ProfCom Final
What is included at the end of a block quote?
"At the end of a block quotation, cite the quoted source and the page or paragraph number in parentheses after the final punctuation mark" (p. 171).
Besides alphabetical order, what can determine order of references in a reference list? For example, multiple works by the same or similar author groups? Bonus: What if an author has two works in the same year?
"References with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the second author is the same, the surname of the third author, and so on..." (p. 182). "References with the same authors [or groups of authors] in the same orders are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first" (p. 182). References with the same author(s) and same publication date should be arranged alphabetically according to title of work.
When is it appropriate to use the word "while" in APA style?
"Use 'while' to link events occurring simultaneously; otherwise, use 'although', 'and', or 'but' in place of 'while'" (p. 84).
What rules (including capitalization) apply when using a colon in text (2)?
Between a grammatically complete introductory clause and a final phrase/clause If the clause following the colon is a complete sentence, it begins with a capital letter In ratios and proportions In references between place of publication and publisher
What are the guidelines for capitalization of a hyphenated term?
Don't do it unless the second word is proper such as pro-Freudian, pre- UCS trial
Do direct quotations with less than 400 words from an APA journal or book need to be accompanied by a page number?
Yes
What words in an article title are capitalized in a reference list entry? Bonus: What if there is a colon in the title?
"Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns" (p. 185).
Personal communications that are not archived or recoverable should be avoided, unless necessary to the manuscript. How do you cite personal communications that are not archived or recoverable?
"Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible" (p. 179).
How can you identify (and hopefully avoid) passive language?
"If you can insert 'by zombies' after the verb, it's passive voice"
What are APA margin recommendations?
"Leave uniform margins of at least 1 in. (2.54 cm) at the top, bottom, left, and right of every page" (p. 229).
When are ellipses used in APA style?
(...) Omitted material from the original source (....) Omission between two sentences
How do you do a citation of a quotation in text?
(Field, 2005, p. 180)
Which manuscript sections always begin on a new page?
Abstract, Reference page, appendices, figures
How do you know if an abbreviation should be spelled out when it is first introduced?
If it is not listed in the Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (2005) then you must spell it out first.
Know how to cite first and subsequent references in text for works with more than two and less than six authors.
(p.177) Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1999)... or Bradley et al. (1999)... or (Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 1999) or (Bradley et al., 1999)
How do you refer a reader to a table or figure in the text of your writing?
....the correlations were significant see Table 2 T is capitalized and always provide specific table number
Empirical study manuscripts usually include what major sections, in what order?
Introduction Method Results Discussion
Do reference entry URLs need to be updated periodically?
It is preferable to cite the archival version or version of record as it has been peer reviewed and may provide links to supplemental materials. Before you publish, ensure the version you use is updated (p. 181).
What are the current preferred descriptors for sexual orientation and gender (according to the APA)?
Transgender: person whose gender identity differs from sex at birth Transsexual: transgender persons who live or desire to live as full-time members of a sex other than their sex at birth Gender refers to role and culture Try to exclude gender by saying "Individual" or Police Officer versus Police man/woman
Where are tables placed in a manuscript?
1. Position table entries that are to be compared next to each other. 2. Consider how the order in which you present data conveys your meaning. 3. Keep tables lean. That is, include only essential data in your table. A cluttered table does not convey as much as a streamlined one does, despite its extra bulk. 4. Ensure that your table can be understood apart from the text. Define every abbreviation and explain any quirks in the table note, not the narrative.
What are modifiers? What guidelines should be used to determine modifier placement in a sentence?
A modifier is a word or phrase that modifies the structure of a sentence and typically adds detail and meaning To minimize ambiguity, place adjectives and adverbs as close as possible to the words they modify "Only" should be placed right next to what it modifies
What is the purpose and format of a specific note for a table?
A specific note refers to a particular column, row, or cell. Specific notes are indicated by superscript lowercase letters (e.g., a, b, c ) p. 138
What is the purpose and format of a specific note for a table?
A specific notre refers to a particular column, row, or cell. A specific notes are indicated by superscript lowercase letters (e.g., a, b, c ) p.138
What determines the order of two or more citations within the same parentheses?
