Principles of Learning Quiz 9: Traditional Learning Theories

Animals or people react to a secondary reward as they do to the original goal object. Tolman called this the ______. A)anticipatory goal concept B)cathexis C)equivalence belief principle D)secondary reward principle

C

Tolman contends ______. A)we expect specific outcomes to follow specific behavior B)elements in the environment convey information about where our goals are located C)behavior has both direction and purpose D)all of these are correct

D

Tolman uses the term ______ to indicate that objects acquire reward value through the learning process. A)incentive B)acquired drive C)drive reduction D)cathexis

D

Tolman's model had a major influence in which area of psychology ______. A)comparative psychology B)R-S psychology C)S-R psychology D)cognitive psychology

D

What motivates behavior for Hull's model? A)habit strength B)incentive motivation C)excitatory potential D)drive

D

Which of the following are not methods Guthrie proposed to break a habit or replace an undesired habit with a new habit? A)the incompatible stimuli method B)the threshold method C)the fatigue method D)the habit method

D

Which of the following can induce drive and motivate behavior? A)lack of food B)electric shock C)loud noises D)all of these are correct

D

Which of the following is an internal arousal produced by reward or stimuli associated with the reward? A)drive B)habit strength C)inhibition D)incentive motivation

D

A young child is being potty-trained.The child's parents plan to give the child a reward when it goes to the bathroom.According to Guthrie, how long should the parents wait to give the child a reward after they correctly go to the bathroom? A)immediately B)5 s C)30 s D)It doesn't matter how long the wait.

A

According to Guthrie, ______. A)learning occurs when a stimulus and response occur simultaneously B)learning occurs when multiple responses are rewarded C)learning occurs when the stimulus is strong D)learning curves with multiple S-R presentations

A

According to Guthrie, the strength of an S-R association reaches its maximum value ______. A)at the first pairing B)at the third pairing C)at the 10th pairing D)at the last pairing

A

According to Guthrie, why is contiguity between a response and a reward important? A)Contiguity prevents the acquisition of competing associations. B)It creates a mental representation of the response and stimulus association. C)Contiguity combats memory delays in rodents and other animal subjects. D)Contiguity combines with contrast to solidify the meaning of the stimulus.

A

According to the text, a major difficulty with Guthrie's theory of learning is his assumption that ______. A)reward changes the stimulus conditions that are needed to elicit behavior B)drive reduction is necessary for learning to take place C)habit strength decreases as more stimuli are given D)response learning can occur in a single trial

A

Crespi studied how hungry rats change their running speed when the amount of reward is suddenly changed.His findings forced Hull to conclude that ______. A)the amount of reward directly influences the motivation for behavior B)the amount of reward has no direct effect on motivation C)sudden changes in reward causes forgetting of the learned response D)changes in reward attract the animal's attention and increase habit strength

A

For Hull, accurate prediction of behavior is possible only if ______. A)all factors in the mathematical relationship are known B)three factors in the mathematical relationship are known C)the factors can be estimated for the mathematical relationship D)additional variables can be included to compensate for the unknown factors within the model

A

Guthrie's model contends many environmental stimuli are active at a particular moment.Thus ______. A)only some stimuli become associated with the response B)all stimuli become associated with the response C)mild stimuli will become associated with the response if they are paired with a more dominant stimulus D)none of these are correct

A

John is running an experiment with rats. Initially, he gave the rats five food pellets in the first part of the experiment and measured performance. Then, he gave the rats 20 food pellets in the second part of the experiment and monitored their performance.What happened to the rats' behavior? A)The rats performance increased when 20 food pellets were given. B)The rats performance decreased when 20 food pellets were given. C)The rats performance remained the same when 20 food pellets were given. D)The rats stopped performing because they were confused.

A

Lewis is trying to stop smoking.To do so, he begins to chew gum and stays in locations where he cannot smoke.Lewis's gum chewing is an example of a ______. A)the incompatible stimuli method B)the threshold method C)the fatigue method D)the habit method

A

Rescorla and Solomon concluded that the influence of incentive factors such as reward, fear, frustrations, and relief are due to the establishment of ______ motivation states. A)central nervous system B)peripheral nervous system C)autonomic nervous system D)visceral nervous system

A

Reward is not necessary for learning to occur.All you need is simultaneous experience of the two events for learning to occur.This is a statement ______ would make. A)Tolman B)Hull C)Spence D)Skinner

A

Which part of Guthrie's theory accurately describes the learning process? A)Individuals are impacted and respond to many stimuli at a particular moment. B)Contiguity between the response and reward is not important to prevent the acquisition of completing associations. C)Contiguity has minimal impact in a S-R association. D)All of these are correct.

