PSC001 Study Guide 3

What happened in Milgram's original "shock box" experiment?

About 2/3 of the participants obeyed authority to the end of the experiment.

Who created the very first modern hospice?

Cicely Saunders

One major conclusion from dark-reared cat studies is:

Environmental stimulation, especially during the critical period, plays a major role in how the cat visual system develops.

________ is credited with the first comprehensive theory of personality.

Freud

What does Cam Carter do?

He studies Schizophrenia and directs the UC Davis Neuroimaging Center.

What determines whether a given condition will be considered a mental disorder?

Inclusion in the DSM V (published by the American Psychiatric Association) or the ICD 11 (published by the World Health Organization).

In one version of Milgram's experiment, the "learner" explained to the "teacher" that he suffered from a heart condition. What impact did this have on the "teachers'" behavior?

It had not significant impact on the teachers' behavior.

What's wrong with the Rorschach test?

It has low reliability and is not valid.

According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.

James-Lange

Which theory of emotion says that behavior causes emotions?

James-Lange Theory

Discuss why thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are merely atypical or unusual would not necessarily signify the presence of a psychological disorder. Provide an example.

Just because something is atypical or unusual does not mean it is disordered. A person may experience atypical inner experiences or exhibit unusual behaviors, but she would not be considered disordered if they are not distressing, disturbing, or reflecting a dysfunction. For example, a classmate might stay up all night studying before exams; although atypical, this behavior is unlikely to possess any of the other criteria for psychological disorder mentioned previously.

Which of the following are objective personality tests?

MMPI and CPI

Stanley Milgram replicated Solomon Asch's experiments in his own dissertation work. What did Milgram find?

Norwegian and French subjects also conform to a group norm

All of the following are important considerations when evaluating an individual's mental health, except ________________________________.

Psychiatric conditions are caused by chemical imbalances in the brain.

Which of the following theories of emotion would suggest that polygraphs should be quite accurate at differentiating one emotion from another?

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

What's special about Kitty Genovese?

She was the victim of a crime with many witnesses; and nobody helped her.

Describe the DSM-5. What is it, what kind of information does it contain, and why is it important to the study and treatment of psychological disorders?

The DSM-5 is the classification system of psychological disorders preferred by most U.S. mental health professionals, and it is published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). It consists of broad categories of disorders and specific disorders that fall within each category. Each disorder has an explicit description of its symptoms, as well as information concerning prevalence, risk factors, and comorbidity. The DSM-5 provides a common language that enables mental health professionals to communicate effectively about sets of symptoms.

Imagine that a child has a genetic vulnerability to antisocial personality disorder. How might this child's environment shape the likelihood of developing this personality disorder?

The environment is likely to be very instrumental in determining the likelihood of developing antisocial personality disorder. Research has shown that adverse family environments (e.g., divorce or marital problems, legal problems, and drug use) are connected to antisocial personality disorder, particularly if one is genetically vulnerable. Beyond one's family environment, peer group delinquency and community variables (e.g., economic deprivation, community disorganization, drug use, and the presence of adult antisocial models) heighten the risk of violent behavior.

What happens when Macaque monkeys are raised in total isolation during development?

They show signs of severe psychological disturbance.

If you are a member of a group that consistently and unanimously holds a given belief that differs from your own, what is likely to happen over time?

Your beliefs will move in the direction of the group norm.

On his first day of soccer practice, Jose suits up in a t-shirt, shorts, and cleats and runs out to the field to join his teammates. Jose's behavior is reflective of ________.

a script

Which of the following is a negative symptom of Schizophrenia?

anhedonia

is a candidate explanation for someone's behavior.

attribution

Shaken Baby Syndrome is caused by _______

brain damage due to the severing of blood vessels inside the cranium (skull).

The frontal lobes become fully developed

by 25 years old

Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains.

cognitive psychosocial physical

Cognitive dissonance causes discomfort because it disrupts our sense of ________.

consistency

The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________.

continuous development

Which of the following is the order of stages in Kübler-Ross's five-stage model of grief?

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Rozenzweig's studies indicate that

environment has a strong impact on the physical development of the brain

Attitudes describe our ________ of people,objects, and ideas.

evaluations

Little Jimmy believes that he got a bad grade on his psychology paper because his professor doesn't like him. Little Jimmy most likely has an _______ locus of control.

external

Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________.

fine motor skills

When it comes to buying clothes, teenagers often follow social norms; this is likely motivated by ________.

fitting in

Behaviorists like JB Watson explained infant-mother attachment and love as resulting from

food rewards

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the main task of the adolescent?

forming an identity

A cat, Mr. Kittles, is raised in complete darkness. During development, Mr. Kittles is only ever exposed to horizontally oriented visual stimuli. What would you expect Mr. Kittles to do if you presented him with a vertically oriented visual stimulus when he was an adult cat?

he would ignore it or act as if he could not see the vertical stimulus

Experiments in Karen Adolph's lab challenge the idea that _

infants are generally afraid of heights

According to the actor-observer bias, we have more information about ________.

influences on our own behavior

Personality is thought to be ________.

long term, stable and not easily changed

Which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions described in this chapter?

melancholy

If Britney Spears (representing all of humanity) engages in dangerous or harmful behavior, this indicates

nothing in particular; in some circumstances further investigation by qualified, trained professionals could be appropriate.

The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.

object permanence

An early science that tried to correlate personality with measurements of parts of a person's skull is known as ________.

phrenology

According to Schacter & Singer's theory of emotion, what two conditions must be present before a human will feel an emotion?

physiological arousal and attribution

In Phil Zimbardo's prison experiment, how were subjects assigned to be "guards" or "prisoners."

random assignment; coin flip

The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?

secure

Your level of confidence in your own abilities is known as ________.

self-efficacy

Making internal attributions for your successesand making external attributions for your failuresis an example of ________.

self-serving bias

As a field, social psychology focuses on________ in predicting human behavior.

situational factors

Collectivistic cultures are to ________ asindividualistic cultures are to ________.

situational; dispositional

A(n) ________ is a set of group expectations for appropriate thoughts and behaviors of its members.

social norm

In the Stanford prison experiment, even the lead researcher succumbed to his role as a prison supervisor. This is an example of the power of________ influencing behavior.

social roles

All of the following characterize major mental disorders except ___________________________.

socially unacceptable.

According to the diathesis-stress model of mental disorder, what causes mental illness?

some kind of vulnerability combined with a stressor.

The way a person reacts to the world, starting when they are very young, including the person's activity level is known as ________.

temperament

Schizophrenia is characterized by disorders of all of the following except.

temperature

The fact that infant Macaque monkeys choose to spend the vast majority of their time in contact with "soft mommy" is a problem for ____________________________.

the behaviorist view of mother-infant attachment

According to the findings of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, identical twins, whether raised together or apart have ________personalities.

very similar

Eleanor Gibson is known chiefly for her work involving

visual cliffs

Rosenhan found that people who faked mental illnesses _______________________.

were usually admitted to mental hospitals and diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

zygote, embryo, fetus