<div><br></div><div><img src="DE8F219C-B551-4ABE-A7C4-6FAF816B5785.jpg"><br></div>

what is attribution theory?

relates to the ways in which people attempt to explain various behaviors and events

what is operant conditioning?

relationship between behavior and its consequences<div><br /></div><div><img src="1200-607827-46303084-64768013.jpg" /></div>

what is the issue with functionalism?

focuses too much on society as a whole and not the individual<div><br></div><div>unable to explain social change and conflict</div><div><br></div><div>so focused on equilibrium that little change and conflict is modeled and no conflict can occur</div><div><br></div><div>functionalism is still useful in examining the function of its integral parts</div><div><br></div><div><img src="6650F336-FB0E-4B2A-A023-9DFD707E3336.jpg"><br></div>

although Erikson was influenced by Freud, what was a key difference?

Erikson suggested there <b>WAS</b> room for <b>GROWTH THROUGHOUT</b> <b>LIFE </b>(not just childhood)

what is the Lazarus theory of emotion?

Event--><b>label event</b>(as good/bad)-->emotion+physiologic response<div><br /></div><div>Requires <i>labeling</i> of event before experiencing emotion and physiologic response at <i>same time</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><b>L</b>azarus - <b>L</b>abeling</div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i><img src="paste-316959996510212.jpg" /></i></div>

what is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Event-->Physiologic Response+Emotion<div><br /></div><div>Emotion+Physiologic response happens at <i>same time</i></div><div><i><br /></i></div><div><i>mnemonic: </i>picture a bad <b>cannon</b> splitting a cannonball into two (simultaneous)</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="theories+of+emotion.jpg" /></div>

what is weak self efficacy?

focusing on personal failures and negative outcomes<div><br /></div><div><b>FALL</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>F = failure</b></div><div><b>A = avoid challenging tasks</b></div><div><b>L = lose confidence</b></div><div><b>L = lack ability to take on complex tasks</b></div>

what do twin studies say about traditionalism?

follow authority is common in twins

what are feeding and eating disorders

food abnormalities<div>Ex: Anorexia nervosa, bulimia</div>

what is the parvo(cellular) pathway?

form - spatial resolution, details, color - <b>cones</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>(ONLY STATIONARY - POOR TEMPORAL RESOLUTION - time)<br /></b><div><br /></div><div>mnemonic: <b>p</b>ink <b>p</b>yramid (a type of "form"/"shape")</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-232916076462081.jpg" /></div></div>

what is concentration?

form of segregation: clusters of groups in segregated communities

what is significant about the synciotrophoblast later on in development?

form villi form fetal blood vessels - which are in CLOSE contact to uterine blood<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-230841607258116.jpg" /></div>

at what stage do children begin to engage in abstract thought and moral reasoning?

formal operational

what is a secondary group?

formal/impersonal and business like relationship.<div><br /></div><div>goal-oriented<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-15874199126020.jpg" /></div></div>

what is accomodation?

formulating a new schema to interpret new shit<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_33.jpg" /></div>

cones are found primarily in the 

fovea<div><br /></div><div>60% red</div><div><br /></div><div>30% green</div><div><br /></div><div>10% blue</div>

what is a dizygotic twin?

from different eggs. (fraternal)<div><br /></div><div><img src="Identical_twins_lg.jpg" /></div>

what portions of the ear are the outer ear?

from pinna --> TM<div><br /></div><div><img src="outer-middle-inner-ear-inner-middle-and-outer-ear-about-hearing-loss-human-body-anatomy.jpg" /></div>

what is a monozygotic twin?

from same egg(identical)<div><br /></div><div><img src="Identical_twins_lg.jpg" /></div>

what is the activation synthesis hypothesis of dreams?

frontal cortex tries to make sense of random impulses from brain stem firing during REM sleep<div><br /></div><div><img src="dreamActSyn.gif" /></div>

where is broca's area located?

frontal lobe

which part of the brain is responsible for <b>impulse control</b>, and by extension: aggression?

frontal lobe

what is the frustration aggression hypothesis?

frustration at a situation leads to aggression towards something and results in prejudice

what is the frustration-aggression principle?

frustration-->aggression-->violence<div><br /><div>Ex: more crime on hot days</div></div>

what is the pleasure principle?

gain pleasure <b><i><u>or avoid pain</u></i></b> (id from freud)<div><br></div><div><br></div>

at what stage does the "I and Me" come into fruition from Mead's social behaviorism theory?

game stage

at what stage in mead's theory of social behaviorism does the concept of the generalized other emerge?

game stage

what is an important difference between evolutionary game theory and general game theory?

game theory involves intention, where participants reason about behaviors of others<div><br></div><div>evolutionary game theory different because <b>decisions might not have a conscious intention</b> on part of players</div>

fornication (sexual orientation)

gender sexually attracted to 

attraction (sexual orientation)

gender they're romantically attracted to

what is the feminist view of mass media?

gendered razors and shit, similar to conflict theory<div><br /></div><div>women depicted as victims, men as aggressors</div><div><br /></div><div>women are "other"</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>"razors" and "razors for women"</div>

what is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

general state of tenseness and uneasyness greater than 6 months<div><br /></div><div>sometimes have diagnosis with depression (not part of it, but goes along with)</div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src="640px--Generalized_anxiety_disorder_video.webm.jpg" /></div></div>

what is an innate behavior?

genetically programed (reflex, fixed action pattern,orientation behavior)<div><br /></div><div><b>fixed action pattern example:</b></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="egg-roll.gif" /></div>

schizophrenia results from a combination of 

genetics and environment<div><br /></div><div><img src="DOPAMINE+HYPOTHESIS+The+Dopamine+hypothesis+states+that+the+brain+of+schizophrenic+patients+produces+more+dopamine+than+normal+brains..jpg" /></div>

what is the most powerful predictor of relationships/friendships forming?

geographical proximity

what is displacement?

getting mad at an easier target

what is fixation?

getting stuck with the wrong approach to solving a problem

what is fixation, in the context of Freud's developmental theory?

getting<b> stuck at a certain stage</b> of development

what is convergence?

gives depth perception based on how much eyes are turned inward

what is the iris?

gives the eye color - muscle that constricts/relaxes to change the size of the pupil. Image

what is the magno(cellular) pathway?

good at detecting motion<div><br /></div><div>HIGH TEMPORAL resolution (think time, motion)</div><div><br /></div><div>POOR SPATIAL - no color</div><div><br /></div><div>RODS</div><div><br /></div><div>mnemonic: picture magneto moving shit</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="giphy (3).gif" /></div><div><br /></div>

what is the just world phenomenon?

good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people 

what is monarchy?

government embodied by single person, king/queen is the figurehead

what are sociological examples of an institution?

government, school, religion, laws, business<div><br></div><div><br></div>

what is population transfer?

group is forcefully moved from territory

what is group polarization?

group makes decisions that are more <b>extreme </b> than any individual member in the group would want. This can turbo charge the group's viewpoints

what is confirmation bias?

group members seek out info that supports the majority view

what are personality disorders?

group of disorders characterized by rigid, maladaptive traits <div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-634010187333633.jpg" /></div>

what are some factors that can influence conformity

group size, unanimity, group status, group cohesion, observed behavior, public response

what is a primary group?

group that is closest to you<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-15869904158724.jpg" /></div>

what is a negative control

group with no response expected

assimilation is ___ level while socialization is ___ level

group/ individual 

what is chunking?

grouping pieces of info together to improve encoding<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is residential segregation?

groups of people separate into different neighborhoods based on race and income level<img src="1494703136346.jpg" />

what is social identity?

groups you belong to 

what are the required elements of a "growth promoting climate?"

growth nurtured when individual is "<b>genuine</b>"<div><br></div><div>growth is nurtured through <b>acceptance</b> by others</div><div><br></div><div><b>Empathy</b></div>

what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

hallucinations, delusions<div><br /></div><div><img src="negative-positive-symptoms-schizophrenia.jpg" /></div>

complex traits

happiness, aggressiveness, intelligence, characteristics of our behavior that are controlled by/characterized by groups of genes<div><br /></div><div>the genes can be <b>active</b> or<b> inactive</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>environment plays a role in activating/inactive. complex traits are associated with groups of genes and can follow mendelian polygenic inheritance patterns</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Single-gene-disorders-or-complex-traits-A-single-rare-mutation-can-fully-account-for-a.png" /></div>

what is discrimination?

harmful ACTIONS against a minority

what is bipolar 2 disorder?

has NEVER HAD manic episode, instead only peaks at "hypomania"<div><br /></div><div><img src="bipolllarrr.jpg" /></div>

what is an ill defined problem?

has more ambiguous starting and ending point<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_3 (3).jpg" /></div>

development tends to move from __ to __

head to toe

what is the function of the temporal cortex?

hearing, Wernicke's area

cortisol effects

helps regulate metabolism, bp, and immune response<div><br /></div><div>extended period: negative health consequences: weight gain, prolonged wound healing, increased susceptibility to infectious disease, and sleep/memory problems</div>

what is the latent content in freud's dream theory?

hidden meaning<div><br /></div><div><img src="pawn_dreams.jpg" /></div>

what is sexual dimorphism?

high degree of male/female sexual traits

when does photopic vision occur?

high light levels

what is test retest reliability?

high positive correlation between first and second administration of a test

a faster route of entry means...

higher risk of addiction/dependence

higher or lower wavelength penetrated deeper into cochlea?

higher wavelength, smaller frequency, travels further<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

which two brain regions are associated with glucocorticoid receptors?

hippocampus<div><br /></div><div>frontal cortex</div>

stepping reflex

hold an infant upright and their feet touch a flat surface, they will start to step as if they are trying to walk<div><br /></div><div><img src="a8dad0b29c8094a23e6a6728676278c9.gif" /></div>

what is melatonin?

hormone secreted by pineal gland, increases in concentration as the day progresses<div><br /></div><div><img src="pineal-gland_med.jpeg" /></div>

what is basilar tuning?

how brain differentiates between different frequencies. hair cells at base of cochlea activated by high freq and apex of chochlea are activated by low freq (think, low freq means high wavelength so it travels faster)<div><br /></div><div><img src="sd329_1_018i.small.jpg" /></div>

what is cultural transmission?

how culture is passed from generation to generation

what is social psychology?

how individuals think, feel, and behave in <b>social </b>interactions

what is the conflict theory view of mass media?

how media portrays/reflects <b>divisions</b> between classes in society<div><br /></div><div>also describes how mass media <b>reflects <i>dominant ideology</i></b></div>

what is side effect discrimination?

how one organization can affect another negatively

what is religiosity

how religious a person is 

what is self concept?

how someone thinks about or perceives/evaluates themself<div><br></div><div><img src="60B1DAD3-DDFC-45F0-8D44-D0B2F24AC799.jpg"><br></div>

what is the behavioral component of attitude?

how we act about or behave towards the thing

what is the affective component of attitude

how we feel about something

what is the cognitive aspect of attitude?

how we think/believe about something

syntax

how words are put together in sentences

what is front stage self

how you act in public or around other people, 

what are the cognitive aspects of emotion?

how you are perceiving/thinking about the situation

what is narcissistic personality disorder?

huge ego, need for admiration/praise

what did galton have to say about intelligence/genius?

human ability is hereditary<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-203177722904580.jpg" /></div>

linguistic relativity asserts that

human cognition is affected by language

what are the basic structures that comprise the limbic system?

hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus<div><br /></div><div>Ex: hippo(campus) wearing a HAT</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-256808979529729.jpg" /></div>

what are the 3 parts of the mind, as per Freud?

id, ego, superego<div><br /></div><div><img src="74a3b76deb108be840c7a4b8401c5ba9.gif" /></div>

what is conflict theory?

idea that large inequal groups are at odds with eachother and will conflict until resolution (which is an equal society)<div><br></div><div>benefits powerful and create inequalities</div><div><br></div><div><img src="4A404B65-7F01-4E73-85AD-3143356B61C7.jpg"><br></div>

what is ego depletion?

idea that self control is a limited resource. if you use a lot of it, it can get used up, and less of it to use in the future which can affect a later unrelated task that also requires self-control<div><br /></div><div><img src="ego.jpg" /></div>

what is non-material culture?

ideas, beliefs, values

what would you expect to see if dizygotic has a strong genetic component?

identical twins =/= fraternal twins<div>identical twins raised together=twins raised apart</div><div>adoptive children=biological family</div><div><br /></div><div>why different between twin types? <b>identical share 100%, while fraternal only share 50%</b></div>

what would you expect to see if a dizygotic has a strong environmental component?

identical twins=fraternal twins<div>identical twins raised apart=/=twins raised together</div><div>adopted child=adopted family and NOT biological family</div><div><br /></div><div>why the same between both twin types?</div><div><b>because they share the same environment</b></div>

what is strain theory?

if a person is blocked from attaining a goal that society says is commendable, they will turn to deviance to achieve that goal<div><br /></div><div><img src="Structural-Strain+Theory+Robert+Merton.jpg" /></div>

dishabituation

if the previously habituated stimulus is removed for a period of time and then brought back, the habituation will be removed and the organism will respond as if it is the first time encountering the stimulus

what is population validity?

if the sample can be used to extrapolate to a population as a whole

what is normatiave social influence?

if we do something to gain respect/support of peers, we're complying with social norms<div><br /></div><div>because of this we might go with group outwardly, but internally believe something differently</div>

what is belief perserverance?

ignoring facts that challenge your beliefs, or go against what you believe<div><br /></div><div><img src="akhugpzzysoy.jpg" /></div>

negative priming requires

implicit memory

what remains stable as people age?

implicit memory and recognition<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-95627446845441.jpg" /></div>

what is the biological theory of personality?

important personality components are INHERITED by GENES

what is cultural imperialism?

imposing ones culture on others deliberately

where is groupthink more likely to occur?

in cohesive, insulated groups<div><br /></div><div>respected/important leaders</div><div><br /></div><div><b>unity</b> takes precedence</div>

what does kin have to say about altruism?

in kin selection - people act more altruistically to close/kin than distant/non-kin

what is anterograde amnesia?

inability to encode new memories

what is anhedonia?

inability to feel pleasure

what is anomia?

inability to name things

what is anosmia?

inability to perceive odor (aNOSEmia = smell)

what is retrograde amnesia?

inability to recall previously encoded information

what is agraphia?

inability to write

what is hindsight bias?

incliniation to see event as predictaible AFTER it has already happened

what is a mixed methods study?

incorporates quantitative methods as well as qualitative analysis

what is nicotine's effect on the body?

increase BP/HR, can disrupt sleep and suppress appetite, acetylcholine receptor agonist (because CNS stimulant)

what is long term potentiation?

increase in synaptic plasticity/strength of synapse. key component of learning.<div><br /></div><div><img src="tumblr_nw6gi3iNyq1sjwwzso2_r1_540.gif" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Long-Term-Potentiation1.jpg" /></div>

what is social facilitaiton?

increase likelyhood that the most "dominant response" will occur. can be either positive or negative<div><br /></div><div><img src="social-facilitation.jpg" /></div>

what is positive feedback?

increase product

what are the function of the bumps/grooves in the cerebral cortex?(gyri/sulci)

increase surface area

what is urban decline?

increased crime and bad shit in a city as people move out<div><br></div><div>buildings abandoned, unemployment/crime rises</div><div><br></div><div>population of city declines</div><div><br></div><div><img src="34851D34-11C4-425B-B29B-C01C5F48B1E7.jpg"><br></div>

what is the genital stage?

individual develops sexual maturity

what is deindividuation?

individual more likely to act badly in a group because they "blend in"<div><br /></div><div><img src="chart.JPG" /></div>

what is the hawthorne effect?

individuals modify aspect of their behavior when they know they are being watched<div><br /></div><div><img src="Hawthorne-Effect-Infographic-1024x576.jpg" /></div>

what is hypnosis?

induced altered state of conciousness. more susceptible to power of suggestion<div><br /></div><div>can create <b>false memories - </b>memories that incorporate hypnotizers expectations even when not intended</div>

mary ainsworth studied

infant attachment<div><br></div><div><img src="F1E11BBE-8DA6-4C27-A9DE-B22A5DAD7D87.jpg"><br></div>

swimming reflex

infants in water move legs/arms in a swimming motion - involuntarily hold breaths<div><br /></div><div><img src="giphy.gif" /></div>

what is attribution?

inferring about the causes of events<div><br /></div><div><img src="picture31311617981435.png" /></div>

what is avoidant personality disorder?

inhibited. avoid putting themselves in situations where they can be <b>criticized</b>

what are GABA and glycine?

inhibitory neurotransmitters

what is the primary appraisal of stress?

initial response to a stressor. can be irrelevant, benign/helpful, or negative. <div><br /></div><div><img src="Lazarus+and+Folkmanâ€™s+Theory.jpg" /></div>

what are some examples from ethology?

innate <b>behavior</b><div><br></div><div>learned <b>behavior</b></div><div><br></div><div>complex <b>behavior</b></div>

what is temperament?

innate disposition, our mood/activity level, and consistent throughout our life

what is temperament?

innate, genetically influenced aspect of "personality"<div><br /></div><div>hardwired, PRE-environment</div>

what does the information processing model postulate?

input-->process-->output<div><br /></div><div><b>bottom-up - why? because it is STIMULUS DRIVEN</b></div>

where is grey matter located in the spinal cord?

inside. white is on outside

what is Treisman's attenuation theory?

instead of the selective filter we have an attenuator that weakens but <b>doesn't eliminate</b> something from the unattended ear. <div><br></div><div>Sensory register-->attenuator-->perceptual process-->conscious</div><div><br></div><div><img src="FD7CB38E-F9B4-43B0-9781-EC53C06542C3.jpg"><br></div>

what is an innate behavior?

instinct

what is institutional discrimination?

institution (government/bank/school) taking action against a minority

what is an organization?

institution designed for a <b>specific purpose</b> or <b>goal. </b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>max efficiency</b></div>

what is the progressive view of institutions?

institutions are <b>artificial</b> creations that need to be <b>redesigned if they are not helpful</b><div><br></div><div>ex: business</div>

what is the conservative view of institutions?

institutions are <b>natural</b> by-products of human nature

what is another term for operant conditioning?

instrumental conditioning

what is the diathesis-stress model?

integrates biological predispositions with environment

where is the libido directed in the latent period in freud's psychosexual development theory?

intellectual pursuits<div><br /></div><div>social interactions</div><div><br /></div><div>development of communication skills</div><div><br /></div><div>peer relationships, hobbies, etc</div>

what are manifest functions?

intended consequences of institutions<div><br /></div><div>businesses provide a service</div><div><br /></div><div>schools educate</div><div><br /></div><div>laws maintain order</div>

what is reciprocal determinism?

