PSL 431 Exam 2
Which of the following is NOT part of the forebrain? a. Basal Nuclei b. Pons c. Thalamus d. Hypothalamus e. Cerebral cortex
b. Pons
Which of the following contributes to long-term potentiation? a. The entrance of K+ through the NMDA receptors b. The removal of Mg2+, opens NMDA receptors c. Increased glutamate release by the postsynaptic terminals d. Reduced glutamate release by the postsynaptic terminals e. The activation of AMPA receptors trigger a sodium outward current
b. The removal of Mg2+, opens NMDA receptors
Which of the following is the correct order of information transmission in the nervous system: a. Efferent neurons => interneurons => Afferent neurons b. Interneurons => Efferent neurons => Afferent neurons c. Afferent neurons => Interneurons => Efferent neurons d. Interneurons => Afferent neurons => Efferent neurons e. The nervous system does not transmit information
c. Afferent neurons => Interneurons => Efferent neurons
A patient with a genetic loss-of-mutation in Piezo will: a. Experience severe pain in response to innocuous stimuli b. Difficulty differentiating warm and cold c. Difficulty detecting gentle touch d. Difficulty to think and resolve complex problems e. Lack of development of Abeta mechanoreceptors
c. Difficulty detecting gentle touch
Which statement is TRUE about how Endolymph contributes to hearing? a. Endolymph is high in K+ so opening of Voltage-Gated K+ channels depolarizes Hair cell b. Endolymph is high in Na+ so opening of Voltage-Gated Na+ channels depolarizes Hair cell c. Endolymph is high in K+ so opening of Mechanically-Gated K+ channels depolarizesHair cell d. Endolymph is low in K+ so opening of Mechanically-Gated K+ channels hyperpolarizes Hair cell e. Endolymph is low in Na+ so opening of Mechanically-Gated Na+ channels hyperpolarizes Hair cell
c. Endolymph is high in K+ so opening of Mechanically-Gated K+ channels depolarizesHair cell
After nerve injury microglia: a. Are activated in the contralateral (opposite) side of the spinal cord b. Express the protein GFAP c. Enhance the activity of NMDA receptors through the production of IL-1b d. Form the glia limitans e. make the nociceptors less excitable
c. Enhance the activity of NMDA receptors through the production of IL-1b
Which one is NOT true regarding the norepinephrine (NE) in the ANS? a. NE is secreted by postganglionic sympathetic neurons b. NE activate adrenergic receptors c. NE is secreted by preganglionic sympathetic neurons d. NE is not secreted by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons e. NE contributes to the fight-or-flight response
c. NE is secreted by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
Which of the following cells contribution to the maintenance of ion homeostasis in the spinal cord? a. Interneurons b. Schwann cells c. Bipolar neurons d. Oligodendrocytes e. Astrocytes
e. Astrocytes
The brain is mostly composed of _______? a. Afferent neurons b. Effector neurons c. Interneurons d. Efferent neurons e. Parasympathetic neurons
c. Interneurons
How is detection of visual and auditory stimuli SIMILAR? a. Both stimuli are sent to the thalamus within the brain b. Stimuli collected from the right eye/ear is only processed within the cortex on the right side of the brain c. Nerves carry the information within the brain between the thalamus and cortex d. Both stimuli are conveyed from the eye/ear to the brain via a tract e. All of the above are true
a. Both stimuli are sent to the thalamus within the brain
Which of the following is TRUE, Afferent neurons: a. Convey information from the periphery to the central nervous system b. Convey information from the central nervous system to the periphery c. Perform motor functions d. Are mostly interneurons e. Receive inputs from interneurons
a. Convey information from the periphery to the central nervous system
Which of the following associations is NOT true regarding pain medication and its physiological action? a. Fentanyl induces analgesia by activation of the adrenergic receptor b. Lidocaine is a voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor c. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen) block the production of prostaglandins d. Morphine induces hyperpolarization in postsynaptic dorsal horn neurons e. Serotonin Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI) facilitate the activation of inhibitory interneurons
a. Fentanyl induces analgesia by activation of the adrenergic receptor
Long-term sensitization is mediated by ________? a. Formation of new synapse b. Elimination of serotonin c. Formation of new afferent neurons d. None of the above are true e. All of the above are true
a. Formation of new synapse
Which of the following disruptions of an ear structure would cause sensorineural deafness? a. Loss of Inner Ear Hair cells in the Organ of Corti b. Blockage of the ear canal c. Tympanic membrane movement that moves the attached ossicles d. Movement of Endolymph fluid in the inner ear e. Damage to the opsin protein in the primary receptor cells
a. Loss of Inner Ear Hair cells in the Organ of Corti
