PRINCIPLES OF MGT

Three Deciding to Decide questions are

"How priority is this situation?" "How believable is the information about the situation"? "How quickly must I act on the information about the situation?"

Seven rules for brainstorming:

(1) Defer judgment. (2) Build on the ideas of others. (3) Encourage wild ideas. (4) Go for quantity over quality. (5) Be visual. (6) Stay focused on the topic. (7) One conversation at a time.

6 Common decision-making biases or Heuristics (things that simply the process of making decisions) are

(1) availability (2) confirmation (3) representatives (4) sunk cost (5) anchoring and adjustment (6) escalation of commitment

Evaluation in Planning sometimes means you look at reasons why an action is not working. This may include:

-Giving it more time -Changing it slightly -Try another alternative -Start over

Geert Hofsted proposed his Hofstede model of four cultural dimensions, which identified 4 dimensions along which national cultures can be placed:

1) Individualism/collectivism 2) Power distance 3) Uncertainty avoidance 4) Masculinity/femininity

The four layers of diversity are

1) Personality 2) Internal Dimensions 3) External Dimensions 4) Organizational Dimensions

Resistance to diversity expresses itself in 6 different ways:

1) Stereotypes and Prejudices 2) Fear of Reverse Discrimination 3) Resistance to diversity program priorities 4) Unsupportive Social Atmosphere 5) Lack of Support for Family Demands 6) Lack of Support for Career Building Steps

two important value systems that can conflict are

1) the value system stressing financial performance versus 2) the value system stressing cohesion an solidarity in employee relationships

Sustainable competitive advantage occurs when an organization is able to get and stay ahead in 4 areas:

1. Being responsive to customers 2. Innovating 3. Quality 4. Effectiveness

There are 3 non rational models that assume that decision making in situations that are uncertain and risky

1. Bounded rationality & the satisficing model "Satisfactory is Good Enough" 2. The Incremental Model: "The Least that will solve the Problem" 3. The Intuition Model: "It just feels right"

Porter's 4 competitive strategies (4 generic strategies)

1. Cost-leadership (wide market focus) 2. Differentiation (wide market focus) 3. Cost-focus (narrow market focus) 4. Focused-differentiation (narrow market focus)

The 4 Decision Making Styles are

1. Directive 2. Analytical 3. Conceptual 4. Behavioral

Miles & Snow also introduced the idea of adaptive cycle, which portrays businesses as continuously cycling through decisions about three kinds of business problems:

1. Entrepreneurial 2. Engineering 3. Administrative

The control process steps are

1. Establish standards 2. Measure performance 3. Compare performance to standards 4. Take corrective Action if necessary

The 5 steps of the Strategic Management Process are:

1. Establish the Mission and the Vision 2. Establish the grand strategy 3. Formulate the strategic plans 4. Carry out the strategic plans 5. Maintain strategic control: the feedback loop

The 5 steps of planning:

1. Establish the organization's mission and vision, 2. Formulate the grand strategy 3. Formulate the strategic plans, then the tactical and operational plans 4. Implement the strategic plans 5. Control the strategy

Companies expand internationally through

1. Global outsourcing, 2. Importing, Exporting & Countertrading, 3. Licensing & Franchising 4. Joint Ventures, 5. Wholly-Owned Subsidaries

A product life cycle is a model that graphs the four stages of a product or service that it goes through during the life or its marketability:

1. Introduction 2. Growth 3. Maturity 4. Decline

An organization's culture is important and has 4 functions:

1. It gives its members an organizational identity 2. It facilitates collective commitment 3. It promotes social-system identity 4. It shapes behavior by helping employees make sense of their surroundings

Managers trying to understand other cultures need to understand 4 basic cultural perceptions embodied in language-

1. Language, 2. Nonverbal communication, 3. Time Orientation, 4. Religion

Management by Objectives, (MBO) is a four-step process in which:

1. Managers and employees jointly set objectives for the employee 2. Managers develop action plans 3. Managers and employees periodically review the employee's performance 4. The manager makes a performance appraisal and rewards the employee according to results

The 3 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ARE:

1. Observable Artifacts 2. Espoused Values 3. Basic Assumptions

The 4 benefits of Planning:

1. Planning helps you check on your progress 2. Planning helps you coordinate activities 3. Planning helps you think ahead 4. Above all, planning helps you cope with uncertainty

The 2 cautions against planning are:

1. Planning requires you to set aside the time to do it. 2. You may have to make some decisions without a lot of time to plan

To use PERSUASION to get something you want can be done . The tactics to do this are as follows: (these are GENERIC because they can be applied in all directions of an organization)

1. Rational Persuasion is trying to use reason or logic 2. Inspirational appeals are trying to use people's emotions, ideals or values. 3. Consultation is getting other sot participate in a decision or change 4. Ingratiating Tactics is acting humble or friendly or making someone feel good or important before making a request 5. Personal Appeals refer to friendship and loyalty when making a request 6. Exchange tactics of past favors or offering to trade favors 7. Coalition tactics get others to support your effort to persuade someone 8. Pressure tactics use demands, threats, or intimidation to gain compliance 9. Legitimating tactics base a request on one's authority or right, organizational rules or policies, or express implied support from superiors

The 4 ineffective reactions for problems are

1. Relaxed avoidance 2. Relaxed change 3. Defensive Avoidance 4. Panic

Two kinds of strategic planning tools are

1. SWOT analysis and 2. forecasting

The two types of Plans are:

1. Standing Plans and 2. Single-Use plans

The 3 types of Planning for 3 levels of management are:

1. Strategic Planning by top management 2. Tactical planning by middle management 3. Operational planning by first-line management

The keys to successful control systems are that they are

1. Strategic and results oriented 2. Timely, accurate, and objective 3. Realistic, positive, and understandable and they encourage self-control 4. They are flexible

The 3 principles of strategic positioning for companies are:

1. Strategy is the creation of a unique and valuable position 2. Strategy requires trade offs in competing 3. Strategy involves creating a "fit" among activities

3 ways to foster high ethical standards are

1. Support by top managers of a strong ethical climate. 2. Ethics codes and trainings. 3. Rewarding ethical behavior protecting whistleblowers

Barriers to international trade are

1. Tariffs, 2. Import Quotas, 3. Embargoes

Three types of culture can enhance a company's economic performance. They are:

1. The STRENGTH PERSPECTIVE 2. The FIT PERSPECTIVE 3. The ADAPTIVE PERSPECTIVE

Organizations Promoting International Trade

1. The World Trade Organization 2. The World Bank 3. The International Monetary Fund

globalization is reflected in 3 developments:

1. The rise of the global village and electronic commerce 2. the world's becoming one market instead of many national ones 3. the rise of both megafirms and internet-enabled minifirms worldwide

All organizations have 4 common elements as proposed by Edgar Schein:

1. There is a common purpose which unifies its members 2. There is a coordinated effort to work together for 1 purpose 3. There is a Division of Labor for work specialization 4. There is a hierarchy of authority or a chain of command

Porters Five Forces for industry analysis are the business level strategies that originate in primary forces in the firm's environment:

1. Threats of new entrants 2. Bargaining power of suppliers 3. Bargaining power of buyers 4. Threats of substitute products or services 5. Rivalry among competitors

The barriers to Control success are

1. Too much control 2. Too little employee participation 3. Overemphasis on means instead of ends 4. Overemphasis on paperwork 5. Overemphasis on one instead of multiple approaches

In order for MBO (Management by Objectives) to be succesful, 3 things have to happen:

1. Top management must be committed 2. It must be applied organization wide 3. Objectives must "Cascade"

Evidence based decision making has 7 implementation principles:

1. Treat your organization as an unfinished prototype 2. No brag, just facts. 3. See yourself and your organization as outsiders do 4. Evidence-based management is not just for senior executives 5. Like everything else, you still need to sell it 6. If all else fails, slow the spread of bad practice 7. The best diagnosis question: what happens when people fail?

To create a learning organization, managers must

1. build a commitment to learning 2. work to generate ideas with impact 3. work to generalize ideas with impact

Control is needed for these reasons:

1. to adapt to change and uncertainty 2. Discover irregularities and errors 3. Reduce costs, increase productivity, or add value 4. Detect opportunities 5. Deal with complexity 6.Decentralize Decision making and facilitate teamwork

J. Richard Hackman, and Greg Oldham developed the job characteristics model which consists of

5 core job characteristics that affect three critical psychological states of an employee that in turn affect work outcomes - the employee's motivation, performance, and satisfaction.

3 other common elements most agree on are

5. Span of Control 6. Authority: Line vs. Staff Positions 7. Different types of authority (centralized or not)

A Standing plan is developed for activities that occur repeatedly over time. It consists of policies, procedures, and rules.

A Policy is a standing plan that outlines the general response to a designated problem or situation. a Procedure, (or standard operating procedure) is a standing plan that outlines the response to particular problems or circumstances. a Rule is a standing plan that designates specific required actions

Single-use plans are plans developed for activities that are not likely to be repeated in the future. They can be either programs or projects

A Program is a single use plan encompassing a range of projects or activities. A Project is a single use plan of less scope and complexity than a program.

Entrepreneur role (decisional role)

A good manager is expected to be an entrepreneyr, to initiate and encourage change and innovation

The advantages of group decision making are

A greater pool of knowledge, different perspectives, intellectual stimulation, better understanding of decision making, deeper commitment to the decision

Max Weber felt that better-performing organizations should have the 5 bureaucratic features of

A well-defined hierarchy of authority, Formal rules and procedures, A clear division of labor, Impersonality, Careers based on merit.

The two theorists that contributed most to the human relations movement - which proposed that better human relations could increase worker productivity were

Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor

Liaison role (a interpersonal role)

Act like a politician, working with other people outside your work unit and organization to develop alliances that will help you achieve your organization's goals.

The 5 categories of Internal Dimensions of Diversity are

Age, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, physical/mental abilities

Analyzers say - Let others take the risks of innovating & we'll imitate what works best.

Analyzers let other organizations take the risks of product development and marketing and then imitate (or perhaps slightly improve on) what seems to work best

Diagnosis in business is aka

Analyzing the underlying causes

3. APEC - 21 countries of the pacific rim, the

Asia-Pacific economic cooperation (APEC) is a group of 21 pacific rim countries whose purpose is to improve economic and political ties

Organizational savvy

Avoiding drama, and managing interests to achieve their work goals. Learning that one perspective is right but there are different perspectives

Monitor role ( a informational manager role)

Be constantly alert for useful information, whether gathered from newspaper stories about the competition or gathered from snippets of conversation with subordiantes you meet in the hallway.

Resource allocator role (a decision role)

Because you'll never have enough time, money, and so on, you'll need to be a resource allocator, setting priorities about use of resources.

Companies expand internationally to have

Better Availability of supplies, New Markets, Lower Labor Costs, Access to Finance Capital (sometimes government subsidies), Avoidance of tariffs and import quotas.

Structural Area includes 2 different types of structures

Bureaucratic control and Decentralized control

Both entrepreneurs and managers have a high need for achievement

But entrepreneurs seems to be motivated to pursue more difficult goals through their own efforts. Managers are more motivated by promotions and organizational rewards.

Top management teams have members that consist of the

CEO, president, and top department heads and work to help the organization achieve its mission and goals

Implications of transformational leadership are that the strategies

Can improve results for individuals and groups, Can be used to train employees at any level, Can be used by both ethical and unethical leaders

The two types of computer based brainstorming are:

Chauffer driven styles, for push button consensus where participants are asked to answer questions on keypads. The second is group-driven systems for anonymous networking where people meet in a room and anonymously give their opinion

The 4 types of Organizational Culture are:

Clan: Employee focused valuing Flex, NOT Stability Adhorcracy: Risk Taking Valuing Flexibility Market Culture: Competitive Culture valuing Profits over Employees Hierarchy Culture: Structured Culture Valuing Stability and Effectiveness

REVISED PATH GOAL THEORY Style 1. Path-Goal Clarifying

Clarify performance goals, Provide guidance on how employees can complete tasks. Clarify performance standards and expectations. Use positive and negative rewards contingent on performance.

Challenge #1 for managers is

Competition - staying ahead of rivals

Seven causes of conflict are

Competition for scarce resources, time pressure, inconsistent goals, ambiguous jurisdictions, status differences, personality clashes, and communication failures

The four strategies to breaking the glass ceiling are:

Consistently exceeding performance expectations, developing a style with which male members are comfortable, seeking out difficult or challenging assignments, and having influential mentors.

You can control the direction by taking corrective action in step 4 of the planning control cycle by

Correcting deviations in the plan being carried out, or by improving future plans

The three components of a learning organization are

Creating and acquiring knowledge, Transferring knowledge, and modifying behavior

Being a philanthropic company pays off because of the effects it has on

Customers, Job Applicants/Employee Retention, Sales Growth, Company Efficiency, Company Revenue, Stock Price, Profits

Defenders say - let's stick with what we do bet, avoid other involvements

Defenders are expert at producing and selling narrowly defined products or services

Organizations Respond to Uncertainty with 4 basic strategy types as Defined by Raymond E Miles and Charles C. Snow:

Defenders, Prospectors, Analyzers, Reactors

The project life-cycle has 4 stages from start to finish:

Definition Planning Execution Closing

People Orientation - Focusing Everyone on Delivering Customer Value in TQM can be done by

Delivering customer value as the most important thing. People will focus on quality if given empowerment, TQM requires training, teamwork, and cross-functional efforts

Changes that affect the organization externally are

Demographics, market changes, technological advancements and social/political pressures

To cope with change as a leader, you have to

Determine what needs to be done - by setting a direction. Create arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda by Aligning people. Ensure people do their jobs by motivating and inspiring.