Alphabetized order
What is the Oxford comma and is it used in APA style?
Also known as the Oxford comma, the serial comma is the final comma in a list of three items or more, and it is used immediately before and, or, and occasionally nor.
When is it appropriate to use first person pronouns in APA style?
Appropriate to use first person pronouns when describing steps in your experiment; this avoids ambiguity. Example: We reviewed the literature vs. the authors reviewed the literature.
Controversial issues can be discussed in an introduction if the author presents both sides of the issue and avoids what?
Avoids animosity and ad hominem arguments in presenting the controversy.
According to current APA guidelines, What is the difference between biological sex, gender, and sexual orientation?
Biological sex - based off reproductive system Gender is cultural and a role Sexual Orientation refers to patterns of attraction, behavior, emotion, identity, and culture. Use sexual orientation and NOT sexual preference Lesbians, gay men, bisexual men, bisexual women etc. are prefered Try to avoid "homosexual"
What are the purpose and format of an abstract?
Brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article. Allows readers to survey the contents quickly. On a separate page, with the running head and page number 2. The label Abstract in upper and lowercase letters and centered at the top of the page. Abstract should be in paragraph form with no indent.
What rules (including capitalization) apply when using a colon in text?
Capitalize the first word after a colon that begins a complete sentence and the first word after a colon in a title. E.g. The author made one main point: No explanation has been suggested so far answers all questions.
Do direct quotations with less than 400 words from an APA journal or book need to be footnoted if copyrighted?
Copyright permission footnotes acknowledge the source of lengthy quotes, scale and test items...(p.38).
What types of abbreviations do and do not need to be explained in table headings or table notes?
Do explain abbreviations that require long explanations or do not relate to the table title in a general note to the table Do: technical names, group names and the like need to be explained Sometimes abbreviations can be explained w/in the table i.e. Hit and False-Alarm (FA) Proportions Don't: standard statistical, symbols for nontechnical terms do not need to be explained
True or false Other than et al., Latin abbreviations should never be used? Bonus: in terms of parentheses, should Latin abbreviations be inside or outside?
False They should be in but if you need to use them outside of ( ) then spell them out
Know how to cite first and subsequent references in text for works with more than six authors.
First and subsequent citations: "Cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al." (p. 175)
How is a reference cited in a paragraph after the first citation?
First citation (Anderson, Gallup, & Lee 2005). (Anderson, et al., 2005).
Know how to cite first and subsequent references in text for works with two authors.
First citation in text: Walker and Allen (2004) Parenthetical format: (Walker & Allen, 2004) Subsequent references in text: Same as first citation in text
What are first-person pronouns?
First person point-of-view refers to using the first-person pronouns I or We. If you write your paper with your co-authors, you might use we in the paper when you are referring to actions or beliefs that you and your co-authors have taken. The use of first person point-of-view is usually avoided in academic writing. But, sometimes you are allowed to use it; for example, when you explain your own data or primary resources.
How do you cite an internet source in the text of your paper?
Follow the same format as for other sources, (author, year). If no author is given, use the title with double quotes around it: The term Nittany Lion was coined by Penn State football player Joe Mason in 1904 ("All things Nittany", 2006). Reference entry All things Nittany. (2006). Retrieved from http://www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittanymascot.html When the author is an organization, the organization name becomes the author.
What guidelines determine the appropriateness of using the term students instead of participants to describe individuals in a study?
Guideline 3: Write about the people in your study in a way that acknowledges their participation but is also consistent with the traditions of the field in which you are working. Thus, although descriptive terms such as college students, children, or respondents provide precise information about the individuals taking part in a research project, the more general terms participants and subjects are also in common usage. Indeed, for more than 100 years the term subjects has been used within experimental psychology as a general starting point for describing a sample, and its use is appropriate
What is the difference between em dashes, en dashes, and hyphens in text?
