Psy 100 Exam 3 Study Guide

Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the _____ theory.

scapegoat

When asked, "Who are you?" John answers that he is 4 years old, that he loves trucks and trains, and that his favorite color is blue. John is describing his: self-esteem. self-actualization. self-concept. self-transcendence.

self-concept

Currently online dating is responsible for 1 in _____ marriages

5

In the original Stanley Milgram obedience experiment, men aged 20 to 50 complied _____percent of the time. 35 65 55 45

65

The textbook's discussion suggests that about _____ in 10 Americans agree that ethnic, cultural, and racial diversity make the nation a better place. This proportion is _____ than that in European nations. 6; lower 6; higher 4; higher 4; lower

6; higher

Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that: animals can be bred for aggressiveness. neural influences contribute to aggressive behavior of men but not of women. there is no physiological basis for aggression in humans. human aggression is an unlearned instinct.

Animals can be bred for aggressiveness

In terms of the bystander effect, the odds of one helping someone are NOT increased by: the victim appearing to need and deserve help. being in a good mood. the victim being similar to us. being in a hurry.

Being in a hurry

Which pair of psychologists began a series of studies in the 1960s investigating the factors involved in determining whether a person will help a stranger? Stanley Milgram and Diana Baumrind Muzafer Sherif and Solomon Asch Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram Bibb Latané and John Darley

Bibb Latané and John Darley

Bill was a very aggressive and violent youth. He often got into fistfights with the other boys and was even charged with assault when he was in his mid-twenties. Bill is now 65 years old and it takes a lot to make him angry. Why is this the case? Bill's levels of the hormone melatonin have increased. Bill's levels of the hormone melatonin have decreased. Bill's levels of the hormone testosterone have decreased. Bill's levels of the hormone testosterone have increased.

Bill's levels of the hormone testosterone have decreased.

Which familiar saying is BEST supported by social psychological research? Birds of a feather flock together. Familiarity breeds contempt. Opposites attract. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

Birds of a feather flock together

Along with Abraham Maslow, _____ represented the humanistic perspective on personality. Carl Rogers Carl Jung Albert Bandura Karen Horney

Carl Rogers

Blanche is extremely interested in politics and believes an upcoming election is very important to the future. Blanche would MOST likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on _____route persuasion. situational peripheral central dispositional

Central

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory BEST explains why Abe adopted this new attitude? the bystander effect the frustration aggression principle cognitive dissonance theory the just world phenomenon

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Which concept refers to the loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension that occurs in the group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms? Social Facilitation Groupthink Deindividuation Group Polarization

Deindividuation

Janelle yells at Jason for being 10 minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe that Janelle is a rude jerk, Jason decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Jason's explanation of Janelle's behavior_____ the fundamental attribution error because it is based on Janelle's _____. reflects; personality reflects; situation does not reflect; situation does not reflect; personality

Does not reflect; situation

Kanesha meets with a therapist because she wants to do something about the path her life is taking. The doctor tells her to lie down on the couch, relax, and say whatever comes to mind. This psychoanalytic method is known as: humanistic therapy. rational-emotive therapy. fixation. free association.

Free association

Attribution theory was proposed by:

Heider

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding historical trends in racial, gender, and LGBTQ prejudice in the United States? In the United States, explicit prejudice has decreased more dramatically than has implicit prejudice over the past 75 years. In the United States, implicit prejudice has decreased more dramatically than has explicit prejudice over the past 75 years. Neither explicit nor implicit prejudice has declined very much at all over the past 75 years in the United States. Explicit and implicit prejudice have declined equivalently in the United States over the past 75 years.

In the United States, explicit prejudice has decreased more dramatically than has implicit prejudice over the past 75 years.

This is the tendency to favor one's own group. outgroup discrimination ingroup bias outgroup ingroup

Ingroup bias

In making wedding preparations, JaMarcus conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family in order to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of _____ social influence. normative peripheral informational central

Normative

Today, almost all Americans are willing to vote for a qualified female presidential candidate. In 1937, the corresponding proportion was MOST nearly: two-thirds. one-half. one-quarter. one-third.

