PSY 100 EXAM 4

complex according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Oedipus complex

theories of personality that view human behavior as a dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind, including associated motives and conflicts

Psychodynamic theories

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Rorschach inkblot test

_____________ is to the history of psychology as _____________ is to the history of rock music. a. Freud; Elvis b. Freud; Billy Joe Armstrong c. Wilhelm Wundt; Elvis d. Karen Horney; John Lennon

a. Freud; Elvis

_____________ are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. a. Anxiety disorders b. Personality disorders c. Psychotic disorders d. Adjustment disorders

a. anxiety disorders

We tend to feel discomfort when two of our thoughts are inconsistent and then act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as: a. cognitive dissonance theory. b. motivated forgetting. c. the fundamental attribution error. d. the confirmation bias.

a. cognitive dissonance theory

Last year, Nikki was diagnosed with schizophrenia and one of her symptoms is related to diminished and inappropriate emotion. She sometimes lapses into a "zombielike" state of apparent apathy known as: a. flat affect. b. disorganized thinking. c. persistent depressive disorder. d. obsession.

a. flat effect

While you disagree with your boss, you laugh at the joke anyway to gain her approval. Your behavior illustrates: a. normative social influence. b. informational social influence. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. the mere exposure effect.

a. normative social influence

Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a ___________ perspective. a. psychoanalytic b. biological c. social-cognitive d. humanistic

a. psychoanalytic

Some _____ theorists see dissociative identity disorder as defenses against the anxiety caused by unacceptable impulses. a. psychodynamic b. biopsychosocial approach c. learning d. social-cognitive

a. psychodynamic

The _____________ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior. a. social-cognitive b. trait c. psychoanalytic d. humanistic

a. social-cognitive

We feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as: a. the chameleon effect. b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. the place theory. d. the cognitive dissonance theory.

a. the chameleon effect

Depression is: a. the number-one reason people seek mental health services. b. more commonly suffered by men than women. c. more common than phobias. d. less common than dissociative disorders.

a. the number-one reason people seek mental health services

One cluster of personality disorders exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors. For example, someone with ______________ displays shallow, attention-getting emotions and goes to great lengths to gain praise. a. borderline personality disorder b. histrionic personality disorder c. schizoid personality disorder d. antisocial personality disorder

b. histrionic personality disorder

Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____________ model of psychological disorders. a. biopsychosocial b. medical c. psychoanalytic d. humanistic

b. medical

_____________ is an anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms that include haunting memories and nightmares, jumpy anxiety, social withdrawal, and insomnia. a. Sleep apnea b. Narcolepsy c. Posttraumatic stress disorder d. Night terrors

c. Posttraumatic stress disorder

James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude illustrates: a. an internal locus of control. b. unconditional positive regard. c. a self-serving bias. d. reciprocal determinism.

c. a self-serving bias.

Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers from panic disorder with: a. public phobia. b. germ phobia. c. agoraphobia. d. social phobia.

c. agoraphobia

Darius's friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as: a. companionate love. b. counterconditioning. c. confirmation bias. d. unconditional positive regard.

d. unconditional positive regard

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

defense mechanisms

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

fixation

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

free association

approach focused on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment

humanistic

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

humanistic theories

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

id

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

identification

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

psychosexual stages

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

repression

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

self-actualization

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

self-concept

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

superego

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

terror-management theory

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

trait

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

unconditional positive regard

When you meet Lanie, one of the first things you notice is that she is very dramatic and impulsive. She displays shallow, attention-getting emotions and will do whatever she can to get people to praise her. Lanie exhibits characteristics typical of: a. histrionic personality disorder. b. antisocial personality disorder. c. dissociative identity disorder. d. avoidant personality disorder.

a. histrionic personality disorder

18-year-old Bianca is a White American high school senior. Bianca is experiencing a major depressive episode, and her depression is at its lowest point. However, Bianca does NOT drink or use drugs. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Bianca: a. is less likely to attempt suicide than her friends who drink alcohol. b. is equally as likely to attempt suicide as her drug- and alcohol-using friends. c. is more likely to attempt suicide, because her energy and initiative are lacking. d. is less likely than a Black American to attempt suicide.

a. is less likely to attempt suicide than her friends who drink alcohol.

