PSC 1Y Unit 4

Most researchers find that there are _____dimensions of temperament in young children. For Buss & Plomin and also for Rothbart, one of these dimensions is related to ____. Rothbart included a dimension of ____, and Buss & Plomin later added a similar dimension.

1) 3 2) Emotion 3) Effortful control

In Solomon Asch's classic obedience experiment, participants were asked which of three lines matched a reference line. When participants were tested alone, their performance was _____ . In the main experiment, the participant was tested in a group that contains several confederates. A confederate is someone who Is working for the experimenter but appears to be just another participant. Starting on the third trial of the group testing condition, all the confederates gave the wrong answer on most trials. On these trials, most participants at least occasionally gave the same wrong answer as the confederates. However, it's clear that the participants knew that this answer is incorrect because _______ .

1) Approximately 99% correct 2) Is working for the experimenter but appears to be just another participant 3) The rate of conformity is greatly reduced if the participants write down their answers privately rather than saying them aloud

In the Banaji & Hardin (1996) study of implicit gender representations, each trial consisted of a prime and a target. Participants were instructed to _____ and _____ . The primes were _______ , and the targets were male and female pronouns (e.g., he, she) . They found that reaction times were faster when the target was preceded by a prime that was definitionally related to the gender of the target than when the prime was definitionally related to the opposite gender. When the prime was stereotypically rather than definitionally related to the gender of the target, they found _____ .

1) Ignore the prime word 2) Press a button to indicate the gender associated with the target word 3) Gender-related nouns (e.g., mechanic, secretary) 4) male and female pronouns (e.g., he, she) 5) the same pattern, but the effect was somewhat smaller

Recall Solomon Asch's classic experiment on social conformity, in which the participant is in a group of people who are giving clearly incorrect responses in a line length judgment task. In these experiments, social psychologists would be mainly interested in _____ , whereas personality psychologists would be mainly interested in ____

1) Why most people at least occasionally go along with the rest of the group and give an incorrect response 2) The differences between people who go along with the group and the people who don't

The following statements are examples of prejudice, stereotypes, or discrimination. Match the statement with the appropriate concept. a) Erin believes that women are generally very good at languages, but bad at doing math. This is an example of ____ b) Indian and Indian American actors are less likely to get leading roles in major Hollywood movies. Instead, they are usually casted to only play minor side characters. This is an example of _____ c) Oscar doesn't trust younger people and gets very upset whenever a younger-looking politician appears on TV. This is an example of ____

1) a stereotype 2) discrimination 3) prejudice

People from Chicago are likely to see other Chicagoans as part of their _____ . As such, they are likely to hold _____ favorable views about Chicagoans than about people from Detroit.

1) in-group 2) more

The following is a list of some of the shock levels in the Milgram obedience experiment. Indicate what percentage of participants went at least to that level (including those who went farther). For example, 100% of participants went at least to 45 Volts even though none of them stopped there. A given percentage might apply to more than one shock level. 150 Volts (labeled "strong shock")___ 300 Volts (after which the confederate bangs on the wall)___ 450 Volts (the maximum shock)___

100% 100% 65%

Who is better at assessing someone's true personality, the person or the person's close acquaintances? a) The person b) The person's close acquaintances c) Neither: Personality is impossible to assess in a reliable and meaningful manner

As we will discuss in this unit, an individual is the best person to judge his or her own personality for some characteristics, such as optimism and self-esteem. However, close acquaintances are better able to judge other characteristics, such as honesty and sense of humor. By combining self-reports from the person and "informant" reports from close acquaintances, it is possible to quantify someone's personality in a way that is both reliable and predictive of behavior. Some of the best research on this topic has been conducted by Prof. Simine Vazire of the UC-Davis Psychology Department (and is cited in the textbook).