interaction between individuals behaviors, environment, and cognition.<div><br /><div>Ex: you like soccer(cognition), so you join a soccer team (environment), spend time with soccer players (behavior). and any of these 3 can be interchanged</div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="8a61092ff571de88a940135a983d0dee.jpg" /></div><div><img src="paste-317363723436036.jpg" /></div>

mead is a 

interactionist

what is the superego?

internalization of cultural ideals and parental sanctions<div><br /></div><div>inhibits sexual and aggressive impulses</div><div><br /></div><div>tries to replace reality with morality, striving for perfection</div>

what is cultural assimilation?

interpenetration and fusion of ethnic minority <b>into </b>dominant culture

what is a fasciculation?

involuntary "twitch" of <div><br /></div><div><img src="gaI-rZ.gif" /></div>

What are obsessive compulsive disorders?

involuntary thoughts, compulsions <div><br /><div>Ex: OCD (obsession with hands are dirty, compulsion to wash them repeatedly)</div></div>

what are neurodevelopmental disorders?

involve distress/disability due to abnormality during development<div><br /><div>Ex: autism/retardation</div></div>

what are ethnographic methods?

involves observing social interactions in real social settings

Schizophrenia spectrum and other Psychotic disorders

involves psychosis...may involve....<div><br /></div><div>(1) delusions - <b>fixed false beliefs not explainable by experiences/cultures</b><div><br /></div><div>(2) can have hallucinations.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>(3) decreased emotional expression</div><div><br /></div><div>(4) decreased social behavior</div><div><br /></div><div>schiz has many of these while other psychosis disorders have some</div>

what is collective behavior?

involves short social behavior when groups aggregrate for a short period of time.<div><br /></div><div>open membership, loose norms</div>

sour and salty molecules rely on __ channels

ion

what is a phobia?

irrational fear of specific objects or situations<div><br /></div><div>FOCUSED anxiety</div>

what is the unconditioned response?

is not learned, is innate.<div><br /><div>Ex: hamster gets excited near a carrot</div></div>

what is gestalt's law of similarity?

items similar to one another grouped together. Image

what is gestalt's law of proximity?

items that are close together are grouped together. Image

what is episodic memory?

its a part of explicit memory, specifically referring to birthdays/holidays and shit

what is the superego?

its our moral <b>conscience</b>, and is found as part of the conscious and unconscious mind

what is xenocentrism?

judging <b>another's</b> culture to be <b>superior</b> to your own

what is cultural relativism?

judging a culture using <b>its own standards</b> instead of your own

what is source monitoring?

keeping track of <i>where </i>a piece of information came from<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_29.jpg" /></div>

what is kinaesthesia and how is it different from proprioception?

kinaesthesia is more behavioral while proprioception is more subconcious/cognitive. <div><br /></div><div>kinaesthesia more related to <b>movement</b> than sense of position in space<div><br /></div><div>Ex. teaching yourself how to hit a ball</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-297898931650561.jpg" /></div></div>

what causes the action potiential to be sent down the auditory nerve?

kinocilia move, connected to tip link, tip link movement allows K+ flow, leading to AP sent to spiral ganglion cell<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-274727583088641.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="ouverture-des-canaux-de-transduction-et-adaptation.gif" /></div>

what is family?

kinship of blood, marriage, or adoption<div><br /></div><div><b>ex: rural families were production based, so </b>l<b>arge families</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>urban families are consumption based, so large family means more strained on resources </div><div><br /></div><div>with urbanization came changes in expectations on family roles and child care</div>

what is existential self?

knowledge that you are<b> separate/distinct from others</b>

what is the weak hypothesis of linguistic determinism?

language <b>influences</b> thought. makes it easier for us to think in ways our language is structured<div><br /></div><div><br /><div>Ex: language reads left to right so you draw something left to right</div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-241454471446529.jpg" /></div>

what is the strong hypothesis of linguistic determinism?(Whorfian)

language determines thought COMPLETELY. <div><br /></div><div>Ex: tribe of ppl who don't have grammar for past tense dont think about time the same way we do</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-238529598717953.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-241450176479233.jpg" /></div>

what is mass hysteria?

large group of people experience anxiety, fear, and delusions.reaction is spread rapidly. <div><br /><div>Ex: people going crazy when a winter storm is incoming</div></div>

what are riots?

large number of people engaging in dangerous or illegal behavior<div><br /></div><div>while the CAUSE may be legitimate, the ACTS in a damaging/destructive way</div>

gross motor skills involve __ muscles

larger

what conveys info the visual cortex?

lateral geniculate nucleus<div><br /></div><div><b>L</b>GN = <b>L</b>ight</div>

what is learned helplessness?

learn from having control taken from you that you have no control so you are unable to use coping mechanisms

what is latent learning?

learned behavior is not expressed until required<div><br /></div><div><img src="faac5249e2d3a0d6c6191002a751b9d9.jpg" /></div>

what is learning performance distinction?

learning a behavior and performing it are 2 different things

what is socialization?

learning the attitudes, behaviors, and values expected by their culture/community<div><br /></div>

language is mostly localized to the __ hemisphere

left

the right visual field goes to the __ side of the brain

left

what is contralateral control?

left side of brain controls right side of body & vice versa

light from the right visual field will strike the

left temporal and right nasal retina<div><br /></div><div><img src="visual fields.jpg" /></div>

what hormone is present when we're full?

leptin

what are central traits?

less dominant than cardinal traits such as honesty or shyness

what is dysthymic disorder?

less severe depression over 2 years(ish)<div><br></div><div><img src="slide_6.jpg"></div>

what is absolute poverty?

level required to survive<img src="absolute-poverty-definition.png" /><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-393917220519940.jpg" /></div>

what causes fixation?

libido<div><br /></div><div>what is libido? natural energy source well into adulthood</div>

what is socialization?

lifelong process where we learn social expectations and how to interact with others

what are the basic steps of the phototransduction cascade?

light hits retinal-->retinal changes conformation to trans-->rhodopsin protein changes conformation--><b>transducin</b> released-->transducin binds to phosphodiesterase-->lower levels of cGMP-->Na+ channels close-->rod turns OFF<div><br /></div><div><img src="THE+SPECIAL+SENSES+PHOTOTRANSDUCTION.jpg" /></div>

rods are specialized for perceiving?

light vs dark, black vs white, very sensitive to light vision

what is sensory memory?

like the sensory register. composed of <b>iconic</b> and <b>echoic</b>. iconic is what you see, lasts a few seconds.<div><br /></div><div>echoic is what you hear, lasting 3-4 seconds</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_5 (5).jpg" /></div>

what is a conjunction fallacy?

linda protested at an anti nuclear thing so she must a feminist and a bank teller instead of just a feminist or just a bank teller<div><br /></div><div><img src="Linda+Venn.jpg" /></div>

what is gestalt's law of continuity?

lines are seen as following smoothest possible path. Image

what is PTSD?

lingering thoughts/nightmares after a traumatic past event. can be triggered.<div><br /><div>Ex: war, rape</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>ACRONYM:</b></div><div><b>TRAUMA</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src="paste-705182090395649.jpg" /></b></div>

what is the zone of proximal development?

link between can and can't do, should be target for teaching. <div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-29918742183937.jpg" /></div>

what exactly is associative learning?

linking of two events or stimuli<div><br /></div><div>example: in operant conditioning, a behavior is associated with a consequence</div>

what is the manifest content according to freud?

literal meaning in dreams<div><br /></div><div>monster chasing you</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-409679750496257.jpg" /></div>

what is antisocial personality disorder?

little or no regard for others. commit crimes and show no remorse

what is the lens of the eye?

located behind pupil, bends light towards fovea. changes shape based on suspentory ligaments. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjWrrncqPHiAhVsUd8KHbfPCdcQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=%2Furl%3Fsa%3Di%26source%3Dimages%26cd%3D%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjWrrncqPHiAhVsUd8KHbfPCdcQjRx6BAgBEAU%26url%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fmammothmemory.net%252Fbiology%252Forgans-and-systems%252Fthe-eye%252Fciliary-muscles.html%26psig%3DAOvVaw1FvI7Cq6uUBOQrILLtsy3l%26ust%3D1560888442243296&psig=AOvVaw1FvI7Cq6uUBOQrILLtsy3l&ust=1560888442243296

what is informative influence?

look to group for <b>guidance</b> when <b><i>you have no knowledge </i></b>of the topic

what is a cross sectional study?

looking at gorup of different people at one moment in time, analyzes data from that group

what was Cooley famous for?

looking glass self

what is social epidemiology?

looks at health disparty through lens of race, gender, income distribution and how social factors affect a person's health<div><br /></div><div>correlation between social advantages/disadvantages and distribution of health + disease</div>

activity theory (society and culture)

looks at how older generation looks at themselves<div><br /></div><div>certain activities or jobs lost, those social interactions need to be replaced so elderly can be engaged and maintain moral/well-being</div><div><br /></div><div>Activity theory is concerned with the replacement of certain jobs and activities, lost due to an aging population.</div>

what is microsociology?

looks at small scale interactions, families and schools and how these interactions affect larger groups in society; <b>interpretative analysis of society</b><div><br></div><div>example: doctor-patient interactions, or family dynamics</div><div><br></div><div><img src="99E07C92-ABCE-41F0-949E-3FB232EA5993.jpg"><br></div>

what is racial formation theory?

looks at social/economic/political forces that result in racially constructed identities<div><br /></div><div>sometimes real, sometimes only defined by history</div><div><br /></div><div>ex: in 1800 in US, people would be considered black even if they appeared white if they had a black ancestor</div><div><br /></div><div>all humans 99.9% identical</div><div><br /></div><div>no genetic basis for race</div>

what is functionalism?

looks at society as a whole and how institutions within that society serve to keep the society functioning<div>society is at EQUILIBRIUM</div><div><br></div><div><img src="23A2EAFA-C336-40B5-BD37-4C12D5E58CE3.jpg"><br></div>

what is the resource mobilization theory?

looks at the factors that help or hinder a social movement from doing its shit<div><br /></div><div>success of social movements depends on resources (time, money, skills, etc.) and the ability to use them.</div>

what is a retrospective/prospective cohort study?

looks back at events, follows group over time

what are neurocognitive disorders?

loss of cognitive brain function AFTER nervous system developing<div><br></div><div>categories </div><div><br></div><div>(1) <b>delirium - reversible</b> episode of cognitive/higher brain problems - caused by drugs/abnormalities in blood/infections</div><div><br></div><div>(2) <b>dementia </b> - <i>irreversible</i> and <i>progressive</i> (caused by Alzheimer's or stroke)<br></div>

what is atrophy?

loss of muscle volume<div><br /></div><div><img src="causes-prevention-muscle-atrophy-stroke2.jpg" /></div>

what is the third level of maslow's hierarchy of needs?

love(need for acceptance/intimacy)

what are basal ganglia?

major role in motor functions, don't have UMN's but help motor areas to perform proper movements<div><br /></div><div>also related to cognition and emotions</div>

how can social loafing be reduced?

make task hrader<div><br /></div><div>separate performance of individual in the group (giving each person their own grade)</div><div><br /></div><div>make individual components to each group member</div>

what is Rationalization?

making yourself believe the bad thing was not your fault

what is dissociation?

maldaptive coping technique - separating and compartmentalizing thoughts, memories, and emotions <div><br></div><div>associated with PTSD</div>

what are the 3 bones in the inner ear?

malleus, incus, stapes(hammer, anvil, stirrup). AKA ossicles<div><br /></div><div><img src="3348675e3f8fe66d581b7f05fda73509.jpg" /></div>

functionalism makes a distinction between

manifest and latent functions of societal activites/structures

what is the somatosensory homunculus?

map of body in brain, specific region of body has specific region in cortex<div><br /></div><div><img src="Body+mapping+on+the+brain+_New+Scientist+homunculus.jpg" /></div>

what is social network analysis?

maps series of relationships among a set of individuals

what is an attitude?

a <b>learned</b> tendency to evaluate something in a certain way<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-398727583891457.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="16-09AttComp.JPEG" /></div>

what is the defining feature of a blastocyst?

a blastocoel (cavity)

what is a social construct?

a concept or practice everyone in a society agrees to treat a certain way regardless of inherent value<div><br /></div><div>example: self</div><div><br /></div><div>our identity is created by interactions with other people, and our reactions to other people (and reaction to expectations to society)</div>

what is <b>sublim</b>ation?

a defense mechanism where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful

what is means-end analysis?

a heuristic where you break a large problem down into smaller problems and attack the one that creates the greatest difference between your current state and desired state<div><br /></div><div>ex: planning trip to another country - biggest problem - book a plane ticket to a new country</div>

what is a schema?

a mental model/framework for how we view the world 

what is a heuristic?

a mental shortcut<div>(using your birthday to guess a password)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is a law?

a norm based on right/wrong but has FORMAL CONSEQUENCES(breaking a law)

what is social status?

a person's social position in society

what is conversion disorder?

a psychosomatic NEUROLOGICAL disorder<div><br></div><div><img src="27B3CEC5-8B24-45DE-8D26-27E31EF64F41.jpg"><br></div>

what is master status? 

a status that <b>supercedes </b>all other statuses<div><br /><div>Ex: mother thinking of herself <i>more as a mother</i> than a daughter</div></div>

what is drive reduction theory?

a<b> physiological need </b>creates an aroused<b> tension state </b>(<font color="#f40004">drive</font>) that <i><u>motivates</u></i> an organism to <b>satisfy</b> the need<div><br /></div><div><img src="aszx-149C0B9934B79A86C2B.png" /></div>

what is generalization?

ability of a stimulus to elicit the same response as the conditioned stimulus because it is SIMILAR<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-226228812382209.jpg" /></div>

what is creative intelligence?

ability to adapt to new situations and generate new novel ideas and shit

what is strong self efficacy?

ability to bounce back from setbacks<div><br /></div><div><b>RISE </b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>R = recover</b></div><div><b>I = interest</b></div><div><b>S = strong commitment </b></div><div><b>E = enjoy challenging tasks</b></div>

what is discrimination in experimental psychology?

ability to discriminate between stimuli and respond to some but not others

what is fluid intelligence?

ability to reason quickly and abstractly"think on ones feet"

what is practical intelligence?

ability to solve ill defined problems

what is crystallized intelligence?

ability to use acquired skills/knowledge <b>over the years</b>

what is crystallized IQ/intelligence?

ability to use combined + experience to solve problems<div><br /></div><div><img src="crystallized-intelligence-and-fluid-intelligence-interact-with-each-other.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="crystallized-fluid-842x560.jpg" /></div>

what is self control?

ability to<b> control desires</b> and <b>delay gratifications</b>

what are the basics of classical/Pavlovian conditioning?

able to elicit an innate response to a previously conditioned stimulus in response to a (previously) neutral stimulus<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-220177203462145.jpg" /></div>

what is a parasomnia?

abnormal behavior that occurs during sleep

what are sexual dysfunctions?

abnormal sexual performance

what are Anxiety disorders?

abnormal worry/fear.<div>Ex: GAD, social anxiety/panic disorder </div>

what are cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia?

abnormalities of attention, organization, planning<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-667841644724228.jpg" /></div>

what are dissociative disorders?

abnormalities of identiy or memory<div><br /></div><div>ex: multiple personalities</div>

what is a dysomnia?

abnormality in amount/length/quality of sleep

what is the effect of cocaine?

massive increase in dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. causes crash afterward

what are some functions of animal communication?

mating<div><br /></div><div>defend territory</div><div><br /></div><div>warn others about predators</div>

what is index of dissimilarity?

measure of level of segregation<div>0 is totally segregated, 100 is perfectly distributed</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-412093522116612.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div>totally segregated ^^^</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-412720587341828.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div>moreso towards 100, evenly distributed</div>

what is a cross-sectional study?

measures an outocme or variable (disease, trait) in a population or subpopulation at one point in time

what conveys info the auditory cortex?

medial geniculate nucleus<div><br /></div><div><b>M</b>GN = <b>M</b>usic<br /><div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-344559456354305.jpg" /></div></div></div>

which of the following does a box and whisker plot box provide? mean, median, or mode?

median

what is a subculture?

medium subcommunity that distinguishes itself from the larger/dominant community<div><br /></div><div>smaller than a nation, but <b>unlike a micro-culture</b>, large enough to support people throughout their entire lifespan</div><div><br /></div><div>subculture affects your life on a longer period than a micro-culture</div><div><br /></div><div>examples: communities, organizations, cities, states, clans, tribes</div>

what are depressive disorders?

abnormally <b>NEGATIVE mood</b>. long term emotional state.<div>Ex: major depressive disorder</div><div><br /></div><div>mood is a long term emotional state - not necessarily to events</div><div><br /></div><div>mood becomes <b>affect </b>(how mood is displayed to others)</div><div><br /></div><div><i><br /></i></div>

what is a hypomanic episode?

abnormally elevated mood and abnormally increased energy lasting at least 4 consecutive days<div><br /></div><div>the episode is not SEVERE enough to cause impairment in functionig or to require hospitalization</div>

what is a manic episode?

abnormally elevated mood and abnormally increased energy lasting at least 7 conscutive days<div><br /></div><div>severe enough to cause impairment in functioning or to require hospitalization</div>

what is a negative Sx?

absense of appropriate behavior or emotion

what is analytical intelligence?

academic ability to solve well defined problems

what is positive priming?

accelerated processing - spreading activation - 1st stimulus ativates part of a particular representation or association in memory prior to performing a task<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what are rational techniques to use when the just world hypothesis is challenged?

accept reality, prevent/correct injustice

what is the primary neurotransmitter associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

acetylcholine

what does methadone do?

activates opiate receptors but much more slowly and dampens the high.

what is confirmation bias?

actively seeking out only things that confirm what you believe or only having confirmatory things available to you<div><br /></div><div><img src="akhugpzzysoy.jpg" /></div>

fMRI uses what?

activity from oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood<div><br /></div><div><img src="functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging-bold-signal.jpg" /></div>

phonology

actual sound of a language<div><br /></div><div>acronym: phone = sound</div>

what are the substance related and addictive disorders?

addiction to drugs or substances<div>Ex: Crack addict</div>

what is positive punishment

adding a stimulus to stop a behavior from happening

what is positive reinforcement?

adding/giving something to increase likelihood that behavior will be repeated

how does cognitive behavior therapy helps addicts?

addresses both cognitive thought processes and helps identify behaviors to prevent relapse

what does the trophoblast layer do during implantation?

adhesion<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-229381318377476.jpg" /></div>

what is the endocrine response to stress?

adrenal medulla releases catecholamines (norepi/epi), adrenal cortex releases cortisol<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-37795712204804.jpg" /></div>

what is the brainstem composed of and what is its function?

medulla, pons, reticular function. basic functions like HR and RR. connects cerebellum to cerebral cortex and spinal cord<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-128604205744129.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div>

what is a utilitarian organization?

