PSY 100 - Ch. 12

The Big Five Factors

1. Openness 2. Conscientiousness 3. Extraversion 4. Agreeableness 5. Neuroticism

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

1. oral stage (0-18 months) 2. anal stage (18-36 months) 3. phallic stage (3-6 years) 4. latency stage (6 years to puberty) 5. genital stage (puberty on)

Six Defense Mechanisms

1. regression 2. reaction formation 3. projection 4. rationalization 5. displacement 6. denial

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited group of memories from our species' history.

Gabriela has an extremely clean dorm room. She keeps no clutter on her desk, she awakens very early to keep up with her schoolwork, and her car is spotless. Based on this information, Geneva would MOST likely score high on a scale measuring the Big Five factor of _____.

Conscientiousness

Dean's attorney sends him for a psychological evaluation before his court hearing. Dean is concerned because one of the tests that the psychologist administers is the Rorschach test. Which statement is MOST accurate?

Dean should be concerned because the Rorschach test has limited reliability and validity.

In a psychology class debate on the trait perspective, Colin needs to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which criticism of the trait perspective would he cite?

People do not act with predictable consistency, and behavior varies from one situation to the next.

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

To psychologists, learning is

a change in behavior based on experience.

Trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a tendency to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

factors

a cluster of behavior tendencies that occur together.

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous images designed to trigger projection of the test-taker's unconscious thoughts or feelings.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Freud believed that dreams were NOT:

a random discharge of neural energy.

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

social-cognitive perspective

a view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context.

oepidus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Classical conditioning has to do with

automatic responses.

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, the bell was a (an)

conditioned stimulus

You go to a dentist and the dentists says, "This won't hurt a bit." That statement ends up being paired with pain. In this example, the statement, "This won't hurt a bit" is a (an)

conditioned stimulus

According to Freud, the ____ helps us deal with things practically.

ego

narcissistic

excessive self-love and self-absorption.

Freudian and humanistic theorists sought to _____ personality; trait theorists sought to ____ personality.

explain; describe

Sophia is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures the Big Five factor of _____.

extraversion

Behaviorist chose to ignore the environment to make psychology more scientific.

false

The psychodynamic approach is not scientific.

false

individualist

giving priority to our own goals over group goals and defining our identity in terms of personal traits rather than group membership.

collectivist

giving priority to the goals of our group (often our extended family or work group) and defining our identity accordingly.

The _____ view of personality emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.

humanistic

The ______ perspective on personality arose as a reaction against the negativism of the psychoanalytic perspective and the mechanical determinism of behaviorism.

humanistic

The life story approach to personality assessment is MOST likely to be practiced by a _____ psychologist.

humanistic

According to Freud, the ______ contains our sexual and aggressive impulses.

id

Michael often acts in aggressive, impulsive ways without consideration for the long-term effects of his behavior. Freud would suggest that Michael is primarily driven by his:

id

fixation

in personality theory, according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how unimportant or embarrassing.

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety.

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

After the world championships, the winner of the diving competition discussed how hard she had worked and the dedication and sacrifices she made to reach her goal to be a gold medal winner. From this interview, you can ascertain that she is likely from a(n) _____ culture.

individualist

In _____ cultures, there is an emphasis on the self and one's personal needs and goals; whereas in _____ cultures, the primary concern is about one's significant group such as the family.

individualist; collectivist

Gavin was frequently ill as a child, which led him to miss out on many of the activities that his peers experienced. Adler would predict that Gavin would develop a(n) _____ complex.

inferiority

Jerry was frequently ill as a child, which led him to miss out on many of the activities that his peers experienced. Adler would predict that Jerry would develop a(n):

inferiority complex.

People who are high in the Big Five traits of _____ have brains that are wired to experience intense imagination, curiosity, and fantasy.

openness

Raquel has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and seems to overcompensate now. Raquel is fixated in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

oral

self-esteem

our feelings of high or low self-worth.

self-serving bias

our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably.

self-efficacy

our sense of competence and effectiveness.

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

Pavlov was a

physiologist

A teacher tells the student, "If you do not stop talking during class I will give you extra homework." This is an example of

positive punishment

A student does well in school and her parents give her extra allowance. This is an example of

positive reinforcement

Today's researchers call the Freudian defense mechanism of _____ the false consensus effect.

projection

Henry is given a test by a psychologist and asked to tell a story about an ambiguous picture. Henry is MOST likely taking a(n) _____ test.

projective

Major Personality Theories

psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, humanistic, trait, social-cognitive

Concerning personality assessments, free association is to _____ theory as personality inventories are to _____ theory.

psychoanalytic; trait

When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may:

react violently.

In the defense mechanism called _______, we replace threatening inner wishes with exaggerated versions of their opposite.

reaction formation

Albert Bandura's social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of:

reciprocal determinism.

Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people, and yesterday he thought Grant was angry at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. But in truth, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of:

reciprocal determinism.

In the defense mechanism called _______, we stick anxiety provoking information back down into the unconscious.

repression

Tamara has always approached her job with a can-do attitude, assuming that, even if she had never done something before, she would be able to figure it out. This attitude suggests that she has a high degree of:

self-efficacy.

"We were arguing and the gun just went off!" This statement illustrates our tendency to accept less responsibility for our bad deeds. This is called:

self-serving bias

In a television advertisement for a skin-care product, a young woman worries that friends will notice a pimple on her face. This advertisement capitalizes on our tendency to overestimate the extent to which others are paying attention to us, a phenomenon called:

spotlight effect

In Eysenck and Eysenck's theory, an individual who is even-tempered and reliable is MOST likely a(n):

stable introvert.

According to Freud, the ____ is a voice of conscience.

superego

Which personality concept is matched with the CORRECT theory?

superego - psychoanalytic

According to Freud's theory, boys' fear of castration is MOST closely associated with:

the Oedipus complex.

Lately 5-year-old Liam has been acting strangely. He clings to his mother and expresses jealous feelings toward his father, almost as if his father is a rival for his mother's love. Freud would suggest that Liam is experiencing:

the Oedipus complex.

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal personal factors, and environment.

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, balances the demands of the id, the superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test; a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future goals.

identidication

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

Christine is giving a speech tomorrow and is worried because she just got an unflattering haircut. She is convinced everyone will stare at her bangs and will discuss her unattractive hair. Christine's overestimation of people's reactions is known as:

the spotlight effect.

Dr. Haun developed a test that measures the amount of extrasensory perception (ESP) individuals exhibit. The test is found to be reliable, which means that:

this test measures something consistently but it may not be ESP.

Dr. Wayne states that the task of the personality psychologist is to describe the "consistent and persistent" patterns of behavior that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Wayne is MOST likely a _____ theorist of personality.

trait

Behaviorist chose to ignore internal states to make psychology more scientific.

true

Both the psychodynamic and behavioral approaches are deterministic.

true

Kate comes home with three A's and two B's, to which her mother replies, "Is that the best you could do?" and walks away. Rogers refers to this attitude as the opposite of:

unconditional positive regard.

In Pavlov's experiments with dogs, salivation is a (an)

unconditioned response

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, the food was a (an)

unconditioned stimulus

For Freud, slips of the tongue, jokes, and dreams offered clues to the:

unconscious

Operant conditioning has to do with

voluntary responses.

self

your image and understanding of who you are; in modern psychology, the idea that this is the center of personality, organizing your thoughts, feelings, and actions.