PS-1 Final Study
According to the Federal Election Commission (FEC), what is the maximum an individual can contribute to a political candidate's campaign committee?
$2,700
Reserved powers, or powers that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states, are derived from the
10th Amendment
State representatives in the Assembly & Senate can serve a total of how many years?
12
Which Reconstruction amendment created U.S. citizenship for recently freed slaves and overturned the Dred Scott decision?
14th Amendment
According to Figure 7.8, which of the following statements is true about voter turnout?
18-24 year olds have the lowest voter turnout
Which amendment grants women the right to vote?
19th Amendment
Which constitutional amendment guarantees the rights of freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and free exercise of religion?
1st amendment
How many terms may a Governor serve?
2 years
Which amendment to the constitution limits presidents to 2 terms?
22 ammendment
Which constitutional amendment protects the right to "bear arms?"
2nd amendment
How many judges sit on California appellate court panels when deciding a case?
3
How long is a Governor's term?
4 years
How long is a single term for an elected president?
4 years
Which amendment protects Americans from unreasonable searches and seizures?
4th amendment
How long is a single term for California State Superior Court judges?
6 years
Which constitutional amendment guarantees the rights to trial by jury, to confront witnesses, and to have assistance from legal counsel?
6th amendment
How many Justice serve on the California State Supreme Court?
7
A president's veto can be overturned by
A 2/3 vote in each house of Congress
What are the differences between a closed rule and an open rule in the House?
A closed rule puts severe limits on floor debate and amendments, whereas an open rule permits floor debate and makes amendments easier
"Checks and balances" is
A system that allows one branch of government to limit the exercise of power by another branch; requires the different parts of government to work together
The president's constitutional power to turn down act of Congress is known as
A veto
This president blockaded southern ports, established military tribunals, suspended the writ of habeas corpus, and issued the Emancipation Proclamation during the Civil War
Abraham Lincoln
The media's ability to choose which issues or topics get attention
Agenda Setting
A person or entity that teaches and influences others about politics through use of information
Agents of Socialization
According to Figure 10.2, which of the following industries contributed over $1 million to political candidates from 2015-2016?
All of the above
A rule issued by the president without the cooperation of Congress and having the force of law
An executive order
Federalism is
An institutional arrangement that creates two relatively autonomous levels of government, each possessing the capacity to act directly on behalf of the people with the authority granted to it by the national constitution.
What was America's first written constitution, which was in effect until 1789 and stressed the sovereign authority and independence of the states except for powers expressly delegated to the national government?
Articles of Confederation (March 1, 1777)
California has a bicameral legislature. What are the 2 chambers of the California State legislature?
Assembly & Senate
Which of the following statements is true?
Assemblymembers serve 2 year terms; Senators serve 4 year terms
An individual person's knowledge, beliefs, and opinions about a particular public issue
Attitude (or Opinion)
A law or constitutional amendment proposed and passed by the voters and subject to review by the state courts; also called a proposition
Ballot Initiative
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the Bill of Rights does not apply to the actions of state and local governments?
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)
The first ten amendments to the Constitution are known as
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the constitution are known as
Bill of Rights
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Illinois did not violate the 14th amendment privileges and immunities clause when it refused to accept Myra Bradwell into the state bar because she was a woman
Bradwell v. Illinois (1872)
In this case, the Supreme Court ordered segregated public school be desegregated and overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Which of the following statements is true?
California is the largest State economy in the United States
Which law prohibited Chinese immigrants from entering the United States?
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
During which time period did Congress abolish slavery (13th amendment), grant citizenship to all persons born in the United States (14th amendment), and establish the right to vote for male citizens regardless of race (15th amendment)?
Civil war and reconstruction era
An election in which only voters registered with a party may vote for that party's candidates
Closed Primary
A parliamentary process to end a debate in the Senate, as a measure against the filibuster; invoked when three-fifths of senators vote for the motion
Cloture
This clause in Article II of the Constitution grants the president power over the armed forces of the U.S.
Commander in Chief clause
Which of the following are powers of California's Governor?
Commander in Chief of National Guard, Propose State Budget, Address State of the State, Nominate Judges, Veto
Powers shared by the federal and state governments (i.e. taxing, eminent domain, law enforcement, etc.) are known as
Concurrent Powers
Under the terms of this plan each state gained equal representation in the Senate and population-based representation in the House of Representatives.
Connecticut Compromise (aka Great Compromise)
A political ideology that prioritizes individual liberties, preferring a smaller government that stays out of the economy
Conservative
Which of the following is the smallest source of California State budget revenues?
Corporation Tax
Which of the following is the lowest area of California State budget expenditures?
Corrections & Rehabilitation
An election that represents a sudden, clear, and long-term shift in voter allegiances
Critical Election
Which law authorized the President to allot tribal lands to individual Indians and make surplus land available to White settlers?
Dawes Act (1887)
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, - That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." This phrase appears in which historical document?
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
The two major political parties in the United States since the Civil War
Democrats and Republicans
A condition in which one or more houses of the legislature is controlled by the party in opposition to the executive (Ex: When the President is a Republican & the Speaker of the House is a Democrat)
Divided government
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that Black Americans could not become citizens of the United States?