A

______ contend an originally neutral stimulus develops the ability to elicit a specific response. A)Associative learning approaches B)Cognitive learning approaches C)Response stimulus approaches D)none of these are correct

A

A child is crying in the grocery store.It then stops.Immediately their parent gives the child a candy bar.The next time the child starts crying in a store, when should the parent give them the candy bar? A)while the child is still crying B)immediately after they stop crying C)after waiting for 2 min D)after waiting for 5 min

B

According to Hull, primary drives such as hunger produce ______. A)homeostasis B)drive C)habit strength D)excitatory control

B

According to Sheffield, the presentation of food itself is arousing and this subsequently motivates approach behavior, while the food alone motivates eating.This interpretation of reward explains ______. A)how drives reduce behavior B)how secondary rewards acquire their ability to elicit behavior C)how reward magnitude influences motivation D)how reward magnitude decreases motivation

B

According to Tolman's view of motivation, depriving a rat of food ______. A)increases the rat's tendency to explore its environment B)produces an internal state for food called demand C)activates the innate learning process allowing the rat to find food D)automatically reduces the activity level of the rat

B

Anticipatory goal responses are developed primarily through ______. A)operant conditioning B)Pavlovian conditioning C)modeling D)drive

B

Conditioned inhibition is specific to a particular response, and it acts to reduce the excitatory strength of that habit. However, if there is a failure of that response to reduce habit strength, what will the drive state do? A)It will remain focused on the same response. B)It will elicit the second strongest response in a habit hierarchy. C)It will stop responding. D)It will create a totally different response that is different from previous responses.

B

For Spence, environmental cues present during a reward become associated with reward.They then produce ______. A)drive B)an anticipatory goal response C)a learned operant D)a cognitive map

B

In Hull's theory which of the following variables represents the influence of reward on performance? A)h B)k C)d D)i

B

In addition to drive, which of the following variables does not control excitatory potential? A)incentive motivation B)instinctual response C)habit strength D)level of inhibition

B

Jill needs to study for a test.She starts to study and drinks a Coke.She then studies some more and eats a candy bar.To get the most effective studying the next day, what should Jill consume? A)coffee B)the Coke C)the candy bar D)the time of day will be the most important, not what Jill consumes

B

Single-trial learning ______. A)always occurs B)sometimes occurs and sometimes does not C)never occurs D)only occurs when there is minimal emotion associated with it

B

Spence attempted to explain how reward influences the strength of behavior leading to reward.He assumed that experiences with reward produce ______. A)conditioning of an internal state that reinforces the behavior leading to reward B)conditioning of anticipatory goal response that produces internal stimulus changes that motivate behavior leading to a reward C)an internal cognitive map of the environment guiding behavior to obtain a reward D)a state of excitement that leads to escape of the learned response

B

Suzanne cannot study in her room due to all the noise in the next door apartment.To resolve this problem, she goes to a different location where she starts studying with small amounts of noise.Over time she goes to additional locations where the noise is louder and louder. Finally, she is able to study in her room when there is lots of noise in the next door apartment.Suzanne is using the ______. A)the incompatible stimuli method B)the threshold method C)the fatigue method D)the habit method

B

Which concept motivates behavior to restore body balance? A)habit strength B)drive C)positive contrast

B

Which of the following can be learned through experience? A)homeostasis B)acquired drives C)secondary drives D)habit strength

B

Which of the following is not true regarding Guthrie's theory of learning? A)The maximum strength of a S-R association is reached in a single conditioning trial. B)The strength of the S-R association increases with reward or reinforcement. C)Reward serves to change the stimulus situation so that new behaviors are not conditioned. D)Although many stimuli are present during learning, only some of these stimuli are attended to.

B

______ contend learning involves recognizing when important events are likely to occur in developing an understanding of how to obtain those events. A)Associative learning approaches B)Cognitive learning approaches C)Stimulus-response approaches D)Response stimulus approaches

B

According to Spence ,______ is responsible for motivating behaviors that approach reward. A)drive B)habit strength C)Pavlovian conditioning D)cognitive modeling

C

Every time Joe picks up his cell phone, he lights up a cigarette.To get Joe to change the behavior, his therapist has Joe pick up his cell phone and put it down without lighting a cigarette.After 100 times,Joan no longer lights up a cigarette when he picks up his cell phone.This is an example of ______. A)the threshold method B)incompatible stimuli method C)the fatigue method D)the habit method

C

For Amsel,what motivates escape behavior? A)a conditioned stimulus B)drive C)an unconditioned frustration response D)a reduction in habit strength

C

Hull proposed that neutral events would arouse an internal drive state.What principles of learning account for acquired drives? A)counterconditioning procedures B)instrumental conditioning procedures C)classical conditioning procedures D)operant conditioning procedures

C

Hull's model of learning uses a ______ approach. A)cognitive B)behavioral control C)associative D)none of these are correct

C

John is lost in the forest and is hungry.According to Hull, this activates ______. A)habit strength B)excitatory potential C)drive D)homeostasis

C

Voeks conducted a study in which the conditioning of a human eyeblink response occurred in a single trial.This result favors ______ theory. A)Spence B)Hull C)Guthrie D)Bandura

C

Which of the following conditions is necessary for the development of habit strength? A)The learning must experience no drive at the time the habit strength is being acquired. B)The learner must experience conditioned inhibition following the completion of a response. C)The learner must experience drive reduction following the completion of a response. D)All competing responses must be extinguished.

