Primatology Final

Which of the following is true about tarsiers? -They belong to 1 species, with perhaps 11 subspecies -They have claws instead of nails on some of their digits -Unlike other primates, they possess an unfused tibia and fibula -A tarsier can be classified as both a prosimian and strepsirhine -All of the above

They have claws instead of nails on some of their digits

Baboon females have highly visible estrus periods and confuse paternity by mating with many different males. How do marmosets and tamarins confuse paternity?

Through concealed ovulation, which is also characteristic of humans

B.M. Ch 4 Males: Competition, Infanticide and Friendship

a. Baboon males are "bullying hooligans" b. Males can sometimes get close with females, but they remain dominant and express affection through threats and violent chases c. Female baboons almost never form alliances against a male, unless he's attacking their infants d. Female philopatry, male transfer? e. Females are tranquil, subtle, complex (surviving more than 20yrs) while male lives are nasty, brutish and short f. Youngest infant known to survive mother's death was nine months old when mom died (rely on mom for one yr typically) g. Males weigh 2x as much as females by they are fully adult (F ~6 M~9yrs) h. Linear, transitive dominance hierarchy i. Signals of competitive ability almost impossible to fake j. Wahoo calls take a lot of energy, contest goes until everyone drops out bc of exhaustion except for one i. Only high ranking males enter contests k. One male moved up and down the hierarchy seven times over a 12 month period l. Once a male reaches adult size there is little relation between size and rank and size and quality of wahoo displays i. Fighting ability appears to be related more to skill than size m. Rank translates into reproductive success i. Alpha male accounts for majority of matings n. Consorting pairs often move to edge of group to reduce risk of takeover o. Considerable amount of "sneaky" mating by non-alpha males (paternity derived from fecal samples!!!) p. Instability in dom hierarchy is single most important cause of stress in male baboons q. Arrival of new immigrant male disrupts everything i. Youngsters inspect him, boldly race up to him, stare and present butts as sign of submission ii. Adult males more seriously upset (assess from distance and wait for a wahoo or yawn to reveal his fighting ability) iii. Immigrant is also making similar assessments (tries to get friendly with females and juveniles by grunting and lipsmacking) iv. Most dramatic reactions come from lactating females who raise their tails, grab their infants, and race aware screaming when he approaches (immigrant males often commit infanticide if raised to alpha male position) r. Infanticide is a sexually selected trait that enhances a male's fitness s. Lactating females will form a close "friendship" with a resident adult male to protect young from infanticide i. Friendships persist as long as a year while sexual consortships only last for several days ii. Friendships are largely the work of females (follow male and remains as close as possible to him) iii. Benefits females because infants represent large proportion of female's lifetime RS, benefits male if there is a chance the infant he is defending is his own iv. Once an infant dies or is weaned the friendship ends abruptly, but the male may continue to defend the juvenile 1. Adult males like Pied Piper, being followed by all the children of his friendships

B.M. Ch 10- Communication

a. Darwin's past belief that production of sounds in animals was the involuntary consequence of other bodily movements b. Over evolutionary time the production of some sounds had come to be associated with specific emotions—had come to serve a communicative function c. Primate vocalizations are "quite automatic and impossible to suppress" d. Close relation between vocalizations and thoughts does not exist in primates like it does in humans e. Compares dogs' stage of development to that of infants f. Can learn many sound meaning pairs but cannot produce new words g. 3 flaws to proposition that there is a large gap between mental mechanisms of call production vs comprehension i. Listeners are also signalers 1. Vervet's alarm calls re: eagles ii. Calls still have potential to carry rich semantic meaning iii. Causal factors underlying call production are myriad and complex and there is often a close relationship between particular call type and a specific object/event h. Alert calls vs alarm calls i. Suricates and Diana monkeys give alert calls for many different stimuli, but different depending on type of predator (pg 22) ii. Also depends of level of urgency iii. Baboons have different calls for mammals vs crocs i. Vocalizations different with social interactions—more complex array of factors: both immediate social context and history of interactions between individuals involved i. Move grunt = typically given in context of group movement (foraging, etc) ii. Infant grunt = females during friendly interactions and provides info about the signaler's disposition (usually context of infant handling) j. Monkeys and apes rarely modify their vocal repertoires by adding new sounds i. Two infant Japanese macaques and two infant rhesus macaques were cross-fostered into a group of other species 1. Each became fully integrated in new group, even acquired ranks of foster moms 2. Never learned calls of other group, however 3. Genetically predisposed to give particular calls in own species' contexts? ii. Captive vervets, adult females gave more calls to predator when with own offspring than with unrelated juvenile 1. Call production depends on audience 2. Similar with baboons move and infant grunts k. Unknown whether calls are voluntary (if they can decide whether or not to give call) i. Probably somewhat under control ii. Experiment where two Japanese macaques were trained to use rake to retrieve food iii. After training, monkeys spontaneously gave coos when using the rake 1. One coo type to request food, one to request rake 2. At least some control/choice l. No distinction between "referential" and "affective" signaling, thus wrong to treat animal signals as either or (same with "graded" vs "discrete") m. Listeners' responses are also affected by context, bc females are more likely to give answering grunts and scan the area around them when the group is moving than when it is resting n. Same word never means exactly same thing to two successive users i. Words are more than just labels for concepts; they acquire additional meaning through their relation to other words and their functional roles as nouns, verbs and modifiers

B.M. Ch 5- Females: Kinship, Rank, Competition and Cooperation

a. Grooming to strengthen relationships b. Matrilineal bonds = kin selection c. Just because they have a bond doesn't mean they'll always protect them (example of sub female who wouldn't move out of way, none of her kin came to her aid) d. Threats and fights far less common i. Usually takes form of supplanting (pg 65) e. Higher ranking females not necessarily in better condition than low-ranking ones f. Babies of low and high ranking moms receive somewhat different treatment i. Easier to handle baby from lower female than higher (a lot more elaborate on other side) g. Rank acquired and maintained by both physical and psychological processes h. Low ranking females rarely unite to form alliance against higher ranking female, instead they form alliance with someone already higher than their opponent i. Most alliances are to preserve the status quo, not change it i. Fewer than 5% of females' disputes result in alliances j. Bystanders may vocally join in i. Low cost signal k. Sisters assume ranks in inverse relation to their ages, with youngest daughter ranking higher than all her sisters l. Even low ranking females raise offspring successfully m. STORY ON PAGE 69-70 about trying to challenge hierarchy n. Females typically ignore each other's courtships o. STORY PAGE 71-2 p. Socially integrated females enjoy higher infant survival than females with weaker social networks q. Low ranking females groom higher ranking females bc they are threatened by them r. Royal family member visited and when learned about rank-based society mentioned that hereditary rank is part of human nature with this evolutionary proof s. Females of all ranks produce offspring i. Infanticide also affects all ranks t. High ranking females also groom low ranking females and handle their infants u. Grunts used to reconcile after fights v. Playback sequences we talked about in class on 4/12 i. Not as precise as tests in labs because they don't know everything that has happened to subjects on the day they're tested nor can they control all of the contextual variables presented under natural conditions ii. Took months to build up library of clear screams from all the females iii. Took very long time to conduct iv. Hard to get everything set up quick enough after noticing a fight v. Had to observe same females fighting at least twice vi. One female fought everyone but never grunted; "Queen of Mean" 1. When her daughter was killed by a lion she lost her grooming partner and had to start approaching other females and grunt and groom them 2. Hard to do because of previous reputation (most usually fled in panic) vii. One female never fought, and when she did she almost immediately grunted afterwards viii. Grunts not only calmed the sub females, but caused them to seek out their former opponent w. Comparing baboons to humans? Pg 84 x. Low-ranking animals do not necessarily experience the most stress (more related to unpredictability of loss of control, infanticide) y. Macaque example pg 85 z. Social support is also importation for health and reproduction of nonhuman primates i. Bereaving females cope by extending their social network

