PrepU ch.2 subjective data: health history
Clients in health care settings often are anxious. What behaviors would lead a nurse to believe that a client is anxious? (Select all that apply.) -Rapid speech -Nail-biting -Defensive tone -Vacant stare -Sweating
-Rapid speech -Nail-biting -Defensive tone -Sweating Explanation: Behaviors that indicate anxiety are nail-biting, foot-tapping, sweating, and pacing. Voice may quiver, speech may be rapid, and language or tone may be defensive. These behaviors are an attempt to relieve anxious feelings. A vacant stare is not an indication of anxiety but rather boredom or confusion. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 17-18. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 17-18
A client reports the health status of living parents, siblings, and deceased grandparents. What should the nurse do with this information? a.create a genogram b.document it in a narrative note c.include in the past medical history d.consider using it when planning care
a. create a genogram Explanation: A genogram is a diagram of the family history. It provides a visual record that allows the provider to quickly identify disease patterns within the family. The family history does not need to be documented in a narrative note. This information is not part of the client's past medical history. It is not typically used when planning care. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 23. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 23
A nurse is interviewing a 16-year-old girl regarding her health history. When inquiring about her chief complaint, the girl lowers her voice and says, "I've been with a guy recently, and I'm worried that I might have caught something from him." The nurse responds by saying, "So, you're concerned that you may have a sexually transmitted infection?" Which verbal communication technique is the nurse using here? a.Open-ended question b.Rephrasing c.Laundry list d.Well-placed phrase
b. Rephrasing Explanation: Rephrasing information the client has provided is an effective way to communicate during the interview. This technique helps to clarify information the client has stated; it also enables the nurse and the client to reflect on what was said. Open-ended questions are used to elicit the client's feelings and perceptions, and typically begin with the words "how" or "what." The laundry list approach involves providing the client with a choice of words describing symptoms, conditions, or feelings, which reduces the likelihood of the client's perceiving or providing an expected answer. The nurse can encourage client verbalization by using well-placed phrases such as "uh-huh," "yes," or "I agree." Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 16.
A nurse has completed assessment of a client and is now validating the information gathered and reviewing goals with the client. Which phase of the interview process is this? a.Introductory b.Summary c.Analysis d.Working
b. Summary Explanation: During the summary and closing, the nurse summarizes information obtained during the working phase and validates problems and goals with the client. In the introductory phase, the nurse meets the client and explains the purpose of the interview, discusses what type of questions will be asked, explains reasons for taking notes, and assures the client that confidential information will remain confidential. Analysis is not a phase of the interview process. The working phase is when data collection occurs. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 14. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 14
During an assessment the client says "I've been having bad pain in my left leg for a week." In which section should the nurse document this information? a.health patterns b.chief complaint c.review of systems d.history of present illness
b. chief complaint Explanation: The chief complaint is the reason for the person seeking care. Health patterns focuses on the client's social history. The review of systems is where the presence or absence of common symptoms related to each major body system are reviewed and documented. The history of present illness describes how each symptom developed. It includes the client's thoughts and feelings about the illness, relevant parts of the review of systems, and medications, allergies, and lifestyle habits that impact the present illness. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 19-21. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 19-21
A female client tells the nurse it has been 5 years since her last pap smear examination. Where should the nurse document this information? a.physical examination b.health maintenance c.personal and social history d.review of systems
b. health maintenance Explanation: Health maintenance includes any preventative diagnostics or health-promoting activities the client completed in the past. This is a subsection of the past history in the health assessment. The physical examination and review of systems capture the objective data that arises from the health assessment conducted by the nurse. Personal and social history capture client lifestyle factors such as family, employment, and habits. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 18-24. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 18-24
Which interview question by the nurse demonstrates a biased or prejudiced attitude? a."Are you able to understand the instructions?" b."Who do you consider part of your family?' c."You're not homosexual, are you?" d."What do you do when you feel angry?"
c. "You're not homosexual, are you?" Explanation: The way a question is phrased may actually lead a client to think that it should be answered in a certain way. Asking a client if they are homosexual and adding "are you" may lead the client to think that the nurse does not accept homosexuality. The other questions allow the client to provide information in a non-threatening manner. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 15. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 15
A nurse is collecting data on a client's chief complaint, which is a spell of numbness and tingling on her left side. Which of the following questions would be best for eliciting information related to associated factors? a."How bad was the tingling and numbness?" b."How long did the spell last?" c."Where did the numbness and tingling occur?" d."What other symptoms occurred during the spell?"