C

______ contends incremental theory can be used to explain single-trial learning. A)Hull B)Guthrie C)Spence D)Skinner

C

______ models are relatively flexible, while ______ tend to be inflexible. A)Stimulus-response; associative B)Associative; stimulus-response C)Cognitive; associative D)Associative; cognitive

C

A child is crying in the grocery store.It then stops.Immediately their parent gives them a candy bar.The next time the child starts crying in the store and stops, the parent again immediately gives them a candy bar.This behavior continues for five more times.According to Guthrie, which candy bar will have the greatest impact on changing the child's crying behavior ______. A)the last candy bar B)the third candy bar C)the second candy bar D)the first candy bar

D

Contiguity is the only thing necessary to establish a S-R association.This is a statement ______ would make. A)Hull B)Spence C)Rescorla D)Guthrie

D

For Guthrie, improvement occurs for many reasons.Which is not one of these? A)Although many stimuli are present, the participant only attends to some stimuli. B)Many different stimuli can become conditioned to produce a particular response. C)Complex behavior consists of many responses and each response element must be conditioned to the stimulus. D)An important stimuli causes the participant to attend to only that stimulus.

D

Generally anticipatory goal responses impact ______ which then motivates behavior. A)habit strength B)drive C)the peripheral nervous system D)the central nervous system

D

Habit strength develops when ______. A)the behavior inhibits K B)the behavior impacts incentive motivation C)the behavior decreases drive reduction D)the behavior produces drive reduction

D

Hull's theory assumes that only those events that reduce drives are rewards for behavior.This assumption was shown inaccurate by Olds and Milner who found that ______. A)rats would bar press for food even when not hungry B)rats would bar press for a saccharin solution that had no nutritional value C)rats would bar press for the opportunity to explore a new environment D)rats would bar press for electrical stimulation of the brain

D

Joan is a 5-year-old child who is having a temper tantrum in the store.Her mother has threatened her with punishment if she does not stop crying but this has no effect.According to Guthrie's theory,Joan is still crying because ______. A)Joan does not believe her mother's threats B)Joan enjoys crying in the store C)Joan does not have enough habit strength to stop crying D)Joan has not yet experienced contiguity between the threat and the punishment

D

John contends mental processes control behavior.This is an example of the ______ approach to learning. A)stimulus-response B)associative C)behavioral control D)cognitive

D

Maintaining your body temperature at 98.6 is an example of ______. A)drive B)habit strength C)cognitive processing D)homeostasis

D

Many of Hull's ideas accurately reflect important aspects of human behavior.Which is not one of these? A)Environmental stimuli can develop the ability to produce arousal, thereby motivating behavior. B)Intense arousal can motivate behavior. C)The value of reward influences the intensity of responding. D)Reward and drive reduction are the same.

D

Responses no longer followed by reward usually weaken in strength and disappear.According to Amsel, the extinction of a response is due to the occurrence of ______. A)anxiety B)reduction in drive C)increase in habit strength from other responses D)frustration

D

Excitatory potential motivates behavior.

False

For Guthrie, in order to have learning, the organism must experience drive reduction following the occurrence of response.

False

Incentive motivation is defined as external arousal produced by stimuli associated with the reward.

False

Reward and drive reduction are synonymous.

False

Spence believed that all environmental cues present during reward became associated with reward and produced a conditioned or anticipatory goal response.

False

Acquired drives can be learned through experience.

True

Environmental stimuli can acquire the ability to produce the internal drive state through Pavlovian conditioning.

True

Examples of primary drives include hunger and thirst.

True

Frustration motivates avoidance behavior and suppresses approach behavior.

True

Guthrie believed that practice improves the efficiency of learned behavior in part because with practice, the animals learn to associate more and more cues with the learned response.

True

Rescorla and Solomon contend that anticipatory goal responses are due to central rather than peripheral nervous system responses.

True

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady internal state is called homeostasis.

True

Tolman believes that deprivation produces an internal drive state that increases demand for the goal object.

True

Tolman's cathexis concept is comparable to Hull's view of acquired drive.

True

Tolman's theory represents a cognitive view of the learning process.

True