One-Third

Lee is 35 years old and smokes almost two packs of cigarettes daily. According to Freud, Lee is fixated at which stage of development? anal phallic latency oral

Oral

_____ love is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. Companionate Social Passionate Proximate

Passionate

_____ is an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group. Aggression Prejudice A stereotype Discrimination

Prejudice

Maria does not have a very good driving record. She has gotten several tickets for running red lights, speeding, and not wearing her seat belt. When asked by the judge at her more recent court appearance why she continually violated driving laws, Maria stated that she was certain others did the same, including the judge. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is Maria employing? regression reaction formation projection displacement

Projection

Who is MOST likely to have high levels of testosterone? Mark, who is 27 years old and has a long face Shelly, who is 25 years old and has a round face Richard, who is 25 years old and has a wide face Michael, who is 18 years old and has a round face

Richard, who is 25 years old and has a wide face

This projective test seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of a certain type of abstract pictorial representation. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Rorschach test Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Rorschach test

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by the opinions of others display: extraversion. reaction formation. self-actualization. an external locus of control.

Self-actualization

A psychology instructor asks his class to write down all of their thoughts and feelings about themselves. This exercise is a way to describe their: self-concept theory of mind unconscious unconditional positive regard

Self-concept

When people perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called _____.

Social Facilitation

Roger recently lost his job and believes that it is a result of the increase in Mexican immigrants. He is demonstrating: the blame-the-victim phenomenon. the scapegoat theory. ingroup bias. discrimination.

The Scapegoat theory

People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain: the behavior of close friends why someones attitude is ever changing their own behavior the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation

The behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation

Maria does not have a very good driving record. She has gotten several tickets for running red lights, speeding, and not wearing her seat belt. When asked by the judge at her more recent court appearance why she continually violated driving laws, Maria stated that she was certain others did the same, including the judge. Today's researchers would call this: projection. regression. displacement. the false consensus effect.

The false consensus effect

After Marcus lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Marcus' behavior is BEST explained in terms of: the frustration-aggression principle. the just-world phenomenon. the mere exposure effect. group polarization.

The frustration-aggression principle

The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate: the human capacity for good. individual needs. the human capacity for evil. self-acceptance.

The human capacity for evil

Beth and Marsha have worked together for about a year. They work well together and both are advancing in their careers. Which factor can BEST explain why Beth and Marsha like each other? similarity in-group bias physical attractiveness the reward theory of attraction

The reward theory of attraction

Based on the research presented in the textbook, what is the MOST likely outcome experienced by children who frequently play violent video games? They are no different from children and adolescents who do not play violent video games. They are less likely to engage in aggressive thoughts and behaviors. They are more likely to engage in aggressive thoughts and behaviors. They are more likely to be empathetic to the feelings of others.

They are more likely to engage in aggressive thoughts and behaviors.

Which comment is MOST likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink? "It is important for each of us to think critically about this issue." "We should probably divide into subgroups and arrive at independent decisions." "We have been united on matters in the past, and I hope that will continue." "We will need some outside experts to critique our decisions."

We have been united on matters in the past, and I hope that will continue

In which situation is one MOST likely to conform? when from a culture that fosters civil disobedience when others in the group are not observing one's behavior when one feels secure when one admires the group's status

When one admires the groups status

Judith purchased a nice home, whose value depreciated as a result of the housing crash. She was able to have the majority of her remaining mortgage payments forgiven, which eased a huge financial burden for her. She reasoned that the debt she was forgiven would not negatively impact the overall debt of the country. Judith's reasoning is an example of: conflict. self-conflict. a social trap. bystander effect.

a social trap

The Big Five personality factor _____ involves these endpoints: soft-hearted versus ruthless, trusting versus suspicious, and helpful versus uncooperative.

agreeableness

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of: ingroup bias, mirror-image perceptions, and deindividuation. inequality, frustration, and aggression. conflicts, attributions, and social scripts. beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.