members are paid/rewarded for their work and efforts

what is the role of the hippocampus in the reward pathway?

memory<div>"where did i smoke that dank weed?"</div>

cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, bone, kidney, bladder, gonads are derived from

mesoderm<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-238594023227396.jpg" /></div>

what are the 3 characteristics that impact wether we are persuaded for or against a particular message?

message characteristics, source characteristics, target(listener) characteristics

what are message characteristics?

message, clarify, logic, how well thought message was presented (persuasion)

the midbrain develops into

midbrain<div><br></div><div><img src="C636EF76-CF8C-4189-8991-28504E4D7D8E.jpg"><br></div>

what is hypomania?

mild form of mania<div><br /></div><div>lots of energy and dont need to sleep a lot so you get lots of work done</div>

what is absolute threshold of sensation?

minimum intensity of stimulus needed to correctly detect it 50% of the time

what is inter-colonialism?

minorities group is segregated and exploited

what is assimilation?

minority group is absorbed into the majority

what is bourgeoisie

minority rich

what is a demographic transition?

models change in country's population over time<div><br /></div><div>pop will eventually stop growing when country transitions from high birth/death rate to low birth rate/death rate which stabilizes the pop</div><div><br /></div><div>this stabiliziation often occurs in industrialized/developed countries</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-308679299563524.jpg" /></div>

what is good about conflict theory?

models drastic changes that occur in a society

what are the 4 things we do to alleviate cognitive dissonance?

modify our cognitions<div><br /></div><div>trivialize the importance of their cognition</div><div><br /></div><div>add more cognitions</div><div><br /></div><div>deny the facts(other cognitions)</div>

what is financial capital?

money and a$$ets

what is serotonin related to?

mood, sleep/wake regulation, social dominance/aggression, appetite

what is the recency bias

more importance placed on your <b>recent</b> actions

when there is high degree of consensus

more likely to attribute to external factors<div><br /><div>Ex: whole group of people late to a meeting</div></div>

when there is a high degree of distinctiveness

more likely to attribute to external/environmental factors<div><br /><div>Ex: guy is late because of huge car crash</div></div>

when there is a high degree of consistency (attribution theory)

more likely to attribute to internal factors<div><br /><div>Ex: this one guy is always late</div></div>

are there more rods or more cones?

more rods<div><br /></div><div>20x more rods in each eye</div>

what is white matter?

mostly myelinated <b>axons</b>

what is grey matter?

mostly neural <b>soma</b>

what is socialism?

motivated by what benefits society as a whole, common ownership of production that focuses on human needs and economic demands

what is the function of the reticular formation?

motivation and alertness. filters info and sends important shit to the thalamus. sleep wake cycle/awareness<div>(think: 'tickled')</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Reticular+formation+-+nerve+network+in+the+brainstem+that+plays+an+important+role+in+controlling+arousal..jpg" /></div>

what is extrinsic motivation?

motivation by <b>external </b>factors or rewards

what is intrinsic motivation

motivation by <b>interna</b>l factors/ desires 

what is the role of the nucleus accumbens in the reward pathway?

motor function<div>"let me take another hit of that dank w33d"</div>

what is the substantia nigra associated with?

motor planning and purposeful movement

basic neural function includes

motor, sensory, automatic(reflexes)

what is vertical mobility?

move up or down social hierarchy<div>Ex: manager becomes CEO at fast food place</div>

internal migration

move within <b>same</b> country

what is suburbanization?

movement away from cities to get a larger home <div><br /></div><div>ex: Silicon Valley</div>

what is urbanization

movement of people from rural to urban areas

what is a regressive/reactionary movement?

movement to <b>RESIST</b> change

what is an activist movement?

movement to enact a new change

what is horizontal mobility?

movement within same class<div><br /><div>Ex: accountant gets new job as accountant</div></div>

what is intersectionality?

multiple ways to discriminate against people<div><br></div><div>the theory asks us to consider all the different levels of discrimination - calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification</div><div><br></div><div>furthermore, the theory proposes that we need to understand how all these discriminations <b>(double or triple jeapordy</b>) can simultaneously exist</div>

how does your inner ear adapt to loud noises?

muscle contracts tympanic membrane to prevent damage

what is libido?

natural enery source, fuels mind for motivation to survive, grow,have sex

what is the function of the amygdala?

negative emotions, fear, stress anxiety. 

according to optimum arousal theory, too much arousal results in:

negative performance

what is drive-reduction theory an example of?

negative reinforcement

what is distress?

negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for the body<div><br /></div><div><img src="eustress.jpg" /></div>

what is social capital?

network of relationships and connections that give opportunites and advantages

non adapting neuron

neuron fires at constant rate

slow adapting neuron

neuron fires rapidly at first then tapers off

what is acetylcholine?

neurotransmitter released in frontal lobe

what does a monoamine mean?

neurotransmitter with an amine group

what is neustress?

neutral type of stress. doesnt affect you really (like news of natural disaster in another country)

what is retroactive interference?

new learning impairs old information/memory.<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_12 (1).jpg" /></div>

is the pancreas tied to the pituitary?

do taste or smell synapse on the thalamus?

no - orbifrontal cortex in first place of integration<div><br /></div><div><img src="250px-MRI_of_orbitofrontal_cortex.jpg" /></div>

does obedience have a cognitive component like conformity does?

no<div><br /></div><div>"im just following orders"</div>

are females affected at a younger age than males for schizophrenia?

no<div><br /></div><div>males are affected at a younger age</div>

what is cultural capital?

non financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economics<div>Ex: parents are rich so you can travel and be socially aware and know how to tie a tie etcs</div>

what is permissive/indulgent parenting?

non-directive and lenient, few behavioral expectations for child<div><br /></div><div><img src="photos-2016-1-19-4-26-4.jpg" /></div>

what is assortative mating?

non-random mating<div><br /></div><div>one genotype/phenotype reproduces at a higher rate</div><div><br /></div><div>ex: large animals mate with large animals, small with small</div><div><br /></div><div>consequence: inbreeding, increase likelihood of harmful recessive traits passed to offspring</div>

what are the components of attitude

affective, behavioral, cognitive (ABCs)

what is prejudice

affective/FEELING associated with a stereotype.<div><br /></div><div><img src="maxresdefault (20).jpg" /><br /><div><br /></div></div>

what is social desirability bias?

affects how people can respond to research questions

what are the components of the muscle stretch reflex?

afferent (stimulus), efferent (response).<div><br /></div><div>muscle stretch fiber responds and instructs muscle to contract</div><div><br /></div><div>knee jerk:</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="photos_6D35D6F0-4EAD-46BB-A161-E961A93AB28B.jpg" /></div>

postterm birth

after 42 weeks

what is an extinction burst?

after not receiving the stimulus for a while, the animal will have a spike in the conditioned response before extinction<div><br /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-234260401225729.jpg" /></div></div>

what is the age stratification theory?

age is a way of regulating behavior in a generation<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is obstructive sleep apnea?

airway obstruct<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-737566143807492.jpg" /></div>

what is the Eros drive?

aka Life drive: health, safety, sex<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-566128229220353.jpg" /></div>

what is explicit memory?

aka declarative<div><br /></div><div>recall experiences and info<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="memory-types.jpg" /></div></div>

activity theory (ageing)

aka implicit theory of aging<div><br /></div><div>aka normal theory of aging</div><div><br /></div><div>aka lay theory of aging</div><div><br /></div><div><b>successful </b>ageing occurs when older adults stay active and maintain social interactions - remain socially active</div>

what does the sapir-whorf hypothesis state?

aka linguistic relativity<div><br /></div><div>language influences/shapes cognition and perception</div><div><br /></div><div>a stronger version of the hypothesis (linguistic determinism) states that language controls/limits cognition and perception</div>

what is young-helmholtz theory?

aka trichromatic theory<div><br /></div><div>all colors we see are the result of the combined activity of three types of photoreceptors (r,g,b)</div>

what is random mating?

all <b>individuals</b> <b>equally</b> likely to mate with each other<div><br></div><div><b>not influenced by environment/heredity or any behavioral/social limitation</b></div><div><br></div><div>ensures a large amount of genetic diversity (bridge: Hardy Weinberg equilibrium assumes this)</div>

what is modernization theory?

all countries will follow similar path to become modernized. looks at internal social dynamics

what did Gordon <b>Allport</b> theorize?

all of us have 3 categories of traits, <b>cardinal, central, and secondary</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src="paste-523058297176068.jpg" /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src="Allportâ€™s+Theory+(conâ€™t).jpg" /></b></div><div><b><img src="Individual+Traits+Cardinal+traits+Central+traits+Secondary+traits.jpg" /></b></div>

what is a class system?

allows degree of social mobility<div><br /></div><div>combo of background and movement, often by education, less stability</div>

what is an advantage from stereotyping?

allows us to rapidly assess large amounts of social data

what waves are "daydreaming"/relaxed state associated with?

alpha waves<div>8-13 Hz</div><div><br /></div><div><b>A</b>loof waves (slowing down)</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="brainwave-traces.jpg" /></div>

what is the primacy/recency effect?

also known as <b>serial position effect</b>, remember things at beginning and end of list better<div><br /></div><div><img src="p_276.jpg" /></div>

what is the conservative strategy? (signal detection theory)

always say no unless 100% sure, will correctly get all false rejections but might get some misses

what is the liberal strategy (signal detection theory?)

always saying yes, youll get all the hits but might get false alarms

what are monoamine neurotransmitters?

amino group and aromatic group connected by 2-carbon chain<div><br /></div><div>cognition/thinking/emotion/attention</div>

what is hypoventilation disorder?

not able to ventilate lungs fully and remove all CO2<div><br /></div><div>Buildup of CO2, decrease in O2. common with <b>obesity</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>high CO2 can cause right sided heart failure</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>low O2 effects all organs/tissues of bodies. cognitive impariment, heart problems (arrythmias - abnormal heart rhythms), and polycythemia (elevated RBC in blood)</b></div><div><b><img src="paste-738283403345924.jpg" /></b></div>

what is ethnicity?

not defined by physical characteristics<div><br /></div><div>shared language, religion, nationality, history, of some other cultural factor</div><div><br /></div><div><b>ethnic minority: </b>can be absorbed into majority after 1-2 generations</div><div><br /></div><div>minority is a group that makes up less than half of the total pop and treated differently due to some characteristic</div>

the "me" is basically

not doing a dick move, doing what society expects you to

what is covert behavior?

not observable<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-332104051195905.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div>

what is the latent stage

nothing much really happening, libido focused on developing communication skills. fixation doesn't lead to much of anything

what is the attitude to behavior process model?

an event triggers our attitude-->that attitude+our prior knowledge determines our behavior<div><br /></div><div><img src="Attitude+to+Behavior+Process+Model.jpg" /></div>

what is Freudian slip?

an example of mental conflict<div><br /><div>Ex: Financially stressed patient says "please don't give me an bills" instead of pills because theyre stupid</div></div>

what could be an example of an extinction burst?

animal no longer receives regular reinforcement<div><br /></div><div>original behavior spikes dramatically</div>

what is foraging?

animal searching for food. has to balance energy spent with energy gained. can be solitary or group

what is autocommunication?

animal talks to itself<div><br /></div><div><br /><div>Ex: bat using echolocation</div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="echolocation.png" /></div>

what is the biological backing of depression?

anterior cingulate - deprived response to serotonin<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what would hippocampi ablation result in?

anterograde amnesia

what is proactive coping?

anticipating a problem and preparing how to cope

what are neuroleptics?

antipsychotic drugs that can cause cognitive dulling

what is the most common maladaptive coping mechanism to stress?

anxious avoidance

what is aphasia?

any disorder involving language

what is the posterior chamber?

area between iris and lens, filled with aqueous humor<div><br /></div><div><img src="an-vitreouschamber.jpg" /></div>

what is the macula?

area of retina with high cone density<div><br /></div><div><img src="Macula.jpg" /></div>

what is the deal of environmental justice?

areas with high poverty often have few environmental benefits like parks and recreation.<div>looks at fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens across social groups</div>

what is Freud's pleasure principle? 

as a child, you want immediate gratification

what is continuity theory?

as person ages, wants to maintain same lifestyle so they try to adapt<div><br></div><div>as people age they make decisions that preserve that structure and use it to adapt to external changes and internal changes of aging</div><div><br></div><div><img src="37A500D9-BE44-4A9B-B48F-DD5B90BBC7B4.jpg"><br></div>

what is psychophysical testing?

assesing our perception of stimuli in relation to true physical properties (example: those illusion testing things online)

what is fundamental attribution error?

assigning <b>too much weight to internal causes</b> than external factors <i>when looking for causes of another person's behavior</i><div><br /></div><div><img src="Fundamental-Attribution-Error.gif" /></div>

what does the interactionist/social interactionist theory of language acquisition state?

associated with Vygotsky. states that childrens desire to communicate with adults leads them to develop language<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-247299921936388.jpg" /></div>

semantics

association of meaning with a word

taste aversion is an example of what?

associative learning

what is the Id?

at the "bottom of the iceberg", is the unconscious thing demanding <i>immediate</i> gratification. 

what is impression management?

attempt to control how others see us on the <b>front stage</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><i>why? <b>we want to be viewed in a positive way</b></i></div><div><i><b><br /></b></i></div><div><i><b><img src="Job-Interview-Skills.jpg" /></b></i></div>

what is attentional capture?

attention is attracted by the motion of an object or stimulus

what is sexual orientation?

attraction and fornication - not dependent on sex or gender 

what are characteristics of <b>collectivist</b> cultures?

attribute <b>success</b> to <b>external</b> factors but <b>failure</b> to <b>internal</b> factors

what are characteristics of individualistic cultures?

attribute <b>success</b> to <b>internal</b> factors but <b>failure</b> to <b>external</b> factors

what is stereotyping?

attributing a certain thought/cognition to a group of people (overgeneralizing). this is a cognitive aspect

what is anthropomorphism?

attributing human traits to non human things<div><br /></div><div><img src="robin-hood3.jpg" /></div>

what is the difference between authoritarian and authoritative parenting?

authoritarian: Hitler<div><br /></div><div>authoritative: disciplined father</div>

what is a fixed action pattern?

automatic response

what is the function of the medulla?

autonomic activity of heart and lungs<div><br /></div><div><img src="The+medulla+controls+heartbeat+and+breathing..jpg" /></div>

what is Cluster C of personality disorders?

avoidant<div><br /></div><div>dependent</div><div><br /></div><div>obsessive-compulsive <b>personality </b>disorder</div>

what is conciousness?

awareness of self and environment<div><br /></div><div>ranges from alertness to sleep</div>

what is categorical self?

awareness that even though we are a distinct entity, we exist in the world with others<div><br /></div><div>younger examples: age, gender, skills, size</div><div><br /></div><div>older examples: traits, comparisons, careers</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_2 (3).jpg" /><img src="slide_5 (2).jpg" /></div>

what does the nativist theory of language development state?

babies have "language acquisition device" that is most active during the "critical period" up until 8 years old. associated with Noam Chomsky<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-247304216903684.jpg" /></div>

what does the learning/behaviorist theory of language acquisition state?

babies learn language through operant conditioning from parents - skinner<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-247299921936388.jpg" /></div>

what was the conclusion of the harlow monkey experiment?

babies prefer <b>comfort</b> to food/nourishment<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-138577119805441.jpg" /></div>

what is the anal stage?

baby focues on deveoping self efficacy for pooping/peeing. fixation leads to messiness/disorganization in adult life<div><br /></div><div><b>control/independence - </b>serves as basis for competent, productive, creative adults</div><div><br /></div><div>if fixation occurs, have problems with orderliness and mesiness</div>

what is the oral stage?

baby focused on interacting with world through mouth, fixation leads to smoking, nailbiting, eating too much

what is the phallic stage?

baby starts to see opposite sex parent as rival for attention. Oedipus/Electra complex. fixation leads to sexual dysfunction in adulthood

in the dramaturgical approach, where exactly does impression management take place?

backstage - put on makeup, look in mirror, etc

what is lewy body Dz?

basal ganglia dysfunction leading to less motor dysfunction but more cognitive dysfunction than parkinson's disease<div><br /></div><div><img src="Science-image-map2.jpg" /></div>

what is a more?

based on <b>MORALs/beliefs</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div>don't have serious consequences<br /><div><br /></div><div>a norm based on MORAL VALUES, such as being truthul</div></div>

what is a brute fact?

basic/fundamental facts. not ascribed by us<div><br /></div><div>example: quarks of atoms - cant be explained </div>

what is incentive theory

basically describes motivation in terms of <b>positive reinforcement.</b> ppl will be more likely to do something if <i><font color="#f40004">immediately</font></i> given a reward (tangible or intangible)

what is social proof?

basically equivalent to INFORMATIONAL social influence

what is a folkway?

basically like a common courtesy/manner.<div><br /><div>Ex: saying thanks to the cashier, telling friend his zipper is open</div></div>

what is the organ of corti?

basilar membrane/tectonic membrane. <div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-261993005056004.jpg" /></div>

preterm birth

before 37 weeks

what is the prototype willingness model?

behavior is a function of 6 things, prototyping/modeling is one of them<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_20 (1).jpg" /></div>

what is the situational approach to behavior?

behavior is determined by the situations we are placed in

what is learned behavior?

behavior learned from environment

what is a partial reinforcement schedule?

behavior reinforced only some of the time<div><br /></div><div><img src="CNX_Psych_06_03_Response.jpg" /><br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="sor2.png" /></div></div>

what is a taboo?

behavior that is completely forbidden/wrong in cultures.<div>Ex: incest, cannibalism</div>

what is intoxication?

behavioral and psychological effects on the person

what psychological factors contribute to depression?

behavioral therapy - <b>learned helplessness</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div>cognitive theory - <b>cognitive distortions - </b>getting trapped in negative thought pattern</div><div><br /></div><div>cognitive theory - <b>attribution - </b>pessimistic/negative attributional style which makes people vulnerable to depression</div><div><br /></div><div>^^ internal causaes</div>

What are the disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders?

behaviors that are unacceptably disruptive or impulsive

what is the optimism bias?

belief that bad things happen to other people but not us<div><br /></div><div><img src="travel-insurance-optimism-bias-770x300.jpg" /></div>

what is the transformationalist perspective?

believe that national governments and the world are <b><font color="#ff0073">changing</font></b>

what waves are alertness associated with?

beta waves<div>12-30Hz</div><div><br /></div><div><b>B</b>usy waves</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="brainwave-traces.jpg" /></div>

what is a dichotomous variable?

binary, "yes or no" or "male or female"

Hans eysneck is associated with the ___ approach

biomedical

what did  gray propose with respect to biological theory of personality?

biopsychological theory <div><br /></div><div>personality is governed by the behavioral inhibition (punishment/avoidance) and activation (reward) system</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Grayâ€™s+Reinforcement+Sensitivity.jpg" /></div>

flight of ideas is a diagnostic criteria for 

bipolar disorder 1

what is fertility?

