Principles of Ecology: Ch 5 Connect

Match the correct definition to the appropriate term. 1. torpor 2. estivation 3. hibernation

1. -A state of low metabolic rate and lowered body temperature-Nightly event for hummingbirds 2. A state of reduced metabolism that may last several months during the summer-Adaptation for species to survive a summer drought 3. Normal metabolic process for many temperate species-A state of reduced metabolism that may last several months during the winter

Match the features to either microclimate or macroclimate. 1. microclimate 2. macroclimate

1. . altitude will play a role; regions having dark soil color will experience a higher avg temp than those with lighter soil 2. the avg rainfall that a region has over a year; seasonal changes experienced by the trees in a deciduous forest that signals them to enter dormancy in the fall

Identify the features of energy associated with hibernation. 1. Energy features associated with hibernation 2. Energy features not associated with hibernation

1. Can be used in tropical and cold region; Advantageous when energy supplies are low 2. Is only found in cold; A state of reduced metabolism that may last several months during the summer; Saves an organism a considerable amount of energy for one night

Categorize each example as a measure of how animal, plant, or microbial performance is affected by temperature. 1. ANIMAL 2. MICROBIAL 3. PLANT

1. ENERGY INTAKE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY INTAKE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE FUNCTION 2. POPULATION GROWTH RATE RATE OF SULFUR OXIDATION 3. PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE

Based on the information presented in the graph, what conclusions can be drawn about the relationship between temperature and the rate of photosynthesis in plants?

1. Plants have an optimal range of temperatures under which they will have the maximum photosynthesis output. 2. The photosynthetic rate of shrubs grown in hotter environments will peak at a higher temperature than that of shrubs grown at cooler temperatures.

Drag and drop each item to the correct type of thermoregulation. 1. ENDOTHERMS 2. ECTOTHERMS

1. ducks, polar bears, sweating may be used to dissipate heat, food intake is greater, bumblebee, bluefin tuna 2. trout, low metabolic rate, temperature regulation through behavior, temperature conforms to environment, lizards, most insects

Match the descriptions of animal temperature regulation with the correct term. 1. Depend on external heat sources to regulate their body temperature. 2. Depend on own metabolically generated heat to warm their bodies. 3. Use metabolic energy to maintain body temperature within a narrow range. 4. Body temperature varies directly with the environment.

1. ectotherms 2. endotherms 3. homeotherms 4. piokilotherms

Match each term with the correct example. 1. A tropical primate enters a state of reduced metabolic rate for one month in summer in a tree burrow 2. A ground squirrel is in its tunnel underground in a state of reduced metabolic rate for 4 months of the winter. 3. A small bird enters a state of low metabolic rate and lowered body temperature at night

1. estivation 2. hibernation 3. torpor

Complete each sentence about microclimates with the correct term. 1. Average annual temperatures are ____________ at higher elevations. 2. Shading by shrubs and trees lowers the ____________ of the soil surface. 3. In the summer sun, the temperature of a black sand beach would be ____________ than a white sand beach. 4. Temperatures are more moderate in animal burrows compared to the soil surface because of ____________ by the soil above. 5. A boulder in the Northern Hemisphere recieves more shade on its ____________

1. lower 2. maximum temperatures 3. higher 4. insulation 5. northern aspect

Match the term to the correct definition. 1. Body temperature varies directly with environmental temperatures. 2. Rely mainly on external sources of energy for regulating body temperature. 3. Organisms that rely heavily on internally derived metabolic heat energy. 4. Organisms that use metabolic energy to maintain a relatively constant body temperature.

1. poikilotherms 2. ectotherms 3. endotherms 4. homeotherms

Imagine an elephant that has waded partially into a river to cool itself. Match the descriptions with the appropriate processes. 1. Heat is lost from the dry head into the air by __________ 2. Heat is lost from the wet feet to the water by ___________ 3. The elephant sprays its back with water and heat is lost from the back to the air by ____________ . 4. The water current removes heat form the legs by _____________

1. radiation 2. conduction 3. evaporation 4. convection

A researcher observes that one species of rose (species A) grows only in cool, shady habitats and that another species of rose (species B) grows only in hot, sunny habitats in the same forest. The researcher wants to design an experiment to test the hypothesis that the optimal photosynthetic rate for species A is at a lower temperature compared to species B. Correctly answer each question using the terms available to design a laboratory experiment appropriate to test this hypothesis. 1. What factor(s) do you think the researcher will attempt to control in the experiment? 2. What factor(s) will the researcher vary during the experiment? 3. What are two levels of the factor of interest? 4. What response variable will be measured?

1. soil conditions; plant density; plant size 2. temperature 3. 25 degrees C; 38 degrees C 4. photosynthetic rate

Match the correct statements about thermoregulation of endotherms and ectotherms 1. endotherms 2. ectotherms

1. use metabolic rate to maintain their own body temperatures, can survive easier in the arctic, birds and mammals 2. use the environment to maintain their body temperature, geological distribution does not generally include the Arctic, amphibians and snakes

Choose the equation that best summarizes photosynthesis.

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light →→ C6H12O6 +6 O2 + 6 H2O

How do endothermic animals thermoregulate in aquatic environments?

Aquatic animals breath air, are insulated from the water, and use countercurrent heat exchange in appendages.

Identify the reason why it is difficult for an endothermic organism to survive in an aquatic environment.

Aquatic environments are often cooler and convection will make it more difficult for the organism to maintain body temperature.

Identify the statement that best describes why acclimation to temperature is not an evolutionary process.

Physiological changes are responsible for the acclimation of an organism to temperature. These changes are not genetically based so they can often be reversed.

What is the difference between heat and temperature?

Temperature is not energy, but a measure of it.

Identify the factor that was not controlled in the Angilletta experiment to determine the metabolic rates of energy intake in populations of S. undulatus.

The temperature ranges that the lizards were exposed to in their natural environment

Explain how urbanization generally creates a "heat island".

Urbanized areas store more heat in buildings and pavement and lose less heat to evaporation from vegetation.

Environmental temperatures affect the functioning of enzymes and other chemical reactions in an organism. Most organisms perform best in

a narrow range of temperatures

Two genetic clones of an apple tree are grown in a greenhouse until they are large enough to transplant outside. One of the trees is taken to a cool coastal valley with moderate temperatures and the other tree is taken to a hot desert garden. A month later, the optimal temperatures for photosynthesis are measured for the two trees. The tree grown in the cool environment photosynthesized at a maximum rate of about 28oC. The tree grown in the hot environment photosynthesized at a maximum rate at 38oC. These physiological adjustments made by the clones of the apple tree are an example of

acclimation

Identify all of the factors that contribute to microclimatic differences.

altitude, color of the ground, presences of boulders and burrows

Active grasshoppers at the base of a south-facing cliff surrounded by snow in the winter is an example of

microclimate

The measure the average kinetic energy in a mass of a substance is called its

temperature