B.M. Ch 11- Precursors to Language

a. Must have experience with objects, events and relations that make up one's world before they can learn language b. Language of thought—thought before language? i. Looking at baboons to figure out evolution of language ii. Not arguing that baboons have language, rather that baboon communication is a lot like language 1. IMPORTANT list pg 251-2 c. Baboons have about 14 different vocalizations (human with avg. vocab use about 50,000 words) i. Human children learn language they hear, baboons seem unaffected by variations in auditory experience or rearing d. Most primate calls are holistic—cannot be broken down into their component parts (like we can change walked to walk) i. Their calls are their smallest AND largest meaningful units (never really string calls together) 1. One exception is Campbell's monkey a. If call is not as serious as actual predator give a "boom!" vocalization and shortly after they give one of their other calls 2. Chimps sometimes combine barks with drumming (may be different, but not tested yet) ii. No rule-governed call combos, no means of making different calls to designate their fxn e. When it comes to perception and comprehension monkeys have a large repertoire and display an almost open ended ability to learn new sound meaning pairs throughout their lives i. Also require experience before they can use calls in the appropriate context or respond appropriately to the calls of others 1. Vervet monkeys take several years to learn which calls go with which predator and during this time they show the same sort of overgeneralization shown by human infants as they learn the meaning of words a. A first give calls to many species (pigeons, geese, warthogs) i. Not random, give leopard calls to large terrestrial mammals and snake alarms to long snakelike objects ii. Many animals besides primates have almost open ended ability to forsm associations between a sound/sign and an object f. REREAD PG 261-2 g. Listeners are also signalers—hears alarm call and gives another one, or hears alarm call and stays silent (knowing there's a lion) h. Monkeys' vocalizations seem designed to influence other's behavior rather than (as in children) to affect their attention or knowledge i. Do not act deliberately to inform ignorant individuals nor do they attempt to correct or rectify false beliefs in others in the correct usage or response to calls i. Absence of syntax (ability to think in sentences does not lead to speaking in sentences) pg 268-9 i. Because they can't distinguish between what they know and what others know, they fail to recognize that ignorant individuals must have events explained to them ii. Monkeys' calls reflect the knowledge they have rather than the knowledge they intend their audience to acquire iii. Proto-language = language without syntax j. Language depends on what knowledge we have of the world k. Primates need sound meaning relations based on a rich conceptual structure (of social relations) in order to survive l. Before hominids produced syntactic utterances, they assigned meaning to other individuals' calls and extracted syntactic, rule-governed, propositional info from the vocal interactions of others. Language-like perception and cognition thus preceded and set the state for language-like production i. Long before our ancestors spoke they had a language of thought in which they represented the world—and the meaning of call sequences—in terms of actors, actions and those who are acted upon ii. Linguistic revolution occurred when we began to express this tacit knowledge in speaking and listening

B.M. Ch 6- Social Knowledge

a. Rank, kinship, etc = learned associations or sophisticated knowledge? b. Monkeys seems to be aware of relative dominance ranks, as well as their own rank relative to others i. Seen in grooming (i.e. vervets 91-2), choice of alliance partners c. Fear barks are unambiguous indicators of subordination, a female never gives them to someone lower than she d. Violation of expectations test (93-4) i. Created call sequences mimicking an interaction that violated the female dominance hierarchy 1. 8th ranking barking at 3rd ranking who is in fear (would never happen) ii. Responded more strongly when expectations were violated iii. Similar test w/males (95) e. Calls are individually distinctive f. Baboons recognize each other's kin i. Mothers respond to their infant's calls, other mothers look at the mother of whichever infant is calling to see if they're responding (sometimes they'll respond before the actual mother does) ii. Females watching their relatives fight, share glances as if asking what to do iii. Behavior not only influenced by one's own past interactions, but those of their relatives as well g. In many monkey species an individual who has just threatened or been threatened by another animal will often redirect aggression by attacking a third, previously uninvolved, individual i. Not always random third party w/rhesus macaques they choose a close matrilineal relative of their recent opponent...similar in Japanese macaques and vervets h. Vocal alliances in females by uttering threat-grunts when they see one female threaten another i. Often a close relative of more dom female (suggesting support, but not jumping in) i. When trying to figure out who a threat-grunt is directed at, sub females take into account the signaler's identity, her relationship w/her opponent, and the nature of recent interactions j. Kin-mediated reconciliation occurs at double the rate of direct reconciliation i. Aggressors not always motivated to initiate friendly contact, or victims avoid aggressor's approaches ii. Evidence of empathy in chimps = uninvolved bystander "consoling" victim of aggression 1. Lack of this in monkeys supports idea that monkeys are unable to empathize bc they can't attribute mental states like fear or anxiety to others k. While we are aware that monkeys recognize kinship relations of others, we still know little on how they do so (i.e. is it based on rates of interaction, are mother and sister viewed differently or the same, etc) l. Most sexual consortships are formed by the group's alpha male i. Male baboons in East Africa form coalitions to challenge a consort, but those in the Okavango don't (wait until male isn't around, or abandons females ii. Males constantly monitor status of other males' consortships iii. Consortships temporary and unpredictable m. Romeo & Juliet—quarrels between families are potentially much more destructive than quarrels within families i. Tested this w/baboons pg 106-7 ii. Between family rank reversals more momentous than within family ones (108) 1. Both equally rare tho n. Absolute rank changes when a female matures or dies, but relative rank among females rarely alters o. Monkeys classify others simultaneously according to both their individual attributes (like rank) and their membership in higher-order groups (like matrilines) p. Japanese macaques choose their coalition partners who are higher-ranking and unrelated to their opponent q. Skills in forming relationships appear to enhance a female's lifetime RS i. Study found that those w/highest rate of infant survival were not highest ranking female, but more socially integrated r. # of females' close social bonds seems to plateau at 6, suggesting that females either don't have enough time or they simply don't need that many partners to meet their social needs s. Teaching sea lion to group arbitrary symbols pg 112 t. Recognize baboons as certain group, but as individuals at same time u. Female members of the same matriline often form friendships w/different males, and the same male may form simultaneous friendships w/females from different matrilines v. Baboon can belong to many different classes simultaneously (115) w. Baboons appear to have implicit expectations about how individuals interact w/one another