To cope with complexity as a manager, you have to

Determine what needs to be done - planning and budgeting. Create arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda with organizing and staging. Ensure people do their jobs by controlling and problem solving.

The 3 major things to think about when applying the Job Characteristics Model are to

Diagnose the environment to see whether a problem exists, Determine whether job redesign is appropriate, and consider how to redesign the job

Problems in business are aka

Difficulties that inhibit the achievement of goals

The Reinforcement perspective was pioneered by

Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner

REVISED PATH GOAL THEORY Style 5. Interaction facilitation.

Emphasize collaboration and teamwork. Encourage close employee relationships and sharing or minority opinions. Facilitate communication, resolve disputes.

Ethical and unethical leaders can use transformative leadership, but to get the most positive results, managers should

Employ a code of ethics, choose the right people, make performance expectations reflect employee treatment, emphasize a value of diversity, and reward high moral conduct.

Changes that affect the organization internally are

Employee problems, managers behavior.

The two types of entrepreneurship are

Entrepreneur and intrapreneur

Both entrepreneurs and managers, but especially entrepreneurs, have high energy levels and and action orientation.

Entrepreneurs have to invest a great amount of time and energy to start a new venture. Some managers feels a sense of urgency, but entrepreneurs tend to be more impatient and action oriented.

Leadership effectiveness in the PATH goal leadership model relies on the fact that employees have locus of control, task ability, need for achievement, experience, and need for path-goal clarity.

Environmental factors are the need for task structure and group dynamics. Leader behaviors needed are DIRECTIVE, supportive, participative, and achievement oriented.

REVISED PATH GOAL THEORY Style 8. Value-based

Establish a vision, display passion for it, and support its accomplishment. Communicate high performance expectations and confidence in others' abilities to meet their goals. Give frequent positive feedback.

Frederick Taylor believed that managers could eliminate soldiering by applying the four principles of science:

Evaluate a task by scientifically studying each part of the task, Carefully select workers with the right abilities for the task, Give workers the training and incentives to do the task with the proper work methods, Use scientific principles to plan the work methods and ease the way for workers to do their jobs.

Self-management

Exceptional managers get ahead of the game, by looking at the big picture. They understand who they are and how they work best

Networking

Exceptional performers use networking to multiply their productivity - you can't get work done today without a knowledge network that is put in place beforehand

The qualities of a servant leader are

Focusing on listening, emphathizing with others feelings, focusing on healing suffering, having self awareness of strengths and weaknesses, using persuasion instead of authority to influence others, conceptual thinking, foreseeing future outcomes, being a good steward of employees and resources, commitment to the growth of people, and driven to build the community outside of the organization

The 3 types of organizations are;

For Profit, Non Profit, and Mutual Benefit (unions)

CUSTOMER DIVISIONS (organizational) structure group activities around common customers or clients.

For has separate divisions for customers, like large trucking and passenger car.

There are 11 ways cultures become embedded in organizations. They are:

Formal statements, slogans & sayings, stories + legends + myths, Leader reactions to crises, Role modeling + Training + Coaching, Physical design, Rewards + Titles + Promotions + Businesses, Organizational Goals & Performance criteria, Measurable and Controllable Activities, Organizational Structure, and Organization Systems & Procedures

The big picture of planning consists of translating an organization's mission into objectives - The org's purpose is expressed as a mission statement, and what it becomes is expressed as a vision statement.

From these are derived strategies planning, then tactical planning, then operational planning.

Guide to action-

Good theories help us make predictions and enable you to develop a set of principles that will guide your actions

Leadership

Great managers lead by understanding other people's interests and by using persuasion to bring out the best in people. People want leaders who are knowledgeable, who bring energy in other people

Task oriented style in the contingency leadership model is best when a situation is

HIGH control or LOW control. High control is when a leader decision produces predictable results because he or she can influence work outcomes. LOW control is when leader decisions can't produce predictable results because he or she can't really influence outcomes.

A MARKET culture

Has a strong external focus and values stability and control.

Hugo Munsterberg is important because

His ideas led to the field of industrial psychology, the study of human behavior in workplaces, which is still taught in colleges today

Individualism/collectivism asks

How loosely or tightly are people socially bounded?

The 3 people who pioneered behavioral theory were

Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follet, and Elton Mayo

Disseminator role (a type of informational role)

If workers complain that they never know what's going on, it probably means that heir supervisor failed in the role of disseminator. Managers need to constantly disseminate important information to employees, in email and meetings

Innovation is important because

If your organization is the only one of its kind, customers will put up with you if you're not the greatest, but if competition arises, you lose

In-group collectivism asks how much pride and loyalty people should have for their family or organization.

In contrast to individualism, in-group collectivism expresses the extent to which people should take pride in being members of the world around them.

Transformational leaders are influenced by two factors

Individual characteristics, and organizational culture. Extroverted, and adaptable flexible organizations are better.

The reasons employees resist change are

Individual predisposition to change, surprise and fear of the unknown, climate of mistrust, fear of failure, loss of status or job security, peer pressure, disruption of cultural traditions or group relationships, and personality conflicts

Innovation has 4 characteristics according to harvard management:

Innovating is an uncertain business, People closest to the innovation know the most about it, and the least initially. Innovation may be controversial, and it can be complex because it may cross organizational boundaries involving more than one department or business unit.

4 key behaviors of transformational leaders are

Inspirational motivation, Idealized influence, Individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation

The TRAIT leadership approach highlights these factors that are supposed to be key positive leadership traits

Intelligence, Sociability, Self-Confidence, Problem-solving skills, Determination, Extraversion, Honesty/Integrity, Conscientiousness

The MODULAR STUCTURE (organizational) structure

Is oriented around outsourcing certain pieces of a product rather than outsourcing certain processes. in this structure, a firm assembles product chunks, or modules provided by outside contractors

The decision tree is made up of these questions:

Is the proposed action legal? If so, does it maximize shareholder value? Is it ethical? Would it be ethical NOT to take the action?

Source of new ideas-

It can also provide new ideas that may be useful to you when you come up against new situations

Future orientation asks how much people should delay gratification by planning and saving for the future.

It expresses the extent to which a society encourages investment in the fure, as by planning and saving.

Gender eglitarianism asks how much society should maximize gender role differences.

It expresses the extent to which a society should minimize gender discrimination and role inequalities.

Performance orientation asks how much individuals should be rewarded for improvement and excellence.

It expresses the extent to which society encourages and rewards its members for performance improvement and excellence

Monochronic time is the kind of time standard American business practices.

It is a time preference of doing one thing at a time.

Improvement Orientation - Focusing Everyone on Continuously Improving Work Processes is the other core principle of TQM. It has the following assumptions:

It is less expensive to do it right the first time. It's better to do small improvements all the time. Accurate standards must be followed to eliminate small variations. There must be strong commitment from top management

Clues to meaning of outside events-

It may allow you to understand events outside the organization that could affect it or you.

Humane orientation asks how much society should encourage and reward people for being kind, fair, friendly, and generous.

It represents the degree to which individuals are encouraged to be altruistic, caring, kind, generous, and fair.

Assertiveness asks how confrontational and dominant individuals should be in social relationships.

It represents the extent to which a society expects people to be controntational and competitive as opposed to tender and modest

The University of Michigan Leadership model by Rensis Likert found 2 leadership styles:

Job Centered- where someone is more concerned with the needs of the job Employee Centered- where someone is more concerned with the needs of employees

Building a Foundation of Execution means you have to

Know your people & your business Insist on Realism, Set Clear goals and Priorities, Follow Through, Reward the Doers, Expand People's Capabilities, and Know Yourself

To avoid exposure to legal liabilities, a manager should be aware of the areas of

Labor relations, compensations & benefits, Health & safety, and Equal employment opportunity

Bridging cross-cultural gaps happens with understanding:

Language, Interpersonal Space, Time Orientation, and Religion

Retained Earnings is made up of

Last year's after tax profit, and growth

Attitude is defined as a

Learned predisposition toward a given object

The five sources of power in leadership are

Legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, referent power.

High-school drop-outs and others may not have the literacy skills needed for many jobs.

Literacy is dropping and it is estimated that more than 2/3 of the population read below a ninth grade level

Debt is made up of

Loans and Bonds (contracts) and interest

5 very important personality traits for work place behavior are

Locus of control, Self-efficacy, Self-Esteem, Self-monitoring, and emotional intelligence

The 4 components of total quality management are

Make continuous improvement a priority, get every employee involved, listen to and learn from customers and employees, Use accurate standards to identify and eliminate problems

When it comes to taking corrective action, there are 3 options:

Make no changes, recognize and reinforce positive performance, or take action to correct negative performance

The third challenge of manager is to

Manage for globalization - the expanding management universe

John Kotter suggests that management nor leadership is better than the other. Here is where they differ:

Management is about coping with COMPLEXITY Leadership is about coping with CHANGE

Followership

Managers can stand out but also help out, they can be a follower as well as a leader. (if you help others they will later help you)

Teamwork

Managers join only teams that they think they could make a difference in and be good participants of.

Perspective

Managers try to think of how things look through the eyes of their competitors, clients, co-workers and boss- the more depth of perspective can lead to better solutions

Organizational development can be used in the following matters

Managing conflict, revitalizing organizations and adapting to mergers.

Workplace problems: impediments to productivity include these areas:

Misuse of technology, Fussing with Computers, and Information Overload

Major Trading Blocs:

NAFTA, EU, APEC, Mercosur, CAFTA

1. NAFTA-

North American Free Trade Agreement is a trading bloc consisting of the US, Canada, and Mexico

Level 3: Basic Assumptions—Core Values of the Organization

Not observable, represent the core values of an organization culture that are taken for granted and as a result, are highly resistant to change.

Larry Bossidy and Ram Charan say that Execution is

Not simply tactics, but is a central part of any company's strategy; it consists of using questioning, analysis, and follow-through in order to mesh strategy with reality, align people with goals, and achieve results promised.

Gestures and symbols don't have the same meaning to everyone throughout the world

Not understanding such differences can affect how well organizations manage globally

Mary Follett's main ideas are

Organizations should be operated as "communities" with managers and subordinates working together in harmony, Conflicts should be resolved by having managers and workers talk over differences and find solutions that would satisfy both parties - a process she called integration, The work process should be under the control of workers with the relevant knowledge, rather than of managers, who should act as facilitators

Equity is made up of

Ownership (like property) or dividends

Brainstorming and computer aided decision making help with

Participative management

Level 1 preconventional follows rules

People who have achieved this level tend to follow rules and obey authority

The 3 Core Processes of Business Are:

People, Strategy, and Operations

To build a group into an effective team, a manager should give

Performance goals and feedback, motivation through mutual accountability, decide what size teams should be, and delegate roles and norms. Also try to create a sense of cohesiveness and break up instances of group think

LEVEL 1: OBSERVABLE ARTIFACTS ARE

Physical manifestations such as manner of dress, rituals and ceremonies

There are 3 main communication barriers:

Physical, Personal, and Semantic

REVISED PATH GOAL THEORY Style 3. Work facilitation

Plan, schedule, organize, and coordinate work. Provide mentoring, coaching, counseling, and feedback to assist employees in developing their skills. Eliminate roadblocks. Provide resources. Empower employees to take actions and make decisions.

Successful implementation of goals has to happen by

Planning carefully and being sensitive to those affected

REVISED PATH GOAL THEORY Style 6. Group oriented decision making

Pose problems rather than solution to work group. Encourage members to participate in decision making. Provide necessary information to the group for analysis. Involve knowledgeable employees in decision making.

The 9 cultural dimensions in GLOBE (Global leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) are

Power distance, Uncertainity Avoidance, Institutional collectivism, In-group Collectivism, Gender Egalitarianism, Assertiveness, Future Orientation, Performance Orientation, Humane Orientation

REVISED PATH GOAL THEORY Style 7. Representation and networking

Present work group in positive light to others. Maintain positive relationships with influential others. Participate in organization-wide social functions and ceremonies. Do unconditional favors for others.

Expense budget

Projects expenses for a given activity for given period

Prospectors say - Let's create our own opportunities, not wait for them to happen.

Prospectors focus on developing new products or services and in seeking out new markets, rather than waiting for things to happen.

Getting competitive intelligence is usually done through

Public prints/advertising, Investor information like reports filed with exchange commission, and informal sources like trade shows.

You can implement employee involvement by doing

Quality Circles - group of people meeting one a month. Self-Managed teams Special purpose teams - which meet to solve a special or one-time problem

The two types of sexual harassment are Quid Pro Quo, and Hostile Environment

Quid Pro Quo is tangible economic injury. Hostile environment is an offensive work environment.

