Private Pilot Chapter 9 and 10

Name at least two indications of waypoint passage that GPS equipment might display.

-A message advises you to begin the turn to the new course so the airplane completes the turn on the course centerline -Navigation information for the next leg is displayed -The moving map shows the active leg in magenta -Navigation indications automatically change to the new course -The flight plan window displays the next leg as the active leg

List at least 7 items that you typically include on a nav log during flight planning

-Checkpoints -Courses -Cruising altitudes -Climb airspeed -True airspeed -True course -Wind correction angle -True heading -Magnetic variation -Magnetic heading -Compass heading -Distance between checkpoints and remaining distance -Groundspeeds (estimate and actual) -ETE and ATE between checkpoints -Fuel consumption -Communication frequencies

Name at least three factors to consider when choosing a cruising altitude.

-Height above the terrain and obstructions -Effect of winds on your groundspeed and the performance of your airplane -Visibility of checkpoints -Radio range and reception -Options in the event of an emergency -VFR cruising altitude rule based on magnetic course

Describe three different types of waypoints.

-Waypoints in the GPS database, which normally include VORs, NDBs, intersections, and airports -User waypoints created by entering latitude and longitude coordinates, selecting a position on the map using a cursor or pointer, referencing a bearing/distance from an existing waypoint, or capturing your present position. -VFR waypoints (five letters beginning with the letters "VP") shown on sectional and terminal area charts to provide a supplementary navigation tool.

GPS guarantees accuracy to within ____ meters or less.

15

Approximately, what will a DME display indicate when you are directly over the station at 12,000 ft AGL?

2 NM

If you do not close or extend your flight plan within _____ minutes after your stated ETA, Flight Service begins a preliminary search by phone, then notifies the search and rescue (SAR) system if the phone is unsuccessful

30

Select the true statement regarding the CDI used for GPS navigation. A. The CDI displays the lateral distance from the course. B. The CDI displays the angular deviation from the course. C. The CDI has three different sensitivities that you must select based on your phase of flight.

A

What is cross-track error? A. The distance from your present position to the desired track, measured in nautical miles. B. The difference between your heading and the desired course caused by a crosswind. C. The difference in direction between the desired track and the aircraft's actual track in degrees.

A

Your initial cruise altitude is 4,500 ft MSL. You plan to climb to 6,500 ft MSL and then to 8,500 ft MSL for subsequent legs of your flight. What altitude(s) should you enter in the flight plan form? A. 4500 B. 8500 C. 4500, 6500, 8500

A

What is auto-sequencing?

Auto-sequencing of waypoints occurs when you program a flight plan and the receiver senses when the airplane passes a waypoint and automatically cycles to the next waypoint.

Select the true statement regarding GPS navigation. A. Direct-To navigation enables you create a route using several waypoints. B. The desired track between your previous waypoint and the waypoint to which you are navigating is the active leg normally shown in magenta on a moving map. C. To check the currency of the navigation database, you must select the valid operating dates to be displayed with other navigation data, such as track and groundspeed.

B

Select the true statement regarding closing your flight plan. A. If you land at an airport with a control tower, the ground controller automatically closes your flight plan. B. After you arrive at your destination, you must close your flight plan by contacting Flight Service by phone or use the EasyClose service. C. If you do not close or extend your flight plan within 60 minutes after your stated ETA, Flight Service begins a preliminary search by phone.

B

Select the true statement regarding trilateration. A. Three satellites determine a precise position by correcting for the GPS receiver's clock error B. Three satellites determine a general three-dimensional position and a fourth satellite is necessary to determine a precise position C. Four satellites are required to determine a general position of latitude, longitude, and altitude and the atomic clock in your GPS is used to determine a more precise position.

B

What is RAIM? A. A method by which the GPS receiver computes the aircraft position, track, and groundspeed, and displays distance and time estimates relative to the selected course or waypoint. B. A method by which the GPS receiver uses a fifth satellite to continuously verify the integrity of the signals received from the GPS constellation and then alerts you of any discrepancy C. A series of ground stations that generate a corrective message to improve navigational accuracy by accounting for positional drift of the satellites and signal delays caused by the ionosphere and other atmospheric factors.