In Phototransduction the Vm of the plasma membrane _______ due to the _________ of cGMP -Gated Channels a. Depolarizes; Closing b. Depolarizes; Inactivation c. Hyperpolarizes; Closing d. Hyperpolarizes; Opening e. None of the above are true
c. Hyperpolarizes; Closing
Motor neurons always ______ the effector organs. a. inhibit b. antagonist c. stimulate d. involuntary contract e. None of the above is correct
c. stimulate
Glial cells are non-neuronal cells residing in the nervous system, which of the following is correct (only one response): a. Astrocytes are glial cells b. Oligodendrocytes are glial cells c. Microglia are glial cells d. Schwann cells are glial cells e. All above are correct
e. All above are correct
Which of the following structures does NOT belong to the central nervoussystem? a. Spinal cord b. Spinal nerves c. Spinothalamic tract d. Anterolateral tract e. Inhibitory interneurons
b. Spinal nerves
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the protection of the Central Nervous System?The CNS is a. Enclosed in bony structures b. Separated from the blood flow by the blood-brain barrier c. Covered by the meninges d. Immerged in the cerebrospinal fluid e. All of the above are correct
e. All of the above are correct
Which cells do perform immunosurveillance in the brain? a. Microglia b. Pyramidal neurons c. Ependymal cells d. Interneurons e. Oligodendrocytes
a. Microglia
Which of the following does NOT belong to the peripheral nervous system? a. Spinal cord b. Enteric nervous system c. Sensory nervous system d. Sympathetic nervous system e. Somatic nervous system
a. Spinal cord
Which of the following is TRUE regarding TRPV1? a. TRPV1 detects heat sensation (above 44'C) b. TRPV1 detects cold sensation c. TRPV1 detects touch sensation d. TRPV1 detects proprioception e. All of the above are true
a. TRPV1 detects heat sensation (above 44'C)
Which is a CORRECT match of a fluid and its function within the auditory system? a. Vibrations of the Scala Tympani mediate sound dissipation b. The Scala Vestibuli has a higher concentration of K+ than the ICF c. The Ossicles are contained with a fluid filled pouch d. The Scala Media is filled with Perilymph e. The Hair Cells are immersed in the same fluid as the Scala Tympani
a. Vibrations of the Scala Tympani mediate sound dissipation
The Optic Chiasm is: a. Where axons from the nasal retina of each eye cross to other side of brain b. Where axons from the temporal retina of each eye cross to other side of brain c. Located within each eyed. The same thing as the Optic Tract e. Part of the Visual Cortex
a. Where axons from the nasal retina of each eye cross to other side of brain
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the comparison between Abeta and C-fibers? a. the Abeta fibers are faster than the C-fibers because, Abeta fiber have largerdiameter and are wrapped by myelin sheet b. The C-fibers are slower because they are longer to reach the epidermis c. The C-fibers are faster because they are unmyelinated d. Abeta fibers end up in the epidermis, while C-fibers end up in the dermis e. Abeta- and C-fibers are both nociceptor neurons
a. the Abeta fibers are faster than the C-fibers because, Abeta fiber have largerdiameter and are wrapped by myelin sheet
In the sea snail experiment (Aplysia), which of the following is TRUE regarding short-term sensitization? a. Phospholipase C triggers the activation of protein kinase A b. Protein kinase A inhibits potassium channels and prolongs activation of voltage-gated calcium channels c. The production of cyclic AMP is blocked by serotonin d. The motor neuron releases serotonin e. Protein kinase A facilitates the entrance of potassium
b. Protein kinase A inhibits potassium channels and prolongs activation of voltage-gated calcium channels
Which of the following is the CORRECT pathways for touch sensation? a. Sensory neurons −−> receptor cells (example: Merkel cells) −−> interneurons −−>thalamus −−> cortex b. Receptor cells (example: Merkel cells) −−> sensory neurons −−> interneurons −−>thalamus −−> primary somatosensory cortex c. Receptor cells (example: Merkel cells) −−> sensory neurons −−> interneurons −−>thalamus −−> primary motor cortex d. Osmoreceptors −−> sensory neurons −−> interneurons −−> thalamus −−> primary somatosensory cortex e. Receptor cells (example: Merkel cells) −−> interneurons −−> sensory neurons−−> primary somatosensory cortex −−> thalamus
b. Receptor cells (example: Merkel cells) −−> sensory neurons −−> interneurons −−>thalamus −−> primary somatosensory cortex
All of the following accurately describe a type of receptor cells and its associated function EXCEPT: a. Rod - vision b. Spindle muscle - thermosensation c. Meissner corpuscle - touch d. Merkel cell - mechanosensation e. Nociceptor - pain
b. Spindle muscle - thermosensation
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the autonomic nervous system? a. Sympathetic neurons originate from the brain b. The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons c. Parasympathetic neurons are mostly afferents d. Sympathetic neurons mostly release acetylcholine at effector organs e. Parasympathetic nervous system has short preganglionic neurons andlong postganglionic neurons
