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Which of the following reflects the primary question underlying the correspondent inference theory? a. Does an individual's beliefs correspond with that individual's behavior? b. Do attributions correspond with pre-existing beliefs? c. Does an observer infer that an actor's behavior corresponds with the actor's personality? d. Does an observer infer that an actor's behavior is consistent with that of the observer?

Does an observer infer that an actor's behavior corresponds with the actor's personality?

Which of the following is not an explanation for why people in a positive mood are more susceptible to persuasion? a. A positive mood makes people more thoughtful, so they are more likely to engage in central processing. b. Happy people want to preserve that mood, so they don't want to ruin it with critical evaluation of information. c. A positive emotional state is distracting, making evaluation of arguments difficult. d. A good mood makes you feel that all is well, and you don't work as hard to evaluate

a. A positive mood makes people more thoughtful, so they are more likely to engage in central processing

Which of the following situations should prompt the least decisional dissonance? a. Audrey doesn't like cats much, so she decides that her new pet will be a dog. b. Tevin would like to spend his vacation in both Italy and Greece, but can only afford to travel to one place, so he decides to go to Greece. c. Elmer likes both duck and rabbit, but he decides to order the rabbit for dinner. d. Though he would rather be playing football with his friends, Wyatt decides to start his 20-page philosophy paper rather than his 25-page history paper.

a. Audrey doesn't like cats much, so she decides that her new pet will be a dog.

Research findings regarding dehumanization indicate that a. people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects. b. dehumanization of outgroups is typically associated with reactions of greater empathy. c. All of these d. only members of the racial majority tend to be aware of cultural associations between racial minority group members and particular characteristics.

a. people tend to process outgroup faces in a manner similar to their processing of nonhuman objects.

According to research by Tormala and Petty (2002), an attitude can be ____ by a persuasive message or argument ____ it. a. strengthened; against b. strengthened; for c. weakened; for d. weakened; against

a. strengthened; against

Consider the Implicit Association Test in which people are asked to categorize words as well as Caucasian/African-American names. If you were to design a similar measure to assess implicit associations related to age, and more specifically, implicit negative beliefs about older people, which pattern of results might your IAT produce to indicate such ageism? a. Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative words with younger-sounding names than vice versa. b. Participants report that they like younger-sounding names (e.g., Dylan, Carter) more than older-sounding names (e.g., Gladys, Sydney). c. Participants primed with words related to old age (e.g., "Florida", Bingo", "wheelchair") internalize stereotypes regarding the elderly and demonstrate slower reaction times to the categorization tasks. d. Participants are quicker to recognize and categorize photos of young faces than photos of older faces.

a. Participants take longer to pair positive words with older-sounding names and negative words with younger-sounding names than vice versa

Which of the following research findings is most consistent with Darwin's hypothesis that the ability to interpret emotion from facial expressions has survival value? a. People are quicker to recognize angry faces than happy faces. b. People sometimes infer emotions from situations rather than facial expressions. c. People are able to identify six primary emotions. d. People are better able to interpret emotions from video than still pictures.

a. People are quicker to recognize angry faces than happy faces.

The study by Balcetis and Dunning (2006) in which participants thought that they were taking part in a taste-testing experiment showed that? a. People tend to see what they want to see. b. People's perceptions are objective analyses of the facts. c. People prefer orange juice to greenish drink. d. People are unlikely to make self-serving attributions.

a. People tend to see what they want to see.

Which of the following theories suggests that intentions to perform a behavior are best predicted by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control? a. Theory of planned behavior b. Cognitive dissonance theory c. Self-affirmation theory d. Self-perception theory

a. Theory of planned behavior

A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior is known as a. attribution theory. b. correspondent inference theory. c. information integration theory. d. the just-world model.

a. attribution theory.

The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing is called a. evaluative conditioning. b. insufficient justification. c. persuasion. d. psychological reactance.

a. evaluative conditioning.

In a study by Phelan and colleagues (2008), participants read about male and female candidates for a managerial position. Compared to comparable male candidates, female candidates who emphasized their independence and leadership ability were rated as a. higher in competence but lower in social skills. b. lower in both competence but higher in social skills. c. lower in competence and in social skills. d. higher in both competence and social skills.

a. higher in competence but lower in social skills.