birth rate

what is the choroid?

black pigmented network of blood vessels used to nourish the eye<div><br /></div><div><img src="Blausen_0388_EyeAnatomy_01.png" /></div>

what is apposition?

blastocyst attached to the endometrium<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-228737073283076.jpg" /></div>

what are negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?

blunted emotions, loss of enjoyment, lack of emotional expression, lack of interest/enthusiasm, inability to carry a conversation<div><br /></div><div><img src="negative-positive-symptoms-schizophrenia.jpg" /></div>

what is the behavioral aspect of emotion?

body language/facial expressions

rapid mood swings are characteristic of 

borderline personality disorder

what is the caste system?

born with, very little vertical mobility<div><br></div><div>your role is determined by your background - to what you're born to and who you're married to</div><div><br></div><div>consequence: <b>social stability</b></div>

does a case study encompass one person or a group?

both

is feature detection top down or bottom up

bottom up

what are the physiological signs of Alzheimer's Dz?

brain atrophy. neuron loss, plaques, tangles<div><br></div><div>starts in hippocampus</div><div><br></div><div>3 main abnormalities: <b>loss of neurons, plaques </b>(amyloid, because plaques are made of beta-amyloid), and <b>tangles </b>(neurofibrillary tangles, clumps of a protein <b>tau)</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b><br></b></div>

what is tolerance?

brain gets used to drug stimulus, so it requires more of the drug to achieve same effect or just to feel "normal"<div><br></div><div><img src="Tolerance+a+decreased+response+due+to+frequent+use..jpg"></div>

what is social anomie?

breakdown of social bonds between an individual and their community

what are the permanent neonatal reflexes?

breathing<div><br /></div><div>eyeblink</div><div><br /></div><div>pupillary</div><div><br /></div><div>swallowing</div>

what is cognitive theory of personality?

bridge between behaviorism and psychoanalytic<div><br /></div><div>treats thinking as a behavior</div>

how can we avoid group think?

bring in outsiders/experts<div><br /></div><div>have the leader of the group not disclose opinion</div><div><br /></div><div>discuss what should be done in smaller groups</div>

what is covert orienting?

bringing spotlight of attention on an object or event without body or eye movement

what is the main suspected cause of alzheimer's

buildup of amyloid plaques in brain<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-102735617720321.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="stages-of-alzheimers.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="IncompatibleCelebratedAttwatersprairiechicken-max-1mb.gif" /></div>

what is the function of the round window?

bulges out when fluid pushes against it<div><br /></div><div><img src="round_window_explosion.gif" /></div>

what is a sleep spindle?

burst of brain activity thought to suppress certain perceptions<div><img src="CNX_Psych_04_03_Stage2.jpg" /></div>

what is the ill health magnet?

can draw people away by making them sick, cant participate in society

what is altruism?

care about welfare of others/doing something for good of community

what does a hallucinogen do?

causes altered perception

what is autocrine signaling?

cell signals itself

what is paracrine signaling?

cell signals nearby cell

what is central sleep apnea?

central (brain is part of CNS), sleep (at night), apnea (effects airflow)<div><br /></div><div>problem with the brains control system for ventilation (that control brain for breathing)</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-736917603745796.jpg" /></div>

what is the elaboration likelihood model for persuasion?

central and peripheral route of processing. <div><br /></div><div><b><font color="#f40004">cognitive approach</font></b><br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="persuasion-patterns.png" /></div></div>

the forebrain develops into

cerebrum<div><br></div><div><img src="7ADC61B2-617F-40CD-8579-E43DE1645E5E.jpg"><br></div>

what is private conformity?

change behaviors and opinions to align with group

what is intergenerational mobility?

change in social class between generations<div><br /><div>Ex: son studies and gets rich</div></div>

what is intragenerational mobility?

change in social class during ones own lifetime

what are target characteristics?

characteristics of listener such as mood, self-esteem, alertness, intelligence

what are cardinal traits?

characteristics that direct most of a person's activity

what are pheromones 

chemical signaling<div><br /></div><div>used for mating most often or to guide other members to food</div>

what brain structures show abnormal activity in major depressive disorder pts?

decreased activity in frontal lobe<div><br /></div><div>increased activity in limbic structure<br /><div><br /></div></div><div><b>abnormal blood concentrations of cortisol</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src="paste-690080985382913.jpg" /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>*<font color="#f40004">neuroplasticity</font> appears abnormal in animals of major depressive disorder (cause or effect? who knows)</b></div>

what is hyporeflexia?

decreased reflexive response to stimulation

what is the internal capsule?

contains important pathways, including corticospinal tract

what is gestalt law of contextual effects?

context in which stimuli are presented and the processes of perceptual organization contribute to how people perceive those stimuli 

what is the function of the hypothalamus

control of autonomic nervous system and basic drives (food thirst sleep sex)

what happens to retinal when struck by light?

converts from cis-retinal to all trans retinal

what is the function of the hippocampus?

converts short term memory into long term memory. 

what is cortical cooling?

coolsdown neurons until firing stops

what does the <b>central executive</b> do?

coordinates the visuo-spatial and phonological loops<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_5 (5).jpg" /></div>

what is low-effort syndrome or low-effort coping?

coping responses of minority groups in an attempt to fit into the dominant culture - for example, minority students at school may learn to put in only minimal effort as they believe they are being discriminated against by the dominant culture

what is anti-malthusian theorem?

couples only want to have one child or have children later in life (low birth rate)

what is the retina?

covers back of eye, contains many of the necessary photoreceptors<div><br /></div><div><img src="retina-700x475.jpg" /></div>

what is the cornea and its fxn?

covers over pupil, serves to bend light slightly. compose of thick connective tissue anterior 1/6th

what is cheynes-stroke breathing?

crescendo then descrendo breathing followed by stop in breathing (central sleep apnea)<div><br /></div><div>believed heart failure/stroke/renal failure is the cause</div><div><img src="paste-738936238374913.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div>

what is the relationship between culture and society?

culture provides the guidlines for living in society. culture is learned and reshaped.

what is culture lag?

culture takes time to catch up with technological innovation, resulting in social problems<div><br /></div><div>why is this common? material culture changes rapidly while <b><font color="#ff0004">non-material culture tends to resist change</font></b></div><div><br /><div>Ex: invention of cars but no laws governing them or traffic/road signs</div></div>

what is high culture?

culture that exists in high class society (wealth/formality)

what is a longitudinal study?

data gathered of same subjects repeatedly over time. looks for correlations

when does mesopic vision occur?

dawn or dusk and involves both rods and cones

what is mortality?

death rate

what is hypotonia?

decrease in "tone" of muscle (baseline level of contraction)

what is negative feedback?

decrease in product

N2 stage of sleep

deeper than N1, precedes N3, see lots of theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-388604345974788.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-392366737326081.jpg" /></div>

what is sublimation?

defense mechanis where unwanted impulses are transformed into something less harmful<div><br /></div><div><img src="1200-609630-concept-sublimation-in-psychology.jpg" /></div>

what is regression?

defense mechanism where one regresses to position of child in problematic situation<div><br /></div><div><img src="1200-609460-8120858.jpg" /></div>

what is reaction formation?

defense mechanism where someone says or does exact opposite of what they actually want/feel<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-481654812442625.jpg" /></div>

what can urban renewal lead to?

definition: revamping old parts of cites to becom better<div><br /></div><div>leads to gentrification</div>

what is extroversion?

degree of sociability

what is social potency?

degree to which a person assumes leadership roles and mastery of roles in social situations<div><br /></div><div>common in twins reared separately</div>

what is a safety behavior?

demonstrated when individuals with anxiety disorders come to rely on something, or someone, as a means of coping with their excessive anxiety

what are irrational techniques to use when the just world hypothesis is challenged?

deny the situation or reinterpret events

what is the denial defense mechanism?

denying that the event ever happened<div><br /></div><div>(pathological liar) - pathological defense mechanism</div>

pragmatics

dependencies of language on context and pre-existing knowledge<div><br /></div><div>influenced by <b>prosody </b>- rhythm, cadence, and inflection of our voices</div>

what is a dependent stressor?

depressed person would be expected to experience a greater number of stressful events that he or she influences (i.e. dependent stressors)<div><br /></div>

what is the the method used in operant conditioning to operationally define a subject's motivational state?

depriving subject of something desirable for a period of time

what do binocular cues provide?

depth perception(due to retinal disparity)

what cues are taken into account when *perceptually organizing* ?

depth, form, motion, constancy

what is the iron rule of oligarchy?

describes how even the most democratic organizations become more bureaucratic over time until a select few govern it<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-53403623358465.jpg" /></div>

what is McDonaldization?

describes how fast food principles of <b>effeciency, uniformity, control</b> have come to <i>dominate other aspects of life</i> like movie theaters<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_2 (4).jpg" /></div>

what is dramaturgy?

describes how people behave in social situation, front stage and back stage self<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-19009525252100.jpg" /></div>

what is the elaboration likelihood model?

describes wether we take the central or periphal route to process new information<div><br /></div><div><img src="persuasion-patterns.png" /></div>

habituation vs desensization

desensitization - downregulate/decrease in respnose of receptors - less sensation - results in decrease of awareness<div><br /></div><div>habituation - no longer consciously notice a stimulus (background noise is still there, and your ears pick up, but your brain ignores them after a while)</div>

what is kainic acid?

destroys cell bodies but doesnt influence axons passing by<div><br /></div><div>doesnt severe connections like in knife cuts/radiofrequency lesions</div>

what is kluver-bucy syndrome?

destruction of the amygdala results in decreased inhibition, hyperorality, hypersexuality<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-258788959453185.jpg" /></div>

what do cones do?

detect color, high detailed shit

what do rods do

detect light, not as fine detail

what did Mead think about development?

developed idea of social behaviorism, as we grow up our<b> belief </b>on how we are<b> perceived by others</b> predominates in 3 stages

what did Mead believe in with respect to symbolic interactionism?

development of individual was a social process as were the meanings individual assigned to things<div><br /></div><div>people change based on interactions with objects, events, ideas, others, and assign meaning to things to decide how to act</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what did Max Weber have to say about Marx's conflict theory?

did not believe collapse of capitalism was inevitable, but argued several factors moderate people's reaction to inequality<div><br></div><div><br></div>

what is place theory?

different pitches of sound trigger different places of the cochlear membrane<div><br /><div><img src="14298-004-99934987.jpg" /></div></div>

what is transformationalist grammar?

different ways words can be arranged to convey the same info

what are neonatal reflexes?

disappear as a baby ages

what is signal detection theory?

discerning between important and unimportant stimuli. can have hit, miss, false alarm, or correct rejection. Image

what is cognitive dissonance and how do we respond?

discomfort felt when we hold 2 or more conflicting ideals/cognitions<div><br /></div><div><img src="The-Dynamics-of-Cognitive-Dissonance-Festinger-Carlsmith-1959.jpg" /></div>

what is the discrimination magnet?

discriminated people dragged away from core society

what do feminist argue females suffer?

discrimination (unjust treatment of individuals because they belong to a certain group)<div><br /></div><div>objectification (when someone is regarded as an object and treated as less important)</div><div><br /></div><div>oppression (treated unjustly and encouraged to occupy gender based social roles)</div><div><br /></div><div>stereotyping (all women are viewed under the same oversimplified image)</div>

what is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

discrimination=ACTION, prejudice is just an attitude/feeling<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-39900246179844.jpg" /></div>

what is mass media?

dissemination of info and how its transmitted in culture<div>Ex: print media, tv, online</div>

a person who <b>selectively</b> forgets <b>distracting</b> elements of their life has

dissociative disorder

what is ecological validity?

does the experiment relate to the real world?<div><br /></div>

what is face validity?

does this test actually measure what it claims to?

what is a criticism of symbolic interactionism?

doesn't ask the same questions as large scale sociologists do<div><br /></div><div>sometimes considered as supplemental instead of full theory, because restricted to small interactions between individuals</div><div><br /></div><div>but gives different perspective necessary for fully understanding society</div><div><br /></div><div>capable of explaining of how societies can change when created/recreated by social interactions</div>

what is the main criticism of social constructionism?

doesn't consider effects of natural phenomenon on society, and for strong social constructionism it has difficulties explaining those phenomena because they don't depend on human speech or action<div><br /></div><div>strong SC only explains reality through thoughts of humans, not using fundamental brute facts</div>

what is a problem with conflict theory?

doesnt explain the stability a society can experience, how society is held together (unity), despite some members not liking the status quo

what is reciprocral altruism?

doing something altruistic with expectation of reward, now or later<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is ecclesia?

dominant religion that includes most members of society<div><br></div><div>ex; Lutheranism in Sweden and Islam in Iran</div><div><br></div><div><img src="0EE79C13-8D67-41A5-9EBB-44C2B4A2EF3A.jpg"><br></div>

what is a coercive organization?

don't have a choice about being a member<div>Ex: prison or military</div>

what happens to levels of dopamine and serotonin when the reward pathway is activated?

dopamine goes up, serotonin goes down<div><br /></div>

how do dopamine and prolactin operate in conjunction?

dopamine inhibits prolactin

which neurons are lost in parkinson's disease?

dopaminergic neurons leading to loss of dopamine

what do the antipsychotic meds for schizophrenia ultimately aim to do?

downregulate dopamine

what is a cosmopolite?

drawn to city for cultural advantages<div><br /></div><div>example: students, artists, entertainment, and intellectuals</div>

what is the poverty magnet?

draws people away from core part of society, leads to social exclusion

what is freud's theory of dreams?

dreams have meaning (monster chasing you,etc)

what is the death instinct?

drives aggressive behaviors fueled by the unconscious wish to hurt yourself or others

what are psychoactive drugs?

drugs that can alter consciousness and perceptions

what is continuous reinforcement?

each behavior is rewarded

what was the theme behind erikson's psychosocial development theory?

each stage depends on overcoming <b>CONFLICTS, </b>and each success/failure at each stage affects overall functioning

what is the labelled line model of gustatation?

each taste bud has 5 different axons that syanpse at 5 different cortical locations<div><br /></div><div><img src="6790396_orig.jpg" /></div>

what does the dual coding hypothesis state?

easier to remember words associated with images than either alone<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

taste aversion

eat something but stop eating it because you become sick (have a bad experience)

the nervous system, skin, hair, glands derive from what germ layer?

ectoderm<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-238598318194692.jpg" /></div>

what can schools experience as a byproduct of funding through property taxes?

educational segregation and stratification<div><br /></div><div>different districts are funded differently, residential segregation of education</div>

what is a lower motor neuron(LMN?)

efferent PNS neuron that synapses on motor unit for skeletal muscle contraction to form a <b>neuromuscular junction</b>

what is a social fact, as defined by durkheim?

elements that serve a function in society

what biological factor contributes to depression?

decreased activation in prefrontal cortex (Associated with difficult in generating actions and decreased decision making capacity)<div><br /></div><div>lower levels of activity in reward circuitin the brain</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Amanda_Viral_SovHealth_Brain-Awareness_Week_20160310_SLM.jpg" /></div>

what do *monocular* cues provide?

relative size - size of image compared to other interpositon - image in front is closer relative height - taller image is closer shading/countour - how shade is positioned, tells how far. motion (through motion parallax) - things farther away move slower, closer moves faster constancy - perception of object doesn't change even if the image cast on the retina is diferent. size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy

what is intuition?

relying on instinct

what is negative punishment

removing a stimulus to stop a behavior from happening

what is negative reinforcement?

removing stimulus to increase likelihood of behavior being repeated

what is dishabituation?

renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus (e.g. after taking off the sweater & then putting it back on, feels scratchy again)

so what the **** is spotlight model of attention?

reorienting your overt attention following an exogeneous cue. think about hearin ga loud noise and shining a spotlight in that attention, selectively attending to that

what is the mere exposure effect?

repeated exposure to <b>something improves</b> our <b>opinion</b> of it<div><br></div><div><i>not just people</i></div>

what is nonassociative learning?

repeated exposure to one stimulus<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_2 (5).jpg" /></div>

what is trial and error?

repeatedly trying all possible combinations to solve something<div><br /></div><div><img src="Trial-and-error.png" /></div>

what is social reproduction?

reproducing social inequality<div>Ex: rich kid from rich parents</div>

what is an endogenous cue?

require internal/background knowledge to understand the cue<div><br /></div><div>cognitive aspect it attached to endogenous (top down processing)</div><div><br /></div><div>example: cocktail party effect</div>

what is self esteem?

respect and regard for self

what is operant extinction?

response no longer reinforced so it may not occur again

what is demand characteristics?

results altered because of what the subject thing the experimenter wants them to say/do<div><br /></div><div><img src="1200-610013-psychology-explained-with-examples.jpg" /></div>

what is positive sanction?

reward for conforming to norms

what is variable ratio?

reward given after different number of responses.<div>Ex: slot machine</div>

what does behaviorism say about learning?

rewards/punishment

what happens when light hits a rod?

rod turned OFF-->bipolar cell turned ON-->retinal ganglion cell turned ON-->goes to brain

can mood affect likely to conform/obey?

rough day -  less likely to conform

what is bureaucracy?

rules, structures, and rankings that guide organizations

in order to make conclusions from a meta study, what is needed?

same criteria across studies<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-106459354365956.jpg" /></div>

what is rote rehearsal?

saying the same shit again and again, is the least effective encoding technique

what is the hyperglobalist perspective?

sees globalization as <b>legitimate</b> as new age in human history, countries become more interdependent

what is centralization?

segregation+concentration in a central area<img src="unnamed.png" /><div>Ex: harlem</div>

shadowing task is an example of what kind of attention?

selective attention<div><br /></div><div>conscious effort to discriminate between incoming stimuli</div>

what is oxidopamine (6-hydroxydopamine)?

selectively destroys dopamine and NE neurons - why? - to model parkinson's disease<div><br /></div><div>similar to dopamine, in reuptake, the presynaptic cell takes the oxidopamine back for recycling (normal mechanism) but then this neuron is destroyed</div><div><br /></div><div>it destroys substantia nigra neurons completely</div>

what is the 4th level of maslow's hierarchy of needs?

self esteem (feeling self confident in your achievements and shit)

what are the components of social identity?

self identity, collective identity

what are the 3 elements of self concept theorized by carl rogers?

self image, self esteem, ideal self<div><br></div><div><img src="paste-18335215386628.jpg"></div><div><br></div><div>Edit: cat lion mirror - should be <b>ideal self</b></div>

what is meditation?

self induced altered state<div>increased alpha and theta waves</div><div>regular practitioners have greater ability to control attention</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what skills improve as we age?

semantic memory, emotional reasoning, <b>crystallized IQ</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src="paste-95631741812737.jpg" /></b></div>

what is proprioception?