B

If the CDI is delected three dots to the right and your VOR indicator and heading indicator are in general agreement, where is your desired course? A. 6 degrees left B. 3 degrees right C. 6 degrees right

C

Select the true statement regarding filling out the flight plan form. A. Enter the usable fuel on your flight plan in gallons. B. Include every stop of more than an hour in the route of flight. C. File a separate flight plan for a leg if you are planning to stop for more than one hour.

C

What altitude is required by the VFR cruising altitude rule for an airplane on a magnetic course of 240 degrees? A. 3,000 ft AGL B. 3,500 ft MSL C. 4,500 ft MSL

C

What should the OBS and the TO/FROM indicator read when the CDI needle is centered using a VOR test signal (VOT)? A. 180 degrees TO, only if the aircraft is directly north of the VOT. B. 0 degrees TO or 180 FROM, regardless of the aircraft's position from the VOT C. 0 degrees FROM or 180 degrees TO, regardless of the aircraft's position from the VOT

C

___ are concentrated in the center of the retina in a slight depression known as the fovea.

Cones

What navigation capability does a VORTAC provide?

Course guidance and distance information

________ occurs when the aircraft's pressurization system is unable to maintain its designed pressure schedule due to a malfunction in the pressurization system or structural damage to the aircraft.

Decompression

A fundamental principle of GPS navigation is that you are always flying to a waypoint, never from a waypoint. GPS navigation is TO-TO navigation in contrast to VOR TO-FROM navigation. _________-___ _________ enable you to fly from your present position directly to a waypoint.

Direct-to

__________ is an incorrect mental image of your position, attitude, or movement in relation to what is actually happening to your aircraft.

Disorientation

___________ occurs when you are experiencing emotional stress, fright, or pain, and your breathing rate and depth increase although the carbon dioxide is already at a reduced level in the blood.

Hyperventilation

__________ occurs when the tissues in the body do not receive enough oxygen.

Hypoxia

_________ ________ is the term used to describe an awareness of position obtained from the nerves in your skin, joints, and muscles.

Kinesthetic sense

_____ _________ can be caused by a wide variety of factors including runway width, sloping runways and terrain, and weather conditions that reduce visibility.

Landing illusions

What is the difference between pilotage and dead reckoning? Explain how these forms of navigation can be used together.

Navigating by reference to landmarks is called pilotage. When flying by pilotage, you match as much as possible of what you see on the ground to the features on your chart to determine the direction to fly. To navigate by dead reckoning, you determine a heading to fly and you calculate time, speed, and distance for your flight. When dead reckoning is combined with pilotage, you select checkpoints based on landmarks and record time, speed, and distance between checkpoints on a nav log. During flight, you refer to the chart and the nav log date to monitor your progress.

GPS recievers used in aircraft continuously verify the integrity (usability) of the signals received from the GPS constellation through _________ _________ _________ _________.

Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM)

___________ is the exchange of gases between an organism and its environment.

Respiration

What are the functions of the three segments of GPS?

Space segment--at least 24 GPS satellites in 6 equally-spaced orbital planes that ensure users can view at least four satellites from any point on the planet. Each satellite continuously broadcasts radio signals used by GPS receivers to calculate accurate position information. Control segment--A global network of ground facilities that track the GPS satellites, monitor and analyze their transmissions, and send commands and data to the constellation User segment--the GPS receivers that receive the signals from the GPS satellites and use the transmitted information to calculate the user's three-dimensional position

________ ________ is an oxygen deficiency in the body due to the poor circulation of the blood.

Stagnant hypoxia

Why is it important to set your VOR indicator to generally agree with your intended course?

To avoid reverse sensing

(True/False) Left and right CDI deflections are always properly oriented to the airplane's heading on an HSI

True

(True/False) Magnetic variation is the difference between true north and the magnetic north

True

Name two common errors regarding use of the moving map.

Two common errors associated with using a moving map are: using the moving map as a primary navigation instrument and overreliance on the moving map leading to complacency.

Whenever you are in level cruising flight more than 3,000 ft above ground level (AGL), you must comply with the ______ _______ _______ rule. VFR aircraft on magnetic courses from ___ to _____ are required to fly at odd-thousand-foot altitudes plus 500 ft, such as 3,500 ft MSL, 5,500 ft MSL, 7,500 ft MSL, etc., up to the flight levels. If you fly a magnetic course from _____ to ______, your choices for VFR cruising altitudes are even thousands plus 500 ft, such as 4,500 ft MSL, 6,500 ft MSL, or 8,500 ft MSL.