Joanna disagrees with her classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Joanna is MOST likely to conform to her classmates' opinion if she: verbally expresses her own unique opinion early in the class discussion. does not have to reveal her personal opinion at the close of the class discussion. believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position. has a high level of self-esteem.

believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.

It is often heard that successful long-term relationships are 50/50 or 100/100, highlighting the role of _____in companionate love. equity passionate love self-disclosure mere exposure effect

equity

In a study, researchers temporarily deflated the self-image of participants by telling them they did poorly on a test. The participants were then more likely to: downplay their own intelligence. hide their racial prejudice. express heightened racial prejudice. disparage themselves.

express heightened racial prejudice

Sophia is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures _____.

extraversion

Upon reviewing David's blog, people quickly notice that he likes to use adjectives to describe the different social events he attends. This may give people enough information to make a safe assessment about which personality factor for David? agreeableness openness conscientiousness extraversion

extraversion

Xander is a newspaper reporter who uses a high frequency of personal pronouns such as we, our, and us in his articles. Based on this, you might predict that Xander would score high on the Big Five trait: extraversion. neuroticism. socialism. introversion.

extraversion

Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups, while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim: has more experience interacting with Asian people. probably has great vision. has an outgroup bias. has an ingroup bias.

has more experience interacting with asian people

Bernadette is applying to graduate school and has several items she must turn in with her application, including letters of recommendation, GRE scores, transcripts, and a personal statement. Which of these is likely the BEST indicator of her potential for success in graduate school? her personal statement her GRE scores her academic transcripts the letters of recommendation

her academic transcripts

Ashley feels that she has reached her full potential as a physician. According to Maslow, Ashley: has developed self-transcendence. has good self-esteem. has a defined self-concept. is self-actualized.

is self-actualized

A jury deliberated on a rape case for more than eight hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. These jurors said that by looking like that, she had been asking to be assaulted. Their opinion is BEST explained in terms of the: frustration-aggression principle. mere exposure effect. scapegoat theory. just-world phenomenon.

just world phenomenon

Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she is angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he is hostile. This couple's experience BEST illustrates: Mirror image perceptions the mer exposure effect group polarization a social trap

mirror image perceptions

Excessive self-love and self-absorption is called _____.

narcissism

Personality inventories are to _____ as projective tests are to _____. subjective scoring; objective scoring objective scoring; subjective scoring validity; standardization standardization; validity

objective scoring; subjective scoring

This refers to an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. ego superego personality id

personality

Jung, Adler, and Horney are the key proponents to which personality theory? social-cognitive humanistic psychoanalytic psychodynamic

psychodynamic

When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may: be less likely to criticize others. retreat. seek out explanations for their errors. react violently.

react violently

Juan was shopping for a new watch and the salesperson was pressuring him to spend money far above his financial limit. Juan attributed the behavior to the salesperson having a pushy personality. Juan's explanation of the salesperson's behavior_____ the fundamental attribution error because it is based on the salesperson's _____. does not reflect; personality does not reflect; situation reflects; situation reflects; personality

reflects; personality

Which factor is a social-cultural influence in the biopsychosocial model of personality? unconscious thought processes autonomic nervous system reactivity learned responses situational influences

situational influences

Which personality concept is matched with the correct theory? self-actualization—social cognitive reciprocal determinism—trait superego—psychoanalytic Big Five—humanistic

superego—psychoanalytic

If people are asked how they like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of: the fundamental attribution error. the mere exposure effect. cognitive dissonance. social facilitation.

the mere exposure effect

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of: deindividuation. mirror-image perceptions. social facilitation. the mere exposure effect.

the mere exposure effect

Defensive self-esteem relies on _____, while secure self-esteem relies on _____. the negative perceptions of others; the positive perceptions of others negative self-appraisals; positive self-appraisals the perceptions of others; internal evaluations internal evaluations; the perceptions of others

the perception of others; internal evaluations

Despite the prevalence of the self-serving bias, people put themselves down for different reasons. Which choice is NOT one of those reasons? to put down their old selves to prepare themselves for failure to protect themselves from repeating mistakes to agree with the negative comments from others

to agree with the negative comments from others