Reactors say - Let's wait until there's a crisis, then we'll react.

Reactors make adjustments only when finally forced to by environmental pressures.

Knowing the cultural tendencies of foreign business partners and competitors can give you a strategic competitive advantage.

Reasons the GLOBE 9 dimension are important

You can foster innovation by

Recognizing problems and opportunities and devising solutions, gaining allies by communicating your vision, and overcoming employee resistance & empowering them and rewarding them to achieve progress.

RELATED diversification has 3 advantages:

Reduced risk (bc more than one product), Mgt efficiencies (administration spread over several businesses) and Synergy- the sum is greater than the parts.

Employees might fear change by these threats, from least to worst:

Reintroduction of a familiar practice (adaptive change), Introduction to a new practice (innovative change) Introducing a practice that is new to the industry (innovative change)

Leadership role (a type of interpersonal role)

Responsible for the actions of your subordinates, since their successes and failures reflect on you. Your leadership is expressed in your decisions about training, motivating, and disciplining people.

There are 4 distortions in perception

Selective perception, Stereotyping, the Halo effect, and Casual Attribution

The traits of emotional intelligence are

Self awareness, self management, social awareness, and relationship management

REVISED PATH GOAL THEORY Style 2. Achievement-oriented

Set challenging goals, Emphasize excellence, demonstrate confidence in employee abilities

Opportunities in business are aka

Situations that present possibilities for exceeding existing goals

The 5 job characteristics in the Job characteristics model are

Skill Variety, Task Identity Task Significance Autonomy Feedback

The classical management viewpoint often considered an organization a closed system.

So does the management science perspective, which simplifies organizations for purposes of analysis

Being decision based can be difficult because its hard to get the right evidence.

Sometimes there's not enough good evidence, and people might try and mislead you.

Understanding of the present-

Sound theories help us interpret the present, to understand what is happening and way. Understanding history will help you understand why some practices are still favored, whether for right or wrong reasons

a SMART goal is one that is

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Results-oriented, and has Target dates

The four steps of the RATIONAL or CLASSICAL model of decision making are

Stage 1: Identify the problem or opportunity Stage 2: Think up alternative solutions Stage 3: Evaluate alternatives & select a solution Stage 4: Implement and evaluate the solution chosen

The 4 step planning CONTROL cycle has 2 planning steps (one and two) and 2 control steps (three and four). It is outlined like this:

Step 1. Make the plan Step 2. Carry out the plan 3. Control the direction by comparing results with the plan 4. Control the direction by taking corrective action

Hugo Munsterberg, the father of industrial psychology, suggested psychologists could contribute to industry by

Studying jobs and determine which people are best suited to specific jobs, identify the psychological conditions under which employees do their best work, devise management strategies to influence employees to follow management's interests

Employees learn culture through:

Symbols, stories, heroes, and rites & rituals

5. CAFTA- Seven Countries of Central America . CAFTA

THE cENTRAL America Free Trade agreement - which involves the united states and costa rica, the dominican republic, el salvador, guatamala, honduras, and nicaragua and which is aimed at reducing tariffs and other barriers to free trade

To be a great manager, you need great technical skills, conceptual skills, and human skills

Technical skills consist of the job-specific knowledge needed to perform well in a specialized field

Be an effective speaker by

Telling them what you're going to say, Say it, and then tell them what you said

The situational leadership model has 4 leadership styles:

Telling, Selling, Participating, Delegating

Deming management has these principles:

That quality should be aimed at the needs of the consumer. The companies should aim at improving the system, not blaming workers Improved quality leads to increased market share, increased company prospects and increased employment Quality can be improved on the basis of hard data, using the PDCA cycle

The balanced scorecard has four perspectives.

The Financial Perspective - how do we look to shareholders? The Customer Perspective - how do customers see us? The Internal Business Perspective - What must we excel at? The Innovation and Learning Perspective - Can we continue to improve and create value?

The FOUR STAGE organizational life cycle has a natural sequence of stages:

The birth stage, the youth stage, the midlife stage, and the maturity stage

GEOGRAPHIC Divisions (organizational) structure: group activities around defined regional locations.

The federal reserve has 12 separate districts around the united states

The Ohio State Leadership Model by Ralph Stogdill found 2 leadership styles

The initiating structure- where someone looks for things to do to get the job done Consideration - where someone looks for opportunities to show consideration for their employees.

The consequences of a fast paced world are

The rise of virtual organizations, to rise of boundaryless organizations, the imperative of speed and innovation, the increasing importance of knowledge workers, an appreciation for the importance of human capital, and an appreciation for the importance of social capital. Also new emphasis on evidence-based management

Four approaches to dealing with ethical dilemmas are

The utilitarian approach for the greatest good, the Individual approach, for your greatest self interest long term, The moral rights approach for respecting fundamental rights shared by everyone, and the Justice approach respecting impartial standards of fairness

In productivity outlined, first you plan to set goals and decide how to achieve them. Then you organize by arranging tasks, people, and other resources to accomplish the work.

Then you Lead by motivating people to work hard to achieve the organization's goals. Then you Control by monitoring performance, comparing it with goals, and taking corrective action as needed.

The assumptions of the rational model are that:

There is complete information, with no uncertainty. Logical, unemotionally analysis. Best decision for the organization.

The sexual orientation demographic is changing because

They are discriminated against at work

Three reasons why an organization should adopt strategic management and strategic planning are

They can 1. Provide direction and momentum 2. Encourage new ideas 3. Develop a sustainable competitive advantage

Both entrepreneurs and managers have a belief in personal control of destiny.

They have an internal locus of control, the belief that you control your own destiny and external forces will have little influence

Outputs or rewards in equity theory are

Things that you think you are getting out of the job

Inputs in equity theory are

Things that you think you are putting into the job

PRODUCT divisions (organizational) structure: group activities around similar products or services.

Time Warner has different divisions for magazines, movies, etc.

Negotiator role (a decision role)

To be a manager is to be a continual negotiator, working with others inside and outside the organization to accomplish your goals.

Norms are enforced for 4 reasons:

To help the group survive, to clarify role expectations so everyone can get along, to help people avoid embarrassing situations not to call attention to themselves, and to emphasize the group's important values and identity.

The 3 levels of management are

Top managers, middle managers, and first line managers

Subjective appraisals are based on a manager's perception of an employees traits or behaviors. There a a few types:

Trait appraisals, & behavioral appraisals.

REVISED PATH GOAL THEORY Style 4. Supportive

Treat as equals. Show concern for well-being and needs. Be friendly and approachable.

The GLOBE project found that universally negative leader attributes are loner, asocial, noncooperative, irritable, nonexplicit, egocentric, ruthless and dictatorial. While positive traits are

Trustworthy, Just, Honest, Foresight, Plans ahead, Encouraging, Dynamic, Motive arouser, Confidence Builder, Motivational, Dependable, Intelligent, Decisive, Effective bargainer, win-win problem solver, administrative skilled, communicative, informed, coordinator, team builder, and excellence oriented.

Five reasons for studying theoretical perspectives are

Understanding the present, Guide to action, Source of new ideas, Clues to meaning of your managers' decisions, Clues to meaning of outside events

disturbance handler role (decision role)

Unforeseen problems - from product defects to international currency crises, require you to be a disturbance handler, fixing problems

The Path-Goal leadership theory offers these 2 important implications for managers although it needs more research:

User more than one leadership style, and Modify leadership style to fit employee and task characteristics.

Personal barriers are individual attributes that hinder communication. These include

Variable Skills in Communicating Effectively, Variations in How Information is Processes & Interpretted Variations in Trustworthiness & Credibility Oversized Egos Faulty Listening Skills Tendency to Judge Others' Messages Stereotypes & Prejudices Nonverbal Communication

The formal communication channels follow the chain of command and are recognized as official. There are three types

Vertical- meaning upward and downward, Horizontal- meaning laterally sideways, External- meaning outside of the organization

The vision statement, asks

What do we want to become? A vision is a long-term goal and clear sense of the future and the actions needed to get there. A vision statement expresses where it wants to go.

The first step in making a plan is the mission statement which acts

What is our reason for being? The mission statement expresses the purpose of the organization.

Related diversification is

When an organization operates several businesses that are linked to one another.

the 5 FACTORS affecting an (organizational) structure are

Whether an environment is mechanistic or organic, whether its environment stresses differentiation or integration, and SIZE, TECHNOLOGY, and life cycle.

Spokesperson role (informational role)

You are expected to be a diplomat, and to put the best face on the activities of your work unit or organization to people outside it. THis is the informational role of spokesperson.

Organizing

You arrange tasks, people, and other resources to accomplish the work

Disadvantages of group decision making are

a Few people dominate or intimidate. "Groupthink" can cause members to just try to agree. Satisficing also can occur. Or GOALdisplacement which is where the primary goal is subsumed by a secondary goal

A multinational corporation, or multinational enterprise, is

a business firm with operations in several countries

A realistic job preview gives

a candidate a picture of both positive and negative features of the job and the organization before he or she is hired

Innovation can be either a product or process innovation. Or an incremental or radical innovation. A PRODUCT innovation is

a change in the appearance or the performance of a product or a service or the creation of a new one.

In licensing,

a company allows a foreign company to pay it a fee to make or distribute the first company's product or service

The Single-Product Strategy is focused but vulnerable. in this strategy,

a company makes and sells only one product within its market

Supporting viewpoints of social responsibility say that

a company must be concerned for society's welfare as well as for corporate profits. The rationale is that since businesses create problems they should help solve them.

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT is defined as

a comprehensive approach - led by top management and supported throughout the organization - dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction

A third quality approach is the movement of total quality management-

a comprehensive approach dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction

a Change agent is

a consultant with a background in behavioral sciences who can be a catalyst in helping organizations deal with old problems in new ways

The hierarchy of authority or chain of command is

a control mechanism for making sure the right people do the right things at the right time

Management by exception is

a control principle that states that managers should be informed of a situation only if data shows a significant deviation from standards

a business plan is

a document that outlines a proposed firm's goals, the strategy for achieving them, and the standards for measuring success

Franchising is

a form of licensing in which a company allows a foreign company to pay it a fee and a share of the profit in return for using the first company's brand name and a package of materials and services

an organization is

a group of people who work together to achieve some specific purpose

Downward communication is from top to bottom. it flows from

a higher level to a lower level (or levels)

a Trend analysis is

a hypothetical extension of a past series of events into the future

Upward communication is from bottom to top. It flows from

a lower level to a higher level

Defensive avoidance is where

a manager can't find a good solution and follows by procrastinating, passing the buck, or denying the risk of any negative consequences

Relaxed avoidance is where

a manager decides to take no action in the belief that there will be no great negative consequences.

A wide span of control means that

a manager has several people reporting to them

the contingency viewpoint emphasizes that

a manager's approach should vary according to the individual and environmental situation.

social responsibility is

a manger's duty to take actions that will benefit the interests of society as well as of the organization

A story is

a narrative based on true events, which is repeated, and sometimes embellished upon- to emphasize a particular value

Orientation helps

a newcomer fit smoothly into the job and the organization. Especially in the first 6 months.

Media richness indicates how well

a particular medium conveys information and promotes learning. The richer it is, the better it is at conveying info

Ethical dilemmas often take place because of an organization's value system:

a pattern of values within an organization. Values are the relatively permanent and deeply held underlying beliefs and attitudes that help determine a person's behavior.

suppliers, an external stakeholder in the task environment are

a person or organization that provides supplies, that is- raw materials, services, equipment, labor, or energy, to other organizations

A hero is

a person whose accomplishments embody the values of the organization

Conflict is

a process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party

Joseph M. Juran defined quality as "fitness for use", by this he meant that

a product or service should satisfy a customer's real needs.

A role is

a socially determined expectation of how an individual should behave in a specific position

Statistical process control is

a statistical technique that uses periodic random samples from production runs to see if quality is being maintained within a standard range of acceptability

Chester I. Barnards definition of organization is

a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more people.

According to Edgar Schein, organizational culture (aka CORPORATE CULTURE) is

a system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members

Collectivsm indicates a preference for

a tightly knit social framework in which people and organizations are expected to look after each other

A tariff is

a trade barrier in the form of a customs duty, or tax, levied mainly on imports

Cascading means that objectives move down through the organization and structured in

a unified hierarchy, becoming more specific at lower levels of the organization

A forecast is

a vision or prediction of the future

The most common employments tests are the following:

ability tests, performance tests (assessment center), personality tests

Emotional intelligence is the

ability to cope, empathize with others, and be self-motivated

Affirmative action focuses on

achieving equality of opportunity within an organization

Project planning is the preparation of single-use plans or projects. It is followed by project management which is the

achieving of a set of goals through planning, scheduling, and maintaining progress of the activities that comprise the project.

Behavior is

actions and judgments

The sunk cost bias or sunk cost fallacy is when managers

add up all the money already spend on a project and conclude it is too costly to simply abandon it

Benefits, or fringe benefits are

additional non-monetary forms of compensation

Three effective reactions lie in Deciding to decide, which is when a manager

agrees that he or she must decide what to do about a problem or opportunity and take effective decision-making steps.