Hyphens (-) are used to connect two or more words (and numbers) into a single concept, especially for building adjectives. Likewise, some married women use hyphens to combine their maiden name with their spouse's name: There are fewer Italian-American communities these days. They are also a necessary component of the numbers 21 through 99: Before the exam, Tomas studied for thirty-three hours without sleep. Em Dash - longer than a hyphen or an en dash, used to set off an element added to amplify or to digress from the main clause Studies--published En dash is longer than a hyphen but shorter than an em dash and is used between words of equal weight i.e. Chicago-London Flight
What determines if words should be hyphenated?
If a compound adjective can be misread, use a hyphen. In a temporary compound that is used as an adjective before a noun, use a hyphen if the term can be misread or if the term expresses a single thought (i.e., all words together modify the noun). i.e. two-parent homes Also use hyphens for: Compounds in which the base word is- -capitalized: pro-Freudian -a number: post-1970 -an abbreviation: pre-UCS trial -more than one word: non-achievement-oriented students All "self-" compounds whether they are adjectives or nouns self-report- -self-esteem -the test was self-paced Exception: self psychology Words that could be misunderstood re-pair [pair again] re-form [form again] un-ionized Words in which the prefix ends and the base word begins with the same vowel -meta-analysis -anti-intellectual -co-occur
When quoting, are page number citations or paragraph numbers supplied in text?
If there is a page yes cite it If no pages i.e. Chapter or Paragraph cite Chapter XX or para. 4
How do you determine when to use WHO vs WHOM?
If you can substitute he or she → who If you can substitute him or her → whom
What are general guidelines about the use of abbreviations?
In APA, abbreviations should be limited to instances when a) the abbreviation is standard and will not interfere with the reader's understanding and b) if space and repetition can be greatly avoided through abbreviation. Always spell it out first You can abbreviate time, but not days/weeks etc. Standard abbreviations like units of measurement and states do not need to be written out. APA also allows abbreviations that appear as words in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary to be used without explanation (IQ, REM, AIDS, HIV).
Are all the words in a title capitalized?
In a citation? no just the first word. -Title Case- Title case is used to capitalize the following types of titles and headings in APA Style: -Titles of references (e.g., book titles, article titles) when they appear in the text of a paper, -Titles of inventories or tests, -Headings at Levels 1 and 2, -The title of your own paper and of named sections within it (e.g., the Discussion section), and -Titles of periodicals—journals, magazines, or newspapers—which are also italicized (e.g., Journal of Counseling Psychology, The New York Times).
In text, how would you reference a specific table from a large US Department of Health and Human Services report?
In text, refer to the table and tell the reader what to look for (p. 130) Copyright permission is needed, so the table will require a general note (p. 138) to credit the source of the material.
How are tables referenced in text?
In the text, refer to table by their number: as shown in Table 8, the responses were provided by children with pretraining... (p.130).
How do you cite articles in text?
Kessler (2003) found Kessler and Rawson (2003) found 6 or more authors - Wasserstein et al., (2005) found
The standard spelling reference for APA journals is ___________? Bonus: What about for psychological terms?
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (2005) Psychological terms - use the APA Dictionary of Psychology.
What symbol is used to designate a total population vs. a sample of the total population?
N = total population n = sample of the total population
What information is typically included in a reference list entry? Bonus: know the format, including order of information, italics, and punctuation.
Name, year of publication, title of work, title of source it came from i.e. a journal, doi if available, volume, page numbers, URL if website If book, City, state: publisher's name Example (p. 198): Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:xx.xxxx/xxxx-xxxx.xx.x.xxx DOI - There is NO SPACE AFTER the colon ("doi:xxxxx")
Does a reference list include personal communications?
No
Is there a space after colons in ratios?
No
Should a title include abbreviations?
No - spell it out but remember, title should not be longer than 12 words.
Do direct quotations with less than 400 words from an APA journal or book need to have permission from the copyright owner?
No, as long as it is for education, scholarly comment, etc. "Single text extracts for fewer than 400 words or series of text extracts totaling fewer than 800" (p. 234-235).
What references are included in a reference list? Should uncited, but related references be included?
No, only cite references used in your paper
Are pages used for figures numbered?
No, should be numbered in the order in which they appear in the text, Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 etc.