b. The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
Which of the following correlates with the intensity of sensory stimulation? a. The magnitude of AP in sensory neurons b. The frequency of AP firing in sensory neurons c. The magnitude of AP in the motor neurons d. The frequency of AP firing in motor neurons e. All of the above are true
b. The frequency of AP firing in sensory neurons
GHB (γ-hydroxybutyric acid), also known as thedate-rape drug, is a GABA-b-receptor agonist. Imagine that you inject it directly into the spinal cord to a patient putting his/her hand on a working stove. a. The injection will enhance the feeling of pain because it will sensitize the nociceptors b. The injection will reduce the feeling of pain because it will desensitize the nociceptors c. The injection will enhance the feeling of pain because it will sensitize the projection neurons d. The injection will reduce the feeling of pain because it will desensitize the projection neurons e. The injection will do nothing on the pain. GHB is not an analgesic because it will inhibit postsynaptic neurons but activates nociceptors
b. The injection will reduce the feeling of pain because it will desensitize the nociceptors
The Hair Cells that enable hearing are located within: a. The stapes b. The organ of corti c. The scala vestibuli d. The perilymph e. The eustachian tube
b. The organ of corti
Photopigments in rods and cones are similar in all the following ways EXCEPT for: a. They all contain retinal b. They all contain the same opsin c. They are all contained within discs in the outer segment d. They are required for light sensing e. They act as GPCRs
b. They all contain the same opsin
Which of the following is NOT true regarding opioid-mediated endogenous analgesia? a. Enkepahlin and beta-endorphin are endogenous opioid peptides b. Activation of Opioid receptors on presynaptic terminals blocks the release of neurotransmitters c. Activation of Opioid receptors on postsynaptic neurons increases the release of substance P d. Activation of Opioid receptors on postsynaptic neurons increases the release of potassium (K+) to hyperpolarize the cells e. Endogenous analgesia is the ability of the body to produce opioid peptides to alleviates the pain without exogenous medication
c. Activation of Opioid receptors on postsynaptic neurons increases the release of substance P
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the comparison between Adelta and C-fiber nociceptors? a. All of the C-fiber nociceptors are mechanical nociceptors b. The conductivity speed of C-fibers and Adelta fibers are similar because they are both nociceptors c. Adelta-fibers are thinly myelinated, while C-fibers are unmyelinated d. Adelta fibers end up in the dermis, while C-fibers end up in the epidermis e. Adelta-fibers detect irritant chemicals
c. Adelta-fibers are thinly myelinated, while C-fibers are unmyelinated
Which of the following is NOT a correct association of a brain region and one of its main functions? a. Thalamus - awareness of sensation b. Cerebral cortex - voluntary control of movements c. Hypothalamus - language d. Basal Nuclei - inhibition of muscle tone e. Cerebral cortex - cognition
c. Hypothalamus - language
Ziconotide has been approved by the FDA as anew analgesic in 2004. It is a voltage-gated calcium channel inhibitor.Which of the following is NOT true about Ziconotide? a. It has to be injected intrathecally (directly into the spinal cord) b. It blocks the release of CGRP, glutamate, and Substance P. c. It can be taken orally (systemic administration) d. It can induce numbness (loss of sensitivity to sensory stimuli, e.g.:touch) e. It effects overlap with the effects of morphine
c. It can be taken orally (systemic administration)
Which of the following is matched with the type of vision deficiency it would cause? a. Loss of M-Opsin will cause night blindness b. Mutation of S-Opsin causes red-green color deficiency c. Lesion of visual cortex will cause partial blindness d. Lesion of the Optic Chiasm will cause total blindness e. Loss of Rods will cause Deuteranopia (a form of red-green color deficiency)
c. Lesion of visual cortex will cause partial blindness
Identify the TRUE statement about components of the visual system: a. Rods enable high acuity vision b. Transduction is the molecule that absorbs light in photoreceptors c. The axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerve d. Information from the left eye is only processed in Visual Cortex on the left side of the brain e. Bipolar Cells fire action potentials to convey visual stimuli
c. Microglia are glial cells
Which of the following is NOT true regarding morphine? a. Morphine binds to opioid receptors and mimics the action of endogenous opioidpeptides b. Morphine, at high dose, can induce respiratory depression (stop breathing) c. Morphine prevents the release of glycine from the nociceptors. d. Morphine induces pain relief e. Morphine induces presynaptic inhibition of the nociceptors
c. Morphine prevents the release of glycine from the nociceptors.