B.M. Ch 12- Baboon Metaphysics

a. Reproductive success depends on social skills (males) i. Must live long, maintain high dominance, establish close (temporary) bonds w/females, and protect the infants he has fathered ii. Highest stress stems from predation and challenges to their status b. Females must also live a long life, raise healthy infants, protect them from infanticide, and maintain and extensive network of related and unrelated companions i. Longevity and infant survival = best predictors of RS ii. Best predictor of infant survival = extent of a female's social integration iii. Greatest tress from predation (esp when results in loss of close companion), challenges to their infants from infanticidal males, and challenges to their family's status iv. Can alleviate stress by broadening and extending social network c. Mind that is specialized for observing social life, computing social relations, and predicting other animals' behavior i. Brains contain areas that are particularly sensitive to other's orientations, movements, gaze direction and intentions ii. Communication is equally specialized d. Always monitoring each other and keeping track of who is consorting with whom, who has fallen in rank who is moving up and which families are feuding w/each other e. Two reasons to think social life has had most profound influence in making baboons' minds different from other animals: i. Social pressures are pervasive ii. Social pressures are more dynamic than those faced outside of social domain f. Baboons lack insight to imagine different world i. Don't think about how they could change the world, make food more accessible, etc like humans do g. Have only limited ability to recognize mental states of others i. Extract rich causal narratives from other animals' calls, but these narratives remain private ii. Unlike humans and even very young children, they feel no urge to gossip or share info iii. They understand much more than they can say...language of thought is impressive, but articulation of thoughts is lacking 1. Possible to have complex society based on cognitive processes that are both computational and representational without either language or a theory of mind 2. Study of baboon metaphysics may help us understand evolution of thought, communication, and language in humans and other species h. Monkeys' access to their own thoughts is similarly limited i. Incapable of "what if" i. Not sure how baboons differ from nonprimate species (comparison pg 276-7) i. Differences between baboons and other species may lie not so much in their innate tendency to acquire social knowledge as in the particular details of the knowledge they acquire j. ~30 million years ago baboons, chimps and humans shared same ancestor i. For ~20million years after chimps and humans shared common ancestor until separating 5-7 mya k. Biggest differences between baboons and chimps is brain size/structure, social org, and tool use i. Chimp brains bigger with greater elaboration of the cerebellum and frontal lobe ii. More comparisons pg 278-9 l. Indisputable that human mind differs qualitatively from that of other apes i. Uniquely human traits all influenced evolution of one another ii. Pg 279-283!!! iii. Syntax, intentionality, theory of mind, motivation to share intentions/emotions/knowledge, use and manufacture of tools/tech iv. Speculation that innovation and tech, not the demands of social life, have driven the evolution of large brains in primates

In a short video clip, we saw capuchins do all of the following, except: -spend time in caves -use stone tools to crush nuts -plan ahead by letting nuts dry in sun -use flakes from stone tools to cut into nuts -change part of landscape enough to indicate that primate archaeology is possible

use flakes from stone tools to cut into nuts

Gelada Social Orginization

-Reproductive units: 1-12 females, offspring, 1-4 males (some OMUs) -Bachelor groups: 2-15 males (comparitively large) -Bands: 2-27 repro units plus several all-male units (often 1-4 bands' home ranges overlap) -Herds: up to 60 repro units, sometimes from different bands, for short periods of time -Largest known grouping of any primate- 1200 -Female bonded, female philopatry; but >90% grasses diet

If large and colorful tails in peacock males evolved because females found such tails more attractive and thus preferred to mate with these males, AND they relate to better health or fitness in males then this is an example of: -group selection -"good genes" -genetic drift" -inclusive fitness -"propaganda" -"tell tail signs"

"good genes"

Osteodontokeratic Culture

-Bone/teeth as tools/weapons -Popularized, promoting ideas of early humans as killer apes -Aggressive males and nurturing females

5 Misconceptions of Dominance

1. More characteristic of males than females 2. Dominance = basis of primate social org, determines all aspects of social life 3. Determined primarily by physical size/strength & amount of aggressiveness 4. Permanent feature or "genetic trait" of an individual apart from a social context 5. Always leads to higher RS Look at notes 4/3-4/5 for detailed explanations

A primate with a 2.1.4.3 dental formula would have how many total teeth in its mouth?

40

According to Chapter 4 (Males), which of the following is TRUE? A. Once one adult male becomes the alpha male, he rarely remains in that position for more than a year. B. A male's fighting ability solely determines his rank, and the size of the male's body and his canines primarily determine his fighting ability. C. The current alpha male is the only male that is able to mate with females. D. A new immigrant male is usually welcomed most by lactating females, because he gives them more choices regarding with whom they will soon be able to mate. E. Because males form powerful linear dominance hierarchies, females have no possible counter-strategies to infanticide.

A. Once one adult male becomes the alpha male, he rarely remains in that position for more than a year.

According to Chapter 7 (Social Intelligence Hypothesis), which is FALSE? A. Vervet monkeys are able to identify python tracks as a potential danger, probably because they are frequently preyed upon by pythons. B. The coevolution of brain morphology and behavior is seen in primate and non-primate species. C. Group size is a good predictor of neocortex (brain) size, as well as a good estimate of social complexity. D. It is possible that the "technological intelligence" and "social intelligence" hypothesis for increased human brain size can both be correct. E. Differences in social intelligence among primates and non-primates probably has more to do with group size and composition than taxonomic relatedness.

A. Vervet monkeys are able to identify python tracks as a potential danger, probably because they are frequently preyed upon by pythons.

Baboons are: A. New World Monkeys B. Apes C. Old World Monkeys D. Prosimians E. likely to give you a threat gesture if you miss this one.

C. Old World Monkeys

Which of the following is TRUE regarding my class lecture example of bell miners and lerps? A. Bell miners are considered as an invasive species because they cause damage to eucalyptus trees. B. The insects producing lerps should be considered as an invasive species because they cause damage to eucalyptus trees. C. Bell miners are a good example of inter-specific territorial behavior because they do not allow lerps into their territory. D. Bell miners are a good example of territorial behavior across different species by keeping other bird species away from a resource that is critical to their diet. E. Bell miners conform to Wrangham's argument because related females unite to defend their territories against other bell miners.