A forced ranking performance review system is where

all employees within a business unit are ranked against one another and grades are distributed along some sort of bell curve

Blended value is the notion that

all investments are understood to operate simultaneously in both economic and social realms. The problem is the economic can be measured by numbers but social performance can not

TECHNOLOGY in management can be defined as

all of the tools and ideas for transforming materials, data, or labor (inputs) into goods or services (outputs)

Strategic management is a process that involves managers from

all parts of the organization in the formulation and the implementation of strategies and strategic goals

Diversity represents

all the ways people are unlike and alike - the differences and similarities in age, gender, race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, capabilities, and socioeconomic background

owners of an organization consist of

all those who can claim it as their legal property

A firm may form a joint venture,

also known as a strategic alliance, with a foreign company to share the risks and rewards of starting a new enterprise together in a foreign country.

Contingency planning or

also known as scenario planning and scenario analysis is the creation of alternative hypothetical but equally likely future conditions

The process of environmental scanning is SWOT analysis,

also known as situational analysis- which is a search for the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats affecting the organization.

Role overload, conflict, and

ambiguity can cause role demand stress

A simple model of motivation is that

an Unfufilled need creates motivation and behaviors and rewards

External dimensions of diversity include

an element of choice; they consist of the personal characteristics that people acquire, discard, or modify throughout their lives (education, marital status, religion, income)

Organizational development follows a process in which a diagnosis of the problem is conducted and then there is

an evaluation of how well the intervention has worked

A symbol is

an object, act, quality or event that conveys meaning to others.

A blog is

an online journal in which people write whatever they want about any topic

Nearly all organizations are at least to some degree, open system rather than closed systems

an open system continually interacts with its environment. A closed system has little interaction with its environment

With a NETWORK STRUCTURE (organizational) structure

an organization can become a boundaryless organization. it's basic core can remain small, thus keeping payrolls and overhead down.

The fit perspective(For economic success) assumes that

an organization's culture must align, or fit, with its business or strategic context.

Learning organizations actively create, acquire, and transfer knowledge within themselves

and are able to modify their behaviors to reflect new knowledge. There are three ways you as a manager can help build a learning organization.

Operational goals are set by and for first line managers

and are concerned with short-term matters associated with realizing tactical goals

Herzberg's Two Factor Theory proposed that work satisfaction

and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors - work satisfaction from motivating factors and work dissatisfaction from hygiene factors

Informal communication channels develop outside the formal structure

and do not follow the chain of command

Burnout is a state of emotional, mental,

and even physical exhaustion

The rational model of decision making is also called the classical model,

and explains how managers should make decisions. It assumes managers will make logical decisions that will be the optimum in furthering the organization's best interests.

Strategic goals are set by and for top management

and focus on objectives for the organization as a whole.

Training refers to educating technical

and operational employees in how to better do their current jobs.

A quality circle is volunteers of workers

and supervisors who meet intermittently to discuss workplace and quality-related problems

Symptoms of group think are invulnerability,

and the illusion of peer pressure. It can cause a reduction in alternative ideas, & limiting of other information.

Capital expenditures budgets

anticipate investments in major assets such as land, building, and major equipment

The Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Commission has a job to enforce

antidiscrimination and other employment-related laws

Reinforcement is

anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited

The 5 approaches to LEADERSHIP

are Trait approaches, Behavioral approaches, Contingency approaches, Full-Range approach, and Four additional perspectives

Hygiene factors

are factors associated with job dissatisfaction - such as salary, working conditions, interpersonal relationships and company policy which affect the context in which people work

Motivating factors or simply motivators

are factors associated with job satisfaction, such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement- all of which affect the job content or the rewards of work performance

Discrimination occurs when people

are hired or promoted - or denied hiring and promotion - for reasons not relevant on the job

Necessity entrepreneurs

are people who must suddenly earn a living and result to starting their own business than finding another job

Norming is when conflicts

are resolved, close relationships develop, and unity/harmony emerge

Tactical goals are set by and for first-line managers and

are set by and for middle managers and focus on the actions needed to achieve stratefic goals.

Organizational citizenship behaviors

are those employee behaviors that are not directly part of employees job descriptions- that exceed their work-role requirements

a self-managed team has workers who

are trained to do all or most of the jobs in a work unit, and have no direct supervisor and do their own day to day supervision

demographic forces in the general environment are influences on an organization

arising from changes in the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, or ethnic orgin

Self managed teams are defined

as groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains

A growth strategy is a grand strategy that involves expansion -

as in sales revenues, market share, number of employees, or number of customers or (for non-profits) clients served

Job enrichment consists of building into a job such motivating factors

as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work and advancement

An unstructured interview involves

asking probing questions to find out what the applicant is like

Delegation in authority is the process of

assigning managerial authority and responsibility to managers and employees lower in the hierarchy

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is designed to

assist in smoothing the flow of money between nations

Archie B. Carroll says that corporate social responsibility is

at the top of the pyramid of a corporation's obligations, along with economic, legal and ethical obligations

Ralph Stogdill came up with the TRAIT approach to leadership which

attempts to identify distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders

External recruiting mreans

attracting job applicants from outside the organizations

Fundamental attribution bias is where people

attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to situational factors

ORGANIC ORGANIZATIONS are where

authority is decentralized, there are fewer rules and procedures, the network of employees are encouraged to cooperate and respond quickly to unexpected tasks

MECHANISTIC organizations have

authority that is centralized, tasks and rules that are clearly specified ,and employees that are closely supervised

Embargoes are a complete

ban on the import or export of certain products

Countertrading is ___ goods for goods.

bartering

Evidence-based management means translating principles

based on best evidence into organizational practice, bringing rationality to the decision-making process

Merit pay, or pay for performance

bases pay on one's results

Base pay consists of the

basic wage or salary paid employees in exchange for doing their jobs.

First suggested by Peter Drucker in 1954, MBO has spread largely

because of it's emphasis on converting general objectives into specific ones for all members of an organization

Streamline your reading by

being savvy about periodicals and books. Transfer your reading load to see if your employees can screen or scan it first. Make internal memos and e-mail more efficient by having people say things more upfront.

Expectancy is the

belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance - called the effort to performance expectancy

Constructive conflict

benefits the main purposes of the organization and serves its interests

Evidence-based management means translating principles based on

best evidence into organizational practice, bringing rationality to the decision-making process

Rich medium is

best for nonroutine situations and to avoid oversimplification

Lean medium is

best for routine situations and to avoid overloading.

Polycentric managers take the view that native managers in the foreign offices

best understand native personnel and practices, and so the home office should leave them alone.

Organizational behavior is dedicated to

better understanding and management of people at work, individually and in a group

Herbet Simon won a Nobel Prize in the 1950's and came up with the concept of

bounded rationality- which suggests that the ability of decision makers to be rational is limited by numerous constraints (like complexity, time and money, skills and habits)

Whatever the size or type of organization, it can be represented in an organizational chart which is a

box-and-lines illustration showing the formal lines of authority and the organization's official positions or work specializations

Advice teams are created to

broaden the information base for managerial decisions

Taylor based his system on motion studies, which

broke down each worker's job at a steel company, and then trained workers to use the methods of their best-performing co-workers

German sociologist Max Weber believed that

bureaucracy was a rational, efficient, ideal organization based on principles of logic

Job analysis is to determine,

by observation and analysis, the basic elements of a job

ORGANIZATIONAL size is usually measured

by the number of full-time employees

Sometimes a joint venture is the only way an american company

can have a presence in a certain country, whose laws may forbid foreigners from ownership

Clues to meaning of your managers' decisions-

can help you understand your firm's focus, where the top managers are "coming from"

environmental scanning is

careful monitoring of an organization's internal and external environments to detect early signs of opportunities and threats that may influence the firm's plans

Bonuses are

cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives

Simple (organizational) structure has authority

centralized in a single person, a flat hierarchy, few rules, and low work specialization

Stock options are where

certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price

A process innovation is a

change in the way a product or service is conceived, manufactured, or disseminated.

political legal forces in the general environment are

changes in the way politics shape laws and laws shape the opportunities for and threats to an organization

Reducing cognitive dissonance can happen by

changing your attitude and behavior, belitting the importance of inconsistent behavior,and find consonant elements that outweight the dissonant ones.

Bureaucratic control is an approach to organizational control that is

characterized by use of rules, regulations, and formal authority to guide performance

Strategy formulation is the process of

choosing among different strategies and altering them to best fit the organization's needs

Type A behavior pattern means they are involved in a

chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time

Transactional leadership focuses on

clarifying employees roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments contingent on performance.

Historical perspective of management includes three viewpoints

classical, behavioral, quantitative

The selection process is the screening of job applicants to hire the best candidate. This can be done by

collecting background information, interviewing, and employment tests

iNCENTIVES can be

commissions, bonuses, profit-sharing plans, and stock options.

efficiency is important because

companies strive to produce goods or services as quickly as possible using as few employees (and raw materials) as possible.

Controlling is defined as monitoring performance,

comparing it with goals, and taking corrective action as needed

Worrying about what competitors are doing leads to

competitive parity

Strategic human resource planning consists of developing a systematic,

comprehensive strategy for understanding current employee needs and predicting CURRENT employee needs. This can be done through job analysis and job description/job specification

databases are

computerized collections of interrelated files

Computer assisted (CAI) is where

computers are used to provide additional help or to reduce instructional time.

Performing is where members

concentrate on solving problems and completing the assigned task

Administrative management is

concerned with managing the total organization

Conceptual skills

consist of the ability to think analytically, to visualize and organization as a whole and understand how the parts work together

Human skills

consist of the ability to work well in cooperation with other people to get things done

2. The EU- formed in 1957 and

consists of 27 trading partners to Europe

A maintenance role or a relationship oriented role,

consists of behavior that fosters constructive relationships among team mebers

PERSONALITY

consists of the stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity

W. Edwards Deming believed that quality stemmed from

constancy of purpose, steady focus on an organization's mission - along with statistical measurement and reduction of variations in production processes

The four principle perspectives on motivation are

content, process, job design and reinforcement

The process of fitting the organizaiton to it's environment is

contingency desing.

Horizontal communication flows within and between work units, it's main purpose is

coordination

a FIXED budget is where resources are allocated on a single estimate of

costs

E LEADERSHIP should be creating the future rather than a better status quo,

creating a teachable vision, following a strategy your customers set, not you, fostering a collaborative culture, think globally, and thrive on information.

Constructive conflict is created by

creating competition among employees, changing the culture or procedures, and bringing in outsiders for an outside perspective

task environment of external stakeholders present you with daily tasks to handle like

customers, competitors, suppliers, distributors, local communities, government regulators, special interest groups, and mass media

Nonmonetary budget

deals with units other than dollars, such as hours of labor or office square footage

The big picture of chapter 7

decision making is the process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action, and it may be programmed or non programmed. Decision-making conditions range from certainty to risky to uncertainty to confusion

E-business includes accelerated

decision making, conflict, and stress

A decision tree is a graph of

decisions and their possible consequences; it is used to create a plan to reach a goal

PRODUCTIVITY is

defined by the formula of outputs divided by inputs for a specific period of time

Management can be approached

deliberately, rationally, systematically

Job related stress can happen by

demands created by individual difference, individual task demands, the role demands, group demands, organizational demands, and non-work demands

Referent power is power

deriving from one's personal attraction. Like with personality, attitudes or backgrounds

Management by wandering around, is the term used to

describe a manager's literally wandering around his or her organization and talking with people across all lines of authority

Programmed conflict, which can be constructive, is

designed to elicit different opinions without inciting personal feelings

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is

designed to monitor and enforce trade agreements

BEHAVIORAL leadership approaches attempt to

determine the distinctive styles used by effective leaders

Profit sharing is the

distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits

Noise is any

disturbance that interferes with the transmission of a message

Job design is the

division of an organization's work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performances

Self-efficacy is the belief in one's personal ability to

do a task

Initiative

doing something outside your regular job that makes a difference to the company's core mission, and may help other people

The behavioral viewpoint developed over 3 phases

early behaviorism, human relations movement, behavioral science

Sustainability is defined as

economic development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

People are the most important resource of a business. That's why HR is a part of strategic planning. Human captial is the

economic or productive potential of employee knowledge and actions

social capital is the

economic or productive potential of strong, trusting, and cooperative relationships

international forces in the general environment are changes in the

economic, political, and technological global system that may affect an organization

the general environment (macroenvironment) of the external stakeholders includes 6 forces:

economic, technological, sociocultural, demographic, political-legal, international

The CONTINGENCY approach to leadership is where people believe that

effective leadership behavior depends on the situation at hand.

The second viewpoint in the contemporary perspective, the contingency viewpoint,

emphasizes that a manager's approach should vary according to the individual and environmental situation

LEADER MEMBERSHIP EXCHANGE LEADERSHIP model

emphasizes that leaders have different sorts of relationships with different subordinates.

the behavioral viewpoint

emphasizes the importance of understanding human behavior and of motivating employees toward achievement

Some techniques for improving quality in TQM are

employee involvement, benchmarking, outsourcing, reduced cycle time, and statistical process control.