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Lobbyists representing Apple, Microsoft, & the American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers are examplesof which of the following type of interest groups?
Economic & Corporate Groups
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a school prayer recommended by the State of New York violated the establishment clause of the 1st amendment
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Which clause of the 14th Amendment guarantees citizens "the equal protection of the laws?"
Equal protection clause
A Federal Communications Commission (FCC) policy that all candidates running for office must be given the same radio and television airtime opportunities
Equal time rule
What are the 3 branches of California's State government?
Executive, Legislative, Judicial
A parliamentary maneuver used in the Senate to extend debate on a piece of legislation as long as possible, typically with the intended purpose of obstructing or killing it is known as a
Filibuster
Which of the following statements is true?
Fox News is an ideologically conservative media outlet, while MSNBC is an ideologically liberal media outlet
The process of giving a news story a specific context or background
Framing
This president proposed the New Deal, threatened to pack the Supreme Court with his supporters, led the U.S. through WWII, issued an executive order establishing internment camps for Japanese Americans, and is the longest serving president in U.S. history
Franklin D. Roosevelt
This president created the original cabinet positions, suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion, and issued the Neutrality Proclamation during a war between Great Britain & France
George Washington
Who is the Chief Executive of the State of California
Governor
Which California governor was recalled by voters?
Gray Davis
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty does not violate the 8th amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
In which case did the Supreme Court establish the right to privacy?
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Since the Republican Revolution of 1994, polarization in Congress has
Increased
Polarization, the ideological distance between the two political parties, in the California legislature is
Increasing
The act of contacting and taking the organization's message directly to lawmakers in an attempt to influence policy
Inside Lobbying
Individuals who organize to influence the government's programs and policies
Interest Groups
The Federalist Papers, a series of essays supporting ratification of the Constitution, were written by
John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison
Which of the following is the largest area of California State budget expenditures?
K-12 Education & Higher Education
Lobbyists representing the AFL-CIO & the American Federation of State, County, & Municipal Employees(AFSCME) are examples of which of the following type of interest groups?
Labor Groups
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that federal law involving religious entities must: (1) have a secular purpose; (2) not advance nor inhibit the exercise of religion; and (3) not foster excessive entanglement between church and state (aka "lemon test")
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
A political ideology focused on equality and supporting government intervention in society and the economy if it promotes equality
Liberal
Which of the following executive branch officials is President of the State Senate and can cast a tie-breakingvote?
Lieutenant Governor
Which county has the largest population in the State of California?
Los Angeles
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a Virginia law prohibiting interracial marriage violated the 14th Amendment equal protection clause
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district
Majority System
In this case, the Supreme Court incorporated the 4th amendment and ruled that evidence obtained without a proper search warrant is inadmissible in court
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
In this case, the Supreme Court declared the right to "bear arms" a fundamental liberty and incorporated the 2nd amendment
McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010)
The congressional elections that occur in the even-numbered years between presidential election years, in the middle of the president's term
Midterm Election
In this experiment, participants were deceived into believing that they were administering electric shocks to a second participant who was actually part of the study
Milgram Experiment
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the criminally accused should be made aware of the following: (1) They have a right to remain silent; (2) Statements they make can be used against them; and (3) They have the right to an attorney
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
A national institution that nominates the party's presidential and vice-presidential candidates, establishes party rules, and writes and ratifies the party platform
National convention
What was the name of the plan, introduced by William Patterson at the Constitutional Convention, that called for equal state representation in the national legislature regardless of population?
New Jersey Plan
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. government could not prevent newspapers from publishing information about the Vietnam War
New York Times v. United States (1971)
The process by which political parties select their candidates for election to public office
Nomination
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that state laws prohibiting same-sex marriage violate the 14th amendment equal protection clause
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
An election in which any registered voter may vote in any party's primary or caucus
Open Primary
Political parties are
Organizations made up of groups of people with similar interests that try to directly influence public policy through their members who seek and hold public office
Which 3 factors influence how the electorate decides to vote?
Partisanship, Issues & Policy Concerns, and Candidate Characteristics
Individuals who represent themselves in public as being part of a party are known as
Party Identifiers
The collection of a party's positions on issues it considers politically important; Generally written during the national convention by party leaders
Party platform
The shift of party positions from moderate towards ideological extremes
Party polarization
The option in some states to register to vote and have a ballot automatically mailed to your home for each election
Permanent Absentee Ballots
Which of the following is the largest source of California State budget revenues?
Personal Income Tax
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled Louisiana could legally segregate public railways and created the "separate but equal" doctrine
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government; the outcome ofthis competition is compromise and moderation
Pluralism
A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of votes cast
Plurality System
A cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government
Political Ideology
The process of learning the norms and practices of a political system through others and societal institutions
Political Socialization
The process of predisposing readers or viewers to think a particular way
Priming
A government action that stops someone from doing something before they are able to do it (e.g., forbidding someone to publish a book he or she plans to release)
Prior Restraint
During which time period was the constitution amended to create a federal income tax (16th amendment), allow for the direct election of senators (17th amendment), establish the prohibition of alcohol (18th amendment), and grant women the right to vote (19th amendment)?