D. Bell miners are a good example of territorial behavior across different species by keeping other bird species away from a resource that is critical to their diet.

In which geological epoch did Ida live in?

Eocene (47 mya)

"Ida" is a good example of an "indicator species" today

False

Classifying different populations of primates as different subspecies rather than as different species would likely bring greater protection under the law to those populations

False

Due to strong convergences in social orgs between many atelines and some apes, it is now known that apes are more closely related to NWM evolutionarily than to OWM

False

Given similarities in dominance interactions with their species, chimps and baboons are appropriately referred to as typical of all primates

False

If a primate is "solitary", then by definition it isn't "social"

False

If a primate species is commonly found to be monogamous, then under kin selection theory, males should not try to monopolize more than 1 female even if it could be successfully done, for the good of the species

False

Primates who drifted to other parts of the world on small pieces of land would be considered as flagship species

False

Since the time of Wrangham's and Van Shaik's original publications, "the socioecological model" has been consistently supported by new data that is widely accepted by virtually all primatologists as the best and only explanation of primate social orgs and structure

False

The combination of behavioral ecology and sociobiology is referred to as socioecology

False

The fact that a bushbaby sends out alarm calls when it sees a predator, even when not in danger itself, must be an example of group selection

False

The visual predation theory focuses on human hunting and the origin of human traits such as bipedalism during the past 4.4 my

False

According to the lecture, the natural history phase of primatology occurred prior to 1929

False (1950-60s)

Relevance of Zuckerman's Work

London Zoo, 100 hamadryas males but in 60x100 space....there were 44 males and then 30 females were added in which ended in a massacre Influential for wrong reason in wild, OMU, males aggressive herd females

TAXONOMY CHART

Look at all worksheets, and page 2 of test 1

Which of the following is true about tarsiers? -All are listed today as "critically endangered" -They are found only on Madagascar -Most weigh only 10-12 lbs -They often park infants for 2 days at a time before returning to feed them -Their diet is 100% faunivorous -All of the above

Their diet is 100% faunivorous

"Clade" classifications group organisms more on the basis of evolutionary splits than "grades"

True

What are the three R's of captivity?

1. Replacement: either "absolute" or "relative" (only cells or tissues of animals) --i.e. using chimps as test dummies in cars, now using fake dummies 2. Reduction: better experimental design and statistical techniques, to use far fewer animals for valid results 3. Refinement: of methods to lessen pain, distress or suffering & to make the animals more comfortable (including enrichment)

Three premises of Darwin's natural selection

1. individuals within species tend to over-reproduce-->not all individuals can survive 2. great variation exists within a species-->some individuals more fit than others. Ex: if some animals in a species can hear ultrasound, they may be seen as more fit (and better adapted to enviro) 3. those individuals who are more fit reproduce more-->if variation is genetically based, frequency of the fit trait increases over time. Ex: the animals wiht ultrasound hearing will most likley reproduce more offspring, spreading this "fit" trait more throughout the population also note: 1. behavior also selected 2. not "aware" of benefits 3. not "survival of fittest" 4. not fit reproduce and all others die 5. differential fertility (RS)

Imagine that mountain gorillas and lowland gorillas overlap in a small region of Africa, and that they sometimes mate and produce sterile hybrids. Given this info, we should classify mountain and lowland gorillas as: -1 pop within 1 species -2 pops within 1 species -2 different species -3 different subspecies

2 pops within 1 species

If the distribution of highly preferred leaves by a particular species is just as patchy as the highly preferred fruit of frugivores, this would: -help explain "folivore paradox" -contradict van Shaik -likely result in cooperative breeding -all of above

help explain "folivore paradox"

Marmosets and tamarins are characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT: -they are larger than most anthropoids -they have claws on most of their digits -they commonly give birth to twins -they are mostly diurnal -they commonly have tufts, bonnets and moustaches

they are larger than most anthropoids

Which of the following is true? -to collect systematic data from 6 individual primates at once you would use scan sampling -your ethogram should change if you use focal rather than scan sampling -sampling intervals of 1 min over 15 mins provide more data than 30 sec intervals -all of the above -none of the above

to collect systematic data from 6 individual primates at once you would use scan sampling

Behavioral sampling techniques are done for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: -to reduce error and bias between different researchers -to reduce error and bias by one particular researcher -to get representative data while realizing you can't collect everything -to increase probability you will prove what you already believe is true -to increase others' ability to replicate your study and test your results

to increase probability you will prove what you already believe is true

Which of the following statements regarding key principles of vertebrate and primate socioecology is FALSE? -females are distributed more according to food, males according to females -rich food in discrete, defensible patches promotes contest competition, poor or non-defensible food promotes scramble competition -small animals tend to hide from predation and be solitary, larger animals tend to defend against predation and be in groups -when mammalian females are in large groups, males are less likely to compete over them and there is decreased sexual dimorphism -all of above is true

when mammalian females are in large groups, males are less likely to compete over them and there is decreased sexual dimorphism

Hybrid Zones

Locations where the hybrid offspring of two divergent taxa (species, subspecies or genetic "forms") are prevalent and there is a cline in the genetic composition of populations from one taxon to the other. -Species breaks not always easy CONSIDER BABOONS -even though they all look different, get hybrids on borders (i.e. Olive & Yellow) --produce offspring w/interesting results (often fertile! raises question of if different species) -grey-cheeked crested mangabey & yellow baboon= kipunjui (separate genus; likely hybrid; some mate w/yellow; arboreal like mangabey)

Gelada baboons are strongly female-bonded, mostly eat grasses that are widely and continuously distributed, and have peaceful inter-group interactions

Contradicts Wrangham (look at test 2 page 4)

Woolly monkeys are not female-bonded, and about 80% of their diet is ripe fruit in patches large enough to permit living in large cohesive groups.

Contradicts Wrangham (look at test 2 page 4)

Thomas' langurs have high predation concerns, low food comp and are found in small OMU's

Contradicts van Shaik (look at test 2 page 4)

What is cooperative polyandry, and why is it rare among mammals from a purely theoretical perspective?