Match the theory of emotion to the sequence of events specified by that theory for the example of almost hitting a bicyclist. Common Sense James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Common Sense: Trigger Event -> Feeling of fear -> Physiological arousal James-Lange Theory: Trigger Event -> Physiological arousal -> Feeling of fear Cannon-Bard Theory: Theory Trigger Event -> Simultaneous physiological arousal and feeling of fear Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory: Trigger Event -> Physiological arousal -> Cognitive Appraisal -> Feeling of fear

Imagine that a science professor is looking for a new research assistant (someone who has recently graduated from college with a science degree). Do you think that the professor is likely to be unconsciously biased to prefer male applicants over female applicants, even if the male and female applicants have the same qualifications? Do you think this would be true of male science professors but not female science professors?: a) Neither male nor female science professors would be biased toward male applicants over female applicants who have equivalent qualifications. b) Both male and female science professors would be biased toward male applicants over female applicants who have equivalent qualifications. c) Male science professors would be biased toward male applicants over female applicants who have equivalent qualifications, but female science professors would not have any bias. d) Male science professors would be biased toward male applicants over female applicants who have equivalent qualifications, whereas female science professors would be biased toward female applicants over male applicants.

In the subunit on Social Psychology, we will be discussing how unconscious biases can influence how we behave toward people of different genders, religions, ethnicities, and social groups. One of the studies we will discuss found that both male and female science professors gave higher ratings to job applications that came from male rather than female applicants, even though the applications were perfectly equated in terms of prior education and all other qualifications. Researchers are now trying to develop programs to reduce this kind of bias in science. ( i answered d)

Match each study or case with the central principle exemplified by that study/case. Milgram experiment Kitty Genovese Asch experiment Banaji priming experiment Jones & Harris essay experiment

Milgram experiment:Obedience to authority Kitty Genovese:Bystander apathy Asch experiment:Social conformity Banaji priming experiment:Implicit gender stereotypes Jones & Harris essay experiment:Fundamental attribution error

According to the circumplex model of emotion, the two major dimensions of emotion are Valence _____ and Arousal ____ .

Valence (whether the emotion is positive or negative) Arousal (the degree of physiological activation)

People who score high on conscientiousness tend to exhibit: [Select all that are correct.] a) A preference for order b) Messiness c) Insistence that everyone adhere to mainstream values d) Curiosity e) Attention to detail f) A preference for variety g) Comfort talking to strangers h) Good grades i) High energy levels j) Active imagination k) An interest in art

a) A preference for order e) Attention to detail h) Good grades

Which of the following are true of the Bertrand and Mullainathan (2004) study of racial discrimination in employment? [Select all that are correct.] a) Applicants with names that sounded European-American were approximately 50% more likely to be invited to interview than applicants with names that sounded African-American b) The effects of the name of the applicant might have been a result of some other attribute of the application, such as the applicant's address c) The applications were assessed by employers who knew they were participating in a study d) The study contained an experimental manipulation and was not simply correlational

a) Applicants with names that sounded European-American were approximately 50% more likely to be invited to interview than applicants with names that sounded African-American d) The study contained an experimental manipulation and was not simply correlational

People who score high on openness to experience tend to exhibit: [Select all that are correct.] a) Curiosity b) High energy levels c) Insistence that everyone adhere to mainstream values d) A preference for order e) An interest in art f) Attention to detail g) Messiness h) A preference for variety i) Good grades j) Comfort talking to strangers k) Active imagination

a) Curiosity e) An interest in art h) A preference for variety k) Active imagination

What are the four main approaches to assessing the personality of a "target" individual? [Select the four correct options] a) Direct observation of the target's behavior b) Assessment of life outcomes from the target's self reports c) Direct observation of informants' behavior d) Assessment of life outcomes from archival data e) Direct observation of the target's thoughts f) Assessment of life outcomes from informant reports g) Reports of the target's behavior by people who know the target h) Reports of the target's thoughts and behavior by the target i) Direct observation of informants' thoughts j) Reports of the target's thoughts by people who know the target

a) Direct observation of the target's behavior d) Assessment of life outcomes from archival data g) Reports of the target's behavior by people who know the target h) Reports of the target's thoughts and behavior by the target

Which of the following would be an example of social loafing? [Select all that are correct.] a) Four students are working together on the final project for a class, and each of them works only an hour per week on it. Another student in the same class is working alone on the project and spend three hours per week on it. b) A person is feeling lazy on a Saturday morning and decides to spend the morning watching YouTube videos instead of going to a meeting of his fencing club c) A person has studied hard for an exam all day and decides to hang out with friends that night rather than going to a review session

a) Four students are working together on the final project for a class, and each of them works only an hour per week on it. Another student in the same class is working alone on the project and spend three hours per week on it. This is a classic example of social loafing: People don't work as hard when they're sharing the work with other people as when they are solely responsible for the work.

