Principles of Biology CLO's

Describe the structure of an atom with respect to the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons with respect to mass and electrical charge.

An atoms center is the nucleus. Protons revolve around the nucleus in the center. Electrons are on the outer shells. Electrons are negative, Neutrons are positive, and protons are neutral.

Describe how a hydrogen bond forms.

Hydrogen bonds are different from covalent and ionic bonds because they share electrons but they also have partial negative and positive charges represented by a dotted line. They form between two already created chemical bonds and are shown with the delta symbol.

Explain the difference between polar and non polar covalent bonds.

Non polar is when electrons are shared equally. Non polar bonds are hydrophobic. Polar bonds are when two electrons send more time around the nucleus of one atom more than the other.

Name the four most common chemical elements in living organisms.

Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen

Compare Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Hydrophilic thrives in water, hydrophobic doesn't mix in water.

Explain how covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds differ from one another.

Ionic bonds are the attraction of two opposite charges. Cations and anions attract each other because they are opposite. Hydrogen bonds are the attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom. A covalent bond is made of joined hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen bonds are the weakest.

Predict the relative amount of potential energy in electrons that occupy orbitals in different energy shells.

The closest layer to the to nucleus only can contain 2 electrons so it has the least amount of potential energy, the second layer has up to six so it hare more potential for energy.

Explain how polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds contribute to the special properties of water

The covalent bond of H2O leaves the oxygen atom partially charged and the hydrogen atoms partial negative. Because H2O is a BENT structure it is polar. The hydrogen bond forms between the partially charged oxygen atom and another molecules partially negative hydrogen atoms. This can only happen with hydrogen and either oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.

Explain the relationship between electron orbitals and energy shells.

The first shell is the lowest energy, the second shell is higher, the third is the highest. The electrons in the lowest energy cell have the least lowest potential for energy and so on. There are 2 electrons in the inner shell at most, 6 in the second, and 8 in the last.

Explain the relationships among hydrogen ion concentration, acidity, and the pH scale:

The pH ranges from 1 - 14 with 7 being neutral. It is determined in a logarithm by moles. Acidity is considered 1 - 6.999. Base is 8 - 14. When a solution is acidic it has a greater hydrogen ion concentration and a lower pH. The higher the base the LESS hydrogen ion concentrations and the higher the pH. It goes up by 10's. (Scientific notation)

Explain the importance of valence electrons and the formation of chemical bonds.

They are most stable when the outer shell is filled up so they often link with electrons of other molecules that need a electron as well.

List similarities and differences between hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds

They both have charges but ionic bonds have complete charges and also very strong unless around water. Hydrogen bonds have partial charges, form in between bonds, usually very weak but very strong collectively and are short-lived.