sense of "self in space"

what is sensory adaptation?

senses adapt and change sensitivity to stimuli <div><br /></div><div><img src="Adaptation.gif" /></div>

object permanence appears in 

sensorimotor stage

what is the function of the thalamus?

sensory relay station. smell is the only sense that bypasses the thalamus

what is segregation?

separating groups of people and giving access to separate resources

what happens if a prenatal reflex reappears in adulthood?

serious medical problem

what hormone is NOT released post-orgasm?

serotonin

what neurotransmitter does LSD interfere with?

serotonin<div><br></div><div><img src="57616F25-B1A3-422A-BAEB-F8A707AC6188.jpg"><br></div>

what did vygotsky propose for development?

sociocultural cognitive development theory<div><br /></div><div>children learned <b>actively</b> and through <b>hands-on</b> process</div><div><br /></div><div>suggests parents/caregivers/cultural beliefs/language/attitudes are all responsible for development of higher function of learning</div><div><br /></div><div>child internalizes info w/interaction w/others</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is algorithmic problem solving?

solving problems using a set step by step method<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-146896471457796.jpg" /></div>

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

somatosensory cortex (touch/pressure/pain)<div><br /></div><div>spacial manipulation (orient in 3D)</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-106785771880452.jpg" /></div>

what is empathy-altruism hypothesis?

some are altruistic due to empathy<div><br /></div><div>high empathy = high in altruistic behaviors</div>

what is sleep apnea?

stop breathing while sleeping - body realizes youre not getting enough oxygen - wake up just long enough to gasp for air and fall back asleep without realizing<div><br /></div><div>don't get enough N3 (slow-wave)</div>

what is d' (d prime, signal detection theory)?

strength of a signal. (distance between the two crests) Image

what can weaken the attitude to behavior connection?

strong social pressures<div><br /></div><div>in turn, behavior can dictate attitude</div>

dynamic equilibrium is described by what theory?

structural functionalism

morphology

structure of words<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is macrosociology?

study of large populations and institutions. looking for patterns<div><br></div><div><img src="CA9B13B7-3CAD-4E15-B732-EC712734708A.jpg"><br></div>

what is operational span testing?

subjects are asked to perform a simple mathematical verification (3/1 <sub>+1 = 4) and then read a word, with a recall test following some number of those verified/read pairs. The max number of words that can be recalled is the operation span</sub><div><sub><br /></sub></div><div><sub><img src="13421_2014_461_Fig1_HTML.gif" /></sub></div>

what is dependent personality disorder?

submissive and clingy<div><br /></div><div><b>ex: dependent debby clins and is submissive to her husband Dan</b></div>

what is a tastant?

substance that stimulates sense of taste

what is a panic disorder?

sudden panic attacks=intense fear and has physical symptoms<div><br /></div><div>panic attacks are in response to situations that typically don't warrant that level of stress</div>

what does a depressant do?

suppresses CNS<div>lowers HR and BP</div><div>alcohol, barbiturates, benzos</div>

what is a cryoloop?

surgically implanted between skull and brain<div><br /></div><div>most important part: temporary/reversible</div><div><br /></div><div>k/O nerves, see effect, then bring back animal back to normal functioning</div>

what is the ciliary body?

suspensory ligaments+ciliary muscle

what are the 5 main tastes?

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami(glutamate)<div><br /></div><div><img src="TasteBud.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div>

which is faster? structural or synaptic plasticity

synaptic plasticity

what does portion of the trophoblast become when it fuses with the endometrium? 

syncitiotrophoblasts<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-230042743341060.jpg" /></div>

what is an opioid?

synthetic derivative of poppy seed, decrease CNS function but also act as analgesic

Ecstasy/ Molly/ MDMA

synthetic hallucinogen, also has stimulant properties. increases dopamine and euphoria. increases HR<div><br /></div><div>can damage serotonin receptors</div>

what is token economy?

system of behavior modification based on systematic reinforcement of target behavior<div><br /></div><div>reinforcers are "tokens" that can be exchanged for other reinforcers (ex prizes)</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="token-economy.png" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is Intellectualization?

taking intellectual aspects and detaching the emotional aspects of the situation

what are the 3 things that affect our ability to multitask?

task similarity, task difficulty, practice(prior experience)<div><br /></div><div><img src="Types+of+attention+2+major+sub-divisions+in+the+psychology+of+attention.+Focused+(selective)+attention..jpg" /></div>

what is systematic desensitization

teaching the client to replace feelings of anxiety with relaxation<div><br /></div><div>phobias</div><div><br /></div><div>ex: akira has arachnophobia - therapist teaches akira relaxation techniques - slowly introduce spiders to akira</div><div><br /></div><div>first a picture, then a cage, then one outside a cage</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="screen_shot_2012-04-17_at_85219_am1334678038686.png" /></div>

thermoception

temperature

what is the halo effect?

tendency for people to be <b>perceieved</b> as <b>inherently</b> good or bad<div><br /></div><div>ex: attractive people have more positive personality traits</div>

what is role conflict?

tension BETWEEN statuses<div><br /></div><div><img src="img011.gif" /></div>

what is role strain?

tension WITHIN one status<div><br /></div><div><img src="img011.gif" /></div>

where is the amygdala

thalamus

how do people respond to different stressors, according to seyle's general adaptation syndrome

the SAME WAY

what connects Wernicke's and Broca's area?

the arcuate fasciculus

where are upper motor neurons located?

the cerebral cortex, synapse in spinal cord

what portions of the ear are the inner ear?

the cochlea/semicircular canals<div><br /></div><div><img src="outer-middle-inner-ear-inner-middle-and-outer-ear-about-hearing-loss-human-body-anatomy.jpg" /></div>

in conflict theory, what is the thesis?

the current generally accepted state. the "status quo"

what is psychotisim?

the degree to which you distort reality

what differentiates collective behavior from groups?

the fact that they are OPEN and have LOOSE NORMS

what is self actualization?

the final level of maslow's hierarchy of needs. its when you <b><i><font color="#f40004">reach your full ******* potential</font></i></b><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what part of the brain is the olfactory bulb a part of?

the forebrain

what are secondary reinforcers?

things that have been LEARNED to be positive<div><br /></div><div><img src="1200-610872-primary-and-secondary-reinforcement.jpg" /></div>

what are agents of socialization?

things that help you socialize<div><br /></div><div><br /><div>family, media, friends, religion, school</div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-154799211282433.jpg" /></div>

what is personal identity?

things unique to you, like personality traits

what is an ethnic village?

think: chinatown

what did evolutionary psychology think about dreams?

threat simulation, problem solving, purpose

what are the 3 behavioral responses to stress?

three A's<div><br /></div><div><b>A</b>nger - </div><div><br /></div><div>-->type A (easily angered, aggressive, competitive)</div><div><br /></div><div>--> type B (easy going)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><b>A</b>nxiety - amygdala (fear/phobia) - perceive things as fearful - accompanies flight aspect of sympathetic response</div><div><br /></div><div><b>A</b>ddiction - impairment to frontal cortex (reasoning), so impaired judgment can increase likelihood of inappropriate coping mechanism</div>

what is just noticeable difference?

threshold at which you can *notice a change 50% of the time* in sensation

what is implosive therapy?

throw arachnophobic victim into a room full of spiders<div><br /></div><div>face fear and survive - realize their fear is irrational - lot of anxiety</div>

what is a morula?

tight collection of 32 cells, beginning of differentiation<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-217321050210308.jpg" /></div>

why do authoritarian personalities use prejudice?

to <b>protect ego</b> and <b>avoid confronting aspects of themselves</b> <i>because</i> they're always <i>focused on others</i>

what does it mean to be ethnocentric

to judge someone else's culture from <b>your</b> own <b>culture's</b> <b>viewpoint</b>

what is the function of behavior?

to maintain homeostasis (internal/external)

what is babinski reflex?

toes fan out in response to external stimulation<div><br /></div><div><img src="CoordinatedGreedyHylaeosaurus-max-1mb.gif" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Babinski2.JPG" /></div>

what is the tyranny of choice?

too many choices at supermarket, leads to decision paralysis and regret over buying

somatosensory communication

touch and movement <div><br /></div><div>ex: mating dances, food location, pair/group bonding, body language</div>

what does evolutionary game theory help predict?

traits we would see in a population<div><br /></div><div>ex: altruism vs selfish</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what do amphetamines do?

trigger release of dopamine, and block its reuptake

what are the 8 stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

trust v. mistrust, autonomy v. doubt, initiative v. guilt, industry v. inferiority, identity v. role confusion, intimacy v. isolaton, generativity v. stagnation, integrity v. despair<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-87338159964164.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-89395449298948.jpg" /></div>

are dyadic or tryadic groups more stable?

tryadic - three people in a group/more stable. dyadic - 2 people in a group

what is retrieval?

trying to bring back a memory from long term memory into working memory<div><br /></div><div><img src="threestagdone.gif" /></div>

what is assimilation?

trying to fit things into an existing schema (ss=same schema)<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_33.jpg" /></div>

what dopamine pathway helps regulate prolactin?

tuberoinfundibular pathway

what is habituation?

tuning out stimulus

what is a positive control?

tx with known response

what is implicit memory?

unconscious - priming, habits, conditioning<div><br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="memory-types.jpg" /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-38628935860225.jpg" /></div>

what did freud have to say about dreams?

unconscious thoughts and desires that need to be interpreted <div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is Repression

unconsciously pushing negative thoughts away

what are informal norms?

understood but less precise and have no specific punishments

what is social dysfunction?

undesirable consequences and may reduce stability of society

what is negative priming?

unfavorable prior exposure influences response to same stimulus<div><br /></div><div>lowers the speed to slower than un-primed levels</div>

what are latent functions?

unintended consequences<div><br /></div><div>schools expose students to social connections/new activities</div><div><br /></div><div>businesses connect people across society</div>

discrimination

unjust TREATMENT

false consciousnes

unlike class consciousness (proposed by Marx), instead of seeing they have solidarity with one another, they're unable to see their oppression<div><br /></div><div>and owners can promote this false consciousness by controlling classes, making it more difficult for workers to see their oppression</div>

what is informal sanction?

unofficially recognized and does not result in specific punishment

what is borderline personality disorder?

unstable relationships and emotion, variable self image/compulsive

what is the method of loci?

useful for encoding things that need to be memorized in order<div><br /></div><div><img src="Method+of+Loci+Based+upon+visual+imagery+Imagine+a+grocery+list.jpg" /></div>

what is top-down processing?

uses background knowledge to influence perceptions (cube illusion). theory driven. Image

what is the availability heuristic?

using examples that come to mind<div><br /></div><div>ACTUAL MEMORIES<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-164265319202817.jpg" /></div></div>

what are the telltale signs of a substance use disorder?

using higher dose, failing to meet (life) obligations, withdrawal,

what is environmental burden?

usually located near areas of heavy industry/waste facilities/manufacturing/airports and shit<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-406351150841860.jpg" /></div>

otolithic organs?

utricle and saccule *calcium* *carbonate* *crystals* that drag hair cells with the help of gravity to determine position. Image

what is normative culture

values and behaviors that are in line with larger societal norms (like avoidance of crimes)

which reinforcement schedule is the most effective?

variable ratio

what is a longitudinal study?

variables repeatedly measured over time

what area releases dopamine?

ventral tegmental area in brainstem<div><br /></div><div>sounds like GTA but VTA</div>

dopamine is produced in the_____ region of the brain

ventral tegmental<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-477724917366788.jpg" /></div>

what is the pegword system?

verbal "anchor" to a word or piece of info.<div><br /></div><div>1 is a gun</div><div>2 is a shoe</div><div>3 is a tree</div>

what is the phonological loop?

verbal info being processed (think: repeating something to yourself again to remember it)<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_5 (5).jpg" /></div>

what is histrionic personality disorder?

very attention seeking. display large emotions/wear bright clothes

how would a person rate a girl after walking over a high narrow bridge?

very high because of <b>sympathetic nervous system arousal</b>

when does scotopic vision occur?

very low light

what is a flashbulb memory?

very vivid/strong memory created in moment of high emotion<div><br /></div><div><img src="pic2.jpg" /></div>

what is vibrational theory of olfaction?

vibrational frequency of a molecule gives a molecule its specific odor profile

what is the social contract stage of kohlberg's moral development?

views laws as malleable to promote social welfare

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

vision, AKA "striate" cortex

what is self-serving bias?

way of <b>preserving our self-esteem</b>, more common in <b>individualistic cultures</b><div><br /></div><div>if we <i>succeed</i> - due to our <i>internal</i>/personal qualities</div><div><br /></div><div>if we <i>fail </i>- no hit on self-esteem because likely to do with things <i>outside our control</i></div>

what is the corticospinal tract?

when UMN from cerebral cortex synapses in spinal cord<div><br /></div><div><img src="Corticospinal-tracts-BE-600x600.jpg" /></div>

what is decay?

when a memory is unable to be retrieved. may still exist<div><br /></div><div><img src="Decay+Theories+Memories+fade+away+or+decay+gradually+if+unused.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="ebbinghauscurve.png" /></div>

what is deviance?

when a norm is violated<div><br /></div><div>doesn't have to be negative</div><div><br /></div><div>just behaving differently from what society deems normal</div>

what is internalization?

when a thought/idea/belief has been integrated into your own value/belief system<div><br /></div><div><b>stronger than other types of conformity</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>ex: start going to the gym to comply with friends, but then might internalize that exercise is good for you and continue the behavior</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is avoidance learning?

when a<b> signal </b>is given before aversive situation<div><br /></div><div>behavior avoids the situation, which results in continued avoidance because it was reinforced by the removal of the pain/undesirable stimuli</div><div><br /></div><div>self-reinforcing - negative reinforcement (receives RELIEF)</div>

what is an adoption study?

when an adopted child is compared to their biological family and adopted family

what's an indicator of mature socialization?

when an individual <b>accurately</b> <b>predicts</b> how other people <b>think</b> <b>about</b> <b>him</b> or her<div><br></div><div>such a person has incorporated the <b>social</b> <b>into</b> the <b>self</b></div>

what is spontaneous recovery?

when an old conditioned response comes back spontaneously<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-236287625789441.jpg" /></div>

what is down regulation for sight?

when bright light is out, pupils constrict and the desensiziation of rods and cones becomes desensitized to light

what does Piaget think about language development?

when children learn to think in a certain way the <b>develop </b>language to explain those thoughts<div><br /><div>Ex: When develop object permanence, create words like hide or hidden or away</div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-241450176479233.jpg" /></div>

what is extinction?

when conditioned stimulus no longer elicits conditioned response<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-230175887327236.jpg" /></div>

what is divided attention?

when doing more than one thing your brain quickly switches between things instead of multitasking

what is depersonalization?

when learner/victim is made to seem less human through stereotypes/prejudices, people are less likely to object against them<div><br /></div><div>depersonalization is a symptom of serious mental illness</div>

what is a normative organization?

when members come together through a shared goal<div>Ex: MADD </div>

what is associative learning?

when one event is connected to another<div>Ex: Classical Conditioning/operant conditioning</div>

what is group polarization?

when opinion/decision of a group pushes to an <b>extreme.</b> this happens because all criticism is directed to dissenting/minority view and all praise is directed to shit that supports the majority opinion<div><br /></div><div><img src="608743-34331-13.jpg" /></div>

what is unanimity?

when opinions of group are the same (everyone agrees)<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is dishabituation?

when previously habituated stimulus is removed

pluralism

when smaller groups within a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their values and practices are accepted by the wider culture provided they are consistent with the laws and values of the wider society

what is conduction aphasia?

when the arcuate fasciculus(connection between Wernicke's and Broca's) is broken, cannot connect the two things. difficult to repeat things that are said to you<div><br></div><div><img src="IMG_3217.JPG"></div>

what is compliance?

when we do a behavior in order to <b>gain a reward or avoid punishment</b><div><b><font color="#fd0207"><br /></font></b></div><div><b><font color="#fd0207">dont have to believe in it</font></b></div>

what is inattentional blindness?

when we fail to notice something in our view because our attention is focused elsewhere<div><br /></div><div><img src="Inattentional+Blindness.jpg" /></div>

what causes out-group derogation?

when we feel that the out-group is <b>threatening </b>or <b>undermining </b>the in-group's success

what is similarity bias?

when you <b>only</b> befriend people who look like you

what is back stage self

when you act like yourself and do things that make you feel comfortable

what is the reality principle?

when you are older/mature, have to sacrifice short term reward in favor of long term gratification

what is peripheral route processing?

when you arent interested or motivated in the message, focus on superficial characteristics of speaker, leads to TEMPORARY attitude change

what is projection bias?

when you assume others <b>share the same beliefs</b> <i>as you</i><div><i><br /></i></div>

what is informational social influence?

when you defer to the judgement of people who you think have more knowledge of the topic than you<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>ex: move to a new place. ask people around you of places to eat</div>

what is identification?

when you dress/act a certain way to be like someone you look up to<div><br /></div><div>will do this<i> as long as they </i><b>maintain respect</b> for that individual</div>

what is the representativeness heuristic?

when you look for a representative prototype and use that to make decisions/inferences<div><br /></div><div><img src="C-s7zDKXYAAiBpl.jpg" /></div>

what is social loafing?

when you put in less effort when individual beahvior isn't evaluated<div><br /></div><div><img src="3f92fcec1bed2fb3298dce736c6ea34b.jpg" /></div>

what is regression?

when you start acting childish in problematic situations<div><br></div><div>Regress as in going backwards, not suppressing</div>

what is role exit?

when you stop engaging in a previous role to start engaging in a new one

what causes a crash?

when you take a typical drug dose without your body pre-emptively compensating for it<div><br /></div><div>"dont get the drugs after body has accomodated"</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-469985386299396.jpg" /></div>

what portions of the ear are the middle ear?

where the ossicles are<div><br /></div><div><img src="outer-middle-inner-ear-inner-middle-and-outer-ear-about-hearing-loss-human-body-anatomy.jpg" /></div>

what did Marx propose?

workers in working class don't realize they're being exploited and oppressed by this capitalistic model of working<div><br /></div><div>workers can develop <b>class consciousness</b>, and realize they have solidarity with one another and struggle to overcome this oppression and exploitation</div><div><br /></div><div>involves seizing and obtaning means and redistributing the means of production among the workers</div>

what is motivational interviewing?

working with pt to find intrinsic motivation to change<div><br /></div><div><img src="9f518b5c5908a86483b194fbc4863c3a.jpg" /></div>

the more highly assimilated an immigrant group is the more likely they have

worse health outcomes

what is a formal norm?

written down norms

what is CAT scan?

x-rays create image of brain<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

can you have negative growth rate?

yes

if a person suffered from antereograde amnesia, and they participated in a study involving the mere exposure effect, would this participant still consider the faces they see more often as attractive?

yes

is withdrawal a physical symptom?

yes

if a patient has an autoimmune disease, does this imply the disorder is systemic?

yes<div><br /></div><div>if the patient showed localized symptoms, this would lead to a different diagnosis because the observation is not systemic</div>

can conflict theory apply to gender?

yes<div><br></div><div> power is distributed in a marriage and the conflicts that occur due to the shifts in power (divorce).</div>

what is the foot in the door techinque?

you are more likely to do something big when asked to do something smaller first<div><br /></div><div><img src="foot-in-the-door-psychology-definition-thank-you-pages-7-ways-i-ve-increased-retention-and-foot-in-the-door-psychology-idea-2-578-x-372.jpg" /></div>

what is internal locus of control?

you can control your own destiny

what is gestalt's law of symmetry?

you perceive symmetry in objects and forming around a central point. Image

2nd stage piaget

2-6 years old<div><br /></div><div>preoperational </div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-125675038048260.jpg" /></div>

what is the age range and virtue and  (-) for the industry v. inferiority stage?