If you found yourself in a situation where someone was suffering and needed help, what could you do to increase the likelihood that other people would help? [Select all that are correct.] a) If you start to help, other people will likely help as well b) If you stare at the person who needs help, this will be a clue to others that they should help c) If you make sure plenty of people are around, it is more likely that someone will help d) If you make sure that people can see the suffering clearly, they will be more likely to help

a) If you start to help, other people will likely help as well d) If you make sure that people can see the suffering clearly, they will be more likely to help

Advantages of informant reports for assessing the personality of a "target" person include: [Select all that are correct] a) Informants are particularly good at reporting aspects of behavior that can be difficult for the target to assess, such as how talkative the person is compared to others b) Informants will typically be unbiased in reporting things like friendliness, intelligence, and kindness c) Because both self reports and informant reports can be achieved by means of questionnaires, they are equally easy to obtain d) It is possible to collect data from multiple informants, which leads to richer and more reliable assessments of the target's personality

a) Informants are particularly good at reporting aspects of behavior that can be difficult for the target to assess, such as how talkative the person is compared to others d) It is possible to collect data from multiple informants, which leads to richer and more reliable assessments of the target's personality

Advantages of behavioral observation for assessing the personality of a "target" person include: [Select all that are correct] a) Is typically more objective than self reports and informant reports b) Can be used for individuals who cannot or will not provide self reports c) Can easily be achieved in a few hours d) Is more valid than self reports and informant reports

a) Is typically more objective than self reports and informant reports b) Can be used for individuals who cannot or will not provide self reports

The critical distinction between the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion is: a) James-Lange says physiological responses cause subjective feelings, whereas Cannon-Bard says physiological responses and subjective feelings happen separately and simultaneously b) Cannon-Bard says physiological responses cause subjective feelings but James-Lange says that subjective feelings cause physiological responses c) James-Lange says physiological responses and subjective feelings happen separately and simultaneously, whereas Cannon-Bard says they happen sequentially d) James-Lange says that physiological responses lead directly to subjective feelings, but Cannon-Bard says that cognitive appraisal of the physiological responses is necessary to have the subjective feelings

a) James-Lange says physiological responses cause subjective feelings, whereas Cannon-Bard says physiological responses and subjective feelings happen separately and simultaneously

John noticed that despite living with 3 other students, their apartment is always dirty. People are not likely to do the dishes, take out the trash, or do any other communal chores. Which of the following is likely to increase the number of chores being done in the apartment? a) Moving into a smaller apartment with only one other person, so that only 2 people are responsible for the chores. b) Sending an email pointing out how easy it is to do the chores c) Moving into a larger apartment with 5 other people, so that more people are responsible for the chores

a) Moving into a smaller apartment with only one other person, so that only 2 people are responsible for the chores.

Which of the following are properties of emotion (as defined by psychologists)? [Select all that are correct] a) Occur rapidly b) Are relatively brief c) Are triggered by specific internal or external events d) Involve conscious feelings e) Involve physiological responses f) Involve changes in behavior g) Are general states h) Last for hours or days i) Sometimes occur for no specific reason j) Are the same as moods

a) Occur rapidly b) Are relatively brief c) Are triggered by specific internal or external events d) Involve conscious feelings e) Involve physiological responses f) Involve changes in behavior

In the Milgram experiment: [Select all that are correct.] a) One of the goals was to see whether ordinary people would follow orders that might result in pain or harm to others b) The participant was sometimes the learner and sometimes the teacher c) The learner banged on the wall after every shock beginning at 300 Volts d) Most of the labels on the shock generator were fake; the shock generator could not actually generate strong shocks

a) One of the goals was to see whether ordinary people would follow orders that might result in pain or harm to others d) Most of the labels on the shock generator were fake; the shock generator could not actually generate strong shocks