VFR cruising altitude 0 to 179 180 to 359

After completing your nav log, file a ______ ________ _______ with Flight Service.

VFR flight plan

You can determine the accuracy of a VOR using ground or airborne _______ __________. On the ground, you can taxi your airplane to a specific point on the airport designated in the VOR Receiver Check section of the chart supplement.

VOR Checkpoints

Determining your position with respect to a VOR facility is called ________ ________.

VOR orientation

________ _______ ________ enable you to make precise VOR accuracy checks regardless fo your airplane's position in relation to the facility because VOTs broadcast a signal for only one radial--360 degrees. First, obtain the frequency from the Chart Supplement, tune your VOR receiver, and identify the VOT signal; you should hear a series of dots or a continuous tone. Next, set a course of 0 or 180 on the VOR indicator. If you set 0, the CDI should center with a _________ indication. If you set 180 degrees, the CDI should center with a ________ indication. If the CDI does not center, you can determine the magnitude of the error by rotating the OBS until the needle moves to the center position. The new course should be within + or - 4 degrees of your test course.

VOR test facilities FROM TO

Basic VOR systems only provide course guidance, but __________ and ________ facilities also provide distance information to aircraft equipped with distance measuring equipment (DME).

VOR/DME VORTAC

An aircraft _______ is an occurrence in which any person on board suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage. An ___________ is an occurrence other than an accident that affects the safety of operations. The ____ _______ ________ _________ is an independent Federal agency that is responsible for investigating every US Civil aviation accident and issuing safety recommendations aimed at preventing future accidents.

accident incident National Transportation Safety Board

When you navigate along your route, the desired track between your previous waypoint and the waypoint you are navigating to is the __________ ____.

active leg

GPS navigation is considered ________ ________. RNAV equipment computes the aircraft position, actual track, and groundspeed, and then displays distance and time estimates relative to the selected course or waypoint. RNAV enable you to effectively navigate using waypoints--predetermined geographical positions for route definition--without the use of ground facilities.

area navigation (RNAV)

GPS equipment provides _______-__________ of waypoints--when you program a flight plan, the receiver senses when the airplane passes a waypoint and automatically cycles to the next waypoint.

auto-sequencing

If you stare at a single point of light against a dark background, such as a ground light or bright star, for more than a few seconds, the light can appear to move. This false perception of movement is called _________. To prevent this illusion, you should focus your eyes on objects at varying distances and not fixate on one target, as well as maintain a normal visual scan.

autokinesis

The most common form of hypemic hypoxia is ________ ______ _______. Since it attaches itself to the hemoglobin about 200 times more easily than does oxygen, carbon monoxide prevents the hemoglobin from carrying oxygen to the cells.

carbon monoxide poisoning

When you have finalized your course, you can begin selecting _______.

checkpoints

Lost Procedures The five C's are guidelines to help you take positive action to establish your location: _______, ______, ______, _______, and _________

climb, communicate, confess, comply, and conserve

VORs and their associated radials are depicted on sectional charts with circles, graduated in degrees, called _______ ________. Many VOR stations are connected by specific radials, which form routes called Victor airways.

compass roses

The area over the station in which the TO-FROM indicator changes is called the ________ of __________, or no-signal area. Due to its shape, flight through the cone of confusion can vary from a few seconds at low altitude up to several minutes at high altitude.

cone of confusion

GPS equipment installed in the airplane normally displays a _________ _______ __________ on an analog indicator or HSI display, as well as on the GPS unit.

course deviation indicator (CDI)

VOR airborne equipment consists of an antenna, receiver, and indicator. The antenna is easy to recognize--it is shaped like a V. The receiver interprets the signal and sends the resulting course information to the VOR indicator. The VOR indicator consists of the _____ _____ ________, the ____-_____ _________, and the course selector, sometimes referred to as an _____ ________.

course deviation indicator (CDI) TO-FROM indicator omnibearing selector (OBS)

You might never fly over an ocean or a trackless desert, but even in perfect visibility over an ordinary landscape, _______ _________ is a valuable complement to pilotage and provides the basis for understanding other forms of navigation.

dead reckoning

If your aircraft is equipped with _______ _______ __________, you typically can obtain a readout of the distance in nautical miles to the associated VOR/DME or VORTAC site as well as groundspeed and time enroute to the station

distance measuring equipment

Another illusion, _____ ______ occurs when the natural horizon is obscured or not readily apparent.