Cooperative polyandry is a group of one female and more than one male (typically 3-10 members). It is cooperative because of the alloparenting that occurs--members other than the mother helping to raise children. This is rare because it limits male RS to sharing one female rather than being able to mate with multiple females. (Look at last page of test 2)

According to Chapter 8 (Theory of Mind), which of the following is FALSE? A. At a young age, human children are strongly motivated to share knowledge and beliefs with others, and view others as intentional, sentient beings like themselves. B. The authors present data suggesting baboons do not produce calls in response to their perception of another baboon's ignorance, predicament, or ability. C. Baboons rarely display at another whose back is turned, and make a strong effort for eye contact before initiating friendly or aggressive encounters. D. It is apparent that baboons feel a strong sense of empathy toward other baboons, much like humans feel toward each other. E. Evidence for teaching among baboons is unclear, if it even exists at all.

D. It is apparent that baboons feel a strong sense of empathy toward other baboons, much like humans feel toward each other.

What are the four forces of evolution?

1. Natural Selection 2. Mutation: random alterations of DNA, rare but common; non-specific; ultimate source of new genetic variation 3. Gene Flow: exchanging of genes (mates) between populations. Increases variation within pops, decreases between; homogenizing effect 4. Genetic Drift: random fluctuations in gene frequencies. Oppose effects on flow of variation

9 General Primate Characteristics

1. Specialized hands and feet for grasping 2. Increased emphasis on sense of vision 3. Decrease in olfaction 4. Large brains relative to body size 5. Orthograde posture 6. Preservation of a generalized limb structure 7. Retention of four mammalian tooth types 8. Tendency for single births 9. Increased lifespan LOOK AT WS

Which of the following is true? -During a scan sample with 1 min intervals, you observe copulation at 42 sec. This is critical info for your study, thus you should include it in your scan data and round upward to 1 min. -Upon returning from a pilot study of a species that has not previously been observed, one most likely begins by analyzing life history data -Although it is more humane to treat primate test subjects better while in captivity, there is no scientific benefit -All of above are true -All of above are false

All of above are false

. According to Chapter 6 (Social Knowledge), which of the following is FALSE? A. Males can recognize each other's wahoo calls and can assess the difference in rank between any two individuals within their troop. B. Unlike gibbons and howler monkeys who live high in trees, baboons do not form "vocal alliances". C. Baboons can recognize each other's kin, and female baboon behavior can be influenced by the recent interaction of their kin with other baboons. D. Baboon females with the greatest RS are those that are most socially integrated, not necessarily those that are most dominant. E. Natural selection favored humans to arrange companions into rule-governed classes and develop innate theories of social life, as also seen in baboons.

B. Unlike gibbons and howler monkeys who live high in trees, baboons do not form "vocal alliances".

According to Chapter 9 (Self-Awareness and Consciousness), which of the following is FALSE? A. A baboon can locate not only others' social positions, but also her own, within the group's social network. B. It seems likely that a baboon must have some image of itself as a unique social being, distinct from others and having a unique set of social relationships C. Baboons seem to possess the same level of self-consciousness as humans. D. In baboons and humans, the urge to equate one's self with one's family during between-family fights is probably largely unconscious. E. All of the above are true statements, according to the authors.

C. Baboons seem to possess the same level of self-consciousness as humans.

Which primates show cooperative polyandry?

Callithricids (marmosets and tamarins)

What are chimeras? Which social org would you predict chimeras to be found in, and why?

Chimeras are fraternal twins that share some stem cells with one another (cells switched around in womb). They would most likely be found in a cooperative polyandry. If two male brothers share cells with one another, this raises the question of relatedness (especially with chimeric sperm). Since the "uncle" may be even more related to his brother's child than usual, this could raise a greater desire/pressure to help raise that child

In "Mozu: the Snow Monkey", and according to class discussion, and example of "anthropodenial" would be: -experienced by a macaque herself, who refuses to stop carrying her diseased infant -a scientist attributing a human-like "loss of dignity" to a defeated macaque -finding it impossible to think a macaque could experience grief as we do -all of above

finding it impossible to think a macaque could experience grief as we do

If habitat destruction creates pockets of tropical forest where there was once continuous forest, a species of monkey could get divided into particular pops that will forever remain isolated from each other. Given this initial separation into pockets of forest, which is the very first evolutionary force that would have changed gene frequencies between monkeys in different areas? -natural selection -mutation -genetic drift -speciation -all of the above -none of the above

genetic drift

When constructing clades, one should use similar traits that arose due to: -convergent evolution -parallel evolution -homology -analogy -all of above

homology

An individual's own RS, plus how that individual may enhance the RS of close relatives is known as: -inclusive fitness -group selection -gene flow -altruism -Darwinian fitness

inclusive fitness

If large and colorful tails in peacock males evolved because females found such tails more attractive and thus preferred to mate with these males, then this would be best considered as a specific example of: -Hamilton's rule -kin selection -intra-sexual selection -inter-sexual selection -group selection -genetic drift

inter-sexual selection

A sperm plug in muriquis is a good example of _________ selection: -kin -group -intra-sexual -inter-sexual -hyper-sexual

intra-sexual

Better fed females have all of the following EXCEPT: -later first pregnancy -healthier offspring -longer lifespan -shorter interbirth intervals -all of the above -none of the above

later first pregnancy

Which of following statements regarding key principles of vertebrate and primate socioecology is FALSE? -primates are unusual mammals in that many species live in stable heterosexual groups -infanticide is more common in groups where one male mates with many females -females have counter-strategies to infanticide, include "confusing paternity" and associating with a protective male -males and females of the same species need to use very similar evolved strategies to survive, mate and raise offspring -all of above are true

males and females of the same species need to use very similar evolved strategies to survive, mate and raise offspring

3 possible mating systems that males might enter if females are gregarious

multi-male, one male units, forced polygyny most sexual dimorphism in one male units

Which of the following pairs would be considered as living in fission-fusion groups, with virtually no aggression by males towards females? -gorillas and howlers -spider monkeys and chimps -muriquis and bonobos -all of above -none of above

muriquis and bonobos

Compared to field research on wild primates,which of the following is NOT true regarding captive research? -one can better control group membership -observation conditions are usually better -one can more easily experimentally vary social and physical enviros -one can better test most questions related to socioecology -all of above is true

one can better test most questions related to socioecology

Before conducting new primate research in wild, a researcher normally visits the potential site for at least a month to evaluate what can feasibly be done there. This is: -focal tree sampling -ecological sampling -a pilot study -scan sampling -a habitual period

pilot study

4 possible mating systems that males might enter if females are solitary

polygyny, monogamy, polyandry, ambivalent polyandry

Tarsiers have a bicornuate uterus, as do lemurs and lorises. Based on this trait ONLY, you should classify them as: -marsupials -haplorhines -prosimians -OWM -anthropoidds

prosimians

Regarding strepsirhines: -all are nocturnal and solitary -some are found in the New World -all use VCL -some exhibit female dominance -all of the above

some exhibit female dominance

Which of the following is true within the US? -macaques are rarely experimented on due to the diseases they carry -prosimians are the most commonly used primates in labs -some primates are still imported into US for research -the use of any primate in research experiments has been illegal since 2011 -none of the above is true

some primates are still imported into US for research

Man the Hunter

Hunting is key to human evolution -Requires foresight, planning, corporation, communication skills, dexterity -Selection for larger brains, efficient bipedalism, more precision grip... -Males do the hunting (females gathering, seen as less important) -Support from archaeology (home bases, later proved otherwise..more scavenging), and primatology (male chimps hunting)