In the Asch experiment: [Select all that are correct.] a) Participants were 99% correct when tested alone b) Participants honestly believed that they were misperceiving the lengths of the lines c) 75% of participants gave the wrong answer every time the confederates gave the wrong answer d) Participants are just as likely to give the wrong answer when they write down their answers privately as when they must speak their answers aloud

a) Participants were 99% correct when tested alone

In the Milgram experiment: [Select all that are correct.] a) People kept going past 300 Volts because (in part) they did not want to have a conflict with the experimenter b) 65% of participants went to 300 Volts, and 35% went all the way to 450 Volts c) People who continued to give shocks showed no sign of being anxious about it d) People kept going past 300 Volts because the experimenter wouldn't let them stop no matter what they said

a) People kept going past 300 Volts because (in part) they did not want to have a conflict with the experimenter

What are the primary components of emotion? [Select all that are correct.] a) Physiological responses b) Mood responses c) Subjective feelings d) Behavioral responses e) Genetic processes

a) Physiological responses c) Subjective feelings d) Behavioral responses explanation: The second choice is not correct: Moods are longer lasting and less specific than emotions. The fifth choice is not correct: Genetics might impact when and how often a given emotion occurs, but genetic processes are not primary components of emotion.

Banaji & Hardin (1996) found that: [Select all that are correct.] a) Responses to female pronouns were faster when the pronoun was preceded by a stereotypically female word like "secretary" than when they were preceded by a stereotypically male word like "mechanic" b) Priming effects were larger for definitional primes than for stereotypical primes c) Responses to female pronouns were faster when the pronoun was preceded by a definitionally female word like "mother" than when they were preceded by a definitionally male word like "father" d) Priming effects were larger for stereotypical primes than for definitional primes

a) Responses to female pronouns were faster when the pronoun was preceded by a stereotypically female word like "secretary" than when they were preceded by a stereotypically male word like "mechanic" b) Priming effects were larger for definitional primes than for stereotypical primes c) Responses to female pronouns were faster when the pronoun was preceded by a definitionally female word like "mother" than when they were preceded by a definitionally male word like "father"

Attitudes are more likely to impact behavior if they are: [Select all that are correct.] a) Strong b) Specific c) Internal d) Accessible

a) Strong b) Specific d) Accessible The third choice is not correct: All attitudes are internal.

Studies of the genetics and epigenetics of personality have found that: a) The effects of experience on personality will vary from one person to the next depending on the person's genotype b) Personality does not change over time c) Individual genes are responsible for individual personality traits d) Differences in genes do not play a role in differences in personality

a) The effects of experience on personality will vary from one person to the next depending on the person's genotype

When terrorists take Americans hostage, they sometimes release videos of the hostages reading statements in which they say that the U.S. is terrible and that they support the goals of the hostages. It's pretty clear that the hostages are being forced to read these statements and don't actually believe them. However, many people watching the videos might nonetheless believe that the hostages at least partly believe what they are saying. Which psychological principle would explain why people watching the videos might draw this conclusion? a) The fundamental attribution error b) Diffusion of responsibility Implicit priming c) Obedience to authority d) Confirmation bias

a) The fundamental attribution error

Which of the following are true of the Moss-Racusin (2012) study of gender discrimination in employment? [Select all that are correct.] a) The only difference between the male and female application materials was the name of the applicant (John or Jennifer) b) It was a correlational study rather than a true experiment c) Both male and female professors rated the applicant more favorably if they thought the applicant was male, but this effect was larger for male professors c) The participants knew they were in a study of gender bias, which might have impacted their responses

a) The only difference between the male and female application materials was the name of the applicant (John or Jennifer)

At some universities, fraternities engage in rigorous hazing rituals, in which new recruits may be beaten or humiliated. Those recruits who remain in the fraternity are typically very loyal, despite having experienced real abuse. This could be explained in terms of cognitive dissonance by assuming that: a) The recruits believe that the fraternity must be great or they would not have stayed b) The recruits lose their sense of individuality while being hazed c) The recruits have identified as ingroup members and do not want to be outgroup members d) The fact that they have all survived the hazing makes the fraternity members feel like they belong to the same group

a) The recruits believe that the fraternity must be great or they would not have stayed

