Processing of Measuring and Summarizing Health Data

Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

· Measure is useful for acute cases, the time element is the usual duration of the period of the particular disease and not annual.

1. Incidence Rate (IR)

· Measures the development of a disease in a group exposed to the risk of such in a given period of time

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

· Measures the development of a disease in a group exposed to the risk of such in a given period of time

Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

· Measures the killing power of the disease or injury and a high CFR means a more fatal disease. (we can correlate this to COVID-19)

1. Prevalence Rate or Proportion (PR)

· Measures the proportion of the population of old and new cases (or existing cases) of a disease in the population.

1. Prevalence Rate or Proportion (PR)

· Most commonly used morbidity measure for chronic diseases

Mortality Indicators

· Pattern of causes of death indicates the most life-threatening diseases that are prevalent in the community.

1. Incidence Rate (IR)

· Tells the speed of development of disease and is best in determining the etiologic factors of a disease (whether genetic, bacterial, viral, infectious, hereditary, acquired, etc.)

Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

· Useful in acute infectious diseases given that all new cases are reported, and most deaths occurred in a relatively short time after diagnosis.

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

• It could show trends or patterns in large set of data which could be missed in table form. • Comparisons should also be made more striking. • It is more appealing to audience than tables.

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

• Presentation of data in the form of a graph or diagram. • More effective tools in data presentation than tables in terms of delivering a message

Tabular Presentation

• Provide a more compact way of presenting large sets of detailed information. • Process of presenting data in the form of a table. • It complements with textual presentation which can present highlights.

Narrative or Textual Method

• Simply narrated data, story fashion and is the most basic way of presenting data. • The process of presenting data in the form of a table.

Infant Mortality Rate

● Associated with acute communicable diseases and factors like poor environmental sanitation, inadequate health services.

Fetal Death Rate

● Death prior to the complete expulsion from the mother of the product of conception, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy.

Fetal Death Rate

● Generally attributed to prenatal causes and are influenced by endogenous factors rather than environmental factors.

Crude Birth Rate

● Measures of how fast people are added to the population through births

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

● Measures the risk of dying from causes associated with pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium.

General Fertility Rate

● More refined than CBR since the denominator makes use of the number of women of childbearing age.

Age Specific Fertility Rate

● Most accurate study of the fertility rates in the specified age group.

Infant Mortality Rate

● Sensitive index of economic development and level of health in a community.

Crude Birth Rate

Only a rough measure of fertility in a population since it makes use of the mid-year population as a denominator.

Morbidity Indicators

- Answers the following questions: "What are the health problems in the area?", "How many cases occur in the area?"

Phase I: Selection of Variables

- Appropriate selection of data. - Includes selection and definition of the primary indicator/s that will be the central focus of the analysis

Post-Neonatal Mortality Rate (PMR)

- Caused by exogenous factors like environmental, genetic, nutritional and infectious diseases.

Unit

- Explains how it is multifactorial and at the end it is crude and not that specific as well.

Morbidity Indicators

- Generally based on the disease specific incidence or prevalence for the common and severe diseases (e.g. malaria, diarrhea, dengue, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc.)

Frequency Polygons

- May be drawn instead of a histogram. - advantageous if two or more distributions are to be depicted in a single graph.

PHASE 1: SELECTION OF VARIABLES

- Selection and definition of the person, place, time and risk variables will be used to refine the analysis of the primary indicators that occur in this phase

Line Graph

- Shows the relationship between two or more sets of quantities - Appropriate for a variable that varies with time (time series) - Involves plotting the data on a rectangular coordinate system.

Scatter Plot or Scatter point Diagram

- Used to show the relationship between 2 quantitative variables. - It gives a rough estimate of the type and degree of correlation between the variables. - Used as a preliminary step towards more detailed mathematical analysis.

Neonatal Mortality Rate

- Usually due to prenatal or genetic factors rather than environmental, nutritional or infectious diseases.

Histograms

- a series of columns, each having as its base one class of interval and the frequency or number of cases in that class as its heights

Pie Chart or Circle Graph

- appropriate of comparing the parts with the whole (100%) and thus is used to show how a whole is divided into its component parts, through the use of wedge-shaped figures

Bar Graph

- consists of vertical and horizontal bars of equal widths representing rates or frequency and proportional to their values - the lengths of the bars represent the magnitudes of the quantities being compared

Histograms

- is a graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a continuous quantitative variables including age

Bar Graph

- most appropriate for comparing data taken at a particular time - may be drawn vertically or horizontally depending on available space and/or number categories or groupings of the variables being depicted

Pictograph

- use of actual pictures or facsimiles of the objects under study are used to represent values - each figure is considered a unit representing a definite number - generally used to compare sizes of items or objects among countries, institutions, etc.

Ranking and scoring methods

.● _____ and _____ like categorization increases the interpretability of data.

Phase I: Selection of Variables Phase II: Selection of Analytical Methods Phase III: Selection of Presentation Format

3 PHASES FOR DATA SUMMARIZATION

Crude Birth Rate General Fertility Rate Age Specific Fertility Rate

3 Population Indicators

● Can be boring if too long ● Not very applicable for very large data set ● Difficult to see trends and interrelationships ● Difficult to make comparison and interrelationships

4 Disadvantages of Narrative or Textual Method

a. False (small letters only) b. True

Footnotes Which of the ff is T/F: a. small/big letters rather than numbers should be used to designate footnotes since these are usually placed beside figures in the table. b. All footnotes should be placed immediately below the bottom rule of the table.

a. True i. False (should be aligned) ii. False (it can NEVER be left blank)

Body Which of the ff is T/F: a. The intersection of a row and a column in a table is called a cell. b. Figures within the cells for a: i. Particular column should not be aligned by the decimal points. ii. Consistency in the number of decimal places should be followed. iii. An empty cell should be indicated with either a zero or a hyphen; it can also be left blank.