d. "What other symptoms occurred during the spell?" Explanation: Examples of questions related to associated factors include the following: "What other symptoms occur with it? How does it affect you? What do you think caused it to start? Do you have any other problems that seem related to it? How does it affect your life and daily activities?" The question, "How bad was the tingling and numbness?" relates to severity. The question, "How long did the spell last?" relates to duration. The question, "Where did the numbness and tingling occur?" relates to location. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 13-14. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 13-14
A client has a 10-year history of being treated for hypertension. Where should the nurse document this information? a.health patterns b.review of systems c.health maintenance d.past medical history
d. past medical history Explanation: An adult medical illness is documented as part of the past medical history. Health patterns identify the client's personal/social history and daily living routines that may influence health and illness. The review of systems focuses on the presence or absence of common symptoms related to each major body system. Health maintenance is a part of the past medical history and identifies actions taken to improve or maintain health. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 21. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 21
How would the nursing instructor explain the goal of guided questioning to his or her students? a.Providing the most plausible answer to the client b.Facilitating the client's fullest communication c.Developing a basis for accurate health promotion activities d.Creating an opportunity for the early generation of a plan
b. Facilitating the client's fullest communication Explanation: The main goal of guided questioning is to facilitate the client's fullest communication. The early generation of a plan is not a paramount goal and it is incorrect to suggest particular answers to the client. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 14-16. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 14-16
What techniques encourage client disclosures while minimizing the risk for distorting the client's ideas or missing significant details? (Mark all that apply.) -Asking a series of questions, one at a time -Using reflection -Asking only open-ended questions -Encouraging with repetition -Offering multiple choices for answers
-Asking a series of questions, one at a time -Using reflection -Offering multiple choices for answers Explanation: Learning the following techniques encourages client disclosures while minimizing the risk for distorting the client's ideas or missing significant details. • Moving from open-ended to focused questions • Using questioning that elicits a graded response • Asking a series of questions, one at a time • Offering multiple choices for answers • Clarifying what the client means • Encouraging with continuers • Using reflection Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 16. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 16
The nurse is performing a follow-up assessment and interview of a 72-year-old woman with a history of congestive heart failure. The nurse asks the client, "Have you been experiencing any activity intolerance since I last saw you?" What would be a more appropriate way for the nurse to elicit this information? a."Has your congestive heart failure been affecting your activities of daily living recently?" b."Has this been having an effect on your ability to carry out your routines and get around your home?" c."Do you ever find yourself SOB when you're carrying out your daily routines?" d."Has your heart failure been causing you any dyspnea lately?"
b. "Has this been having an effect on your ability to carry out your routines and get around your home?" Explanation: When initiating an interview, it is important to use language that is understandable and appropriate to the client. "Dyspnea," "SOB," and "activities of daily living" are potentially unclear to a client and reflect clinical language rather than clear communication. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 16. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 16
During an interview with an adult client for the first time, the nurse can clarify the client's statements by... a.offering a "laundry list" of descriptors. b.rephrasing the client's statements. c.repeating verbatim what the client has said. d.inferring what the client's statements mean.
b. rephrasing the client's statements. Explanation: Rephrasing information the client has provided is an effective way to communicate during the interview. This technique helps you to clarify information the client has stated; it also enables you and the client to reflect on what was said. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 16-17. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 16-17
A nurse is conducting a review of systems with a client and is asking about his ears. The nurse asks, "Do you have any problems with your ears or your hearing?" The client stares blankly at the nurse a moment and then says, "I'm sorry—could you repeat that?" The nurse repeats the question, to which the client replies, "No." The nurse then asks, "Do you ever experience any trouble hearing or any ringing, buzzing, or earaches?" The client responds, "No." What should the nurse record under "Ears" in the review of systems section of the client's health history? a."No problems." b.Nothing—it should be left blank c."Denies any trouble hearing or any ringing, buzzing, or earaches." d."Client denies any problems but had trouble hearing me when I asked him a question."
c. "Denies any trouble hearing or any ringing, buzzing, or earaches." Explanation: During the review of body systems, document the client's descriptions of her health status for each body system and note the client's denial of signs, symptoms, diseases, or problems that the nurse asks about but are not experienced by the client. If the lone entry "no problems" is entered on the health history form, other health care professionals reviewing the history cannot ascertain what specific questions had been asked, if any. Care must be taken in this section to include only the client's subjective information and not the examiner's observations. Thus, the nurse should not include the observation about the client having trouble hearing the nurse, especially because the client may have simply misunderstood the question when the nurse posed it the first time. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 23. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 23
The nurse is focusing an interview on a client's respiratory status. Which question should the nurse ask first to begin this interview? a.Do you currently have a cough? b.Do you have any difficulty producing sputum? c.Describe how you breathe for me? d.Do you experience any pain when you breathe?