High self-monitors respond more to _____ advertising. a. image-oriented b. information-oriented c. subliminal d. fact-based

a. image-oriented

According to the self-regulation of prejudiced responses model, _____ motivated individuals may learn to control their prejudices _____ effectively over time. a. internally; more b. externally; evenly c. externally; more d. internally; less

a. internally; more

According to the stereotype content model, migrant farm workers who move to an area with a shortage of farming jobs would likely be viewed as a. low in warmth and low in competence. b. None of these c. low in warmth and high in competence. d. high in warmth and low in competence.

a. low in warmth and low in competence.

In the aftermath of the Amadou Diallo shooting, several psychologists have investigated the influence that a suspect's race might play in police decisions to shoot or not shoot. The results of these studies suggest that a. mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers do not endorse these stereotypes. b. police will react differently to an African-American suspect depending on their own level of racial prejudice. c. race can influence the thought processes of police officers, but very rarely their actual behavior. d. race does not influence police officers who have been trained to look past a suspect's skin color.

a. mere awareness of racial stereotypes is enough to influence police behavior, even if the officers do not endorse these stereotypes

The "Quiz Show" study by Ross and colleagues found that in judging the general knowledge of the contestant and questioner, a. observers and even contestants fell victim to the fundamental attribution error. b. participants did not fall victim to the fundamental attribution error because they knew that the quiz show roles were assigned at random. c. observers fell victim to the fundamental attribution error, but the questioner and contestant did not. d. men were more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error than women.

a. observers and even contestants fell victim to the fundamental attribution error.

Participants in one study rated fictional food additives that were more difficult to pronounce as more hazardous to health. These results demonstrate that a. people tend to fear things that sound unfamiliar. b. people are unlikely to eat something that they can't pronounce. c. people prefer to eat things that they have heard of. d. people underestimate their own fears and anxieties.

a. people tend to fear things that sound unfamiliar.

According to social-role theory, gender differences in social behavior are the result of a. the unequal gender-based division of labor. b. unrealistic expectations about how men and women should behave. c. the forces of natural selection. d. biologically based differences in social dominance.

a. the unequal gender-based division of labor

The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Put the three major concepts of Chapter 5 in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behavior, or cognition. a. Discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping b. Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping c. Stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination d. Stereotyping, discrimination, prejudice

b. Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping

A sleeper effect occurs when a. persuasion occurs in response to subliminal stimuli. b. a persuasive message from a noncredible source becomes more persuasive over time. c. distraction interferes with the ability to pay attention to a persuasive message. d. people fall asleep during exposure to a persuasive message.

b. a persuasive message from a noncredible source becomes more persuasive over time.

According to social identity theory, people display ingroup favoritism a. because intergroup competition demands it. b. as a means of increasing self-esteem. c. as a way of displacing negative feelings toward the outgroup. d. because they expect to be treated unfairly by outgroup members.

b. as a means of increasing self-esteem.

Research suggests that people seem to commit the fundamental attribution error a. only if they are unaware of the actor's feelings about the particular behavior. b. even when they are aware of the situational constraints of the behavior. c. only if they use the availability heuristic to make attributions. d. even when they attempt to explain their own behavior.

b. even when they are aware of the situational constraints of the behavior

A target's "gaze disengagement" tends to lead perceivers to a. believe that a target is overly confident. b. form a negative impression of a target. c. have difficulty forming an accurate impression of a target. d. rate a target as more physically attractive.

b. form a negative impression of a target.

The idea that we infer our own attitudes by coolly observing ourselves and the circumstances of our behavior is most consistent with a. cognitive dissonance theory. b. self-perception theory. c. planned behavior theory. d. elaboration-likelihood theory.

b. self-perception theory.

All of the following are mechanisms that perpetuate stereotypes except a. illusory correlations. b. the jigsaw classroom. c. self-fulfilling prophecies. d. subtyping.

b. the jigsaw classroom.

Which of the following source characteristics best explains why a company might recruit a supermodel to endorse its products? a. Trustworthiness b. Similarity c. Likeability d. Credibility

c. Likeability

The study of social perception addresses all of the following except a. how people form impressions of others. b. the strategies people use to create a positive self-image. c. the way that expectations can distort reality. d. how people explain the behavior of others.

b. the strategies people use to create a positive self-image.

Which of the following is not discrimination? a. Giving a pink toy to a girl and a blue toy to a boy b. Signing a petition to keep a minority group out of the neighborhood c. Believing that baby-faced men are harmless d. Hiring a thin candidate rather than an obese one with the same credentials

c. Believing that baby-faced men are harmless

Bella is a teacher who suspects that a student is trying to deceive her. Under which of the following conditions does Bella have the best chance of being accurate in her attempts to detect whether or not the student is lying? a. Bella sees a silent video of the student's face as the student tells the story. b. Bella reads a written transcript of the student's story. c. Bella asks the student to recount her story in reverse chronological order. d. Bella reads a written transcript of the student's story and sees a silent video of the student's face as the student tells the story.

c. Bella asks the student to recount her story in reverse chronological order.