Equity theory focuses on

employee perceptions as to how fairly they think they are being treated compared to others

Piece rate is where

employees are paid according to how much output they produce

Goal setting theory (Gary Latham) suggests that

employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging but achievable

Turnover is when

employees leave their jobs

The National Labor Relations Board enforces procedures whereby

employees may vote to have a union and for collective bargaining.

A common purpose unifies

employees or members and gives everyone an understanding of the organization's reason for being

Elton Mayo researched what is known as the Hawthorn effect which claims that

employees worked harder if they received added attention, if they thought that managers cared about their welfare and that supervisors paid special attention to them

You can use goal setting theory to motivate

employees, and remember that goals should be SMART

internal stakeholders are

employees, owners, board of directors

To keep strategic control underway, it is helpful to

engage people, keep it simple, stay focused, keep moving

Strategic control is monitoring performance to

ensure that strategic plans are being implemented and taking corrective action as needed

Organizational threats are

environmental factors that hinder an organization's achieving a competitive advantage

Organizational opportunities are

environmental factors that the organization may exploit for competitive advantage

Process perspectives are concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act and include the

equity theory, expectancy theory, and goal-setting theory

Reinforcement theory attempts to

explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated

Selling in the situational leadership style model is

explaining decisions and persuading others to follow a course of action. It is good for followers who are unable but willing to assume task responsibility

A good vision statement

explains an organization's long term goal describing what it wants to become. It is expressed in a vision statement, which describes its long term direction and strategic intent.

LEVEL 2: ESPOUSED VALUES ARE

explicitly states values and norms preferred by an organization.

The personality traits that have the biggest impact on the workplace are

extroversion and conscientiousness

The BIG five personality traits are

extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience

Nonverbal communication has the factors of interpersonal space, eye contact,

facial expressions, body movements & gestures, touch, setting, and time.

Objective appraisals are also called results appraisals, and they are based on

facts and are often numerical

The maturity stage is the period in which the product starts to

fall out of favor and sales and profits begin to fall off.

Intrinsic rewards are satisfaction in performing the task itself such as a

feeling of accomplishment, a person receives from performing the particular task itself

Operations management

focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organization's products or services more efficiently

Operations management

focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organization's products or services more efficiently. It is concerned with work scheduling, production planning, facilities location and design, and decisions about the optimum levels of inventory a company should maintain

A holistic wellness program

focuses on self-responsibility, nutritional awareness, relaxation techniques, physical fitness and environmental awareness

Management science

focuses on using mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making

A leadership style should be used depending on the readiness of the followers. TELLING, for example, which represents the guiding and directing of performance works best for

followers with a low level of readiness when subordinates or neither willing or able to take responsibility

Organizational development is a set of techniques

for implementing planned change to make people and organizations more effective.

W. Edwards Deming came up with Deming management, which proposed ideas

for making organizations more responsive, more democratic, and less wasteful

Zero based budgeting

forces each department to start from zero in projecting its funding needs for the coming budget period

A Cash or cashflow budget

forecasts all sources of cash income and cash expenditures for daily, weekly, or monthly periods

International management is management that oversees the conduct of operations in or with organizations in

foreign countries, whether its through a multinational corporation or a multinational organization

A wholly-owned subsidiary is a

foreign subsidiary that is totally owned and controlled by an organization

A budget is a

formal financial projection

External audit is a

formal verification of an organization's financial accounts and statements by outside experts

A group can eventually turn into a team by

forming, storming (as roles emerge), norming (conflicts are resolved), performing (completing the tasks) and adjourning (preparing for disbandment)

The MATRIX Structure (organizational) structure combines

functional and divisional chains of command in a grid so that there are two command structures - vertical and horizontal. so people report to project managers and their executives

Praticing competitive intelligence means

gaining information about one's competitors' activities so that you can anticipate their moves and react appropriately

Risk propensity is the willingness to

gamble or to undertake risk for the possibility of gaining an increased payoff

Successful international managers aren't ethnocentric or polycentric but are

geocentric

When exporting, a company produces

goods domestically and sells them outside the country

When importing, a company buys

goods outside the country and resells them domestically

Norms are general guidelines or rules of behavior that most

group or team members follow.

Values are abstract ideals that

guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations

A code of ethics consists of a formal written set of ethical standards

guiding an organization's actions

The NETWORK STRUCTURE (organizational) structure

has a central core that is lined to outside independent firms by computer connections, which are used to operate as if all were a single connection

Behavioral view point of management

has an emphasis on the importance of understanding human behavior and motivating and encouraging employees toward achievement

An ADHOCRACY culture

has an external focus and values flexibility

A HIERARCHY culture

has an internal focus and values stability and control over flexibility

STAFF MANAGERS- Staff personnel

have authority functions- they provide advice, reccomendations, and research to line managers

Formal appraisals are conducted at specific times through out the year and are based on perfomrance measures that

have been established in advance. Facts should be used, and examples.

Reward Power influences behavior by promising or giving rewards. All managers also

have this, and it is the power that results from managers' authority to reward their subordinates

Good managers create value by

having the multiplier effect

Employee engagement is the field of

heightened emotional connection that an employee feels for his or her organization, which influences him or her to exert greater discretionary effort in their work

a distributor is a person or organization that

helps another organization sell its goods and services to customers

Abraham Maslow came up with the

hierarchy of needs

Videoconferencing includes telepresence technology which is

high definition videoconference systems that simulate face to face meetings between users

The job characteristics model will affect

high motivation, higher performance, high satisfaction and low absenteeism and turnover

Telegraph your writing with a powerful layout by

highlighting - using boldface and italics to emphasize key concepts. White space - use wide margins and a break between paragraphs

CONTINUOUS process technology is

highly routinized technology in which machines do all the work

Negative conflict is conflict that

hinders the organization's performance or threatens its interest

James Kouzes and Barry Posner did surveys in the 1980's and found that

honesty was considered really important. 87% of surveys included it.

Openness to experience is

how intellectual, imaginative, curious and broad-minded one is

The SITUATIONAL leadership theory model by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard says that leadership behavior reflects

how leaders should adjust their leadership style according to the readiness of the followers.

Nonrational models of decision making explain

how managers make decisions- they assume that decision making is nearly always uncertain and risky, making it difficult for managers to make optimal decisions

Skill variety in the Job characteristics model is

how many different skills does you job require

Institutional collectivism describes

how much a country thinks leaders encourage and reward loyalty to the social unit. It expresses the extent to which individuals should be encouraged and rewarded for loyalty to the social group as opposed to the pursuit of individual goals

Once a leaders style - task or relationship is determined, in the contingency leadership model, you determine situational control or

how much control and influence a leader has in the immediate work environment. The different aspects are LEADER MEMBER (do my peers accept me as a leader?), TASK STRUCTURE (do my subordinates do well with their tasks?), and POSITION POWER (do i have power to reward and punish?).

Autonomy in the Job characteristics model is

how much discretion does your job give you?

Power distance asks

how much do people accept inequality in power?

Masculine/femininty asks

how much do people embrace stereotypical male or female traits?

Locus of control indicates

how much people believe they control their fate through their own efforts

Power Distance explains

how much unequal distribution of power there should be in organizations and society. Power distance expresses the degree to which a society's members expect power to be unequally shared

Emotional stability is

how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is

uncertanity avoidance asks

how strongly do people desire certainty?

Operational planning by first-line management determines

how to accomplish specific tasks with available resources within the next 1-52 weeks.

Comparison in equity theory is

how you think your ratio of inputs and rewards compares with those of others

The operating plan, typically designed for a 1-year period, defines

how you will conduct your business based on the action plan; it identifies clear targets such as revenues, cash flow, and market share.

The six AREAS of control are physical area,

human resources area, informational area, financial, structural, cultural.

A situational interview, which is a structured interview, focuses on

hypothetical situations

Henri Fayol was the first to

identify the major functions of management - planning, organizing, leading and controlling, as well as coordinating

The CONTINGENCY LEADERSHIP MODEL determines

if a leader's style is task-oriented or relationship oriented and if that style is effective for the situation at hand.

"Taylorism" is important even though it met considerable resistance because it made people fear that only the hardest workers would keep jobs because

if used correctly, the principles of scientific management can enhance productivity, and his studies on motion studies and differential pay are still used today

knowledge management is the

implementing of systems and practices to increase the sharing of knowledge and information throughout an organization

Dealing with the discomfort of cognitive dissonance depends on

importance, control and rewards.

CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY is when

important decisions are made by higher-level managers

DECENTRALIZED authority is when

important decisions are made by middle-level and supervisory-level managers

The demographic of people with physical and mental abilities is changing ebcause

in 1992, the Americans with Disabilities Act was passed, which prohibits discrimination against the disabled and requires organizations to reasonably accommodate an individual's disabilities

sociocultural forces in the general environment are influences and trends originating

in a country's, a society's, or a culture's human relationships and values that may affect an organization.

Show and tell

in both informal and formal meetings, good managers craft their messages and time them so that people pay attention. they match the language of their communication to the language that people speak

Like planning, goals are arranged into a hierarchy called a means-end chain because

in the chain of management (strategic, tactical, operational) the accomplish of low-level goals is the means leading to the accomplishment of high-level goals or ends.

Development refers to educating professionals and managers

in the skills they need to do their jobs in the future.

Most Favored Nation Trading Status describes a condition

in which a country grants other counties favorable trading treatment such as the reduction of import duties

A person from North America, Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, etc. comes from a low-context culture

in which shared meanings are primarily derived from written and spoken words

The Hersey-Blanchard model of situational leadership model has been found to be

inaccurate

The escalation of commitment bias is when decision makers

increase their commitment to a project despite negative information about it.

Incremental budgeting uses the last budget period as a refernce point. It allocates

increased or decreased funds to a department by using the last budget period as a reference point, only incremental changes in the budget request are reviewed

The global economy refers to the

increasing tendency of the economies of the world to interact with one another as one market instead of many national markets

A coordinated effort is the coordination of

individual efforts into a group or organizational wide effort

Casual attribution is the activity of

inferring causes for observed behavior

Coercive power is also something that all managers have. It is the ability to

influence behavior by threatening or giving punishment

Leadership is the ability to

influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational goals

SHARED leadership is simultaneous, ongoing, mutual

influence process in which people share responsibility for leading

Feedback is

information about the reaction of the environment to the outputs that affects the inputs

Communication is the transfer of

information and understanding from one person to another

Information overload occurs when the amount of

information received exceeds a person's ability to handle or process it

External communication flows between people

inside and outside the organization

The SWOT analysis is divided into 2 parts:

inside matters/outside matters or an analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses and an analysis of external opportunities and threats.

Interpresonal roles- such as figurehead, leader and liaison

interact with people inside and outside their work units.

E LEADERSHIP can involve one to one, one to many, within group, and between group and collective

interactions via information technology

A clan culture has a

internal focus and values flexibility rather than stability and control

Charisma is a form of

interpersonal attraction that inspires acceptance and support

The three types of managerial roles are

interpersonal, informational, and decisional

Decoding is

interpreting and trying to make sense of the message

Perception is the process of

interpreting and understanding one's environment

a system is a set of

interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose.

Extranets is an exteded

intranet in that it connects internal employees with selected customers, suppliers, and other strategic partners

Great managers have the right mix of

intuition, judgment, and experience

You can build a cohesive environment by

investing in good relationship practices, modeling collaborative behavior, creating a gift culture, assigning leaders that are both task and relationship oriented, build on heritage relationships, and understand role clarity and task ambiguity.

The positive side of single market strategy is that it

is FOCUSED

The negative side of single market strategy is that it

is VULNERABLE.

a boundaryless organization

is a fluid, highly adaptive organization whose members, linked by information technology, come together to collaborate on common tasks. The collaborators may include not only coworkers but also suppliers, customers, and even competitors

A greenfield venture

is a foreign subsidiary that the owning organization has built from scratch

Halo effect

is a form of impression of an individual based on a single trait

A defensive strategy or a retrenchment strategy

is a grand strategy that involves reduction in the organization's efforts

A trading bloc, also known as an economic community,

is a group of nations within a geographical region that have agreed to remove trade barriers with one another

Polychronic time, which prevails in the Mediterranean, Latin American and Arab cultures

is a preference for doing more than one thing at a time. Time is viewed as being flexible and multidimensional.

An import quota

is a trade barrier in the form of a limit on the numbers of a product that can imported

A strategy map

is a visual representation of the four perspectives of the balanced scorecard that enables managers to communicate their goals so that everyone in the company can understand how their jobs are linked to the overall objectives of the organization

Conscientiousness

is how dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented and persistent someone is

Task identity in the Job characteristics model

is how many different tasks are required to complete the work?

Task significance in the Job characteristics model

is how many other people are affected by your job

Feedback in the Job characteristics model

is how much do you find out how well you're doing?