Progressive era
Which ballot initiative changed California from a closed primary system to a "top 2" primary system?
Prop 14
A multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote
Proportional Representation
A collection of opinions of an individual or a group of individuals on a topic, person, or event
Public Opinion
The removal of a politician or government official by the voters. This happened to California Governor Gray Davis in 2003.
Recall Election
A yes or no vote by citizens on a law or candidate proposed by the state government
Referendum
In the realignment election of 1856, which of the following occurred?
Republicans replaced the Whigs
The stipulation that citizen must live in a state for a determined period of time before a citizen can register to vote as a resident of that state
Residency Requirement
In this case, the Supreme Court established the "1 Person, 1 Vote" rule after the State of Alabama had not redrawn district lines since 1900
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the right to privacy includes a woman's decision to have an abortion?
Roe v. Wade (1973)
What is the capitol of California?
Sacramento
Polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample
Sampling Error (or Margin of Error)
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1st amendment does not protect speech that presents a "clear and present danger" and upheld the Espionage Act of 1917
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Which of the following are Cabinet positions?
Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, Secretary of the Treasury
Polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in overrepresenting or underrepresenting some opinions
Selection Bias
The gradual process of making some guarantees of the Bill of Rights (so far) apply to state governments and the national government
Selective Incorporation
A statement a president issues with the intent to influence the way a specific bill the president signs should be enforced
Signing statements
A limited number of people from the overall population selected in such a way that each has an equal chance of being chosen
Simple Random Sample (or Probability Sample)
The effect that results when respondents in a survey report what they expect the interviewer wishes to hear rather than what they believe
Social Desirability Effect
A political ideology that emphasizes social ownership and strong government
Socialism
Who is the leader of the Assembly?
Speaker of the Assembly
The chief presiding office of the House of Representatives, generally from the majority party, is known as the
Speaker of the House
In this experiment, participants acting as guards became abusive towards subjects acting as imprisoned criminals
Stanford Prison Experiment
What are the 3 levels of government in California?
State, County, & City
The practice of voting only for candidates from the same political party
Straight-ticket voting
An independent political action committee that may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions,and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates
Super PAC
What are the 3 levels of the court system in California?
Superior court, Appellate court, Supreme Court
What is the highest court in the State of California?
Supreme Court
Which of the following statements is true?
Supreme Court judges are nominated by the governor, confirmed by the commission on judicial appointments,and voted on by the people of California
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1st amendment right to free speech protects the burning of the U.S. flag as a form of political speech
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
The president is elected by
The Electoral College
Executive privilege is
The president's right to withhold information from Congress, the judiciary, or the public
"Separation of powers" is
The sharing of powers among three separate branches of government
Which of the following statements is true?
There are 80 Assembly districts & 40 Senate districts
Which of the following statements is true?
There are more Democrats than Republicans and more Republicans than Independents in California
According to Figure 9.8, which of the following statements is true?
There are more democrats than republicans among Millenials & Gen X Americans
According to Gallup data, which of the following statements is true
There are more ideological conservatives than liberals
America is a
Two-Party system
The person occupying which office presides over the Senate to cast tie-breaking votes, and assumes the office of the presidency when the current president is no longer able to serve?
Vice President
What was the name of the plan, introduced by Edmund Randolph at the Constitutional Convention, that called for representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state?
Virginia Plan
Which of the following statements is approximately true?
Which of the following statements is approximately true?
In the House and in the Senate, a high leadership position whose primary duty is to enforce voting discipline in the chambers and conferences
Whip
Standing Committees are
a permanent legislative committee that meets regularly and has the power to propose and write legislation that covers a particular subject
Select Committees are
a small legislative committee created to fulfill a specific purpose and then disbanded; also called an ad hoc, or special, committee
Conference Committees are
a special type of joint committee that reconciles different bills passed in the House and Senate so a single bill results
An executive agreement is
an international agreement between the president and another country made by the executive branch and without formal consent by the Senate
The amounts of money approved by Congress in statutes (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend is known as
appropriations
Pork barrel is
federal spending intended to benefit a particular district or set of constituents
This clause in Art. IV, Sec. 1 of the Constitution requires states to accept court decisions, public acts, and contracts of other states; also referred to as the comity provision
full faith and credit clause
The three branches of the federal government are
legislative, executive, and judicial
Vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of members is known as a
roll-call vote
Literacy Tests are
tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it; often used as a way to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities
Gerrymandering is
the apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic groups or political party
The median voter theorem states that
the political party adopting the position closest to the median voter will win more votes
Apportionment is
the process by which seats in the House of Representatives are distributed among the fifty states
Redistricting is
the process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives; happens every decennial
Article VI of the Constitution (aka the supremacy clause) states that
the statement in Article VI of the Constitution that federal law is superior to laws passed by state legislatures