Persuasive communication is the outcome of three possible factors. Which of these is not one of those factors? a. Audience b. Source c. Context d. Message

c. Context

What do psychologists mean when they describe a judgment of another person as based on "thin slices?" a. The judgment was thoroughly researched. b. The judgment was based on a very rich behavior sample. c. The judgment was based on a very limited behavior sample. d. The judgment is probably inaccurate.

c. The judgment was based on a very limited behavior sample.

Josue listened to a speech on the radio advocating the increased use of automobiles that are not reliant on fossil fuels. One would expect the sleeper effect to be greatest if Josue found out about the background of the speaker _____ the speech and was asked about his views about the issue _____. a. after; that same day b. before; a few weeks later c. after; a few weeks later d. before; that same day

c. after; a few weeks later

When _____ is low, it is difficult for the perceiver to attribute behavior to either the person or the stimulus; instead, the best that can be said is that the behavior was caused by transient circumstances. a. consensus b. expectedness c. consistency d. distinctiveness

c. consistency

Negative feelings directed at women's abilities, values, and ability to challenge the power of men are referred to as a. modern sexism. b. benevolent sexism. c. hostile sexism. d. ambivalent sexism.

c. hostile sexism.

A social psychology graduate student who works long hours for little pay becomes increasingly convinced that she loves social psychology. This student's attitude toward her chosen field of study is most likely the result of a. psychological reactance. b. insufficient deterrence. c. insufficient justification. d. self-affirmation.

c. insufficient justification.

The system that social perceivers rely on first is a. effortful and intuitive. b. rational and controlled. c. intuitive and automatic. d. slow and easy.

c. intuitive and automatic.

A junior high coach decides to separate his basketball players into an A team and a B team. These two teams regularly play each other and compete for rewards, such as time at the drinking fountain and use of the new basketballs. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that the coach's new arrangement is likely to a. lead to less vigorous practices. b. encourage the development of leadership skills. c. lead to animosity between the A team and the B team. d. promote team unity.

c. lead to animosity between the A team and the B team.

The more products a celebrity endorses, the a. more competent she becomes in the eyes of consumers. b. more likeable she becomes in the eyes of consumers. c. less trustworthy she becomes in the eyes of consumers. d. less likely an audience member is to use to peripheral route to persuasion

c. less trustworthy she becomes in the eyes of consumers.

The trait negativity bias refers to the tendency for a. moderately favorable traits to negatively impact the favorability of overall impressions. b. people to view others' traits more negatively than their own. c. negative trait information to have a greater impact on impressions. d. negative impressions to become more positive over time.

c. negative trait information to have a greater impact on impressions.

Social categorization leads people to a. perceive group members more accurately. b. perceive others as individuals rather than group members. c. overestimate differences between groups. d. overestimate differences within groups.

c. overestimate differences between groups

Ingroup members display the outgroup homogeneity effect because a. they usually encounter the most typical members of the outgroup. b. ingroups and outgroups always compete for shared resources. c. they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup. d. they lack sufficient information to judge the variability of their own group.

c. they lack familiarity with members of the outgroup.

The tendency to think that most victims of Hurricane Sandy were irresponsible and naive for not evacuating their homes before the storm hit is most likely to result from which of the following tendencies? a. False-consensus effect b. Priming c. Implicit personality theory d. Belief in a just world

d. Belief in a just world

Willis and Todorov (2006) showed college students photos of strangers' faces and found which of the following? a. re unable to rate the personality of the individuals in the photos when they only saw the faces for less than one second. b. Participants who only saw the faces for less than one second rated the faces as possessing more negative traits than others who were allowed to look at the faces for as long as they wanted to. c. The longer it took participants to rate each face, the more accurate their ratings were. d. Even when they saw the photos for less than one second, participants' ratings of the faces were highly correlated with the ratings made by others who were allowed to look at the faces for as long as they wanted to.

d. Even when they saw the photos for less than one second, participants' ratings of the faces were highly correlated with the ratings made by others who were allowed to look at the faces for as long as they wanted to

In the Jones and Harris (1967) study, participants read essays presumably written by another student that had either been assigned or chose to write in support of a particular position. Which of the following statements is consistent with the findings of this study? a. Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if they believed it was an assigned topic rather than chosen. b. Participants did not infer the student's attitude from the essay at all if it was an assigned topic. c. Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if it agreed with their own. d. Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if they believed it was a chosen topic rather than assigned.

d. Participants were more likely to infer the student's attitude from the essay if they believed it was a chosen topic rather than assigned.