6-12<div><br /></div><div>greater significance/self esteem</div>

what brain imaging techniques tell us solely about function?

EEG and MEG (squids)

what is the relation between role playing and attitude?

playing a new role can shape an attitude

what is the age range and virtue and.  (-) for the integrity v despair stage

65+ <div><br /></div><div>wisdom</div><div><br /></div><div>negative: despair/dissatisfaction upon death</div>

what age range is the concrete operational stage?

7-11 years old

what is a well defined problem?

problem with a clear start and end point<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_3 (3).jpg" /></div>

riding a bicycle is a form of ____ memory

procedural

what ia Bureaucratization?

process by which an organization becomes increasingly regulated by rules/laws/policy

3rd stage piaget

7-11 years<div><br /><div>concrete operational </div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-127543348822020.jpg" /></div><div><img src="paste-128466766790660.jpg" /></div></div>

what is stress?

process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats/challenges.<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-24863565676548.jpg" /></div>

what is insight learning?

"aha" moment<div><br /></div><div>solve a problem using past skills</div>

what is broca's aphasia?

"broken speech", trouble speaking, halting/jarring speech but you can understand what people are saying<div><br /></div><div>NON-FLUENT APHASIA (THEY CANT TALK FOR SHIT)<br /><div><br /></div><div>PICTURE <b>B</b>ARACK OBAMA - GOOD AT SPEECHES<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-215332480352260.jpg" /></div></div></div>

what is the sympathetic nervous system?

"fight or flight"<div>pupils dilate, increase HR, RR, glucose level, adrenaline</div><div><br /></div><div>decrease digestion/salivation</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="sympatheticvsparasympatheticeffects.jpg" /></div>

what is selective attention?

"flashlight beam", only focusing on one thing at a time

what is a fad?

"fleeting behavior". emerges and dies out quickly<div>Ex: cinammon challenge, ice bucket challenge, mannequin challenge</div>

what is Wernicke's aphasia?

"fluent aphasia", nothing the person says makes logical sense and you have trouble understanding<div><br /></div><div>(FLUENT APHASIA - THEY <i>CAN</i> TALK)</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-216346092634116.jpg" /></div>

what is conformity?

"peer pressure". tendency to bring thoughts in line with majority

what is the parasympathetic nervous system?

"rest and digest". <div>pupils CONSTRICT, increase salivation, glucose STORAGE, digestion</div><div><br /></div><div>decrease HR, RR, adrenaline</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="sympatheticvsparasympatheticeffects.jpg" /></div>

fertility rate

# of births a woman is expected to give birth to in her child bearing years<div><br /></div><div>>2 = increase in pop</div><div>= 2, no increase/decrease in pop</div><div>< 2 = decrease in pop</div>

what is a dependency ratio?

# of dependent individuals in a pop/working individuals. is measure of dependency in a population

what is inclusive fitness?

# of offsprings organism has and how it supports them<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_5 (3).jpg" /></div>

what is paranoid personality disorder?

profound distrust/suspicion of others

what does Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences state?

7-9 very different types of intelligence that don't affect one another<div><br></div><div><img src="paste-200252850176004.jpg"></div>

what is projection?

projecting own feelings of inadequacy on another

what is projection?

projecting your own feelings onto someone else

what are the 5 stages of Freud's <b>psychosexual development?</b>

<div>OLD AGE PARROTS LOVE GRAPES</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-79813377261569.jpg" /></div>

what is tokenism?

<div>The process of trying make a false appearance of diversity. </div>token black guy/minority in a tv show<img src="e2a96d94dd669a3df6ad49d03473024b.jpg">

what are the different types of feminist theory?

(1) gender differences <div><br /></div><div>(2) gender inequality</div><div><br /></div><div>(3) gender oppression</div><div><br /></div><div>(4) structural oppression - women's oppression and inequality due to capitlism, patriarchy, and racism. direct parallel to conflict theory</div><div><br /></div><div>women like working class are exploited because of capital model, but not all women express oppression in same way</div>

what is dis-assortative mating? (non-assortive)

<div>individuals with different phenotype more likely to mate</div>

conditioned response

<div>learned response</div><img src="slide1 (1).jpg" />

what is hidden curriculum?

 <b>expected</b> social and cultural norms that are taught <b>informally</b>.<div><br></div><div>girl says red her fav color, teacher replies saying pink is more appropriate</div><div><br></div><div><img src="B729D0D4-DFF2-4C02-983E-7CDB6AF5C4EE.jpg"><br></div>

what is principle of aggregation

 effects of an attitude become more apparent when we look at a persons aggregate or average behavior instead of isolated acts.

social cognitive theory suggests what about how behavior is learned?

 through observing others and modeling their actions.

total population increase rate

( # births + # immigration ) / 1000

total population decrease rate

( # of deaths + # emigration ) /1000

3 steps for social identity theory

(1) <b>categorize: </b>categorize in order to understand - make pre-judgements<div><br /></div><div>(2) <b>identification: </b>adopt identity of the group - belonging - behaving and acting like the category we belong to - take on that role - feels like norm - <b>emotional significance - <i>our self-esteem becomes bound with this group identification and sense of belonging</i></b></div><div><b><i><br /></i></b></div><div><b>(3) comparison - </b>compare ourselves with others. why? to maintain self-esteem, critical to understanding prejudice, because once two groups develop as rivals, we start to compete in order to maintain self-esteem</div>

what 4 factors determine strong/weak sense of self-efficacy?

(1) <b>mastery of experience</b> - strengths of self-efficacy<div><br /></div><div>(2)<b> social modeling - </b>seeing people simlar to ourselves complete the same task increases self-efficacy</div><div><br /></div><div>(3)<b> social persuasion - </b>when someone says something positive to you, helps overcome self-doubt</div><div><br /></div><div>(4)<b> psychological response - </b>learning how to minimize stress and control/elevate mood in difficult/challenging situations can improve self-efficacy</div>

what are the 3 things needed for a social movement to develop?

(1) <b>relative deprivation(</b>feeling like you dont have enough), <div><br /></div><div>(2) <b>feeling of deserving better</b>, and that </div><div><br /></div><div>(3)<b> conventional means</b> to attain your goals <b>are useless</b></div>

what is the I and me?

(1) I = jerk, non-conforming, non-socialized version, individual identity (personal response to what society thinks), <b>spontaneous</b><br /><div><br /></div><div>(2) me = socialized self, takes society into consideration, how you believe the GENERALIZED other PERCEIVES YOU</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>example: "I" wants to go to a party, "me" stays home Friday night to study for test</div>

what are some ways to improve self control?

(1) change environment<div>(2) operant conditioning</div><div>(3) classical conditioning</div><div>(4) deprivation</div>

what are the types of social support?

(1) emotional support<div><br /></div><div>(2) esteem support</div><div><br /></div><div>(3) informational support</div><div><br /></div><div>(4) tangible/instrumental support</div><div><br /></div><div>(5) companionship support</div>

what is the sleep cycle order?

1 - 2 - 3 - 2 - REM - 1<div><br /></div><div>IT'S ALMOST LIKE A ****ING PALINDROME BUT <b>REM </b>****ED IT UP</div>

what are the 3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

1) Alarm phase (stress rxn kicks in)<div>2) Resistance (fleeing, huddling,cortisol high)</div><div>3) Exhaustion  (resources depleted, tired)</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="General+Adaptation+Syndrome.jpg" /></div>

what are the basic steps of fertilization?

1) sperm binds<div><br><div>2) acrosome reaction (digest zona pellucida)</div><div><br></div><div>3) cortical reaction (binding of 2 cell membranes, block to polyspermy)</div><div><br></div><div>4) fertilization</div><div><br></div><div><img src="fertilization.jpg"></div></div>

what are the 5 stages of the demographic transition model?

1)high birth rate, high death rate<div>2)population increase as death rate decreases</div><div>3)death rates AND birth rates fall</div><div>4) equalization between birth and death rate at a low level</div><div>5) population stabilizes worldwide</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Demographic_Transition_Model.jpg" /></div>

what is the age range and virtue and  (-) for the autonomy v. doubt stage

1-3<div><br /></div><div><b>will (independence)</b></div><div><br /></div><div>feeling of inadequacy///lacking self esteem</div>

what is the appraisal theory of stress?

2 stages to cognitive appraisal of stress: primary and secondary<div>secondary only follows primary when stimulus is deemed threatening</div>

according to the wechsler scales of intelligence, mean intelligence quotient is

100, with a standard deviation of 15

4th stage piaget

11+<div><br /></div><div>formal operational<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-130326487629828.jpg" /></div></div>

what age range is the formal operational stage?

12+

what is the age range and virtue and    (-) for the identity v. role confusion stage

12-20<div><br /></div><div>virtue is fidelity: seeing oneself as unique</div><div><br /></div><div>negative outcome is rebellion</div>

what age group typically affects schizophrenics?

16-30

fertilization occurs at week 

what is dissociative identity disorder?

2 or more identities in a single body.  <div>usually from people who have suffered <b>child abuse </b>or life stresses. extremely rare.some people   think it isnt even legit</div><div><br></div><div>person's conscious dissociates or separates from the painful memories, thoughts, or feelings</div><div><br></div><div><img src="DID (Multiple Personality).jpg"></div><div><br></div><div><img src="giphy (1).gif"></div>

what is the age range and virtue and   (-) for the intimacy vs isolation stage?

20-40<div><br /></div><div>love</div><div><br /></div><div>negative: isolation, loneliness, depression</div>

what frequencies can humans hear?

20Hz to 20kH

birth @ ___ weeks = 50% survival

what is the result of gastrulation?

3 embyronic germ layers, ecto-, endo-, and meso-

what is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

3 stages, looks at how people develop their <b>moral</b> standards<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-43873090928641.jpg" /></div>

in what group size are we likely to conform?

3-5

what is the age range and virtue and     (-) for the initiative v. guilt stage?

3-6<div><br /></div><div><b>reach sense of purpose</b></div><div><br /></div><div> guilt - think theyre annoying, act more as a follower</div>

full term is 

37-42 weeks

what is the age range and virtue and.  (-) for the generativity v. stagnation stage

40-65<div><br /></div><div>adults feel like they giving back, develop sense of care for others</div><div><br /></div><div>negative: stagnate/unproductive</div>

what possible gene is associated with depression?

5-HTTLPR but only if individual is in stressful environment

fraternal twins share __% of their genetic code

what is the main point of the zimbardo/stanford prison experiment?

<b>deindividuation</b> (loss of self) and control over the prisoners.<div><br /></div><div>the situational influence (<b>situational attribution</b>) took precedence over dispositional attribution</div><div><br /></div><div>the bad behavior caused <b>cognitive dissonance </b>- guards knowing their behavior was wrong, tried to reduce mental distress - overly justified their behaviors - everything happened because prisoners were whims or they deserved it (changing cognition)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>internalization - </b>subjects internalized roles - incorporated roles into beliefs, and let it influence their attitudes/cognitions/behaviors</div>

what is the skeptical perspective?

<b>disagrees with hyperglobalists</b>, states that 3rd world countries aren't actually being integrated and the economy isnt leading towards global capitalism<div><br></div><div>ex: transnational corporation still tied to their home countries and national borders remain important</div>

what are traits?

<b>distinguishing</b> qualities/characters. can be acquired or inherited

what are some ways of managing stress?

<b>exercise</b><div><br /></div><div><b>meditation</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>religion</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>cognitive flexibility</b> - perspective change is huge in our perception of what is stress us out</div><div><br /></div><div><b>coping </b>- expending conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize or tolerate stress or conflict</div>

what is stereotype threat?

<b>exposure</b> to a <b>negative</b> stereotype surrounding a task can actually cause a <b>decrease</b> in the performance of an individual task<div><br /></div><div>the stereotype threatens performance</div>

what is the primacy bias?

<b>first </b>impressions are long, strong, and easily built upon

what psychological factors contribute to aggression?

<b>frustration-aggression principle</b> - frustration creates anger which sparks aggression <div><br /></div><div><b>reinforcement-modeling </b>- positive reinforcement - parents who give into demands of child during temper tantrums lead to more temper tantrums in future</div>

what is shaping?

<b>gradually </b>reinforcing behaviors that will lead to or approximate the "target" behavior<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-266657339539457.jpg" /></div>

what are mature defense mechanisms?

<b>humor</b> - humor to be truthful and alleviate feelings but socially acceptable<div><br></div><div><b>sublimation</b> - channeling negative to positive energy</div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>suppression</b> - conscious thought gets pushed to unconscious but <b>CAN</b> <b>access</b> thoughts at a <b>later</b> time</div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>altruism</b> - service of others - we fill fulfilled and gain pleasure/satisfaction</div>

where does histamine in the brain travel?

<b>hypothalamus</b>--><b>cortex</b>

what are some problems with twin studies?

<b>identical</b> twins treated <b>more</b> <b>similarly</b> than fraternal twins<div><br></div><div>this would mean monozygotic twins share even "more" of the same environment than fraternals</div>

what are some problems with adoption studies?

<b>incomplete</b> info about <b>biological</b> <b>families</b> for adoptive children<div><br></div><div>also <b>adoption</b> <b>isn't</b> <b>random</b>, adoptive family sometimes matched to be similar to biological family </div><div><br></div><div>makes it more difficult to understand if something is genetic or environmentally driven</div>

what characterizes innate behavior?

<b>inherited</b> - encoded by DNA<div><br /></div><div><b>intrinsic</b> - present even if youre raised in isolation (pooping, ****ing)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>stereotypic</b> - performed the same way each time </div><div><br /></div><div><b>inflexible</b> - not modifidable by experience</div><div><br /></div><div><b>consummate</b> - fully developed right away, at first performance (subject to change through mutation)</div>

what is self-stigma?

<b>internalizing</b> <b>negative</b> stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory experiences<div><br></div><div>begins to then <b>feel</b> <b>rejected</b> by society, <b>avoids</b> interacting with <b>society</b></div><div><br></div><div>ex: HIV/AIDS victim </div>

what are the 4 <b>elementary functions</b> that babies have as proposed by Vygotsky?

<b>memory, attention, perception, sensation</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b></b><b>(MAPS) (baby with a map - see pic)</b></div><div><b></b><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src="paste-126241973731329.jpg" /></b></div><div><b><br /></b></div>

what did kohlberg propose for development?

<b>moral development theory</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>moral reasoning - </b>right v wrong</div><div><br /></div><div>people pass through 3 stages (each w/2 stages) - 6 levels</div>

why is there higher resolution at the fovea?

<b>no axons </b>in the way of light entering<div><br /></div><div><img src="250px-Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg.png" /></div>

what characterized learned behavioral traits?

<b>non-inherited </b>- acquired only through observation/experience<div><br></div><div><b>extrinsic - </b>absent when animals are raised in isolation, ex. social skills</div><div><br></div><div><b>permutable - </b>pattern/sequence that is <b><i>changeable</i></b></div><div><b><i><br></i></b></div><div><b>adaptable - </b>capable of being modified in response to changing condition<b>s</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>progressive - </b>subjective to improvement or refined through practice over time</div>

what is spatial mismatch?

<b>opportunities </b>for <i>low income people</i> are <b><font color="#ff0004">farther away</font></b> and harder to access( literally, the jobs are far away)

<b>somatosensory</b> tracts synapse on the (same side/opposite side) in the brain

<b>opposite</b> side

what is the tend and befriend response?

<b>oxytocin, r</b>espond to stress using support system<div><br /></div><div><img src="tendbefriendmodel.jpg" /></div>

what is gatekeeping?

<b>part of conflict theory</b>: process by which small number of people or corporations <b>control </b>what<b> info</b> is presented in media

what did Hans <b>Eysenck</b> propose with regard to trait theory?

<div><b>Imagine eyes - jab a p.e.n. into the eye</b></div><div><b><br></b></div><div><img src="AC5DA3D2-9314-4128-9710-3B846C015077.jpg"><b><br></b></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>we all have ALL traits but express them to different degrees. also, 3 dimensions of personality<div><b><br></b></div><div><b>(1) psychotisim - </b>degree to which reality is distorted (we all don't necessarily have psychoticism)</div><div><br></div><div><b>(2) extroversion</b> - degree of sociability</div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b>(3) neuroticism</b> - emotional stability</div><div><b><br></b></div><div><b><img src="dd102_1_image01.png"><br></b><div><b><br></b></div><div><b><br></b></div></div>

what are the 3 stages of Kohlberg's moral development theory?

<div><b>PCP</b></div><div><br /></div>pre-conventional, conventional, post conventional<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-35673998360580.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-36288178683908.jpg" /></div>

what is the post conventional stage divided into?

<div><b>POST</b>man delivering a <b>contract</b> (social contract) and <b>universal today </b>(universal principles) - higher moral reasoning</div><div><br /></div><img src="paste-45174466019332.jpg" /><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-45788646342660.jpg" /></div>

what is the preconventional stage divided into?

<div><b>PRE</b>acher smacking <b>OBEE</b>dience (obedience vs punishment) with a <b>FISH</b> (self-interest) (individualism and exchange)</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src="paste-37538014167044.jpg" /><div><br /><div><img src="paste-40634685587460.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>

what is an internal attribution?

<div><b>dispositional attribution</b></div><div><br /></div>attributing something to someone's internal factors

whats the deal with Solomon Asch's line experiments?

<div><b>gestalt psychology</b> - more than just parts (factor in setting, time, etc)</div><div><br /></div>showed that people would conform even though they knew they were right or because they doubted themselves<div><br /></div><div><img src="fig15_5.jpg" /></div>

what is the worlds systems theory?

<div><b>importance of world as a UNIT rather than individual countries</b></div><div><br /></div>divides the worlds into 3 types of countries. core(US), periphery(uganda), and semi periphery(india/china)<div><br /></div><div><img src="ws-map.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="maxresdefault (7).jpg" /></div>

what is the devil effect/reverse halo effect?