In panic, a manager

is so frantic to get rid of the problem that he or she can't deal with the situation realistically

The TEAM BASED (organizational) structure

is teams or work-groups, either temporary or permanent, and used to improve horizontal relations and solve problems throughout the organization

the BIRTH stage in a life of an organization

is the NONBUREAUCRATIC stage, in which the organization is created

the YOUTH stage in a life of an organization

is the PREbureaucratic stage, a stage of GROWTH and expansion

Competitive advantage

is the ability of an organization to produce goods or services more effectively than competitors do, thereby outperforming them.

A control standard, or performance standard or simply standard

is the desired performance level for a given goal

human capital

is the economic or productive potential of employee knowledge, experience, and actions

An ethics officer is someone who

is trained about matters of ethics in the workplace, particularly about resolving ethical dilemmas

the MIDLIFE stage, in a life of an organization

is when it becomes bureaucratic, a period of growth evolving into stability

the MATURITY STAGE in a life of an organization

is when the organization becomes very bureaucratic, large, and mechanistic.

Total Quality Management is important because

it emphasizes infusing concepts of quality throughout the total organization in a way that will deliver quality products and services to customers

The growth stage is the most profitable stage,

it is the period in which customer demand increases, the product's sales grow, and later competitors may enter the market

The problem with the classical viewpoint is that is is mechanic:

it tends to view human as cogs within a machine, not taking into account the importance of human needs

Increasing Productivity is important because

it ultimately determines whether the organization will make a profit or even survive

The contingency viewpoint is important because

it would seem to be the most practical of the viewpoints discussed so far because it addresses problems on a case-by-case basis and varies the solution accordingly

The use of data analytics is great because modeling can go beyond descriptive statistics and

it's good to have multiple applications, not just one. Additionally, it's good to have support from the top when it comes to analytics

e - business includes changes in organization structure,

jobs, goal-setting, and knowledge management because teams become virtual

Motivation is important because you want to motivate people to

join your organization, stay with your organization, show up for work at your organization, perform better, and do extra.

You can concentrate on the content of the message by

judging content, not delivery. Ask questions, summarize remarks. Listen for ideas, Resist Distractions, and show interest. Also give a fair hearing by trying to correct for your biases

Learned helplessnes is the debilitating

lack of faith in one's ability to control one's environment

A strategy is a

large-scale action plan that sets the direction for an organization

Understand Your Strategy before you write by

layout what is most important to least important. Least controversial to most controversial Negative to positve

The out group exchange in the leadership exchange model is when

leaders fail to create a sense of mutual trust, respect, or common fate

Benchmarking is

learning by the best performers

Total quality management is a comprehensive approach -

led by top management and supported throughout the organization - dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction

Managers should be aware that when it comes to decision making, groups can be

less efficient, larger groups can make lower quality decisions, they can be too confident, and knowledge counts - meaning make sure you listen to people who have actual knowledge about the subject

Outsourcing is

letting outsiders handle it

Level 3 postconventional is guided by internal values

level 3 are independent and follow their own values and standards, focusing on needs of employees and lead by empowerment

The Fair labor standards act of 1938 established minimum

living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage

Recruiting is the process of

locating and attracting qualified applicants for jobs open in the organization

Managers tend to work

long hours at an intense pace, their work is characterized by fragmentation, brevity, and variety, and they rely more on verbal than written communication

adopting the systems viewpoint allows you to

look at your organization both as a collection of subsystems and a part of a larger environment

a Decision is a choice

made from among available alternatives

The intuition model is where managers

make a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference

the goal of the owners is to

make a profit

Two types of change are reactive and proactive. Reactive change is when we

make changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise.

LINE MANAGERS have authority to

make decisions and usually have people reported to them

First-line managers

make short-term operating decisions, directing the daily tasks of non managerial personnel

Proactive change is planned change and involves

making carefully thought-out changes in anticipation of possible or expected problems or opportunities

Philanthropy is

making charitable donations to benefit humankind

Internal recruiting means

making people already employed by the organization aware of job openings

The second challenge for managers is to

manage for diversity

Management Science is important because

management science stresses the use of rational, science-based techniques and mathematical models to improve decision making and strategic planning.

Organizational Dimensions of diversity include

management status, union affiliation, work location, etc.

Narrow span of control means that a

manager has a limited number of people reported to them.

Legitimate Power is the ability to influence behavior because of one's formal power which all

managers have, because it results form their formal positions within the organization

Accountability in management refers to the fact that

managers must report and justify work results to the managers above them.

In the satisficing model,

managers seek alternatives until they find one that is good enough, not optimal

The incremental model is where

managers take small, short term steps to alleviate a problem

The 4th challenge of management is

managing for information technology

Maquiladoras are

manufacturing plants allowed to operate in mexico with special privileges in return for employing Mexican citizens

An organization is TALL when there are

many levels with many narrow spans of control

LARGE BATCH TECHNOLOGY is

mass production, assembly line technology

Robert J. House created the GLOBE project which is a

massive and ongoing cross-cultural investigation of nine cultural dimensions involved in leadership and organizational processes

Some scholars think that diversity and variety in staffing produce organization strength, but the challenge of the near future is to

maximize the contributions of employees diverse in gender, age, race, and ethnicity

Figurehead role (a type of interpersonal role)

may show visitors around your company, attend employee birthday parties, present ethical guidelines to your subordinates. In other words, you perform symbolic tasks that represent your organization

The good reasons for having objective appraisals are that they

measure results and they are harder to challenge legally.

Another thing to consider is the test's validity- which is the level that a test

measures what it purports to measure and is free of bias.

A consensus is when

members are able to express their opinions and reach agreement to support the final decision

A virtual organization is an organization whose

members are geographically apart, usually working with e-mail, collaborative computing, and other computer connections

Electronic brainstorming is sometimes called brainwriting, where

members come together over a computer network to generate ideas and alternatives

a cross functional team has

members composed of people from different departments, such as sales and production, pursuing a common objective

Adjourning is where

members prepare for disbandment

Receiver in communication is the person for whom the

message is intended

Noverbal communication consists of

messages sent outside of the written or spoken word.

Relationship style in the contingency leadership model is best when a situation is

moderate control.

Strategic control consists of

monitoring the execution of strategy and making adjustments, if necessary.

The proactive personality is someone who is

more apt to take initiative and persevere to influence the environment

All the forms of communication used in e-business require mangeers and employees to be

more flexible, and increased the emphasis on knowledge management

The race/ethnicity demographic is changing because

more people of color are in the workforce

The gender demographic is changing because

more women are working. The obstacles they face are known as a glass ceiling, the metaphor for an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from being promoted to top executive jobs

Content perspectives are also known as

need-based perspectives and theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people.

Collective bargaining consists of

negotiations between management and employees about disputes over compensation, benefits, working conditions, and job security

Technological forces in the general environment are

new developments in methods for transforming resources into goods or services

A multinational organization, is a

non profit organization with operations in several countries

Be an effective writer by

not showing your ignorance, Understanding your strategy before you write Start with Your Purpose Write Simply, Concisely, and Directly Telegraph your writing with a powerful layout

Frederick Taylor in his 4 Principles of Management stated that

not working as efficiently as you could is "soldiering"

Intranets are

nothing more than an organization's private internet

Job enlargement consists of increasing the

number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation

The barriers to effective measurement are that

objectives are fuzzy, Managers put too much trust in informal feedback systems like customer complaints Employees resist new measurement systems. Companies focus too much on measuring activities instead of results

Delegating in the situational leadership model provides subordinates with little support or direction and the leader's role is to

observe or monitor. It is good for followers with a high level of readiness.

The cost-focus strategy is to keep costs and hence prices

of a product or service below those of competitors and to target a narrow market

Cost-leadership strategy is to keep costs and hence prices

of a product or service below those of competitors and to target a wide market

Internal audit is a verification

of an organization's financial accounts and statements by the organization's own professional staff

Employment tests are legally considered to consist

of any procedure used in the employment selection decision process.

Punishment is the application

of negative consequences to stop or change undesirable behavior

Development is the upgrading of skills

of professional and managers

Employee assistance programs include a host

of programs aimed at helping employees to cope with stress, burnout, substance abuse, health related problems, family and marital issues, and any general problem that negatively influences job performance

Top managers are

often have titles like president, CEO, COO, or senior vice president. They make long term decisions about the overall direction of the organization and establish the objectives, policies, and strategies for it.

Informal appraisals are conducted

on an unscheduled basis and consist of less rigorous indications of employee performance

You can be an effective listen by concentrating

on the content of the message

the exchange rate is the rate at which

one country's currency can be exchanged for another country's currency

Continuous improvement is defined as

ongoing small, incremental improvements in all parts of an organization

Diversification is

operating several businesses in order to spread the risks

Unrelated diversification is

operating several businesses under one ownership strategy that are not related to one another

The systems viewpoint regards the

organization as a system of interrelated parts.

Transformation processes are the

organization's capabilities in management and technology that are applied to converting inputs into outputs.

A whistleblower is an employee who report

organizational misconduct to the public

To prevent groupthink, allow criticism, and

other perspectives

The systems viewpoint sees organizations as a system, either open or closed, with inputs,

outputs, transformation processes, and feedback.

an assessment center has candidates

participate in activities for a few days while being assessed by evaluators

subsystems are

parts making up the whole system

Most performance appraisals are done by management but they can also be done by

peers and subordinates, customers and clients, and self-appraisals.

a 360 degree feedback appraisal is when employees are appraised not only be their managerial superiors but also by

peers, subordinates, and sometimes clients, thus providing several perspectives

High power distance occurs in countries like india, panama and the Philippines where

people accept inequality in power among people

Self-monitoring is the extent to which

people are able to observe their own behavior and adapt it to external situations

Abraham Maslow's hiearchy of needs theory proposes that

people are motivated by 5 levels of needs: psychological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization

Expectancy theory suggests that

people are motivated by two things: how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it

Classical management assumes that

people are rational

The age demographic is changing because

people are working until later ages

Low Power distance occurs in sweden, israel and sweden where

people expect equality in power.

There are about 300,000 U.S. managers known as expatriates-

people living or working in a foreign country

competitors, an external stakeholder in the task environment, are

people or organizations that compete for customers or resources

The TWO core principles of TQM,

people orientation - everyone involved with the organization should focus on delivering value to customers Improvement orientation - everyone should work on continuously improving the work process

Someone from China, Korea, Japan, Mexico, etc. comes from a high-context culture in which

people rely heavily on situational cues for meaning when communicating with others

Informal groups are created for friendship and is formed by

people seeking friendship and has no officially appointed leader, although a leader may emerge from the membership

Self-serving bias is where

people tend to take more personal responsibility for success than for failture

Level 2 conventional follows expectations of others

people who has level 2 are conformist but not slavish, adhering to expectations of others in their lives.

stakeholders

people whose interests are affected by an organization's activities

in a divisional (organizational) structure,

people with diverse occupational specialties are put together in formal groups by similar products, customers or geographic regions

A self-fulfilling prophecy is also known as the Pygmalion effect, which describes the phenomenon in which

people's expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true

Areas where change is needed in organizations are

people, technology, structure and strategy.

People need to change in an organization in the following forms:

perceptions, attitudes, performance, skills.

Instrumentality is the expectation that successful

performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired. Called the performance to reward expectancy

Quality assurance focuses on the

performance of workers, urging employees to strive for "zero defects"

Systems of stress are

physiological signs, psychological signs, and behavioral signs

Job posting is

placing information about job vacancies and qualifications on bulletin boards, in newsletters, and on the organization's internet

The PDCA cycle is a

plan-do-check-act cycle using observed data for continuous improvement

The management process is also known as the four management functions:

planning, organizing, leading and controlling (POLC)

Ratio analysis is the

practice of evaluating financial ratios

Laurence Kohlberg proposed 3 levels of personal moral development-

preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

LEAN six sigma focuses on

problem solving and performance improvement - speed with excellence - of a well defined project

The differentiation strategy is to offer

products or services that are of unique and superior value compared to those of competitors but to target a wide market

project management software is

programs for planning and scheduling the people, costs, and resources to complete a project on time

An example of project planning is skunkworks, the term given to a

project team whose members are separated from the normal operation of an organization and asked to produce a new, innovative product.

Sales or revenue budget

projects future sales, often by month, sales area, or product

Financial budget

projects organization's source of cash and how it plans to spend it in the forthcoming period

Operating budget

projects what an organization will create in goods or services, what financial resources are needed, and what income is expected

Managers also have to manage employee replacement actions by

promoting, transferring, demoting, laying off (temporary) or firing.

Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, often shortened to SarbOx or SOX, which establishes requirements for

proper financial record keeping for public companies and penalties for noncomplience

The World Bank's purpose is to

provide low-interest loans to developing nations for improving transportation, education, health, and telecommunications

Performance appraisal consists of 1) assessing an employee's performance and 2)

providing him or her with feedback

Servant leaders, by Robert Greenleaf, focus on

providing increased service to others - meeting the goals of both followers and the organization rather than to themselves

Leon Festinger said that cognitive dissonance is the

psychological discomfort for a person they experience between their cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior

Punishment can be combined with positive reinforcements. To do this,

punish only undesirable behavior, give reprimands or disciplinary actions as soon as possible, be clear about what behavior is undesirable

Functional (organizational) structures have people with similar occupational specialties

put together in formal groups

Strategy implementation is

putting strategic plans into effect

The ISO 900 Series consists of

quality control procedures companies must install from purchasing to manufacturing to inventory to shipping - that can be audited by independent quality-control experts, or registars

The quality-management viewpoint, the third category under contemporary perspectives, consists of

quality control, quality assistance, and especially the movement of Total Quality management, dedicated to continuous quality improvement, training, and customer satisfaction

The quality-management viewpoint has two traditional approaches-

quality control- the strategy for minimizing errors by managing each stage of production, and quality assurance - which focuses on the performance of workers, urging employees to strive for zero defects.

The RATER scale enables customers to

rate the quality of a service along five dimensions - reliability, assurance, tangibles, empathy, and responsiveness on a scale from 1 to 10 *ten the best

A trait appraisal is on certain things like "attitude" and "leadership" and an example of a behavioral appraisal is the BARS, behaviorally anchored rating scale which

rates employee gradations in performance according to scales of specific behaviors

Top Down or SQ3R - Survey, Question, Read Recite Review can be done by

rating reasons to read (why should I read this?) Question and predict answers. Survey the big picture. Skim for main ideas Summarize.

In relaxed change, a manager

realizes that complete inaction will have negative consequences but opts for the first available alternative that incolves low risk

Become an effective reader by

realizing that speed reading doesn't work, learn to streamline read, do top down reading (SQ3R).

Informational roles including monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson

receive and communication information with other people inside and outside the organization

Feedback is when the

receiver expresses his or her reaction to the sender's message

Reduced cycle time is

reduction in steps in a work process

Organizational commitment

reflects the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals

The 6th challenge of managers is to manage your own happiness and life goals because

regardless of how happy you are, you have to consider whether in meeting the organization's challenges you are also meeting the challenge of realizing your own happiness

government regulators are

regulatory agencies that establish ground rules under which organization may operate

Negative reinforcement is the

removal of unpleasant consequences following a desired behavior

Enacted values

represent the values and norms actually exhibited in the organization

A work team has members that engage in collective work

requiring coordinated effort, and the purpose of the team is advice, production, project, or actions

the justice approach is guided by

respect for impartial standards of fairness and equity

A functional manager is

responsible for just one organizational activity

Production teams are

responsible for performing day to day operations

A general manager is

responsible for several organization activities

To use positive reinforcement

reward only desirable behavior, give rewards as soon as possible, be clear about what behavior is desired, and have different rewards and recognize individual differences

When it comes to Incentive Compensation plans, rewards needs to be linked to performance,

rewards must satisfy individual needs, rewards must be agreed on by manager and employees, and the rewards must be believable and achievable

Devils advocacy is

role playing criticism to test whether a proposal is workable. It is the process of assigning someone to play the role of critic to see possible objections to a proposal

The dialectic method of programmed conflict is

role playing two sides of a proposal to test whether it is workable. It is the process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to better understand a proposal

Sales commission is where

sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales

Gainsharing is the distribution of

savings or gains to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity

Deming emphasized the human side,

saying that managers should stress teamwork, and try to be helpful rather than simply give orders. and make employees feel comfortable about asking questions

The classical viewpoint, which emphasizes ways to manage work more efficiently has 2 approaches:

scientific management and administrative management

Behavioral science relies on

scientific research for developing theories about human behavior that can be used to provide practical tools for managers.

Scientific management emphasizes the

scientific study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers

The confirmation bias is when people

seek information to support their point of view and discount data that do not.

An entrepreneur is someone who

sees a new opportunity for a product or service and launches a business to try and realize it

Radical innovation are the creation of products

services, or technologies that replace existing ones

All types of planning, strategic by top, tactical by middle, and operational by first-line has a purpose to

set a goal and then formulate and action plan

Roles are

sets of behaviors that people expect of occupants of a position

Planning, the first function of the management process, involves

setting goals, and deciding how to achieve them. It also means to cope with uncertainty by formulating future courses of action to achieve specified results

Stereotyping can happen with

sex-role, age, and race/ethnicity

mary follett is important because

she anticipated some of today's concepts of "self-managed" teams, "worker empowerment", and "interdepartmental teams" - that is, members of different departments working together on joint projects

Unity of Command is when an employee

should report to no more than 1 manager in order to avoid conflicting priorities and demands

The global village refers to the

shrinking of time and space as air travel and the electronic media have made it easier for the people of the globe to communicate with one another

the 7 types of organizational STRUCTURES are

simple, functional, divisional, matrix, team-based, network, and modular

an ethical dilemna is a

situation in which you have to decide whether to pursue a course of action that may benefit you or your organization but that is unethical or even legal

Thanks to the internet, small companies can get started more easily and

small companies can maneuver faster - or change direction faster

A team is a

small group of people with complimentary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable

Individualism indicates a preference for a loosely knit

social framework in which people are expected to take care of themselves.

a knowledge worker is

someone whose occupation is principally concerned with generating or interpreting information, as opposed to manual labor

Analytics, or Business Analytics is the term used for

sophisticated forms of business data analysis.

Physical barriers are

soudn, time, space, and so on.

Project teams are often cross functional teams which are staffed with

specialists pursuing a common objective

Expert power is power resulting from one's

specialized information or expertise

A go, also known as an objective, is s

specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a stated period of time.

Jargon is terminology

specific to a particular profession or group

Three elements of goal setting are that they should be

specific, challenging, and achievable

The introduction stage is the

stage in the product life cycle in which a new product is introduced into the marketplace

Group support systems entail using

state of the art computer software and hardware to help people work better together

SIX SIGMA is a rigorous

statistical analysis process that reduces defects in manufacturing and service-related processes

To achieve a competitive advantage requires

staying ahead in 1. being responsive to customers, 2. innovation, 3. quality, 4. efficiency

Quality control is defined as the

strategy for minimizing errors by managing each stage of production

The source of stress is called a

stressor

Social capital is the economic or productive potential of

strong, trusting, and cooperative relaitonships

Extrinsic rewards are satisfaction in the payoff from others

such as money, a person receives from others for performing a particular task

The Income Statement

summarizes an organization's financial results - revenues and expenses - over a specified period of time

A balance sheet

summarizes an organization's overall financial worth - that is, assets and liabilities - at a specific time

Job description

summarizes what the holder of the job does and how and why he or she does it

A financial statement is a

summary of some aspect of an organization's financial status

Global outsourcing is defined as using

suppliers outside the united staets to provide labor, goods, or services

Contemporary perspective of management includes the three viewpoints of

systems, contingency, and quality-management

There are different levels of control. Strategic,

tactical, and operational

Action teams work to accomplish

tasks that require people with specialized training and have a high degree of coordination

INTEGRATION is the

tendency of the parts of an organization to draw together to achieve a common purpose

Selective perception is the

tendency to filter out information that is discomforting, that seems irrelevant, or that contradicts one's beliefs

Stress is the

tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively

e-mail is

text messages and documents transmitted over a computer network

Needs are defined as physiological or psychological needs

that arouse behavior

A task role, or task oriented role consists of behavior

that concentrates on getting the team's tasks done

Counterproductive work behaviors are types of behavior

that harm employees and the organization as a whole

A stability strategy is a grand strategy

that involves little or no significant change

Ethics are standards of right and wrong that influence behavior. Ethical behavior is behavior

that is accepted as "right" as opposed to "wrong" according to those standards

Decentralized control is an approach to organizational control

that is characterized by informal and organic structural arrangements

Bernard Bass and Bruce Avolio came up with the FULL RANGE LEADERSHIP model which suggests

that leadership behavior varies along a full range of leadership styles, from take-no-responsibility lazze faire at one extreme, through transactional leadership, to transformational leadership at the other extreme

Buffers are administrative changes

that managers can make to reduce the stressors that lead to employee burnout

Operational control is monitoring performance to ensure

that operational plans or day to day goals are being implemented and taking corrective action as needed

The Strength perspective (For economic success) assumes

that the strength of a corporate culture is related to a firm's long-term financial performance

Chief skills companies seek in top managers are

the ability to motivate and engage others, the ability to communicate, work experience outside the united states, and high energy levels to meet the demands of global travel and a 24/7 world.

Rites and rituals ar

the activities and ceremonies, planned and unplanned, that celebrate important occasions and accomplishments in the organization's life

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT consists of

the activities managers perform to plan for, attract, develop, and retain an effective workforce.

In stage 3 of the project life cycle, Execution,

the actual work takes place

3 components of attitude are

the affective component - how you geel about a situation, the cognitive component, the beliefs and knowledge about a situation, the behavioral component, or intentional component about how one intends or expects to behave toward a situation

A variable budget allows

the allocation of resources to vary in proportion with various levels of activity

Quantitative management is

the application to management of quantitative techniques, such as statistics and computer simulations. Two branches of quantitative management are management science and operations management

Division of Labor is AKA work specialization and it is

the arrangement of having discrete parts of a task done by different people

Stereotypes and prejudices include Ethnocentrism which is

the belief that one's native country, culture, language, abilities, or behavior is superior to those of another culture.

E-commerce, or electric commerce is

the buying and selling of goods or services over computer networks

E-commerce is electronic commerce-

the buying and selling of products and services through computer networks

The three historical management viewpoints are

the classical, the behavioral, the quantitative

A decision-making style reflects

the combination of how an individual perceives and responds to information

Board of directors members are elected by the stockholders to see that

the company is being run according to their interests

Performance management is

the continuous cycle of improving job performance through goal setting, feedback and coaching, and rewards and positive reinforcement.

The action plan defines

the course of action needed to achieve the stated goal

Incremental innovations are

the creation of products, services, or technologies that modify existing ones.

Peter Druker

the creator of modern management

There are general principles for managers. They are

the dignity of human life, that all people have value, you should stay honest, you should be loyal, you should treat people fairly, you should be humane and avoid evil, and you should perform actions that accomplish the greatest good.

Organizational weakness are

the drawbacks that hinder an organization in executing strategies in pursuit of its mission

Synergy is

the economic value of separate, related businesses under one ownership and management is greater together than the businesses are worth separately

Storming is characterized by

the emergence of individual personalities and roles and conflicts within the group

The important lessons from equity theory are

the employee perceptions are what count, that employee participation helps, and that having an appeal process helps

The classical viewpoint of management is important because

the essence of the classical view-point was that work activity was amenable to a rational approach, that through the application of scientific methods, time and motion studies, and job specialization it was possible to boost productivity

Readiness is defined as

the extent to which a follower possesses the ability and willingness to complete a task

uncertainity avoidance expresses

the extent to which a society relies on social norms and procedures to alleviate the unpredictability of future events

Job satisfaction is

the extent to which you feel positively or negatively about various aspects of your work

Job involvement is

the extent to which you identify or are personally involved with your job

Being responsive to customers is important because

the first law of business is to take care of the customer.

the moral-rights approach is guided by

the fundamental right of human beings

economic forces in the general environment consist of

the general economic conditions and trends- unemployment, inflation, interest rates, economic growth- that may affect an organization's performance

external stakeholders are

the general environment and the task environment

the internet can be defined as

the global network of independently operating but interconnected computers, linking hundreds of thousands of smaller networks around the world.

Intellectual stimulation is describing to followers

the great challenges that you all can conquer together

The utilitarian approach is guided by what will result in

the greatest good for the greatest number of people

The systems viewpoint, particularly the concept of open systems is important because

the history of management is full of accounts of organizations whose services or products failed because they weren't open enough systems and didn't have sufficient feedback

Valence is value,

the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward

the individual approach is guided by what will result in

the individual's best long-term interests, which ultimately are in everyone's best interest

Communication Tools of Information Technology are

the internet, intranets, and extranets/ email / videoconferencing / group support systems / telecommuting / Handheld devices and Blogs

The desirable characteristics of orientation are that a new employee gets adjusted to

the job routine, the organization's mission and operations, and the organization's work rules and employee benefits

4. Mercoser - Ten countries of latin america. The mercosur is

the largest trade bloc in latin america and has four core members - Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, Venzuela scheduled to become a full member upon ratification by other countires - and five associate members: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru

The in group exchange in the leadership exchange model is when

the leader and the follower have mutual trust, and a sense of common fates.

The challenging changes in organizations deal with issues such as these:

the marketplace is more segmented and moving toward more niche products. There are more competitors offering targeted products which requires faster speed to market. Some traditional companies may not survive change. China, India, and other suppliers are changing how the USA works. Knowledge, not info, is become the new competitive advantage.

Semantics is the study of

the meaning of words

Efficiency is

the means of attaining the organization's goals. To be efficient means to use resources - people, money, raw materials, and the like - wisely and cost-effectively

Job specification describes

the minimum qualifications a person must have to perform the job successfully

The adaptive perspective (For economic success) assumes that

the most effective cultures help organizations anticipate and adapt to environmental changes

Free trade is

the movement of goods and services among nations without political or economic obstruction

The three needs in the acquired needs theory are

the need for achievement, need for affiliation, and the need for power

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is

the notion that corporations are expected to go above and beyond following the law and making a profit

The SPAN OF CONTROL, or SPAN OF MANAGEMENT is

the number of people reporting directly to a given manager

Effectiveness is

the organization's ends, the goals. To be effective means to achieve results, and to make the right decisions and to successfully carry them out so that they achieve the organization's goals

The grand strategy is, after an assessment of current organizational performance, an explanation of

the organization's mission and how it should be accomplished. Three common grand strategies are growth, stability, and defensive.