Which of the following is true? -Dr. Calcagno highly recommends primates as pets, especially those who might spit, bite and carry Herpes B -Retirement facilities for chimps exist in US -Major universities such as UW once had primate research centers, but those were shut down -all of above -none of above

Retirement facilities for chimps exist in US

The preferred fruits of Peruvian squirrel monkeys occur in large patches that can be defeated, whereas those of Costa Rican squirrel monkeys occur in small, indefensible patches. Only Peruvian squirrel moneys live in extended matrilines and cooperate in defending their fruit patches in between-group competition.

Supports Wrangham (look at test 2 page 4)

Although sociobiology and feminism did not mix well within many areas of academic study, this was not much of a problem within primatology

True

If only males transfer, this is female philopatry

True

Intra-specific variation of one species can be obtained from a long term study of the same population

True

When using primates to help inform use about human evolution, similarities between chimps and humans are commonly compared using homology, whereas baboons are more likely to be used with analogy

True

You would expect the intermembral index to be lower for an animal that uses VCL to locomote compared to a gibbon, which uses its long arms to swing from trees

True

According to Chapter 5 (Females), which of the following is FALSE? A. Grunts are highly predictive of friendly behavior and a sign of reconciliation. B. In a dispute between 2 females, low-ranking females more commonly form an alliance with the individual who already ranks higher than her opponent. C. Grooming among females is influenced by attraction to kin and attraction to high-ranking individuals. D. Female rank is not a strong predictor of stress levels in baboons. E. Dominant females are almost always more aggressive, larger, and in better physical shape than subordinates.

E. Dominant females are almost always more aggressive, larger, and in better physical shape than subordinates.

Imagine you start observing a baboon troop that hasn't been studied before. On Day 1, and given what we know about baboon behavior, which of the following is safe to assume as being correct? A. If a male is closely associated with a female and her offspring, the male must be the father of that offspring. B. The dominant male must have worked his way up the hierarchy over a long period of time by building relationships and friendships with males and females. C. The dominant, reproductive male is most likely the son of the dominant female of the same troop. D. All of the above are safe assumptions. E. None of the above is a safe assumption

E. None of the above is a safe assumption

Regarding the lecture on biodiversity, which of the following is TRUE? A. Although habitat loss and fragmentation was a major problem in the 1990s, it is fortunately no longer a significant threat to primate populations. B. Although most people enjoy seeing greater biodiversity, there are no practical or profitable reasons for protecting that diversity. C. Most primatologists concerned with non-human populations care little about humans, since helping animals and the environment must be at the expense of human needs. D. All of the above are true. E. None of the above is true.

E. None of the above is true.

Species vs. subspecies classification of baboons (why the uncertainty?)

Unsure if Papio is 1 or 6 species, no clear divisions between species because of hybrid zones that can sometimes create fertile offspring Baboon taxonomy -"Savanna baboons"- semi-terrestrial, open-country. Group size ranges from 13-200, often 40-80. Large home ranges, omnivores, male transfer --Olive, Kinda, Yellow, Guinea, Chacma, Hamadryas -Some lump with hamadryas as 1 species --E.g., P. hamadryas ursinus -Other baboon species --Mandrillus (P.?) sphinx (mandrill) and leucophaeus (drill)--OMU's common --P. hamadryas (hamadryas or sacred)--Forced polygyny; multi-level --Theropithecus (P.?) gelada (gelada baboons)--Some OMU's or M-M, Ethiopia, "bleeding hearts" LOOK AT WS

When starting to study a primate species that previously has not been studied at all, one first begins by collecting life history data

False

There are nocturnal haplorhines, but all anthropoids are diurnal

False (owl monkey is nocturnal)

What is the RS of males and females tied to?

Female= access to food Male= access to females

Rarest mating system among primates (and mammals in general)

Polyandry

Sussman contends that competition over food within primate groups is rare and not significant, and that instead cooperation within and between groups is by far the norm. As a result, he: -supports Wrangham -contradicts Wrangham -supports van Shaik -contradicts van Shaik

contradicts Wrangham

In which geological epoch did Ardi live in?

Pliocene (4.4 mya)

P.E. Ch 16- Chimpanzee Reunion by Craig Stanford

a. Seeing chimp for first time in a decade i. Well known habit of getting physical with researchers which was highly unusual (researchers try to be neutral part of landscape) ii. Grew up around observers and became fearless...began to bully researchers and tourists iii. Once knocked Craig down and them groomed his hair as he laid curled up on the ground b. Goodall's work still a benchmark for ape studies, longest and most important study of animal behavior ever i. She documented the importance of kinship in chimp society and showed that individual personalities mattered enormously ii. Some males very political, others just use force c. When Frodo hunts, others hunt w/him i. Catalyst to events around him, others avoided encounters w/him d. Each pop of chimps exhibits a suite of unique behaviors i. Some chimps make tools from twigs and blades of grass to "fish" for termites 1. Other pops have never been seen doing this 2. Instead they gather stones and use as hammers to crack open fruits 3. Don't believe there is a genetic component to this, nor are the differences solely related to environments (it's CULTURE!) a. Culture applies to any suite of behavioral variations that seem clearly to be learned e. Hunting = learned behavior i. Desire is biological, the skills are cultural ii. Some pops cooperate in hunting, others don't 1. Can't give unifying reason for hunting in chimps iii. Some want adult colobus monkeys, others go for babies 1. When an infant is taken, the male monkeys group together and attack predator iv. Says studying hunting behavior is fascinating, exciting and heartbreaking 1. He got to know both the hunters and hunted as individuals 2. One day watched 7 be killed at eaten (1/4 of his group) v. Female chimps rarely hunt, mainly unsuccessfully 1. Instead rely on males sharing with them vi. Meat only tiny fraction of diet compared to ripe fruits and other plant foods 1. However has major impact on red colobus pop biology 2. During periods of frequent hunting, they could eradicate 1/10 of the entire colobus pop....could be unsustainable if it continues long term 3. However it's cyclical, based on female repro cycles a. Many tried to refute this idea f. Also studied mountain gorillas and their relationships with chimps (co-existing at Bwindi) i. Researcher studying gorillas see as much sex in a month as a chimp researcher may see in a morning ii. Slowly discovered as many parallels as differences g. Shocked when he finally saw Frodo i. When males lose status, wander alone for a tine before slowly reintegrating ii. Looked much older and worn, harder life bc of loss of rank? iii. Had a very high RS during full life no matter what rank, still a good hunter h. Not only chimps changed, but habitat as well (more tourists, more ecological concerns) i. Chimps and baboons not scared of humans will go into their camps and eat trash...risking infections j. Talks about ethnography of apes (shocked he's doing this, more similarities to humans than thought) k. Calls chimps "next of kin, a window onto our evolution"