<div><b>individuals</b>, brands,  or other things judged to have a <b>single</b> <b>undesirable</b> trait are subsequently judged to have <b>many poor </b>traits, allowing a single weak point or negative trait to influence others' perception of the person, brand or other thing in general </div><div><br></div><div>carry over into how we see other attributes about the person</div><div><br></div><div>happens if overall negative impression or if one attribute is very negative</div>

what is the interactionist view on mass media?

<div><b>micro-level</b></div><div><br /></div>looks at<i><b> how mass media shapes daily experience</b></i><div><br /><div>Ex: can't talk in movie theater with group of friends</div></div>

what is an external attribution?

<div><b>situational attribution</b></div><div><br /></div>attributing something to the person's environment

what is the looking glass self?

<div><br /></div><div><img src="Looking+Glass+Self.png" /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>person's sense of self develops through perceptions of how others perceive us

what is a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

<div><div>FIXED = CONSISTENT</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>RATIO = AMOUNT OF RESPONSES</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>reward given after a fixed ratio of responses/behaviors

what is executive attention?

<div><div>This refers to a supervisory attentional system that inhibits inappropriate responses and activates appropriate ones.  Its function is to control our thoughts and behaviours in adaptive ways. </div><div><br /></div><div>example: Imagine leaving a parking lot to drive home in the evening. If your usual routine is to drive straight home, then executive attention is needed to intervene and activate the thought of going first to, say, a grocery store . The automatic response of driving home must be inhibited or else it will control behaviour. Executive attention is always needed when (i) planning or making decisions, (ii) correcting errors, (iii) the required response is novel or not well-learned; (iv) conditions are dangerous.</div><div><br /></div></div>

what is heritablity?

<div><font color="#060000">Heritability does not pertain to an individual, but rather to </font><i><b><font color="#f40004">how individuals differ;</font></b></i><font color="#060000"> for example, the heritability of intelligence is 50%. This does not mean that genes are responsible for 50% of your intelligence, but rather is responsible for 50%</font><b><font color="#f40004"> of the difference between your intelligence and someone elseâ€™s</font></b><font color="#060000">.</font></div>

what are the 6 universal emotions?

<div>EEEEEEEKman</div><div><br /></div><div>Ekman</div><div><br /></div>happy, sad, surprised, fear, anger, disgust<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-282063387230209.jpg" /></div>

what is fixed interval?

<div>FIXED = CONSISTENT</div><div>INTERVAL = TIME</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>reward given at a fixed TIME interval, may result in slower response rate<div><br /></div><div>WHY THE **** WOULD I CARE TO WORK?!?!</div><div><br /></div><div>CONSEQUENCE - SLOWER</div>

what is variable interval?

<div>INTERNVAL = TIME</div><div><br /></div>reward given after varying amounts of time

equation for current population

<div>Initial Population + Births â€" Deaths + Immigrating In â€" Emigrating</div><div>out</div><div><br /></div><div> [ If this is a negative number, you have a negative growth rate for that country]</div>

what is the sexual response cycle?

<div>Master & Johnson (MJ loved sex) studied physiological steps in sexual activity from volunteers</div><div><br /></div>phases during banging<div>1) excitement/arousal</div><div>2) flatline</div><div>3) orgasm</div><div>4)refractory period</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="CNX_Psych_10_03_SexResponse.jpg" /></div>

what is the actor-observer bias?

<span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px">attribute one's own actions to external causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes</span><div><font color="#222222" face="Roboto, arial, sans-serif"><br /></font></div><div><b><font color="#222222">BIAS REQUIRES</font><font color="#080000"> BOTH</font><br /></b><div><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><img src="1200-610447-37373138-49368302.jpg" /></span></div></div>

what are the 3 categories of personality Disorders?

A(awkward), B(be<b>wild</b>ered), C(concerned)<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-724067061596161.jpg" /></div>

what are the 4 components of bandura's social cognitive theory of personality?

Attention<div>Memory</div><div>Imitation</div><div>Motivation</div><div><br /></div><div>AM I MOTIVATED?</div>

who coined the term symbolic interactionism?

Blumer

what is Vygotsky's theory of language development?

Children develop language as a way to interact with their parents - socialization<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-241450176479233.jpg" /></div>

What is the Schacter-Singer theory of emotion?

Event-->Physiologic Response-->Identify reason for response-->Emotion<div><br /></div><div>Requires identifying reason for response</div><div><br /></div><div>imagine a singer - doesn't know their voice is good - when she finished everyone is clapping for her. event first, which leads to a physiological arousal (clapping), and then she interpets the clapping and realizes that shes a good singer (labeling) then experiences the emotion</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="theories+of+emotion.jpg" /></div>

what is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Event-->Physiologic Response-->Interpretation-->Emotion<div><br /></div><div><i>Interpreting</i> the physiological signs resulting from an event</div><div><br /></div><div>MNEMONIC: <b>JAMES</b> BOND - he's all about action - when an event happens - our body has ACTION happen first (physiological response) - then we interpret</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="giphy (6).gif" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="theories+of+emotion.jpg" /></div>

when we consider our own behaviors, we are more likely to blame our behavior _____ in order to preserve our ego

External factors

what stimulates the gonads?

FSH/LH

what is the basic point of psychoanalytic theory and who is it associated with?

Freud. <div><br></div><div>personality shaped by <b>childhood</b> <b>experiences</b> and UNCONSCIOUS THOUGHTS/DESIRES, feelings, and past memories</div><div><br></div><div>Ex: childhood abuse leading to antisocial tendencies</div>

depressants act on ___ receptors

GABA

what are some amino acid neurotransmitters?

GABA (CNS)<div><br /></div><div>Glycine (PNS)</div>

bitter, sweet, and umami rely on ___ receptors

GPCR

is relative poverty harder or easier to measure?

HARDER

what is bipolar 1 disorder?

HAS manic episodes with (or without) major depressive disorder<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-769134153433089.jpg" /></div>

conflict theory is associated with who?

Karl Marx

psychoanalytic theory states there are 2 instinctual drives pushing human behavior, what are they?

Libido and Death instict 

who proposed that babies are born with a <b>built</b>-<b>in</b> capacity to imitate others?

Meltzoff<div><br /></div><div>imitation</div>

sleepwalking mostly occurs during __ stage of sleep

what stage of sleep is associated with night terrors?

NON-rem

is anxiety a mood disorder?

NOOOO

What are the age ranges for the stages of Freud's development model?

Oral: 0-1, Anal: 1-3, Phallic: 3-6, Latent:6-12, Genital: 12+

what are the cluster A personality disorders?

Paranoid - profound distrust and suspicion of others<div><br /><div>Schi<b>Z</b>oid - <b>DIZTANT = </b>distant, schi<b>z</b>oid</div><div><br /></div><div>Schizo<b>T</b>ypal - odd beliefs/magical <b>T</b>hinking </div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-727069243736065.jpg" /></div>

maslow's mnemonic

Please Stop Liking Stupid Shit

what stage of sleep is associated with dreams/nightmares?

REM sleep

what is illness experience?

process of being ill and how people cope with illness<div><br /></div><div>people experience of disease varies too if they have access to resources like palliative care</div>

what are the physical and emotional components of depression/major depressive disorder?

Sadness + SIG: E CAPS <div><br /></div><div>(picture a sad celebrity signing his signature on tons of electronic caps in the year 2090)<div><br /></div><div><b>S</b>uicidal thoughts: low self-esteem, low mood</div><div><br /></div><div><b>I</b>nterests decreases (anhedonia)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>G</b>uilt</div><div><br /></div><div><b>E</b>nergy decrease - lethargy </div><div><br /></div><div><b>C</b>oncentration decreased </div><div><br /></div><div><b>A</b>ppetite disturbance (+ or -)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>P</b>sychomotor changes/symptoms (agitation/retardation)</div><div><br /></div><div><b>S</b>leep disturbance (+ or -)</div><div><br /></div><div>+weight gain/loss</div><div><br /></div></div>

What does Deutch & Deutchâ€™s Late Selection Theory state?<div><br /></div>

Sensory register--> perceptual process->selective filter-->conscious<div><br></div><div>states that you do register and assign meaning to shit but that your selective filter decides what to send to your conscious</div><div>problem? too much energy required to assign meaning to everything</div><div><br></div><div><img src="74EE524B-BC52-4DD2-832B-13CE15E1C1F7.jpg"><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

N1 stage of sleep is dominated by

Theta waves, hallucinations, hypnic jerks<div><br></div><div><img src="paste-388608640942084.jpg"></div><div><br></div><div><img src="paste-392362442358785.jpg"></div>

what is encoding?

processing info and transferring it into long-term memory

max weber introduced 3 independant factors

class/status/power<div><br /></div><div>class: person's economic position in a society, based on birth and individual achievement. Weber differs from Marx in that he does not see this as the supreme factor in stratification. Weber notes how corporate executives control firms they typically do not own; Marx would have placed these people in a proletariat despite their high incomes by virtue of the fact that they sell their labor instead of owning capital</div><div><br /></div><div>Status/prestige: a person's prestige, social honor, or popularity in society. Weber notes that political power is not rooted in capital value solely, but also in one's individual status -- ex: poets or saints can have extensive influence on society despite few material resources</div><div><br /></div><div>power: person's ability to get their way despite the resistance of others, particularly in their ability to engage social change</div>

what is aversive conditioning?

classical conditioning used to stop certain behaviors<div>Ex: If you want to stop Lashonda from smoking you shock her every time she smokes</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Aversive+Conditioning.jpg" /></div>

behaviorism considers

classical/operant conditioning 

what is communism?

classless, moneyless community where all property is owned by community

what is escape?

closely related to avoidance - often demonstrated by people who experience panic attacks or have phobias - these people want to flee the situation at the first sign of anxiety

what factors contribute to obedience?

closeness, physical proximity, legitimacy, institutional authority, victim distance, depersonalization

higher level neural function includes

cognition, consciousness, emotion

what is the opponent process theory?

color info is combined in such a way that we perceive three opposing pairs of colors<div><br /></div><div>black/white</div><div><br /></div><div>blue/ywllow</div><div><br /></div><div>red/green</div><div><br /></div><div>no two members of a pair are seen simultaneously</div>

opponent process theory

color vision occurs because of the opposing responses of three sensory receptor complexes (red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white)

what are the 3 elements of feature detection?

color, form, motion<div><br /></div><div><img src="0ugcw7wOZBg.png" /></div>

what is complex behavior?

combination of innate and learned behavior<div><br /></div><div>ex: ability of insects to fly, starts off as innate but through learning becomes more efficient in ability to fly</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="pnas.1412279112.sm01.gif" /></div>

what is the generalized other?

common behavioral expectations of society

what is long term memory?

composed of explicit and implicit memories, theoretically unlimited

what is the aqeous humor?

composes the anterior chamber, provides support, in front of pupil

in conflict theory, what is the synthesis?

compromise achieved between thesis and antithesis<div><br /></div><div>example: members of the working class becoming managers</div><div><br /></div><div>creating a new middle class might have more power than the factory owner. this creates a new thesis/antithesis</div>

what is meaning-focused coping?

concentrating on deriving meaning from the stressful experience

a child that recognizes conservation of matter (the water glass test) is in what stage of development?

concrete operational

what is counterconditioning (stimulus substitution)?<div><br /></div>

conditioning unwanted behavior or response to a stimulus into a wanted behavior or response by associating positive actions with the stimulus<div><br /></div><div><img src="Counterconditioning-infographic.png" /></div>

what is substance-induced disorder?

conditions CAUSED by substance<div><br /></div><div>gives rise to mood disorders or anxiety disorders, sexual dysfunction, sleep deprivation, psychosis</div>

what is medicalization?

conditions previously considered to be normal become diagnosable and treatable through medicine<div>.<div>Ex: sadness =/= depressed and can't focuses =/= ADHD and more c-sections instead of natural births</div></div><div><br></div><div>overdiagnosis</div><div><br></div><div><img src="47AF914F-9387-4C8C-8C42-0C00F4AF3B99.jpg"><br></div>

what is the corpus callosum and what is it made of?

connection between 2 hemispheres. made of MOSTLY white matter

what is the episodic buffer?

connection between working and long term memory<div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_5 (5).jpg" /></div>

what is the biomedical approach to psychological disorders?

considers ONLY biological factors<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-614197503197185.jpg" /></div>

what is the biopsychosocial approach to disorders?

considers biological factors AND psych/sociological factors<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-614193208229889.jpg" /></div>

what is parallel forms reliablity?

consistency between different versions of the same instrument

what is rational choice theory?

people are not motivated just by money, but by doing whats best for them<div><br /></div><div>rational choice theory assumes you explain social change/social institutions<br /><div><br /></div><div>the main idea is that everything we do is fundamentally rational - a person is acting as if they were weighing costs and benefits of each action</div><div><br /></div><div>maximize personal gain - pattern of choices (not an individual choice) </div></div>

what is the hypothesis of relative deprivation?

people become more prejudiced/discriminatory when they are <b>lacking some resource</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src="paste-77210627080196.jpg" /></b></div>

what is optimum arousal theory?

people do things to reach a peak state of arousal<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-360566799466497.jpg" /></div>

what is the bystander effect?

people feel less responsibility to do shit or help others when in a large group

what is the relative deprivation theory?

people join social movements when they are oppressed<div><img src="MartinLutherKingJr.jpg" /></div><div>e.x. civil rights movement - a response to oppression to people of color in US</div><div><br /></div><div>Relative deprivation theory studies the differences between perceived and actual reality.</div>

what is effort justification?

people more likely to give something greater value if they put a lot of effort into it

what is social constructionism?

people shape their reality through social interactions/agreement. things are real because we make them real<div><br></div><div><br></div><div>theory that knowledge is not real, and only exists because we give them reality through social agreement - nations, books, etc., don't exist in absence of human society</div><div><br></div><div><img src="00D58372-A491-43B8-A588-D98A72A8CBAF.jpg"><br></div>

whats the deal with Milgram's experiments?

people shocked a confederate alot due to <b>obedience to authority</b>. demonstrated that <b>everyone has a fundamental obedient side </b>to them<div><br /></div><div><img src="Screen-Shot-2017-05-13-at-21.48.31.png" /></div>

what are some coping mechanisms for stress?

perceived control (low socioeconomic status)<div><br /></div><div>optimism</div><div><br /></div><div>social support</div>

what are subjective norms?

perceived pressure to act or think a certain way

what is <i>relative</i> poverty?

percentage below median of country. does not challenge survival but <b>excludes them from society</b><img src="absolute-poverty-definition.png"><div><br></div><div><img src="paste-396382531747844.jpg"><br><div><br></div><div><br></div></div>

example of a person with low self-esteem and high self-efficacy

perfectionist<div><br /></div><div>self-critical, still believe capable of doing tasks </div>

what is the prodrome?

period of time before schizophrenia becomes symptomatic. "going downhill"

what are the bipolar and related disorders?

periods of negative mood WITH periods of abnormally positive mood called Mania<div><br /><div>Ex: bipolar disorder</div></div>

where are tonic receptors?

peripheral nervous system

where does sensory adaptation occur?

peripheral nervous system

what is migration?

permanent movement of people into or out of country

what is anxious avoidance?

person avoids anxiety provoking situations by all means 

what are the rights and obligations of the sick role?

person has right to be exempt from normal social obligations and forfeit responsibility for being sick<div><br /></div><div>person is obligated to recover and obligated to seek medical attention if needed</div>

what is sensitization with response to coping stress mechanism?

person seeks to learn about, rehearse, and/or anticipate fearful events in a protective effort to prevent these events from occuring in the first place

what is overt orienting?

person turns all or part of the body to alter or maximize the sensory impact of an event<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what does behaviorist theory state?

personality result of learned behavior patterns based on environment. deterministic, meaning people start as blank slates and get molded by the environment<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-509237092417537.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Cognitive+Theory.jpg" /></div>

what is trait theory?

personality traits<b> describe</b> overall personality and describe it as a <b>pattern of behavior</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div>doesnt try to explain personality</div>

what is material culture?

physical and technological aspects <div>Ex: housing, food, cell phones</div>

what is a stress reaction?

physical/emotional response to a stressor<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-24859270709252.jpg" /></div>

what are the basic needs in maslow's hierarchy of needs?

physiological (food, thirst)<div><br /></div><div>safety (safe environment/home)</div>

what is the outer(visible) part of the ear known as?

pinna<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-245818158219265.jpg" /></div>

why is residential segregation important?

political isolation - communities segregated are politically weak because their political interests dont overlap with other communities - become politically vulnerable, dont have the political influence to keep their own needs addressed<div><br /></div><div>linguistic isolation - communities who are isolated may develop own language, even in the same city</div><div><br /></div><div>spatial mismatch - opportunities for low-income people in segregated communities may be present but farther away, and harder to access. gap between where people live and where opportunities are</div>

the hindbrain develops into

pons/medulla/cerebellum

what is the acrosome?

portion of sperm containing enzymes to digest zona pellucida<div><br /></div><div><img src="8f98515a646a3c07e2ac7a557ad4a58668fec25982e5d85b124d337a9daba.jpg" /><br /><div><br /></div></div>

how does the media affect stigmas?

portraying things negatively to a mass audience

proprioception

position

what happens during out group derogation?

positive rxn to our in group but negative rxn to out group

what happens during in group favoritism?

positive rxn to our in group but neutral reaction to out group

what is eustress?

positive stress that motivates you<div><br /></div><div><img src="eustress.jpg" /></div>

fecundity

potential reproductive capacity of a female

prejudice

preconceived OPINION that isn't based on reason or experience<div><br /></div><div>discrimination often results from prejudice</div>

what are secondary traits?

preferences or attitudes Ex: liking art or not eating meat

what is the function of the frontal lobe?

prefrontal cortex (executive function, surprise/direct other areas of brain)<div><br /></div><div>motor cortex (body movement)<div><br /></div><div>Broca's area (speech production)</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-103809359544324.jpg" /><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div>

what is a cohort study?

preplanned following subset of population over a lifetime

mechanoception

pressure

what are the 2 things needed to perceive sound?

pressurized sound wave and hair cells in ear<div><br /></div><div><img src="anigif_enhanced-10721-1428685539-22.gif" /></div>

what does the prefrontal cortex cotain?

primary motor cortex - initiation of voluntary movement<div><br /></div><div>broca's area</div>

what are the things that can affect retrieval?

priming, context, state-dependant 

what is capitalism?

private ownership of means of production, free market economy

how did vygotsky view the concept of language with respect to sociocultural development?