Which of the following concerning the impact of body movements on persuasion is true? a. Nodding the head side to side makes people more likely to engage in central route processing than does nodding the head up and down. b. Stimuli associated with stretching the arms outward are rated more positively than those associated with flexing the arms inward. c. Stretching the arms outward makes people less likely to engage in central route processing than does flexing the arms inward. d. People who nod their heads up and down express greater agreement with a persuasive message than those who nod their heads side to side.

d. People who nod their heads up and down express greater agreement with a persuasive message than those who nod their heads side to side.

Linley is trying to reduce racism by having children of different races work on projects together. Each student is given information critical to the project and has to collaborate with their different-race group members by sharing that information to earn a good grade on the project. The classroom norms are supportive of cross-race interaction. Which condition essential to the success of the contact hypothesis is missing? a. Equal status b. Cooperative activities c. Social norms d. Personal interaction

d. Personal interaction

Which of the following is true of mind perception? a. It occurs for perception of inanimate objects only. b. It only occurs to perception of humans. c. The less humanlike the target object, the more likely we are to attribute to it qualities of mind. d. The more humanlike the target object, the more likely we are to attribute to it qualities of mind.

d. The more humanlike the target object, the more likely we are to attribute to it qualities of mind.

Estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which one can recall previous instances of this event reflect the a. base-rate fallacy. b. two-step attribution process. c. fundamental attribution error. d. availability heuristic.

d. availability heuristic.

People who are high in intelligence and/or self-esteem tend to be _____ vulnerable to persuasion when compared to people low in intelligence and/or self-esteem. a. more b. somewhat less c. less d. equally

d. equally

Jaycie is extremely judgmental. She has strong opinions about politics, social issues, and moral concerns. Jaycie is high in the a. cognitive dissonance. b. evaluative conditioning. c. need for cognition. d. need for evaluation.

d. need for evaluation.

The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, than members of the ingroup is called the a. minimal group effect. b. ingroup homogeneity effect. c. contrast effect. d. outgroup homogeneity effect.

d. outgroup homogeneity effect.

Adelheid was watching a series of commercials in which women were portrayed as having relatively low self-confidence, less independence, and fewer career aspirations than men do. As a result, she will probably _______ than women who watched commercials portraying women in counter-stereotypical fashion. a. feel more powerful b. feel less powerful c. perform better on a math test d. perform worse on a math test

d. perform worse on a math test

A negative reaction to the feeling that one's freedom is being threatened is called a. the inoculation hypothesis. b. forewarning. c. cognitive dissonance. d. psychological reactance

d. psychological reactance

Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. These feelings can best be explained by a. social identity theory. b. social categorization theory. c. social-role theory. d. realistic conflict theory.

d. realistic conflict theory.

Implicit racism is correlated with _____ for interactions with a minority group member. a. increased warmth b. better communication c. increased eye gaze d. reduced eye gaze

d. reduced eye gaze

Wells and Petty (1980) videotaped students as they listened to a speech. The results of this study indicated that a. students revealed the intensity, but not the direction, of their attitudes through their body language. b. students' self-reported attitudes did not agree with their observed attitudes. c. horizontal head movements indicate agreement, whereas vertical head movements indicate disagreement. d. students signaled their attitudes by nodding or shaking their heads.

d. students signaled their attitudes by nodding or shaking their heads.

Public opinion pollsters, in trying to assess attitudes about particular subjects, have become aware that attitude responses seem to be affected by all of the factors below except a. the context in which the question appears. b. the wording of the question. c. the order of the questions. d. the length of the questionnaire.

d. the length of the questionnaire.

Scripts are often culture-specific. This means that a. the more experience one has with a particular behavior, the more successfully one can execute the relevant script. b. there is a great deal of agreement about the order of events across cultures. c. the more general the script is, the greater cross-cultural consistency it has. d. the same behaviors may be perceived very differently in different cultures.

d. the same behaviors may be perceived very differently in different cultures.

Research indicates that subliminal influence a. is more likely among people high in the need for cognition. b. can persuade people to take action even when they were previously unmotivated to do so. c. never occurs. d. usually occurs in the short term for simple judgments.

d. usually occurs in the short term for simple judgments.