What guidelines should you use to determine if a period, a comma, or a semicolon should separate phrases?
Periods: to end complete sentences. Commas: to separate elements that do not have internal commas. Semicolons: to separate 3 or more elements with internal commas.
What is a block quote and how is it formatted?
Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
What are some caveats to consider when using vague terms such as this and these?
Precision and clarity Use pronouns that directly refer to something: this test vs. this, these items vs these
Conclusions should be presented in what tense?
Present tense.
What is included in a Results section for a research manuscript?
Recruitment Statistics and data analysis Ancillary analyses Participant flow Intervention or manipulation fidelity Baseline data Statistics and data analysis Adverse events
How do you cite a direct quotation found in the internet? What if there is no known author?
Reference list: Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://URL In text: (Author, year) No identified author or anonymous: cite the first few words of the reference which is usually the title and the year. Double quotes around the title of an article, chapter, or a web page and italicize if it's a periodical, book, brochure or a report. Pg 176 ("Study Finds", 2007). book - College Bound Seniors (2009)
How do you refer a reader to a figure in text? Bonus: How is this done in a sentence?
See Table 4 ...were significant (see Table 4).
What is singular and plural for: Data Phenomena Stimulus Bonus: know how to align these words to verbs.
Singular/Plural: Datum/Data Phenomenon/Phenomena Stimulus/Stimuli
What is the purpose and scope of a results section? Bonus: what about participant recruitment?
Summarize the collected data and the analysis performed on those data relevant to the discourse that is to follow. report data in sufficient detail to justify conclusions.
How do you determine when to use THAT versus WHO?
THAT: to refer to nonhumans and things, (can also use which) WHO: to refer to human beings
What are some guidelines for verb tense in APA style?
The APA manual discusses tense in the section on Smoothness of Expression on Page 65. The lit review of an APA style paper should be in past tense (The researchers found...) or present perfect (The researchers have shown...). The methodology should be in past tense if it has already happened. The results section of the paper should also be in past tense, and implications of the results and conclusions in present tense.
What are two ways the following sentence can be changed to be more correct (hint: don't forget punctuation alterations): The children which were assigned to the second group were asked to sit down.
The children, "who" were assigned to the second group, were asked to sit down. or The children assigned to the second group were asked to sit down.
How should the following sentence be punctuated: The digits were presented in the following order 5 6 8 9.
The digits were presented in the following order: 5, 6, 8, and 9. 4.31 Numbers Expressed in Numerals "...numbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scale, exact sums of money, and numerals as numerals" (p. 112).
What is wrong with the following sentence: The group improved their performance after training.
The link between the effects of training and the group's improvement has not been established. Possible example: The training led to the group's improved performance.
When highlighting key terms, should the terms be italicized, set-off with double quotation marks, set-off with single quotation marks, or capitalized?
The terms should be italicized.
What is typically italicized in a reference list entry?
The title of the periodical, book, and volume number of a periodical i.e. Social Science Quarterly, 98, 510-515.
What is the difference between past tense and past perfect tense?
These two tenses are both used to talk about things that happened in the past. However we use past perfect to talk about something that happened before another action in the past, which is usually expressed by the past simple. For example: "I had already eaten my dinner when he called."
Empirical study manuscripts usually include what major sections, in what order?
Title Author Byline Author Note Abstract Introduction Method Results Discussion References
True or false Tables should be integral to the text, but also clear enough to stand alone?
True
True or false Other than et al., Latin abbreviations should only be used in parentheses?
True "Exception: Use the abbreviation v. (for versus) in references and text citations to court cases, whether parenthetical or not" (p. 108).
True or false Other than et al., Latin abbreviations should be spelled out the first time they are used?
True Outside of parentheses, spell these expressions out using the definitions given in the Meaning column. http://blog.apastyle.org/files/apa-latin-abbreviations-table-2.pdf
True or false Tables should not be duplicated in the text?
True "An informative table supplements—rather than duplicates—the text" (p. 130).
True or false Tables should be referred to in text by their numbers.