Age Specific Death Rate (ASDR)

Both the numerator and the denominator must refer to the same age group.

o The nature of the disease o Diagnostic ascertainment o Level of reporting in the population. (can be documented or data can be retrieved from it to be a part of our sample study)

Case Fatality Rate (CFR) depends on (3)

hospital; community

Case Fatality Rate (CFR) is expected to be higher in _____ than that from the _____.

o Completeness of registration of deaths o Composition of the population o Disease ascertainment level in the community

Cause Specific Death Rate (CSDR) has factors that include (3)

a. True b. False (capitalization of headings)

Column Headings Which of the ff is T/F: a. Should be centered on the columns where they belong b. Capitalization of first letter of headings

o Age and sex composition of the population o Adverse environmental and occupational conditions in an area o Peace and order situation in a geographical area

Crude Death Rate (CDR) has factors that affect it which includes (3)

True

Guidelines in Constructing a Line Graph T/F: The graph should not be loaded with too many curves.

False (below)

Guidelines in Constructing a Line Graph T/F: The title of the graph must be descriptive and clearly stated. It is placed above the graph.

True

Guidelines in Constructing a Line Graph T/F: The zero point should be shown and equal spaces should be scaled for the units they represent.

True

Guidelines in Constructing a Pictograph T/F: Fractional parts are represented by parts of a figure

True

Guidelines in Constructing a Pictograph T/F: Some pictographs may show only approximate values

○ Poor maternal and child health care ○ Nutritional problems ○ Poor environmental sanitation ○ Poor or deficient health service delivery

High Infant Mortality Rate means low levels of health standards due to: (4)

Acute conditions Outbreaks or epidemics

Incidence Rate (IR) is the measure of choice used to describe: (2)

- Neonatal Mortality Rate - Post-Neonatal Mortality Rate

Infant Mortality Rate can be subdivided into two:

X-AXIS Y-AXIS

LINE GRAPH Usually, the time component is plotted along the ____-axis, while the corresponding observation is plotted along the ____-axis.

○ Maternal health practices ○ Diagnostic ascertainment of maternal condition or cause of death ○ Completeness of registration of birth

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is affected by (3)

sickness rates

Morbidity Indicators are also known as ______.

1) Incidence rate 2) Prevalence rate or proportion

Morbidity Indicators can be broken down into two rates to which we can calculate or gather data from: (2)

interpretability.

PHASE III is also made to facilitate _____.

footnotes

POINTERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A GRAPH In the case of secondary data, the source of the original data should be written in the

horizontal; vertical

POINTERS ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF A GRAPH Classification is generally represented on a _____ scale while frequencies whether absolute or relative, are placed along the ______ scale.

- The occurrence of chronic conditions - Carrier rates and antibody levels

Prevalence Rate or Proportion is a measure of choice to describe: (2)

True

Row Headings or Stubs T/F: Indicates the basis of classification of the rows or horizontal series of figures.

a. True b. True

Sources of Data Which of the ff is T/F: a. When the data presented are not original, it is obligatory to specify the source. b. The citation of the source is the last piece of item of the table and is placed after the footnotes if there are any.

False (incomplete)

T/F: Data summarization is complete without explicit narrative interpretation.

True

T/F: Health professionals must take the responsibility by carrying the data summarization process through to its CONCLUSION by writing a text that gives shape to the story that the data only outlines.

a. True b. False (arabic numerals) c. False (first)

Table Number Which of the ff is T/F? a. Should be numbered consecutively as they appear in the article or report b. Roman numerals should be used c. Place the table number on the last line of the title on a single line.

zero

The vertical scale should always start with a _____.

a. T b. T c. F (except for prepositions)

Title Which of the ff is T/F: a. Should give the complete and concise as to "what", the "who", the "where" and the "when". b. It should be self-explanatory and should not rely on the textual discussions for clarifications. c. Capitalize all first words and for prepositions.

viability

Total live births of the same year = Time of ______.

Morbidity indicators Mortality indicators Population indicators

What are the 3 health indicators used to assess the health status of the population?

● Ideal denominator is the number of pregnancies because all pregnancies will lead to deliveries but not all pregnancies will lead to live births.

What is the ideal denominator of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)?

15-49 years of age

What is the reproductive age group of women for other countries?

15-44 years of age

What is the reproductive age group of women in the Philippines?

PHASE III: SELECTION OF PRESENTATION FORMAT

What phase includes written narrative tables, charts (pie, bar, line, etc.), graphs, and maps which are created to present data in a clear and concise fashion and are effective formats depending on the type of data being presented?

PHASE II: SELECTION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

What phase is involved in decisions about how the indicators and other variables selected will be examined?

PHASE III: SELECTION OF PRESENTATION FORMAT

What phase is involved in designing a report that effectively communicates the results of the analysis?

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

death is affected by different factors and the denominator is the population.

1. Incidence Rate (IR)

measures the rapidity of occurrence of new cases