private/internal speech: when people speak out loud to themselves - happens most in children<div><br /></div><div>way for children to plan activities/strategies, and aids their development</div><div><br /></div><div>language is an accelerator to thinking and understanding</div><div><br /></div><div>those chidlren who engage in lots of private speech are more socially competent</div><div><br /></div><div>language develops from social interactions for communication purposes</div><div><br /></div><div>language leads to thought (inner speech) - think for ourselves/independence of executing skills</div>

what terms spring out from exchange theory?

sexual selection - natural selection arising through preference for one sex for characteristics in individuals of the other sex<div><br /></div><div>social selection - idea that an individual's health can influence their social mobility - also that social conditiosn can affect reproductive rates of individuals in a population</div><div><br /></div><div>social selection an alternative theory to sexual selection proposed by Roughgarden</div>

what is globalization?

sharing of culture money and ideas due to increased international trade

what are cults?

short lived radical groups that reject societal norms<div><br></div><div>depend on inspiration leader who will only live for so long</div><div><br></div><div><img src="9981A5D6-B8D3-4532-A5EF-A6909E8558FF.jpg"><br></div>

short/intermediate vs long-acting benzos

short/intermediate - sleep (sleep is a tiny portion of the day)<div><br /></div><div>long acting - anxiety (think that this person is affected long term)</div>

what is cost signalling?

signalling that you have resources to give

according to mead, after an individual has reached the game stage, is a person influenced by everyone or only significant others?

significant others<div><br /></div><div>cooley notioned that a person is influenced by everyone they interact with</div>

you are more likely to trust/work with/date/marry someone who looks ___ to you

similar

what is korsakoff's syndrome?

similar to AD, causes memory deficits.<div><br /></div><div>main cause is malnutrition/lack of thiamine or vitamin B1. common in alcoholics. </div><div><br /></div><div><img src="causes-of-korsakoff-syndrome.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div>

what is the basic deal with feminist theory?

similar to conflict theory, women are oppressed blah blah

what is a quasi-experimental design?

similar to experimental study but lacks random assignment

what are sleep-wake disorders?

sleep related issues<div><br /><div>Ex: insomnia/sleep apnea/sleep walking</div></div>

are nocireceptors and thermoreceptors fast or slow?

slow

what is the N3 stage of sleep?

slow wave sleep, mostly composed of delta waves<div><br /></div><div><b>SLEEP WALKING/TALKING</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>3 is FOR TREE - A WALKING TALKING TREE - <font color="#f40004"><i><u>DONT YOU FORGET THIS ONE</u></i></font><br /></b><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-388604345974788.jpg" /></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-392362442358785.jpg" /></div></div>

blind spot

small region between the central and peripheral visual fields where there are no photoreceptors because the optic nerve exits the retina at this location. The gradual disappearance of a visual stimulus, as occurs with the Troxler effct, cannot be explained by the blind spot

when is a case study best used?

small sample size

what are c fibers

small, unmyelinated - lingering<div><br /></div><div><img src="d_03_cl_dou_1a.jpg" /></div>

what are some <b>physical</b> brain abnormalities seen in schizophrenia pts?

smaller cerebral cortex, abnormal dopamine levels, affected mesocorticolimbic pathway<div><br /></div><div><br /><div><br /></div><div><b>mesocorticolimbic pathway</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src="dopamine-hypothesis-for-schizophrenia.png" /></b></div></div>

fine motor skills involve

smaller muscles

what are alpha-delta fibers

smaller than alpha-beta, less myelin<div><br /></div><div><img src="d_03_cl_dou_1a.jpg" /></div>

what are sects?

smaller, established in <b>protest</b> of the larger church<div><br></div><div>ex: Mormon/Amish</div><div><br></div><div><img src="44783707-49C3-4639-8D54-4C13C692CBF0.jpg"><br></div>

neurons in the <b>autonomic</b> nervous system control?

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, gland cells

gender is a ___ construct

social

what is exchange theory?

social application of rational choice theory. states that people do decision making using a cost benefit analysis<div><br /></div><div>used to study family relationships, work relationships, partner selection, parenting (interpersonal interactions)</div>

what is weak social constructionism?

social constructs dependent on brute facts or institutional facts

what is a meritocracy?

social position achieved solely based on personal ability and achievement<div><br></div><div>extreme social ability, equal opportunity</div><div><br></div><div>Volatile</div>

what is social coping?

social support

what is gender norms?

socially acceptable ways of acting out gender - learned from birth through childhood socialization<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is ethnicity?

socially defined by national origin/distinct cultural patterns

what is race?

socially defined category based on physical differences

what is a gender role?

societal norms for behavior of a gender based on actual perceived sex<div><br></div><div><img src="E1132EB8-CA91-4D35-BC69-D510ACBBCD78.jpg"><br></div>

what is symbolic interactionism?

society is a product of everyday interactions of individuals

<b>criticism</b> of rational and exchange theory

some people's choices are <b>limited</b> by gender/ethnicity/class and make choice <b>not in best interest</b><div><br></div><div>and why some people folllow social norms that act in best interest of others (<b>volunteering</b>)</div><div><br></div><div>and is it really possible to explain every social structure by actions of individuals?</div><div><br></div><div>critiques dislike that all human interactions are a rational process of pros/cons and makes relationships linear - when they aren't</div>

what is external locus of control?

something else is in control of your destiny.<div>Ex: blame external factors</div>

what is proactive interference?

something from prior memory affects new learning<div><br /></div><div>E.g. writing down the old year after Jan 1</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_12 (1).jpg" /></div>

what is past-in-present discrimination?

something from the past, that may be illegal now, still affects individual today<div><br /><div>Ex: untouchable caste in india</div></div>

what is spacing?

spacing out study sessions instead of cramming

what is the fovea?

special part of macula that has ONLY cones<div><br /></div><div><img src="1.29.41 Fovea position image.jpg" /></div>

what is found in muscles that give us information about how they are <b>stretched</b>?

spindle fibers<div><br /></div><div><img src="musclespindles-19.png" /></div>

what is diffusion?

spread of invention/discovery/ideas to other parts of world.<div><br /><div>Ex: mcdonalds in india</div></div>

what waves are drowsiness associated with?

stage 1 - theta waves

what is a social norm?

standard for behavior set by groups of individuals and can vary by country. are enforced by positive and negative "sanctions"<div><br /></div><div>norms vary/are dependent on context, physical location, culture, and by country</div><div><br /></div><div>can change with time as individual's attitudes shift or circumstances change to allow certain types of behaviors to be valued</div>

what is the moro reflex?

startle reaction - throw outs arm, arch back, then bring back towards itself<div><br /></div><div><img src="GPmtW6.gif" /></div>

what did <b>Carl Rogers</b> theorize?

stated that the qualities described by Maslow were developed early in life in a <b>growth promoting climate</b>. <div><br /></div><div><img src="slide_14 (1).jpg" /></div>

what is the resource model of attention?

states that attention is a limited resource and that we suck ass at multi-tasking<div><br /></div><div><img src="Types+of+attention+2+major+sub-divisions+in+the+psychology+of+attention.+Focused+(selective)+attention..jpg" /></div>

what is social learning?

states that people learn through observing others

what is dependency theory?

states that peripheral countries export their core goods to core countries and therefore will never get out of poverty<div><br></div><div><br></div><div>they are 3rd world because they have been integrated into the world economy as an undeveloped country. they dont have means to become a developed nation. </div><div><img src="dependency-theory-8-728-612x252.jpg"></div>

what is the malthusian theorem

states that the world will eventually run out of food<div><br /></div><div>lack of resources will lead to public health disaster and force population to stabilize - stabilize and then negative growth rate<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="malthus_graph.jpg" /></div></div>

what is the 5 factor model of trait theory?

states that there are 5 major categories of traits found in <b>every person.</b><div><br /></div><div>Openness</div><div>Conscientiousness</div><div>Extroversion</div><div>Agreeableness</div><div>Neuroticism</div><div><br /></div><div><b>OCEAN</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b><img src="0067691100fe111c66394b112610b760.png" /></b></div>

what is ascribed status?

status that you are born with<div><br /></div><div><br /><div>Ex: being born into royalty</div></div>

what is achieved status?

status that you earn<div><br /><div>Ex: olympic athlete</div></div>

what is the difference between a stereotype and prejudice?

stereotype is a specific assumption while a prejudice is a general attitude<div><br></div><div><img src="0355ED1B-6B2D-4260-B123-85B6D7A4E552.jpg"><br></div>

what is a self fulfilling prophecy?

stereotypes lead to behaviors that <b>affirm original stereotype</b>. <div>repeated exposure to a stereotype causes members of stereotyped group to conform to the stereotype</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-59996398157828.jpg" /></div>

what fuels social stigma?

stereotypes<div><br /></div><div>prejudices</div><div><br /></div><div>discrimination</div>

cannabis/marijuana/weed has characteristics of

stimulants, hallucinogens, and depressants

what does a stimulant do?

stimulates CNS<div>increase HR and BP</div><div>nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines</div><div>similar effect to stress</div>

what is bottom-up processing?

stimulus affects our perception, data driven. Image

what is the proximal stimulus?

stimulus responsible for actually generating a nerve impulse (i.e. photon on the receptors, mechanical, sound waves)

what is a subliminal stimulus?

stimulus that is just below our absolute threshold of sensation. This is below 50% of the time

what is biological sex?

the genes you are born with/sex you are born with<div><br /></div><div>not binary</div><div><br /></div><div><b>intersex</b>: express different sex characteristics</div><div><br /></div><div>XXY - Kleinfelter</div><div>XO - Turner's syndrome (can occur in Meiosis I non-disjunction in spermatogonium and when that joins with a normal egg - sperm has XY or O)</div><div><br /></div><div>Meiosis II nondisjunction can result in spermatogonium becoming spermatids XX or YY or O chromosomes, creating children that are XXX (super-females) or XXY (jacob's syndrome - super males) or XO</div><div><br /></div><div>Kleinfelter is male that are female like</div><div><br /></div><div>Turner = females that are short<img src="022de71cbb3613d10ccc547d07db170e.gif" /></div>

what is a reference group?

the group to which a person compares themselves<div><br /></div><div>for things like <b>beliefs, attitudes, behaviors</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>a group that an individual compares themselves to for <b>self-evaluation</b></div>

the fluid pushes on what part of the hair cell?

the hair bundle, composed of kinocilia<div><br /></div><div><img src="hair_cell9.gif" /></div>

what controls the pituitary gland?

the hypothalamus

which component of freud's id ego and superego would fall under the "drive reduction theory" and why?

the id<div><br /></div><div>the id seeks to discharge tension arising from internal needs/external stimulation</div><div><br /></div><div>made up of instincts and wants to get rid of all uncomfortable feelings</div>

there is a blind spot in the eye where

the optic nerve connects

what are optic discs?

the raised disk on the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve, lacking visual receptors and so creating a blind spot<div><br /></div><div><img src="Anatomy_OpticDisc.jpg" /></div>

weber's law?

the ratio of background intensity to incremental intensity is constant ΔI = Ik. dI is the difference threshold. K is the proportion of constant variation. I is the initial stimulus intesity

in conflict theory, what is the antithesis?

the reaction to the thesis, the push-back from those unhappy with the status quo

if the id undergoes the pleasure principle, what principle does the ego entail?

the reality principle - operates on secondary processes (reality testing)

a t-test greater than the p value means?

the results are not significant

light from the left visual field will strike..

the right temporal and left nasal retinas<div><br /></div><div><img src="visual fields.jpg" /></div>

what did vygotsky study in terms of development?

the role social interaction plays in development of <b>cognition</b>

what is the conditioned stimuli?

the thing that can elicit the conditioned response<div><br /></div><div><br /></div>

what is the unconditioned stimulus?

the thing that elicits the unconditioned response. does not require learning<div><br /><div>Ex: hamster loves carrots</div></div>

what is culture?

the way of life shared by a group of individuals<div><br /></div><div>knowledge, beliefs, and values that bind a society together</div>

what is society?

the way people organize themselves. i.e. people who live together in an area

what is strong social constructionism?

the whole of reality is dependent on language and social habits. all knowledge is social, no such thing as brute fact<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>example: we created the idea of quarks and everything we know to explain it. No facts that just exist</div>

what is the just world phenomenon?

the world is fair and people get what they deserve

what is a semantic model?

theoretical model of memory encoding in brain. consists of related "nodes"<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-117467355545601.jpg" /></div>

what does Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence state?

there are 3 independent intelligences that are based on real world success <div>(analytical, creative, and practical)</div><div>"3 sides of same coin", inclusive of all other theories</div><div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-201202037948420.jpg" /></div>

what is LL Thurnstone's theory of primary mental abilities state?

there are 7 factors to intelligence (word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory)<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-199286482534404.jpg" /></div>

spearman's general intelligence theory postulates

there is one underlying "g factor" that determines how intelligent people are at all tasks. person who scores high in one area will score high in another<div><br /></div><div><img src="paste-185224759607300.jpg" /></div>

do <b>institituions </b>need individuals?

they don't need 1 individual, they need many of them, and each individual is very replaceable<div><br /></div><div>institutions are created by individuals but continue even after an individual is gone</div>

what is the sclera?

thick fibrous tissue covering posterior 5/6 of eye. (1/6 covered by cornea)<div><img src="sclera-700x468.jpg" /></div>

what is the zona pellucida?

thick outer covering of human egg cell. penetrated by sperm acrosome<div><br /></div><div><img src="The_process_of_fertilization.jpg" /></div>

what are alpha-beta fibers

thick, lots of myelin. supah fast nerve conduction<div><br /></div><div><img src="d_03_cl_dou_1a.jpg" /></div>

what is the conjunctiva?

thin layer of cells that line the inside of eyelids from the eye. Image

what are primary reinforcers?

things that are innately satisfying like food or sexy time<div><br /></div><div><img src="1200-610872-primary-and-secondary-reinforcement.jpg" /></div>

what is the mass society theory?

way of explaining why social movements occur<div><br></div><div><img src="173-0414222001-nazi.jpg"></div><div>states that social movements are just a way for people to isolate themselves from society</div><div><br></div><div>they said social movements would only form for people seeking refuge from main society (e.g. Nazism, Fascism, stalinism - social movements in 20th century that destroyed millions of lives) - people who joined social movements were dysfunctional, irrational, and dangerous</div><div><br></div><div>theory did not persist</div><div><br></div><div>people only join to satisfy a psychological need for involvement</div><div><br></div><div><div><br></div><div><b>The mass society theory views social movements as irrational and suspicious</b>.</div></div>

means of production

way we produce goods<div><br /></div><div>ex: factories and farms</div><div><br /></div><div>owned by fairly wealthy individuals, which hire a large amount of workers which offer their labour, without owning any of the means of production</div><div><br /></div><div>there's a class divide, a hierarchy of upper/lower class</div><div><br /></div><div>by Marx</div>

what are social facts?

ways of thinking and acting formed by society that are immutable/timeless<div><br></div><div>example: the law, moral regulations, religious fates, and social currents like suicide/birth rate (one person committing suicide has no effect on suicide on society)</div><div><br></div><div>facet of society itself and a necessary structure</div><div><br></div><div><img src="BE3B501C-5199-45D4-ABD3-66C85EECEEA2.jpg"><br></div>

what did Raymond <b>Cattell </b>propose?

we all have <b>16</b> essential personality traits<div><br></div><div>Imagine 16 cows with different personalities<br><div><br></div><div><img src="PQ0401.png"></div></div>

what is a false consensus?

we assume everyone agrees with us even if they really dont

what is the theory of planned behavior?

we consider our intentions and the implications of our actions before acting<div><br /></div><div><b>subjective norm: </b>what we think others think about our behavior</div><div><br /><div>Intentions are based on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control</div></div><div><br /></div><div><img src="Theory-of-Planned-Behavior-Chart.jpg" /></div>

what is an exogenuous cue?

we dont have to tell ourselves to notice it. like a bright color or loud noise<div><br /></div><div>(bottom-up processing)<br /><div><br /></div><div><img src="giphy (5).gif" /></div></div>

what was the significance of Meltzoff's study regarding imitation?

we have <b>mirror neurons</b><div><b><br /></b></div><div>when one fires, another fires when we observe the same action performed by other person</div><div><br /></div><div>found in areas of brain that are motor (parietal lobe),premotor cortex (frontal lobe), and somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)</div>

what is the critical aspect of Cooley's looking glass self?

we're not influenced by the opinion of others, but by<b> WHAT WE IMAGINE </b>their opinions of us to be

what is secularization?

weakening of social and political power of religions<div><br></div><div><b>religion has been affected by modernization</b>: more info available on public, less emphasis on religion</div><div><br></div><div><img src="6D41E5FF-4DFA-49C1-B668-46789BD448DF.jpg"><br></div>

what is mass psychogenic illness? aka epidemic hysteria

wen large amount of people believe they have same illness despite lack of disease

what was observed for insecurely attached children?

were <b>not soothed by return of mother</b>, exhibited some <b>distance from parent </b>when mom returned

what is global aphasia?

wernicke's and broca's aphasia put together

what is external validity?

wether results can be generalized to the real world

what is gender<b> identity?</b>

what gender you internally express (male, female, neither)<div><br /></div><div><b>social construction theory </b> - states that gender is not fixed or innate, but varies across time and place</div><div><br /></div><div>categories of gender are fluid and subject to social process of meaning-making</div><div><br /></div><div>examples: cis-gender:<b> same</b> biological sex and gender identity</div><div>examples: trans-gender: biological sex and gender identity <b>don't match</b></div><div><br /></div><div>cis-gender can express a <font color="#ff0073"><b>socially male or female appearance</b></font></div><div><br /></div><div>gender queer - dont identity as either male or female </div><div><br /></div><div>agender - rejecting gender categories</div><div><br /></div><div>gender fluid - moving across genders</div><div><br /></div><div>non-binary - not identifying w/any specific gender</div><div><br /></div><div>third gender - cultures that recognize non-binary gender</div>

what is gender expression?

what gender you outwardly express<div><br></div><div><img src="7D2FDAEF-DCDC-4E90-8ED3-190739157392.jpg"><br></div>

what is a distal stimulus?

what generates the stimulus - the light bulb, speaker, etc.

what was durkheim's main question?

what holds a society together?<div><br /></div><div>small societies are held together by similarities, but only works for small ones..evolves into large society (pop growth into a small space, and people become specialized)</div><div><br /></div><div>in large societies, individuals become interdependent on e/o as everyone is specialized in different roles - forced mutual independance</div><div><br /></div><div>in functionalism, a change to production/distribution/coordination will force others to adapt to maintain stable state society</div><div><br /></div><div>social change threatens mutual dependance of people in that society. instititutions adapt only just enough to accomodate change to maintain mutual interdependence</div>

what is the evolutionary approach to motivation?

what is not learned, just instinctual

what is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

what makes us "human". higher level thinking, control over actions/emotions

what is a gender script?

what we expect men and women to do in interactions based on gender<img src="slide_2 (2).jpg" />

Premed Anki (Need Images)

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