c. Describe how you breathe for me? Explanation: During an interview, questions should proceed from general to specific. The question that is the most general is "describe your breathing." This provides the client with an opportunity to discuss the current breathing pattern with the nurse. The other questions are specific and will elicit a yes-no response. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 12-13. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 12-13
The nurse documents information about a client's activity-exercise health pattern. Which information did the nurse most likely document? a.gained 15 lbs. over the last 6 months b.experiences panic attacks several times a week c.unable to go to the gym since having back surgery d.misses seeing friends who used to go for walks together
c. unable to go to the gym since having back surgery Explanation: The client's inability to go to the gym after having back surgery is affecting the activity-exercise health pattern. Gaining weight affects the nutrition health pattern. Panic attacks affects coping-stress-tolerance health pattern. Missing friends affects the role-relationship health pattern. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 25. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 25
While interviewing a client, the nurse asks, "What happens when you have low blood glucose?" This type of response to the client is used for what purpose? a.To summarize the conversation b.To restate what the client has said c.To promote objectivity d.To clarify
d. To clarify Explanation: Another way to clarify is to ask, "What happens when you get low blood sugar?" Such questions prompt clients to identify other symptoms or give more information so that you can better understand the situation. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 16. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 16
A nurse is interviewing an adult client who had a miscarriage 3 weeks ago. The woman is crying and is having difficulty talking. The nurse moves closer and places a hand on the woman's hand. What type of communication is this? a.Active listening b.Restatement c.Reflection d.Encouraging elaboration (facilitation)
a. Active listening Explanation: Active listening is the ability to focus on the client and their perspectives. It requires the nurse to constantly decode messages including thoughts, words, opinions, and emotions. For example, if a client is sad, it is appropriate for a nurse to place a hand over the client's and to show a facial expression of compassion. The purpose of restatement is to have the client elaborate on what was originally stated by the client. Reflection uses summarizing by the nurse to find the true meaning of a client's words. Encouraging elaboration encourages the client to explain or go into more detail in the client's responses. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 15. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 15
An elderly client with Parkinson's disease and his wife, who appears to be much younger than he, are being interviewed by the nurse to update the client's health history. The nurse also has the client's electronic health record on her tablet computer. Earlier in the day, the nurse had spoken with the client's primary care physician, who had relayed some concerns to the nurse regarding the progression of the client's disease. Which source of biographic information should the nurse view as primary? a.The client b.The client's wife c.The physician d.The client's medical record
a. The client Explanation: Biographic data usually include information that identifies the client, such as name, address, phone number, gender, and who provided the information—the client or significant others. The client is considered the primary source and all others (including the client's medical record) are secondary sources. In some cases, the client's immediate family or caregiver may be a more accurate source of information than the client. An example would be an older adult client's wife who has kept the client's medical records for years or the legal guardian of a mentally compromised client. In any event, validation of the information by a secondary source may be helpful. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 18-19. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 18-19
A client is asked to describe "something that brings the most hope." Which functional health pattern is the nurse assessing? a.value-belief b.self-perception c.role-relationship d.coping-stress-tolerance
a. value-belief Explanation: The value-belief health pattern describes patterns of values, beliefs or goals that guide choices or decisions. The self-perception-self-concept pattern describes body image, feeling state, self-esteem, personal identity, and social identity. The role-relationship pattern describes patterns of role interactions and relationships including family functioning and problems, and work and neighborhood environment. The coping-stress-tolerance pattern describes general coping pattern and its effectiveness in terms of stress tolerance. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 25. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 25
A nurse collects data about a client's family health history. Which family member's health problems should the nurse include when documenting this information in the database? a.Only the members with health problems that relate to the client's gender b.As many maternal and paternal relatives as the client can recall c.Disease processes that are known to have a genetic link d.Illnesses that resulted in death or disablement
b. As many maternal and paternal relatives as the client can recall Explanation: Both maternal and paternal relatives are included in the family health history. Problems can arise in families that are not genetically based but are manifest by virtue of exposure to lifestyle practices. Parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and children are all included in this history. If the relative is deceased, the cause and age of the relative is recorded. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 23. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 23
A client is unable to recall the last time an immunization was received. Which part of the client's health should the nurse realize is being the most impacted by this practice? a.risk factors b.health maintenance c.screening test completion d.compliance with treatment