Which of the following is NOT true regarding Protein kinases A and C? a. Their activities are increased by inflammatory mediators b. PKA and PKC phosphorylate TRP channels to enhance their activities c. PKA and PKC are inhibited by ketamine d. PKA and PKC phosphorylate glutamate receptors to enhance theiractivities e. PKA and PKC are found in nociceptors
c. PKA and PKC are inhibited by ketamine
In the descending pain modulatory pathways, which of the following is CORRECT regarding serotonin?PAG = periaqueductal gray, LC = locus Coeruleus, RVM = rostral ventromedial medulla a. Serotonin is released by PAG neurons into the RVM b. Serotonin binds to opioid receptors to block voltage-gated calcium channels c. Serotonin is released into the dorsal horn by neurons originating from the RVM d. Serotonin activates inhibitory interneurons, leading to the release of glutamate,Substance P, and CGRP e. None of the above is correct
c. Serotonin is released into the dorsal horn by neurons originating from the RVM
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the Autonomic nervous system? a. The parasympathetic nervous system has short preganglionic neurons and longpostganglionic neurons b. The sympathetic neurons mostly release acetylcholine at effector organs c. The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons d. Parasympathetic neurons are mostly afferent neurons e. Sympathetic neurons originate from the brain
c. The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
Which of the following is NOT true regarding Postsynaptic Summation? a. The addition of several Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP), from the same presynaptic terminal, taking place very close in time is called temporal summation. b. The addition of several Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSP), fromdifferent presynaptic terminals, is called spatial summation. c. The number of EPSP dictates the magnitude of the action potentials d. EPSP is cancelled by simultaneous Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials(IPSP) e. All of the above are true
c. The number of EPSP dictates the magnitude of the action potentials
Which of the following is a CORRECT statement about the arrangement of the retina? a. Ganglion cells at the front of the retina contain the photopigments that absorb light b. The fovea contains the most Bipolar and Ganglion cells, which is why vision is most clear at this area of the retina c. The photoreceptor cells that absorb light are at the back of the retina and send information toward the front of the eye d. At the blind spot there are only Cone photoreceptor cells but no Rod photoreceptor cells e. The axons of Photoreceptor cells exit the eye via the Optic Nerve
c. The photoreceptor cells that absorb light are at the back of the retina and send information toward the front of the eye
Which of the following might result in Sensorineural Deafness? a. Having a cork plugging up your eardrum b. Swimmers Ear (getting water trapped in your middle ear) c. Years of being a roadie for the loudest rock band in the world d. Failing to ever clean the earwax from your ears e. A small puncture of the tympanic membrane
c. Years of being a roadie for the loudest rock band in the world
Which of the following cells does NOT belong to the peripheral nervous system? a. Efferent neurons b. Satellite glial cells c. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons d. Astrocytes e. Parasympathetic neurons
d. Astrocytes
Which of the following is NOT a correct association of a brain region and one of its main functions? a. Hypothalamus - neuroendocrine regulation b. Cerebral cortex - voluntary control of movements c. Cerebral cortex - cognition d. Basal nuclei - language e. Thalamus - awareness of sensation
d. Basal nuclei - language
Which one is NOT true regarding the C-fibers? a. C-fibers are mostly nociceptors b. C-fibers are unmyelinated c. C-fibers release substance P d. C-fibers conduct action potential faster than ABeta-fibers e. C-fibers are mostly polymodal
d. C-fibers conduct action potential faster than ABeta-fibers
Which of the following is NOT true regarding interleukin (IL)-1β in chronic pain a. IL-1β is mainly released by microglia b. IL-1β induces ectopic spontaneous activity in the nociceptors c. IL-1β increases NMDA receptor activity d. IL-1β is mainly released by ependymal cells
d. IL-1β is mainly released by ependymal cells
Why is vision sharpest at the fovea? a. It is the part of the retina with the most Rods b. It is the part of the retina that has the most Ganglion Cells c. It is where the optic nerve exits the eye d. It is where there are no Bipolar and Ganglion Cells to block the light path e. It is the part of the retina with the fewest Cones