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, the basic sequence of events in an emotion is: a) Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response; subjective feeling b) Trigger event; subjective feeling; behavioral/bodily response c) Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response; cognitive appraisal; subjective feeling d) Trigger event; subjective feeling; cognitive appraisal; subjective feeling

a) Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response; subjective feeling

Imagine that a personality psychologist wanted to find dimensions of personality by measuring the strength of the brain activity elicited by each of 100 different pictures. Each picture shows a very different scene (e.g., a picture of a party, a picture of a farmer on a tractor, a picture of the sun setting over some mountains, a picture of a group of tourists in Venice). How might the researcher determine the dimensions from these data? a) Use a factor analysis to determine whether the brain responses to some pictures correlated with each other and not with the brain responses to other pictures b) Use a factor analysis to determine whether the brain responses from some areas correlated with each other and not with the brain responses in other areas c) Sort the pictures into categories on the basis of the content of the pictures (e.g., pictures showing social situations, pictures showing people being helpful) and then look at the brain activity for each of these categories d) It couldn't be done, because brain activity is not relevant for personality

a) Use a factor analysis to determine whether the brain responses to some pictures correlated with each other and not with the brain responses to other pictures

Whereas social psychologists tend to focus on the external factors that cause behavior, personality psychologists tend to focus on: a) Why different people behave in different ways as a result of their individual characteristics b) Determining which personality types are best suited for certain professions c) Creating methods for changing someone's personality d) No answer text provided.

a) Why different people behave in different ways as a result of their individual characteristics

If you are asked whether "banana" is a word, you are faster to respond if you had recently seen the word "monkey" than if you had recently seen the word "chair". Psychologists call this an "implicit memory" effect. However, you are fully aware that monkey and banana are related concepts and that chair and banana are unrelated. Why, then, is this effect considered implicit? a) You are not intentionally consulting your memory for these relationships when you are doing the task b) Awareness is not relevant for whether something is implicit or explicit c) Psychologists just like to use confusing terminology d) The relationships among the concepts is not relevant for the effect

a) You are not intentionally consulting your memory for these relationships when you are doing the task

Why might it be rational to give the same answer as everyone else in the Asch experiment, even if you're certain which line matches the reference line? a) you may have misunderstood the task b) None of these options is correct; conformity is never rational c) You may be experiencing the confirmation bias d) There may be diffusion of responsibility

a) you may have misunderstood the task

Which of the following would be likely cases of the fundamental attribution error in real-life situations? [Select all that are correct.] a) A parent thinks that a child is lazy, never noticing all the situations where the child is working hard b) An acquaintance gets into two accidents in one year, one in which he was hit by a driver who ran a red light and one in which he was rear-ended at a stop sign. You don't want him to drive you to Southern California because you think he must be a bad driver. c) A person reads a blog post that expresses a strange opinion and doesn't believe that this is the true opinion of the writer d) A friend wins $10,000 in the lottery, and you want to know what numbers the person plays in the future so that you can play the same numbers

b) An acquaintance gets into two accidents in one year, one in which he was hit by a driver who ran a red light and one in which he was rear-ended at a stop sign. You don't want him to drive you to Southern California because you think he must be a bad driver. d) A friend wins $10,000 in the lottery, and you want to know what numbers the person plays in the future so that you can play the same numbers

There have been many well-documented cases of sexual harassment in the workplace in which many people knew that the harassment was occurring but no-one spoke out about it. Several factors might influence whether someone makes a formal complaint when they observe sexual harassment of other people: A) When everybody behaves in a particular way (e.g., not speaking out), that tends to cause people to behave in the same way. B) People who observe harassment will fear being ostracized or even fired for making a complaint. C) Some people are more timid than others and therefore less likely to challenge an authority figure. Which of the above would be an example of an explanation at the level of internal mental processes and at the scope of all people.

b) B is the correct answer. It uses fear (an internal mental process) to explain the behavior, and it attempts to explain the behavior of all people. explanation: A is not correct because, although it applies to all people, it uses the social environment (the behavior of other people) rather than internal mental processes to explain behavior. C is not correct because, although it uses an internal mental process (being timid) to explain behavior, it explains differences between people rather than a property of all people.