b. health maintenance Explanation: One area within health maintenance is completion of vaccinations. If the client cannot recall when the last immunizations were received, this would impact health maintenance. Risk factors focus on tobacco use, environment, safety, and substance use. Screening tests are a subcategory within health maintenance. It is possible that the client is unaware of which vaccinations should be obtained. If this is the case, the client should not be labeled as not being compliant with treatment. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 21-22. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 21-22
A client reports experiencing chest pain after eating. Which category within the review of systems should the nurse document this information? a.neurologic b.cardiovascular c.gastrointestinal d.musculoskeletal
c. gastrointestinal Explanation: Because the client reports "chest pain" after eating, this information is most appropriate for the gastrointestinal system. This pain should not be documented under neurologic or musculoskeletal system. If the chest pain was not associated with eating, then it would be appropriate to document it under cardiovascular. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 23-24. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 23-24
For a nurse to be therapeutic with clients when dealing with sensitive issues such as terminal illness or sexuality, the nurse should have... a.advanced preparation in this area. b.experience in dealing with these types of clients. c.knowledge of his or her own thoughts and feelings about these issues. d.personal experiences with death, dying, and sexuality.
c. knowledge of his or her own thoughts and feelings about these issues. Explanation: Be aware of your own thoughts and feelings regarding dying, spirituality, and sexuality; then recognize that these factors may affect the client's health and may need to be discussed with someone. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 19. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 19
During an interview between a nurse and a client, the nurse and the client collaborate to identify problems and goals. This occurs during the phase of the interview termed... a.introductory. b.ongoing. c.working. d.closure.
c. working. Explanation: During the working phase, the nurse elicits the client's comments about major biographic data, reasons for seeking care, history of present health concern, past health history, family history, review of body systems for current health problems, lifestyle and health practices, and developmental level. The nurse then listens, observes cues, and uses critical thinking skills to interpret and validate information received from the client. The nurse and client collaborate to identify the client's problems and goals. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 13-14. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 13-14
The nurse is preparing to interview a client with a documented history of mental illness. Which question should the nurse use to begin this interview? a."What medication do you take for your depression?" b."When was the last time you talked with a psychiatrist?" c."Have you considered counseling for your mental problems? d."Have you ever had a problem with mental or emotional illness?"
d. "Have you ever had a problem with mental or emotional illness?" Explanation: The nurse should begin by asking a non-threatening, open-ended question such as "Have you ever had a problem with mental or emotional illness?" Even though the nurse has information about this topic in the documentation, asking the question opens a dialogue with the client in which the client can share as feels comfortable. The question may elicit important information about the client's prior experiences seeking care for mental illness, for example. Asking specifically about medication for depression assumes the client has a history of depression. Asking about talking with a psychiatrist or counseling may cause the client to become defensive. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, pp. 21-22. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 21-22
Learning about the effects of the illness does what for the nurse and the client? a.Gives them the basis to establish a trusting relationship b.Gives them each a better understanding of the other c.Gives them the ability to communicate better d.Gives them the opportunity to create a complete and congruent picture of the problem
d. Gives them the opportunity to create a complete and congruent picture of the problem Explanation: Learning about the effects of the illness gives the nurse and the client the opportunity to create a complete and congruent picture of the problem. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 14. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 14
A client who only speaks Spanish is admitted to the unit. The client's sister, who speaks English, is in the room when the English-speaking nurse starts the admission assessment. Why would it be inappropriate to use the sister as an interpreter for this client? a.The sister may not tell the client exactly what the nurse says b.The client's sister may not understand medical terminology c.The sister may not be there every time the nurse needs to talk to the client d.The client may not want the sister to know their private information
d. The client may not want the sister to know their private information Explanation: Using children in the family, other relatives, or close friends as interpreters violates privacy laws, because clients may not want to share personal information with others. HIPAA guidelines address privacy issues such as this scenario. Even when the client gives permission for the family member to be present, an official interpreter should be present per facility policy. The other options could be true in some situations, but the priority answer addresses privacy, both the client's right to privacy, and the facility's handling of private information. Reference: Weber, J.R., & Kelley, J.H., Health Assessment in Nursing, 6th ed., Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer, 2018, Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History, p. 17. Chapter 2: Collecting Subjective Data: The Interview and Health History - Page 17