d. It is where there are no Bipolar and Ganglion Cells to block the light path
lidocaine, a voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor, is often uses by dentists (injection into the gum). Can you imagine what would happen if lidocaine is injected directly into the RVM a. Nothing because RVM neurons do not express voltage-gated sodium channels b. It will improve the mood because RVM are serotonergic neurons c. It will induce analgesia because lidocaine is a nerve blocker d. It will block the descending modulatory pathway because it will shutdown RVM serotonergic and GABAergic neurons e. It will induce analgesia because it will block the release of glutamate
d. It will block the descending modulatory pathway because it will shutdown RVM serotonergic and GABAergic neurons
Which of the following is NOT a correct match of how a disruption of the visual processing pathway would alter vision? a. Loss of rod photoreceptor cells causes night blindness b. Loss of the opsin protein in either green or red cone photoreceptor cells impairs ability to differentiate red from green c. Severing the right optic nerve causes total loss of vision from the right eye d. Loss of retinal causes red-green color blindness, but night vision remains intact e. Severing the optic chiasm will cause partial loss of vision, but not complete blindness
d. Loss of retinal causes red-green color blindness, but night vision remains intact
Chronic pain develops because inhibitory systems in the dorsal horn are not effective. This pathologicalevent is called "loss of inhibition" or "dishinbition". Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding theloss of inhibition? a. GABA receptors are permeable to Cl- b. NMDA receptor activation downregulates K+-Cl-cotransporter (KCC2) activity c. Reduction of KCC2 prevents the maintenance of a low intracellular concentrationof Cl- d. NMDA receptor losses its inhibitory action on postsynaptic neurons e. Disinhibition contributes to the development of chronic pain
d. NMDA receptor losses its inhibitory action on postsynaptic neurons
The main role of oligodendrocytes is to: a. Perform immunosurveillance of the brain b. Maintain homeostasis c. Form the wall of the brain ventricles d. Produce an insulative sheath of myelin around the axons e. Clear toxic debris
d. Produce an insulative sheath of myelin around the axons
Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) alleviates pain because: a. Serotonin signals to the amygdala to improve the mood b. Noradrenaline blocks the release of Substance P c. Serotonin contributes to inflammatory pain and sensitize nociceptors d. SNRI increases the synaptic concentration of Noradrenaline to potential the descending inhibitory pain pathway e. SNRI binds to opioid receptors to suppress sodium channel activities
d. SNRI increases the synaptic concentration of Noradrenaline to potential the descending inhibitory pain pathway
All of the following are steps of the Auditory Pathway EXCEPT for: a. Hair Cells are the receptor cells b. Spiral Ganglion cells convey sound information to the brain via Auditory Nerve c. Axons conveying sound information cross within the brainstem d. Sound information is processed in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus e. Sound information is ultimately received and processed in Primary Auditory Cortex
d. Sound information is processed in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Thalamus
Which of the following is TRUE about how the Basilar Membrane (BM) enables hearing? a. Sound waves detected at the base of the BM specifically convey louder sounds b. Sound waves detected near the Helicotrema specifically convey louder sounds c. Sound waves detected near the Oval Window specifically convey low pitch sounds d. Sound waves detected near the Helicotrema specifically convey low pitch sounds e. All hair cells detect high pitch sounds
d. Sound waves detected near the Helicotrema specifically convey low pitch sounds
During the knee-jerk reflex, what is the CORRECT order of sequence?a. Voluntary contraction of the quadriceps muscle −−> activation of afferent neurons −−> activation of motor neurons −−> stretch the quadriceps muscle b. Activation of motor neurons => stretch the quadriceps muscle −−> activation of afferent neurons −−> contraction of the muscle c. Activation of interneurons −−> stretch the quadriceps muscle −−> activation of afferent neurons −−> contraction of the muscle d. Stretch the quadriceps muscle −−> activation of afferent neurons −−> activation of motor neurons −−> contraction of the muscle e. All of the above are true
d. Stretch the quadriceps muscle −−> activation of afferent neurons −−> activation of motor neurons −−> contraction of the muscle