If you were a participant in the Milgram experiment, you would: [Select all that are correct.] a) Give the learner a shock for every response, whether correct or incorrect b) Feel a shock from the shock generator c) Be responsible for teaching the learner a series of word pairs d) See the learner get strapped into something that looks like an electric chair

b) Feel a shock from the shock generator c) Be responsible for teaching the learner a series of word pairs d) See the learner get strapped into something that looks like an electric chair

Scoring low on the extraversion dimension: a) Is not the same is being introverted b) Means that a person would probably prefer working in a quiet environment rather than a noisy environment c) Means that a person is unlikely to have close friendships d) Means that a person needs to be around other people to feel energized

b) Means that a person would probably prefer working in a quiet environment rather than a noisy environment

One day, you're in line at the CoHo, and you hear someone say, "Everyone in Oregon is a hippie—they all eat organic food and make their own clothes." This is an example of: a) Ingroup favoritism b) Outgroup homogeneity c) Group internalization d) An implicit attitude e) Diffusion of responsibility

b) Outgroup homogeneity

An infant who is reactive will exhibit _________ physiological responses to a loud sound and exhibit __________ behavior around unfamiliar people. a) Strong / uninhibited b) Strong / inhibited c) Weak / uninhibited d) Weak / inhibited

b) Strong / inhibited

An infant who is reactive will exhibit _________ physiological responses to a loud sound and exhibit __________ behavior around unfamiliar people. a) Weak / inhibited b) Strong / inhibited c) Weak / uninhibited d) Strong / uninhibited

b) Strong / inhibited

Research using the minimal groups paradigm shows that: a) Groups are effective because we are born as members of particular groups and live our whole lives as members of those groups b) We readily form groups based on unimportant similarities and differences among people c) Children, but not adults, are willing to form groups based on trivial factors such as shirt color d) Groups must be complex, based on many shared features, to affect the way we think and act

b) We readily form groups based on unimportant similarities and differences among people

Self reports would typically be quite accurate for assessing: [Select all that are correct] a) Whether the person has a good sense of humor b) Whether the person is satisfied with his or her close relationships c) Whether the person is polite d) Whether the person laughs more when watching funny videos with other people than when watching them alone d) Whether the person enjoys spending time with others

b) Whether the person is satisfied with his or her close relationships d) Whether the person laughs more when watching funny videos with other people than when watching them alone d) Whether the person enjoys spending time with others

Which of the following are true statements about personality? [Select all that are correct.] a) Among middle-class people in the U.S., differences among people in personality are mostly caused by genes. b) Although there are dozens of aspects of personality, researchers have consistently found major 5 dimensions: Openness to experience; Conscientiousness; Extraversion; Agreeableness; and Neuroticism. c) Personality is best described by a set of continuous dimensions rather than by a set of discrete personality categories. d) It is possible to predict some aspects of adult personality by measuring behavior and physiology during early childhood.

b, c, d Among middle-class people in the U.S., genes and experience each explain about 50% of the variance among people in personality, so it is not correct that the differences are mostly caused by genes. All of the other statements are correct. We will cover all of these issues in the subunit on Personality.

Temperament is: a) The same thing as personality, but used to describe infants and young children rather than adults b) Mostly genetic c) A set of basic properties such as activity level and emotional responsiveness d) Something that can be measured in a longitudinal study but not in a cross-sectional study

c) A set of basic properties such as activity level and emotional responsiveness

Police departments are often accused of racial profiling, where they are more likely to stop and search people of color, and more likely to arrest people of color for minor crimes. This higher rate of arrests is then used to justify even more racial targeting by police departments. This is an example of: a) Racism b) A self-fulfilling prophecy c) All of these are correct d) Discrimination

c) All of these are correct

Which of the following is not one of the three major components of emotion? a) Feelings in your body, like a churning stomach or racing heart b) External behaviors, such as smiling or running away c) Changes in perception of the external environment, such as the world seeming darker when you're sad d) Subjective experiences, such as sadness or happiness

c) Changes in perception of the external environment, such as the world seeming darker when you're sad explanation: Changes in perception of the external environment, such as the world seeming darker when you're sad