The medium is

the pathway by which a message travels

Inputs are

the people, money, information, equipment, and materials required to produce an organization's goods or services. (or whatever goes into a system)

Theory X and Theory Y are important because

the perspectives can help managers avoid falling into the trap of a self-fulfilling prophecy. This is the idea that if a manager expects a subordinate to act in a certain way, the worker may, in fact, very well act that way, thereby confirming the manager's expectations

Middle mangers implement

the policies and plans of the top managers above them and supervise and coordinate the activities of the first-line managers below them.

Quotas are designed to prevent dumping,

the practice of a foreign company's exporting products abroad at a lower price than the price in the home market- or even below the costs of production- in order to drive down the price of the domestic product

Forming is

the process of getting oriented and getting acquainted

Decision making is

the process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action

participative management is

the process of involving employees in setting goals, making decisions, solving problems, and making changes in the organization. It doesn't work all the time, but may if the environment is supportive.

Job simplification is

the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs

Entrepreneurship is

the process of taking risks to try and create a new enterprise

The decline stage is the period in which

the product falls out of favor and the organization withdraws from the marketplace

Outputs are

the products, services, profits, losses, employee satisfaction or discontent, and the like that are produced by the organization (whatever comes out of the system)

In stage 4 of the project life cycle, Closing,

the project is accepted by the client

Motivation may be defined as

the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior

Management is defined as

the pursuit of organizational goals efficiently and effectively by integrating the work of people through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the organization's resources

Factors that encourage innovation are

the right organizational culture- where it's seen as a benefit, Resources- you have to spend the money on it, and Rewards- experimentation has to be rewarded the same way other things are.

Structured interview type 1 is the situational interview which asks each applicant

the same questions and compares their responses to a standardized set of answers

A nation's culture is

the shared set of beliefs, values, knowledge, and patterns of behavior common to its people

Organizational strengths are

the skills and capabilities that give the organization special competencies and competitive advantages in executing strategies in pursuit of its mission

Opposing viewpoints of social responsibility say that

the social responsibility of a business is to make profits

The center of the diversity wheel is personality. Personality is defined as

the stable physical and mental characteristics responsible for a person's identity

Predicting FUTURE employee needs is done by being knowledgeable about

the staffing the organization might need, and the likely resources for staffing.

Three contemporary management perspectives are

the systems, the contingency, and the quality-management viewpoints.

Cohesiveness is

the tendency of a group or team to stick together

DIFFERENTIATION is

the tendency of the parts of an organization to disperse and fragment.

companies and even nonprofit organizations link up with other organizations to realize strategic advantages

the term strategic allies describes the relationship of two organizations who join forces to achieve advantages neither can perform as well alone

quality refers to

the total ability of a product or service to meet customer needs.

globalization is

the trend of the world economy toward becoming a more interdependent system

Countries often use trade protectionism-

the use of government regulations to limit the import of goods and services

Positive reinforcement is

the use of positive consequences to encourage desirable behavior

Multicommunicating represents

the use of technology to participate in several interactions at the same time

far-ranging e-management and e-communication is

the use of wired and wireless telephones, fax machines, or e-mail, or project management software

Enthnocentric managers believe that

their native country, culture, language and behavior are superior to all others. It may also be called parochialism- that is a narrow view in which people see things solely through their own perspective.

Geocentric mangers accept that

there are differences and similarities between home and foreign personnel and practices and that they should use whatever techniques are most effective

Evidence-based management is based on three truths:

there are few really new ideas; true is better than new; doing well usually dominates

Organizational development is the most effective when

there are multiple interventions, there is support from management, goals are geared toward both short & long term results, and the organizational development is has been catered to the culture.

An organization is FLAT when

there are only a few levels with wide spans of control

Large teams of 10-16 members have more resources, better division of labor, but

there is less interaction, lower morale, and social loafing which is the tendency of people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working with people

SMALL BATCH technology is often the least complex technology and usually

they are custom-made to customer specifications in small quantities

Even non-profits need to be responsive to their customers because

they are the justification for the organization's existance

Ethical behavior and social responsibility are more than just admirable ways of operating:

they give an organization a clear competitive advantage.

Small teams of 2-9 members have better interaction and moral. But,

they have fewer resources, less innovation, and unfair work distribution

Individualized consideration is when you make subordinates feel that

they have the opportunity in the workplace to grow and excel

The Hawthorne Studies are important, event though they have been criticized for being poorly designed and not having enough empirical data to support the conclusions because

they succeeded in drawing attention to the importance of the sociability of humans and how managers using good human relations could improve worker productivity.

Tactical control is monitoring performance to ensure that tactical plans

those at the divisional or departmental level- are being implemented and taking corrective action as needed

Internal dimensions of diversity are

those human differences that exert a powerful, sustained effect throughout every stage of our lives (age, ethnicity, sexual orientation)

ERG theory assumes that

three basic needs influence behavior, existence, relatedness, and growth.

Operations management is important because

through the rational management of resources and distribution of goods and services, operations management helps ensure that business operations are efficient and effective

Skill based pay or pay for knowledge

ties employee pay to the number of job-relevant skills or academic degrees they earn

According to Michael Porter, harvard professor, strategic positioning attempts

to achieve sustainable competitive advantage by preserving what is distinctive about a company

Steotyping is the tendency

to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs

A key-challenge for managers, is to establish a culture that will enhance their employees' ability to learn

to build so-called learning organizations

From groups are created to do productive work and it is established

to do something productive for the organization and is headed by a leader

The representativeness bias is the tendency

to generalize from a small sample or a single event

Brainstorming is a technique used

to help groups generate multiple ideas and alternatives for solving problems

The anchoring and adjustment bias is the tendency

to make decisions based on an initial figure

Responsibility in authority is the obligation you have

to perform the tasks assigned to you.

Managers are able to view the business in a broader context,

to plan and grow personally. Mangers can play a more of a leadership role than ever before. This is an opportunity to counsel, motivate, advise, guide, empower, and influence large groups of people

Predictive modeling is a data mining technique used

to protect future behavior and anticipate the consequence of change

Transformational leadership transforms employees

to pursue organizational goals over self-interests

Participating in the situational leadership style model encourages followers

to solve problems on their own. It is good for followers with a moderate to high level of readiness.

It's important to consider a tests reliability which is the degree

to which a test measures the same thing consistently

Measurement managed firms succeed because

top executives can agree on strategy, Communication is clear, There is better focus and alignments The organizational culture emphasizes teamwork and allows risk taking

The balanced score card gives

top managers a fast but comprehensive view of the organization via four indicators: 1. customer satisfaction 2. internal processes 3. innovation and improvement activities 4. Financial measures

The best leaders are both

transactional and transformational. Transactional is a prerequisite

Encoding is

translating a message into understandable symbols or language.

special interest groups are groups whose members

try to influence specific issues, some of which may affect your organization. They may try to exert political influence, or organize picketing and boycotts.

The contingency viewpoint began to develop when managers realized that

under some circumstances better results could be achieved by breaking the one-best-way rule

College graduates may be in jobs for which they are overqualified, and some are

underemployed- working at jobs that require less education than they have

payoffs of studying management are

understanding how to deal with organizations from the outside, understanding how to relate to supervisors, interacting with co-workers and how to manage yourself in the workplace

The focused-differentiation strategy is offer products or services that are of

unique and superior value compared to those of competitors and to target a narrow market

The grapevine is the

unofficial communication system of the informal organization

Spam is

unsolicited jokes and junk mail

Sexual harassment consists of

unwanted sexual attention that creates an adverse work environment

Groupthink is a cohesive group's blind

unwillingness to consider alternatives

Training and development are different. Training is

upgrading skills of technical and operational employees

The availability bias is when managers

use information readily available from memory to make judgments

Decisions roles such as entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator

use information to make decisions to solve problems or take advantage of opportunities.

(e-business) meetings can be conducted by video conferencing by using video and audio to communicate, or collaborative computing by

using state of the art computer software and hardware, which helps people work together.

Outsourcing is defined as

using suppliers outside the company to provide goods and services

More important than e-commerce is e-business, which is

using the internet to facilitate every aspect of running a business

Audits are formal

verifications of an organization's financial and operational systems

Compensation has 3 parts-

wages or salaries, incentives, and benefits.

Sender in communication is the person

wanting to share information called a message

Too little conflict can cause apathy and too much can cause

warfare. Such as aggression and violence

Classical viewpoint places an emphasis on

ways to manage work more efficiently

Group cohesiveness is a

we feeling- binding group members together

Sweden, United States and Singapore have low uncertainty avoidance meaning

we have high tolerance for the uncertain and ambiguous

Jeb Emerson, a former social worker and Standford professor says that

we should not look at organizations as either just economic or socially valuable because a blended value exists

The structured interview type 2 is the behavioral description model, and in this type of interview, the interviewer explores

what applications have actually done in the past.

Tactical planning by middle management determines

what contributions their departments or similar work units can make with their given resources during the next 6-24 months.

When attempting to motivate employees, managers should ask themselves:

what rewards do your employees value, what are the job objectives and the performance level you desire, are rewards linked to performance and do employees believe you will deliver the right rewards for the right performance

Strategic planning by top management determines

what the organization's long-term goals should be for the next 1-5 years with the resources they expect to have available.

a CONGLOMERATE is

when a large company has business in different, quite unrelated areas

Absenteeism is

when an employee doesn't show up for work

Deming proposed the 81-15 rule which states that

when things go wrong, there is an 85% chance that the system is at fault, and only a 15% chance that the individual worker is at fault

Strategic planning determines

where an organization is going over the next year or more, how it's going to get there and how it'll know if it got there or not

Robert House in the 1970's came up with the PATH GOAL leadership model

which holds that the effective leader makes available to followers desirable rewards in the workplace and increases their motivation by clarifying the paths, or behavior, that will help them achieve those goals and providing them with support

Japan, France, Greece, Costa Rica are high in uncertainity avoidance,

which means that they have intolerance for uncertainty and risk

Taylor suggested employers institute a differential rate system,

which more efficient workers earned higher wages

Douglas McGregor came up with Theory X, and Theory Y

which represents a pessimistic, negative view of workers. In this view, workers are considered to be irresponsible, to be resistant to change, to lack ambition, to hate work, and to want to be led rather than to lead

David McClelland came up with the acquired needs theory

which states that three needs - achievement, affiliation, and power are major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace

problem-solving team is knowledgeable workers

who meet as a temporary team to solve a specific problem and then disband

Quality circles consist of small groups of volunteers or workers and supervisors

who meet intermittently to discuss workplace and quality related problems

Organizational charts reveal

who reports to whom and who specializes in what kind of work

A group is defined as two or more freely interacting individuals

who share collective norms, share collective goals, and have a common identity

Mary Parker Follett thought organizations should become more democratic,

with managers and employees working cooperatively

The 5th challenge for managers is ethical standards because

with the pressure to meet sales, production, and other targets, managers can find themselves confronting ethical dilemmas. Ethical behavior is not just a nicety, it is a very important part of doing business

Extinction is the

withholding or withdrawal of positive rewards for desirable behavior, so that the behavior is less likely to occur in the future

Many employees telecommute -

work from home or remote locations using a variety of information technologies.

Non-monetary ways of motivating employees are

work-life balance, need to expand skills, and the need to matter, and a flexible workplace

Theory Y represents the outlook of human relations proponents, an optimistic, positive view of workers. In this view,

workers are considered to be capable of accepting responsibility, self-direction, and self-control and of being imaginative and creative.

An intrapreneur is someone who

works inside an existing organization who sees an opportunity for a product or service and mobilizes the organization's resources to try and realize it.

payoffs of practicing management are

you and your employees can experience a sense of accomplishment, you can stretch your abilities and magnify your range, you can build a catalog of successful products or services

Idealized influence is making others feel that

you are all there to do the right thing. With integrity and ethical standards

In Stage 2 of the project life cycle, Planning,

you consider the details needed to make the big picture happen.

In the 1st stage of the project life cycle, the Definition stage,

you look at the big picture. State the problem, look at assumptions and risk, identify the project's goals and objectives, and determine the budget and schedule.

Learning about international management is important because

you may deal with foreign customers or partners. You may deal with foreign suppliers. You may work for a foreign firm in the United States. You may work for an american firm outside the united states - or for a foreign one.

controlling

you monitor performance, compare it with goals, and take corrective action as needed

leading

you motivate, direct, and otherwise influence people to work hard to achieve the organization's goals

Planning

you set goals and decide how to achieve them

the multiplier effect is

your influence on the organization is multiplied far beyond the results that can be achieved by just one person acting alone

Human resource inventory is a report that lists

your organization's employees by name, education, training, languages, and other important information