True (see Section 5.10, p. 130)
How do you know if you should use dashes or parentheses for a phrase in written text?
Use a dash to indicate only a sudden interruption in the continuity of a sentence (p. 90) Use parentheses to set off structurally independent elements (p. 93)
When can a dash be used in written text?
Use a dash to indicate only a sudden interruption in the continuity of a sentence. Do not overuse because it weakens the flow of material. E.g. These two participants - one from the first group and one from the second - were tested separately.
How do you determine if a 0 should be placed before a decimal point?
Use a zero before the decimal point with numbers that are less than 1 when the statistic can exceed 1 (p. 113).
When should an ampersand be used for in text citations?
Use an & only within ( ), if outside ( ), just say "and"
When are semicolons used in a series instead of commas?
Use semicolons to separate three or more elements that have internal commas. See seriation (p.64). Example: We tested three groups: (a) low scorers, who scored fewer than 20 points; (b) moderate scorers, who scored between 20 and 50 points; and (c) high scorers, who scored more than 50 points.
What are the purpose, format, and introduction of sections for research manuscripts?
When submitting a manuscript to a journal, make sure you follow the guidelines described in the submission policies of that publication, and include as many sections as you think are applicable to presenting your material. Remember to keep your audience in mind as you are making this decision. If certain information is particularly pertinent for conveying your research, then ensure that there is a section of your paper that adequately addresses that information. Is this right?!?! 1. introduce the problem 2. explore importance of the problem 3. describe relevant scholarship 4. state hypothesis and their correspondence to research design pp. 27-28
When is et al. used for in text citations?
When there is more than 3 authors and you are citing them for the second time: 1st time: (Sanchez, Zayas, & Patel, 2009). 2nd time (Sanchez, et al., 2009).
When might speculation be appropriate in a Discussion section?
When your opinions are allowed it allows you to discuss the strengths, relevance, and what happened in your research it is expressed concisely
When should e.g., i.e., and etc. be used?
Where: Only within parenthetical material. Note: no space between "e" and "g" nor "i" and "e"
Within a paragraph or sentence, how are elements in a series identified?
Within a paragraph or sentence, identify elements in a series by lowercase letters in parentheses. Example: The participant's three choices were (a) working with another participant, (b) working with a team, and (c) working alone. (p. 64)
Is there a space after the periods in the initials of personal names?
Yes
Is indentation used for paragraphs in APA style?
Yes one-half inch, not more
Do direct quotations with less than 400 words from an APA journal or book need to be accompanied by a reference citation?
Yes direct quotes always have to be cited
Is there a space after periods that separate parts of a reference? Bonus: What about periods after initials in references?
Yes, and yes Anderson, R. M. (2008)
What are the pros and cons of synonym use in scientific writing?
You may suggest a subtle difference by using them. Therefore, be careful
Which abbreviations are used only in parentheses?
cf e.g. etc. i.e. viz. vs. V. - only for legal cases exception - et al. is in and outside of () NEVER use ibid. http://blog.apastyle.org/files/apa-latin-abbreviations-table-2.pdf
How is a DOI indicated in a reference list entry?
it is placed after the page numbers, i.e. 510-517. doi: number (no period after the doi number)
What is the purpose and scope of a manuscript introduction?
present the specific problem under study and describes the research strategy
What is an ad hominem argument?
short for argumentum ad hominem, is an argumentative strategy whereby an argument is rebutted by attacking the character, motive, or other attribute of the person making the argument, or persons associated with the argument, rather than attacking the substance of the argument itself
Where are page numbers located for APA format?
top right hand corner
What is the format for the References section of an APA manuscript?
typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable i.e. References. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
How should slang or a coined expression be identified in text for the first use? Subsequent uses?
use quotation marks when introducing the term "normal" and then no quotations thereafter just write, normal.
What are relative pronouns? Know how to properly punctuation with relative pronouns.
who, whom, that, which
What do you do if you need to use parentheses inside of an existing parenthetical clause?
you use brackets to set off a clause inside a clause which is already in parentheses. (We also administered the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI; Beck, Steer, & Garbin, 1988], but those results are not reported here.)