B.M. Ch 9- Self-Awareness and Consciousness

a. Hard to find a definition for consciousness, awareness of one's physical experiences, awareness of self as distinct individual embedded in a group or society with many other distinct individuals, thoughts and experiences available to us for introspection i. Often have no memory of how we first acquired even highly specific knowledge b. Trying to understand if animals know what they know and how and why they know it c. Juvenile sitting and chewing, watching new baby of alpha female as if debating whether and how to approach the baby d. Apes, but not monkeys, recognize themselves in mirrors e. Monkeys blinded in right eye and then trained to touch button that was lit or "no light" if nothing was lit...all monkeys pressed correct button even if in "blind" visual BUT also pressed "no light" effectively reporting they were not aware of seeing an even they had clearly processed subcortically f. Monkeys did better on tests they were free to take rather than ones they were forced to take (evaluating knowledge prior to deciding whether or not to take the test?) g. When a vervet observes a fight between one of her own close relatives and another individual she often retaliates by threatening a member of her relative's opponent's family h. For one mother, her daughter's actions become her actions (bond is that strong!) i. To equate one's self with one's family is probs largely unconscious

Online Article: Special Ops with a Studious Bent fight Destruction of Brazil's Amazon by Simon Romero

a. One of its members spent more than a decade as an environmental activist for a tree-hugging nonprofit. Another studied Arctic oceanography in Germany. Their commander is a former high school science teacher. b. Fighting deforestation, gold prospecting, bush meat hunting, clandestine logging and animal smuggling with brains and boots c. Deforestation is surging once again in the Brazilian Amazon, climbing 29 percent between August 2015 and July 2016. Nearly two million acres of forest were destroyed during the period, according to estimates by the National Institute for Space Research in Brazil d. You have to see the Amazon from above to get a sense of how much of it has already been devastated e. GEF includes forestry engineers, a wildlife biologist, a fisheries specialist, even someone who used to work in advertising f. a punishing survival course in which candidates endure jumping out of helicopters, protracted treks through the jungle, foraging for food, treating snakebites, going for long stretches without food and sleep, and training for gun battles and knife fights g. environmental activists argue that a major reason for resurgent deforestation in Brazil involves efforts to reduce Ibama's sway, drawing parallels with the Trump administration's plans to overhaul the Environmental Protection Agency h. fear of retribution if their identities are made public i. setting things on fire like illegal logging trucks, sawmills, etc j. "But this is war, and war can open your eyes to what needs to be done."

P.E. Ch 10 Baboon Mechanics by S. Peter Henzi and Louise Barrett

a. Researchers have to decide whether to brave the cold or call it quits and go home and stand in front of a heater i. At the same time the baboons just shrug it off b. Studying how the baboons and their environment interact c. Baboons are a keystone species bc they are relatively easy to habituate and are widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa and show remarkable tolerance (can go from hot and wet tropical woodland to hot, dry desert, to cold and wet grassland) d. Social structure and dynamics were responses to specific features in the environment e. Females in mountain baboon troops rarely contest resources so the researchers were not able to allocate dominance ranks to their subjects i. Grasslands don't provide food worth fighting for f. Grooming as "social glue" bonding females in anticipation of support during inevitable fights over scarce resources (but since there isn't aggression here, why do females still groom?) i. Continued simply bc they needed to be groomed ii. Wanted to see if the amount of grooming matched the amount received 1. Hard to test though! 2. Immediate reciprocation? g. "Prisoner's dilemma" = high likelihood of cheating instead of mutually beneficial changes h. Stopped field work bc of an unanticipated and unpleasant incident i. Get through field work by snacking/eating j. Housing bought out by reserve staff for researchers to use k. Transportation by foot mainly because cars so expensive i. Trashed the car they got l. Baboon females attracted to young infants but moms won't let them out of their grip; females solve dilemma by grooming mothers and then the infant for a few minutes m. Lots of info on 114-5 n. Males becoming conservative, at least in restricting the timing of their matings to the most likely times for conception (to avoid sexual conflict) o. 1/3 of all offspring had sub males as fathers (bc alpha males simply didn't pursue every opportunity to monopolize receptive females) i. The more males in the troop, the more stressed the alpha male and the likelier that he takes up consortships p. Rangers and wardens never cared to spend time with baboons, but they tried telling researchers what they though they ought to know about the baboons i. New warden brought two dogs he let roam freely, when one chased an infant baboon the protective male ripped one to pieces and chased the other off ii. Warden then shot the baboon to "teach them a lessen" q. Had to rebrand the park as a tourist spot for funding i. Increasing conflict between baboons over human garbage

B.M. Ch 7-The Social Intelligence Hypothesis

a. Suggestion that the near-continuous sexual receptivity of primate females created complex problems in behavioral control and social awareness for males b. The higher intellectual faculties of primates have evolved as an adaptation to social living i. All group-living animals confront a multitude of social problems, and that intelligence in primates—and perhaps many other species—must have evolved at least in part because natural selection has favored individuals who are skilled at solving these problems c. ICC = index of cranial capacity (ratio of a species' actual cc vs. expected cc) i. Baboons 177cc, 7.3 ICC ii. Chimps 393cc, 8.2 ICC iii. Capuchin monkey 11.7 ICC iv. Gorilla 5.5 ICC 1. Ape brains appear to exhibit a comparatively greater elaboration of the cerebellum and frontal lobes d. Hypotheses about brain size on pages 124-5: brain size correlated with group size?? e. Face cells in temporal cortex that respond at least twice as vigorously to faces or components of faces f. Left-brain, right-ear advantage like humans when processing their own species' vocalizations but not when processing other sounds g. Vervets practice strategic alliances formation, curry favor w/members of high-ranking fams, and keep track of who has been nice to them in the recent past i. What they don't know: animal tracks (can't tell where python track is, often fall prey), no response to carcass in tree which signifies leopard nearby (even baboons don't catch on to this when there's a baboon carcass!) h. Social learning, innovation and tool use strongly correlated with brain size but not group size i. Selective pressures favoring enlarged brains in apes and humans may have been technological rather than social j. Chimp shown lock and key and then asked to choose what went with a can, chose can opener k. Rhesus macaques saw a picture and received a cue (either drop of juice or a tone), then shown a second picture i. If given juice, they were only to respond if 2nd pic was same as 1st. If heard a tone, only respond if 2nd is different from 1st. (Juice=same, Tone=different) l. Relatively greater size of primate brains is particularly pronounced in the prefrontal cortex (ability to make abstract judgements?) m. Highly social nonprimates also have large brains and display sophisticated knowledge of other individuals' social relationships n. Experiments w/birds & eavesdropping pg 136-141 i. Even unsocial animals have sophisticated knowledge of other animals' relations ii. Clearly adaptive bc it allows listeners to assess a rival's skills at very little cost to themselves iii. Social complexity is correlated with superior performance in some cognitive tasks o. Possibility that large brains in apes and humans—if not in monkeys—evolved as a result of selective pressures favoring social learning and technological innovation rather than skill in social interactions p. Experiment found positive correlations between brain size and innovation, social learning and tool use q. Social and technological intelligence should not be contrasted as alternatives, but as selective forces that are inextricably linked