false horizon

The intersection of two different lines of position is a _____, which establishes your position at a definite location.

fix

A light flickering at a frequency of 4 to 20 flashes per second can produce ______ _____ and although rare, it can lead to convulsions, nausea, or unconsciousness.

flicker vertigo

A _________ ________ _________ is a computer system containing a database that enables programming of routes, approaches, and departures that can supply navigation data to the flight director/autopilot from various sources, and can calculate flight data such as fuel consumption and time remaining.

flight management system

The FARs require that day VFR flights carry enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing at normal cruise speed, and to fly after than for an additional 30 minutes. Night VFR flights must carry a 45-minute reserve. Consider these _____ _________ requirements a minimum, and if loading and performance considerations permit, carry larger reserves.

fuel reserve

The ________ ________ _________ ________ is the standard generic term for satellite navigation systems that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. The United States _______ _______ ________ is a primary satellite navigation system that is globally available.

global navigation satellite system (GNSS) global positioning system (GPS)

The inability of the cells to effectively use oxygen is defined as _________ _________.

histotoxic hypoxia

A procedure during which you always keep the nose of the airplane pointing directly to the station is called _________ to the station. To fly to an NDB using the homing procedure simply turn to the magnetic bearing so the head of the ADF needle is on the airplane's nose.

homing

Although DME normally is accurate to within 1/2 mile or 3% of the actual distance, whichever is greater, you should be aware that DME measures slant range, not horizontal distance to a station. ______ ________ __________ is the result of two components--horizontal and vertical distance.

horizontal and vertical distance

A ________ ________ _________ combines the heading indicator and VOR indicator in a single display. The HSI uses its own device to determine direction and typically does not need to be adjusted using the magnetic compass.

horizontal situation indicator.

When your blood is not able to carry a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells in your body, a condition called ________ _______ occurs.

hypemic hypoxia

Although the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is constant, its partial pressure decreases proportionately as atmospheric pressure decreases. As you ascend during flight, the percentage of each gas in the atmosphere remains the same but there are fewer molecules available at the pressure required for them to pass between the membranes in your respiratory system. This decrease of oxygen molecules at sufficient pressure can lead to ______ ________.

hypoxic hypoxia

Local magnetic variation is shown on aeronautical charts by a dashed magenta ______ _________.

isogonic line

As you recall from pilotage, at times a direct route to your destination is impractical. In these situations, you would plan your flight to include additional legs. You can consider a _____ on your cross-country flight to be a segment between two checkpoints, to an intermediate stop, or to a location where the course changes.

leg

A ___ of ______ does not establish the exact position of the airplane, but rather a line of possible positions, one of which is the airplane's actual position.

line of position (LOP)

A course is always the line drawn on the chart. The true course is measured from true north, and if the correction for variation is applied at this point, the result is expressed as _________ _____________. A heading is always a direction measured relative to the longitudinal axis of the airplane, or in other words, the direction in which the airplane is pointed. True course corrected for wind gives a ________ _________, and magnetic course corrected for wind gives a magnetic heading. The ________ _______ is always found by correcting the magnetic heading for compass deviation.

magnetic course true heading compass heading

A GPS ________ _________ provides a pictorial view of the present position of the aircraft, the programmed route, the surrounding airspace, and topographical features.

moving map

In addition to ensuring that you have an accurate navigational signal, using GPS requires a current _________ __________.

navigation database

When navigating by pilotage, most of the navigation information you need can be found or recorded on your chart. The additional information used in dead reckoning is more easily handled by using a separate _______ ___________.

navigation log

Because the idea of dead reckoning is to find your way without visual landmarks, the compass provides the necessary directional information. The course direction is measured with a _____ _______ on a printed chart. Draw your course on the chart as you would for a pilotage flight, including measuring the distance, calculating the fuel required, and planning any fuel stops. Then, use the plotter to measure your ______ ________ at the longitude line nearest the center of the course.

navigation plotter true course

Navigating by reference to landmarks is called _____________.

pilotage

Aircraft cabin __________ is the maintenance of a cabin altitude lower than the actual flight altitude by a system that compresses air.

pressurization

VOR stations transmit radio beams, or _________, outward in every direction, similar to spokes on a wheel.

radials

The _________ contains many photosensitive cells called cones and rods, which are connected to the optic nerve.

retina

The ______, which are concentrated outside the foveal area, react to low light but not colors.

