PSCI Final

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Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a:

change in state

The worldwide effects of El Nino include all of the following except:

drought in the US Gulf coastal states

Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit an atomic nucleus

electrons

All of the following processes decrease the salinity of the water except

evaporation

Which type of current flow moves in a circular path around a subtropical convergence, reflecting Ekman transport, gravity, and the Coriolis Effect?

geostrophic circulation

Layer of the ocean that experience a rapid change in salinity with depth

halocline

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:

temperature

Equatorial currents are driven by the...

trade winds

The boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere

tropopause

The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where the most weather occurs is the

troposphere

A doppler flow meeter is a scientific instrument used to measure current flow rates

True

As a whole, the ph of the ocean is slightly alkaline

True

In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts

False

Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation

False

Surface currents affect about 90% of the world's ocean water

False

Surface ocean currents are vertical currents in the water that are density-driven.

False

Surface or wind-driven currents move water primarily in a vertical direction in the ocean

False

The Gulf Stream moves water away from the equator; the Benguela Current moves some of this same water back toward the equator

False

The West Wind Drift occurs at 60N around the Arctic Circle

False

The autumnal equinox occurs when the sun directly overhead along the equator in March

False

The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density of pure water

False

The maximum Coriolis effect occurs at the equator due to slower rotational velocity compared to higher latitudes

False

The place traced by Earth's orbit is called the vernal equinox

False

The trade winds can be found between 30 and 60N and S latitudes

False

Thermohaline circulation is wind-driven

False

Water can pile up higher than the edge of a container due to its low surface tension

False

Within the troposphere, the atmosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude

False

During winter months, monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean:

flow from land to sea and are dry

Deep ocean currents often move cold, dense water away from the poles

True

Deep ocean masses have characteristic temperatures and salinities

True

Deep ocean water can be enriched in oxygen when it is mixed with surface water

True

Deep ocean water contains more carbon dioxide than surface water because deep water is colder and has the ability to dissolve more gases

True

Downwelling may be the result of winds blowing parallel to the coast or the convergence of surface currents.

True

Dynamic topography can be used to determine current direction and velocity

True

Evaporation causes cooling the liquid left behind

True

Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater

True

Independent of the actual amount of salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant

True

Near the poles, more energy is reflected back into space than is absorbed

True

Precipitation, runoff, melting icebergs, and sea ice formation all decrease salinity

True

The Coriolis effect describes how moving objects on Earth appear to follow curved paths due to Earth's rotation

True

The circular movement of surface water currents driven by the major wind belts are called gyres.

True

The doldrums can be found at the Equator

True

The five subtropical gyres exhibit geostrophic flow, related to pressure gradients, friction, and the Coriolis effect

True

The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C.

True

The latent heat of vaporization is larger than the latent heat of melting

True

The main current in Antarctic waters is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, also called the West Wind Drift.

True

The overall electrical charge of most atoms is balanced, because each atom contains an equal number of protons and electrons

True

The percentage of incident light radiation reflected back to space is termed albedo

True

Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air

True

Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion

True

Which does not belong? A. nitrogen B. albedo C. oxygen D. troposphere E. water vapor

B. albedo

The average salinity of typical seawater is

3.5%

The average albedo of Earth's surface is about...

30%

The area of the globe (latitude) that is characterized by falling air masses and little precipitation is labeled number:

6

Which of the following is not an eastern boundary current?

Gulf Stream

Which of the following statements is true of surface ocean currents?

Surface currents form circular patterns in the major ocean basins called "gyres"

Western boundary currents such as the Gulf Stream transport warm water from the tropics towards higher latitudes

True

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of:

a calorie

Western intensification causes...

all the above effects are the result of western intensification

Compared to an eastern boundary current in a gyre, which of the following statements is true for a western boundary current?

all the above statements are true of the western boundary currents

Inter-tropical Convergence Zone

area where warm, moist air rises close to the equator

basic building blocks of all matter

atoms

Winds blowing out of the north toward the south in the southern hemisphere will appear to...

be deflected towards the east

Canary Current

cold current, northern hemisphere, temperature latitudes

Benguela Current

cold current, southern hemisphere, temperate latitudes

Rising and sinking air masses moving in a circular fashion

convection cell

Bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms

covalent bonds

In the troposphere, air temperature generally

decreases with increasing altitude above Earth's surface

Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by ________.

density differences

Thermohaline circulation is driven by...

density differences

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to

high surface tension

Bonds that hold adjacent water molecules together

hydrogen bonds

The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the:

hydrologic cycle

Many of the unusual properties of water are attributed to the fact that water:

is a polar molecule

Tropic of Cancer

located at 23.5N latitude

Downwelling

movement of water from the top to the bottom of the water column

The two most abundant components of dry air are

nitrogen and oxygen

Gulf Stream

northern hemisphere, temperature latitudes, warm current

Kuroshio Current

northern hemisphere, temperature latitudes, warm current

All of the following methods are used to desalinate water except

osmosis

Trade winds

prevailing wind patterns at tropical latitudes

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a

pycnocline

The covalent bonds that form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the:

sharing of electrons between the atoms

Change in state from solid to a gas

sublimation

The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer during the...

summer solstice

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

the polarity of water molecules

The Principal of Constant Proportions states that

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change

The Ekman spiral is caused by...

the wind and the Coriolis effect

As a result of of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected

to the right of their original direction

Which of the following is true of surface water circulation near Antarctica?

two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient rich bottom water through:

upwelling

All of the following are true of the movement of Earth's surface except

warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink towards Earth's surface

Geostrophic Current

water flow driven by gravity and modified by the Coriolis Force

A tropical maritime air mass is likely to be...

wet and warm

The polar front is labeled..

1

Variable winds that result in generally clear, dry, and fair conditions with minimal precipitation are labeled number

6

Which does not belong? A. California Current B. Canary Current C. Gulf Stream D. North Atlantic Current E. North Equatorial Current in the Atlantic Ocean

A. California Current

Which one does not belong? A. Gulf of Alaska B. Indian C. North Atlantic D. South Atlantic E. South Pacific

A. Gulf of Alaska

The arrangement of water masses in the southern Atlantic Ocean from the surface to the bottom is

Antarctic Intermediate Water, North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water

Which does not belong? A. desalination B. solar distillation C. pycnocline D. electrolytes E. reverse osmosis

C. pycnocline

The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called

Coriolis effect

Which does not belong? A. thermohaline circulation B. density-driven circulation C. Antarctic Bottom Water D. Kuroshio Current E. North Atlantic Deep Water

D. Kuroshio Current

Which does not belong? A. Gulf Stream B. Kuroshio Current C. North Equatorial Current D. Peru Current E. Somali Current

D. Peru Current

Which does not belong? A. sodium ion B. calcium ion C. potassium ion D. hydrogen ion E. magnesium ion

D. hydrogen ion

Which does not belong? A. temperature B. salinity C. thermocline D. pycnocline E. distillation

E. distillation

Which does not belong? A. Australian drought B. decreased fish stock in coastal Peru C. flooding rains in southeastern US D. Peruvian upwelling stops E. strong trade winds

E. strong trade winds

An eastern boundary current is generally narrow and swift

False

At high latitudes, abundant precipitation and runoff from melting of freshwater icebergs both increase salinity

False

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is

HCO3-

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0C. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise

The intensity of solar radiation at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is

greater

All are true of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current except:

the Antarctic Circumpolar Current contributes to the devolvement of the Antarctic bottom water in the Weddell Sea


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