B.M. Ch 8- Theory of Mind

a. Theory of mind = ability to attribute mental states like knowledge and ignorance to both oneself and others i. A vervet with zero-order intentional system would have no beliefs and desires at all (gives alarm call as reflexive response to leopard, first-order would do it because he believes there is a leopard nearby and he wants others to run into the trees) ii. Could be higher levels with some understanding about both their own and others' states of mind (gives alarm call bc he wants others to believe that there is a leopard nearby) b. A theory of mind allows us explicit access to our own mental states c. Child paints wall as uses excuse the room is filled with "bad bees and spiders" and says she never does anything on purpose i. Puppets putting chocolate under cups, older kids understood thoughts of others ii. Ability develops gradually iii. Different stages pg 150-1 iv. Most striking feature is motivation to share knowledge and beliefs with others d. Primate behavior can almost always be explained in terms of relatively simple learned behavioral contingencies, without recourse to theory of mind..."deceptive" behavior i. Low-ranking female finds bird eggs stuffs in mouth fast and runs away, high ranking female eats in plain sight (impression is that low rank F is trying to avoid theft) 1. Does she understand that if she conceals her find others will remain ignorant? Or has she simply learned that she will be more likely to keep her eggs if she acts this way? ii. Mom receiving attn. all morning from higher females who wanted time with her baby, got not time to eat or rest herself so lashed out at a higher ranking female who came when she was finally eating...higher female came back later and bit her on the neck iii. Females hiding low to ground to prevent infanticide iv. More examples pg 156 e. Instead of analyzing beliefs and desires, animals use past performances as a guide to future behavior (compares to people with Asperger's) f. Monkeys and apes, like young children, might be able to represent simple mental states like emotions and intentions even if they cannot recognize more complex ones like knowledge and beliefs i. "contact" calls in baboons—when separated from others can be heard over 500 meters 1. Females answered their relatives' contact bark primarily when they themselves were lagging behind the group and separated from other females ii. "food calls"—discovery of food iii. Don't expect to be informed or deceived—chimps who remain silent when they find a fruiting tree are not punished by those who arrive later 1. Infants are lost, mothers get very frantic but never punishes infant for ignoring her (to do so would infer that she understands the intent to ignore iv. Baboons' apparent insensitivity to others' plight (once reunited after attacks all emotions surrounding the separation simply disappear) v. Lord of the Flies situation pg 163 g. Baboons do not produce calls in response to their perception of another's ignorance, predicament or ability h. During a flood a 2 year old became stranded alone (usually would be killed by predator) i. He joined a group of impala and foraged with them for two days, then joined vervets who tried but failed to chase away, constant barks were occasionally answered by aunts on distant islands but never came to him, 5 weeks later his group came to an island across from his and they barked on the edge until he swam to the other side i. Appear not to understand that their own knowledge and abilities might be different from someone else's j. Juvenile sat near researcher making eye contact then gave alarm bark while looking at researcher, there was a cobra just below his feet i. Many studies show monkeys and apes attend to individuals' eyes and their direction of gaze 1. Follow gaze of others 2. Experiment of chimps knowing how to beg for food by looking at person without the blindfold (but looked at both of them equally) ii. Know what others can and can't see, as well as what they can and can't hear (ie rhesus macaques) k. Sub chimp had to fight dom chimp for food (most often approached food dom couldn't see) l. Dogs outperform chimps in ability to communicate cues like pointing, gazing and reaching to find food m. Rhesus macaques when stealing grape from unseeing observer act deliberately to avoid detection i. Recognize that others are motivated to defend food they are looking at and less likely to defend food in which they show no interest n. No strong conclusive evidence that monkeys, apes or other animals recognize other individuals' knowledge o. Inferences about directedness of vocalizations are probs often mediated by gaze direction and relatively simple contingencies p. Low-ranking individuals who fail to announce their presence to higher ones are more likely to be supplanted from a resource than those who announce themselves i. Females grunt as they are about to do something she recognizes is above her station and might not be tolerated q. A rudimentary understanding of intentions and motives represents a crucial first step toward a communication system like language r. Baboon approaching only one researcher out of group and tugging on wires of camera to get his attention s. Baboon's ability to read another's intentions depends on memory of his recent behavior t. In the wild, baboons only use tools in aggressive contexts (occasionally wave or throw sticks at rivals) i. Chimps throw branches at baboons but not vice versa ii. Chimps and orangs in captivity learn to use tools to open boxes, require very few trials to learn to copy demonstrator's actions 1. Also use in wild for other purposes u. Evidence for teaching nonhuman primates can by summarized by one word: scant v. Both human and nonhuman primates show physiological responses to loss of close companions=grief i. Grief is egocentric, like fear whereas empathy requires that an individual be able to recognize emotions lie grief or fear in others even when she is not experiencing those emotions herself w. Chimps attend wounded or paralyzed limbs of offspring i. Test where chimps could give others food, didn't even think about them (lack of empathy?) x. Carrying dead infant = respect for ownership? Do they understand death? Pg 195

Compared to those who hide, primates using an "active defense" strategy against predation are more likely to be: -more gregarious -diurnal -larger in size -terrestrial -all of above -none of above

all of above

Attributing human characteristics to non-humans is known as:

anthropomorphism

In class I showed a short video clip of very disturbing living conditions and treatment for chimps and some monkeys. This footage was taken: -and distributed by radical and violent animal-activist group -at a roadside zoo -at a university-affiliated research facility -at a training lab once used by the Hollywood entertainment industry -at "Chimp Haven"

at a university-affiliated research facility (New Iberia)

The "neotropical primates": -are found along equator in S. America,Africa and Asia -contain callithricids and cebids -contain cercopithecines and colobines -all of above -none of above

contain callithricids and cebids