rods

The three ______ _______, which are orientated in three planes perpendicular to each other, sense angular acceleration such as roll, pitch, and yaw.

semicircular canals

The _______ segment contains GPS satellites that fly in medium Earth orbit at an altitude of approximately 12,550 miles. The _________ segment is a global network of ground facilities that track the GPS satellites, monitor and analyze their transmission, and send commands and data to the constellation. The _______ segment consists of the GPS receivers that receive the signals from the GPS satellites and use the transmitted information to calculate the user's three-dimensional position.

space control user

GPS consists of three segments--___, ______, and ________.

space, control, and user

If you are planning a flight with a cruise altitude over 12,500 ft MSL, you should consult FAR Part 91 for the requirements regarding ________ ________.

supplemental oxygen

VOR ground stations are divided into 3 classes according to their normal reception and altitude range. A _________ ________ is normally located on an airport and is designed to be used within 25 NM and below 12,000 ft AGL. You can use a ____ ______ __________ reliably up to 40 NM from the station at altitudes between 1,000 and 18,000 feet AGL. At altitudes above 18,000 ft AGL you can experience interference from other LVORs sharing the same frequency. A ________ ______ ____________ offers a reception of 40 NM up to 14,500 dt, and 100 NM between 14,500 ft and 18,000 ft. The HVOR's maximum range of 130 NM is available between 18,000 ft and FL450. Between FL450 and FL600, the reception range decreases to 100 NM. You can find the class designation of a VOR facility in the Chart Supplement.

terminal VOR (TVOR) low altitude VOR (LVOR) high altitude VOR (HVOR)

The _______ of _______ ________ is the maximum time you have to make a rational, life-saving decision and carry it out following a loss of oxygen at a given altitude.

time of useful consciousness

The most common VOR navigation you will perform is flying form one station to another, using a process called ______________. When tracking, you maintain the selected course by keeping the CDI centered. To stay on course in a crosswind, you use a technique called ___________, which involves making a series of corrections to regain and maintain your desired course.

tracking bracketing

When you determine your radial from a station, you only establish that your location is on a line of position (LOP) extending away from the station. You can determine your exact position by cross checking with a second VOR station. To do this, determine your location from the second station and draw a line of position on that radial from the second VOR. Your position is where the two LOPs intersect. Determining your position this way is sometimes called __________ because your position plus the locations of the two navaids make up three points of a triangle. For the most accurate results, you should select radials that are nearly perpendicular to each other.

triangulation

The GPS receiver establishes a position by a process known as ______________.

trilateration

Applying a wind correcting angle to your true course gives the ______ ________.

true heading

The navigation map typically shows a dashed route that cuts the corner to the new course. This is called ______ _________.

turn anticipation

The __ ___ _______ _______ _________ is a common radio navigation system that you will use as a pilot.

very high frequency omnidirectional range

You can experience a variety of illusions as your brain interprets vestibular signals as specific motions. When subjected to the different forces of flight, the vestibular system can send misleading signals to the brain resulting in _________ __________.

vestibular disorientation

Located in your inner ear, the ____ _____ consists of the vestibule and the semicircular canals.

vestibular system

Rods are able to detect images in the dark because they create a chemical called rhodopsin, also referred to as ________ _______. As visual purple is formed, the rods can take up to 30 minutes to dully adapt to the dark.

visual purple

In darkness or limited visibility, when few outside visual references are available, you need to rely heavily on your _____ _______ to interpret the flight instruments for accurate information. _______ _______ can occur when there is a conflict between the information relayed by your central vision scanning the instruments, and your peripheral vision, which has virtually no references with which to establish orientation (as in IFR conditions).

visual sense Spatial disorientation

One significant benefit of a GPS navigation system is the ability to provide ________ information from its navigation database. The types of waypoints in the database normally include VORs, NDBs, intersections, and airports. You typically create ________ _________ by entering latitude and longitude coordinates, selecting a position on the map using a cursor or pointer, referencing a bearing and distance from an existing waypoint, or capturing your present position. ______ _______ are shown on sectional and terminal area charts to provide a supplementary navigation tool.

waypoint user waypoints VFR waypoints

The accuracy of GPS is enhance further with the _____ _______ _________ ________--a series of ground stations generate a corrective message that is transmitted to aircraft by a geostationary satellite.

wide area augmentation system (WAAS)