People who score high on self monitoring tend to exhibit: [Select all that are correct] a) Comfort talking to strangers b) Messiness c) Different patterns of behavior in different situations d) Attention to detail e) High energy levels f) Careful behavior independent of the situation g) Insistence that everyone adhere to mainstream values

c) Different patterns of behavior in different situations

The personality dimension called Neuroticism is also sometimes called: a) Authoritarianism b) Neurosis c) Emotional instability d) Introversion

c) Emotional instability

Social psychology mainly focuses on explanations at the scope of ___________, whereas personality psychology mainly focuses on the scope of ___________. a) Internal mental processes / The physical and social environment b) The physical and social environment / Internal mental processes c) Groups of people / Individual people within a group d) Individual people / Individual actions by individual people e) Individual actions by individual people / Individual people

c) Groups of people / Individual people within a group

You are sitting in a coffee shop, and the people at the table next to you are talking loudly about how hot it is. Although you are trying to ignore them, you keep hearing them say words like "hot" and "heat". This will lead to: a) No change in the activation of the concept of cold in your conceptual network (because the concept "cold" was not being discussed) b) Decreased activation of the concept of cold in your conceptual network (because hot is the opposite of cold) c) Increased activation of the concept of cold in your conceptual network (because hot is related to cold)

c) Increased activation of the concept of cold in your conceptual network (because hot is related to cold)

Which of the following statements are true of the Big 5 personality dimensions: [Select all that are correct] a) The dimensions are largely independent, which means that a person's score on one dimension is not very predictive of that person's score on the other dimensions b) Most personality psychologists agree that the Big 5 dimensions are the only reliable and valid dimensions of personality c) Most personality psychologists agree that the Big 5 dimensions provide a reasonable approximation of the main dimensions of personality d) The dimensions are largely independent, which means that some dimensions are relevant for some people and other dimensions are relevant for other people

c) Most personality psychologists agree that the Big 5 dimensions provide a reasonable approximation of the main dimensions of personality

The fundamental attribution error is when: a) People attribute behavior to the non-social characteristics of the situation when the behavior is clearly a result of the social characteristics of the situation b) People attribute behavior to the situation even when the behavior is clearly a result of the stable psychological characteristics of the individual c) People attribute behavior to the stable psychological characteristics of the individual even when the situation is clearly responsible for the behavior d) People attribute behavior to the social characteristics of the situation when the behavior is clearly a result of the non-social characteristics of the situation

c) People attribute behavior to the stable psychological characteristics of the individual even when the situation is clearly responsible for the behavior

Shantal is taking a course in gender studies, and she's interested in finding out whether the men or the women in her dorm differ in how strongly they represent gender stereotypes in their conceptual networks. She asks each person in her dorm to complete a questionnaire that asks them to rate how strongly they associate specific occupations with men versus women. The problem with this approach is that: a) People do not have any conscious access to the strengths of the associations in their conceptual networks b) It is not usually possible to get useful information about what people think from questionnaires c) The men and women in her dorm might differ in their responses because of what they think is appropriate to report rather than because of differences in their actual gender-occupation associations d) There is no good way to assess gender stereotypes

c) The men and women in her dorm might differ in their responses because of what they think is appropriate to report rather than because of differences in their actual gender-occupation associations

Imagine that a local council puts together a 6-person group that is asked to determine the budget for public schools. Initially, all 6 people believe that the budget should be slightly higher. If polarization happens, then we would expect that: a) The school budget would increase, but only by a small amount, to satisfy the person that was least willing to increase the budget b) Half the people would support massive increases, and half the people would support massive cuts in the budget c) The school budget will be increased by a lot more than any single group member intended.

c) The school budget will be increased by a lot more than any single group member intended.