Metoprolol is often prescribed to reduce high blood pressure (hypertension) because: a. It is a beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist and beta-1 receptors are mostly present in the heart b. It is a beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist and it does not target insulin secretion, which is regulated by beta-2 adrenergic receptors c. It does not interfere with the activity of nicotinic receptors d. It blocks the activation of the receptors by norepinephrine e. All of the above are true
e. All of the above are true
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the protection of the CNS? a. The CNS is enclosed in bony structure b. The CNS baths in the CSF c. The ependymal cells form the wall of the ventricules and the central canal d. The CNS is separated from the circulation by the blood-brain barrier e. All of the above are true
e. All of the above are true
Which structure in the ear is CORRECTLY matched with the function it performs? a. Movement of the ossicles causes vibrations of the Oval Window, and thereby the fluid within the inner ear b. Hair cell stereocilia bending alters opening of mechanically gated K+ channels c. Endolymph contains more K+ than the ICF of hair cells, so when mechanically gated K+ channels open then K+ enters and depolarizes the cell d. Vibrations of the Round Window dissipate sound e. All of the above are true
e. All of the above are true
Acetylcholine activates a neuron if the neuron expresses (has): a. Beta-1 adrenergic receptors b. Beta-2 adrenergic receptors c. Nicotinic receptors d. Muscarinic receptors e. Both C and D are correct
e. Both C and D are correct
Which is the TRUE statement about phototransduction? a. A conformational change in Opsin directly opens mechanically-gated K+ channels to hyperpolarize the photoreceptor b. It relies on the heterotrimeric G-Protein cGMP Phosphodiesterase c. Light converts all trans-retinal to all cis-retinal d. Light causes graded depolarization of the photoreceptor e. Degradation of cGMP leads to a decreased Na+ movement into the photoreceptor
e. Degradation of cGMP leads to a decreased Na+ movement into the photoreceptor
Consider if you have been in brightly lit room and then suddenly move into the dark. Which of the following describes why it takes a few seconds for your eyes to adapt and to detect the low levels of light in your new environment? a. It takes time for cGMP to be degraded to permit depolarization of the Cone cells b. It takes time to close mechanically-gated K+ channels so that photoreceptor cells hyperpolarize c. Rods must synthesize more Rhodopsin in order to detect low light levels d. It takes time to make more Cone cells necessary for night vision e. It takes time for more cGMP to be synthesized that will lead to depolarization of the Rod cells
e. It takes time for more cGMP to be synthesized that will lead to depolarization of the Rod cells
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the contribution of kinases toplasticity? a. Kinases such as Protein Kinase A (PKA) phosphorylate ion channels b. Kinases modulate the function of ion channels c. Kinases modulate the function of ion receptors d. Kinases modulate the transcriptome e. Kinases are secreted through voltage-gated potassium channels
e. Kinases are secreted through voltage-gated potassium channels
Inflammation is often associated with pain. Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the effect of inflammatory mediators on neuron physiology? a. IL-1b induces spontaneouus activity in nociceptors b. Nerve growth factor increases the activity of Protein Kinase A in nociceptors c. Microglia produces IL-1bd. Activation of protein kinases by prostaglandins results in enhanced activity ofTRPV1 and sodium channels e. Microglia migrate to the skin to heal the wound
e. Microglia migrate to the skin to heal the wound
Which of the following is NOT true regarding neurogenic inflammation?SP = substance P and CGRP = Calcitonin gene-related peptide a. SP and CGRP are released by the nociceptors b. Secretion of SP and CGRP stimulate immune cells (e.g. mast cells) c. SP and CGRP induce vasodilatation and plasma extravasation d. SP and CGRP increase blood flow in the skin inducing redness e. SP and CGRP are released by the adrenal medulla to attenuate pain andinflammation
e. SP and CGRP are released by the adrenal medulla to attenuate pain andinflammation
Which of the following contributes to long-term potentiation? a. Increased release of glutamate by the postsynaptic terminal b. Increased numbers of receptors on the presynaptic terminal c. The activation of AMPA receptors triggers a sodium outward current d. Entrance of K+ through the NMDA receptors e. The removal of the ion Mg2+, opens NMDA receptors
e. The removal of the ion Mg2+, opens NMDA receptors