In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the basic sequence of events is: a) Trigger event; subjective feeling; behavioral/bodily response b) Trigger event; subjective feeling; cognitive appraisal; subjective feeling c) Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response AND subjective feeling simultaneously d) Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response AND cognitive appraisal simultaneously; subjective feeling

c) Trigger event; behavioral/bodily response AND subjective feeling simultaneously

Imagine that you're watching a horror movie, and you see that the villain is sneaking up on the main character, holding a long knife. Your heart is pounding, your palms are sweaty, and you are very afraid that something bad will happen. How is your conscious experience of fear related to your physiological symptoms (your pounding heart and your sweaty palms)?: a) Your conscious experience of fear causes the physiological symptoms. b) Your physiological symptoms cause your conscious experience of fear. c) Your conscious experience of fear and your physiological symptoms are both produced by unconscious processes. d) All of the above

d) All of the above explanation: An emotional response includes both conscious experiences and physiological symptoms. In this unit, we will discuss the complex relationships between these components of emotion. There is evidence for all three of the relationships described above.

Fazio et al. (1995) examined implicit racial stereotypes. They found that European-American research participants exhibited: [Select all that are correct.] a) Slower reaction times for categorizing a word as bad than for categorizing a word as good following a picture of an African-American face b) Faster reaction times for categorizing a face as African-American than for categorizing a face as European-American following a negative word than following a positive word c) Slower reaction times for categorizing a face as African-American than for categorizing a face as European-American following a negative word than following a positive word d) Faster reaction times for categorizing a word as bad than for categorizing a word as good following a picture of an African-American face

d) Faster reaction times for categorizing a word as bad than for categorizing a word as good following a picture of an African-American face

Categorization mechanisms cause people to think that people in other groups are ____________________. a) More different than they actually are b) More similar than they actually are c) More important than they actually are d) Less important than they actually are People in other groups are perceived as being more similar than they actually are, not less important

d) Less important than they actually are People in other groups are perceived as being more similar than they actually are, not less important

Imagine that you were interested in whether extraversion runs in families. You made a list of all your relatives and put either an I (for introvert) or E (for extravert) next to each name. Why would most personality psychologists object to this approach? a) Personality psychologists generally don't believe that genes contribute to personality factors like extraversion b) Introvert is not the opposite of extravert c) It is unlikely that you would have much ability to assess introversion in your relatives d) Most personality psychologists prefer to think of traits like extraversion as being continuous dimensions and not discrete categories

d) Most personality psychologists prefer to think of traits like extraversion as being continuous dimensions and not discrete categories

Jones and Harris (1967) conducted an early study of the fundamental attribution error. They found that: a) Participants tended to attribute the views expressed in an essay to the instructions given to the person who wrote the essay, ignoring evidence about whether the position expressed in the essay was the person's true opinion b) Participants tended to attribute a negative opinion to the person who wrote the essay even when it was clear that the person did not choose the position expressed in the essay c) Participants tended to attribute a positive opinion to the person who wrote the essay even when it was clear that the person did not choose the position expressed in the essay d) Participants tended to attribute the views expressed in an essay to the opinions of the person who wrote the essay even when it was clear that the person did not choose the position expressed in the essay

d) Participants tended to attribute the views expressed in an essay to the opinions of the person who wrote the essay even when it was clear that the person did not choose the position expressed in the essay

Which of the following would be an example of diffusion of responsibility? a) You see a crying child, and you don't ask what's wrong because you're afraid of getting into an embarrassing situation b) You see a crying child, and you don't ask what's wrong because the child's parents are nearby c) You see a trash can that has been knocked over in a classroom, and you don't pick up the trash because you're the only one around and no one will see whether or not you pick it up d) You see a trash can that has been knocked over in a classroom, and you don't pick up the trash because there are lots of other students around so it doesn't seem like it's your problem

d) You see a trash can that has been knocked over in a classroom, and you don't pick up the trash because there are lots of other students around so it doesn't seem like it's your problem

According to Henry Tajfel's Social Identity Theory, you are likely to: a) Focus on the positive rather than the negative aspects of UC Davis (because you are a member of that group) b) Focus on the negative rather than the positive aspects of other UCs (because you are not a member of those groups) c) Feel good when you hear that someone at UC Davis (your group) has won a major award d) Ride a bike, because this is something that people at UC Davis (your group) tend to do e) All of these options are correct

e) All of these options are correct