A person with schizophrenia having selective-attention difficulty is most likely to experience: a. catatonia. b. disorganized thoughts. c. paranoid tendencies. d. hallucinations.

b. disorganized thoughts

If you ask how much people like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This best illustrates the impact of: a. social facilitation. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the fundamental attribution error. d. the foot-in-the door phenomenon.

b. the mere exposure effect

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Gilovich termed this: a. reciprocal determinism. b. the spotlight effect. c. unrealistic optimism. d. the false consensus effect.

b. the spotlight effect.

The relationship between the season in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ____________ in this disorder. a. glutamate receptors b. viral infections c. oxygen deprivation d. learned helplessness

b. viral infections

Jorge was reprimanded for an accounting error by his boss in front of his coworkers. Jorge gets home from his job and yells at his wife for not having dinner ready. His wife then yells at the children for leaving their toys all over the house. This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as: a. rationalization. b. projection. c. displacement. d. reaction formation.

c. displacement

In a study examining the genetic influences on antisocial personality disorder, Adrian Raine compared the PET scans of murderers' brains to the brains of non-murderers of the same age and sex. Raine reported reduced activity in the murderers' _____________ (a brain area that helps with impulse control). a. pineal gland b. reticular formation c. frontal lobes d. medulla

c. frontal lobes

Jacob picks up a hammer and begins pounding on the board just as his father is hammering nails into the wall. Jacob's actions are best explained by: a. fixation. b. the Electra complex. c. identification. d. repression.

c. identification

37-year-old Steven has suffered from depression all his life. He has been in treatment for the last week and a half. He is starting to feel better, but he is tired of living this way and doesn't want to face another depressive episode. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Steven: a. is LESS likely to attempt suicide since he is on medication. b. is EQUALLY as likely to attempt suicide as the general population. c. is MORE likely to attempt suicide, because his energy and initiative are rebounding. d. is LESS likely than a Black American to attempt suicide.

c. is MORE likely to attempt suicide, because his energy and initiative are rebounding.

Historically there have been a variety of models used to explain psychological disorders. The ___________ model assumes that mental disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated. a. biopsychosocial b. organic c. medical d. psychoanalytic

c. medical

Professor Skyler studies personality disorders and is most interested in people who are self-focused and exaggerate their own importance. People with this type of personality disorder have a hard time dealing with criticism, sometimes reacting with rage or shame. Professor Skyler is studying people with: a. histrionic personality disorder. b. antisocial personality disorder. c. narcissistic personality disorder. d. schizoid personality disorder.

c. narcissistic personality disorder

People who feel irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation are suffering from: a. generalized anxiety disorder. b. panic disorder. c. phobias. d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

c. phobias

An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain stressful events in terms that are: a. stable and specific. b. temporary and global. c. specific and temporary. d. global and stable.

c. specific and temporary

While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates: a. the fundamental attribution error. b. group polarization. c. the bystander effect. d. the mere exposure effect.

c. the bystander effect

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

collective unconscious

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

ego

a person's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

personality

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.

projective test

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts;

psychoanalysis

theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

psychoanalytic

_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. a. Normative social influence b. Informational social influence c. Situational attributions d. Dispositional attributions

a. normative social influence

People who suffer from ____________ are so preoccupied by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions that they are unable to function in their daily lives. a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. bipolar disorder c. dissociative disorder d. schizophrenia

a. obsessive-compulsive disorder

Catatonia is characterized by: a. periods of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement. b. offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person. c. hyperactive, wildly optimistic states of emotion. d. delusions of persecution.

a. periods of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement.

In a psychology class debate on the trait perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following criticisms of the trait perspective can you cite? a. The trait perspective emphasizes unconscious motivations too heavily. b. People do not act with predictable consistency and behavior varies from one situation to the next. c. The Big Five personality traits are not stable in adulthood. d. The Big Five traits cannot describe personality across different cultures.

b. People do not act with predictable consistency and behavior varies from one situation to the next.

Dr. Yen is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory, and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers (given by a confederate of the researcher). How can Dr. Yen increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience? a. She can set up the learning laboratory in a room above a restaurant. b. She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.d. from a prestigious university. c. She can make the participants think she is unsure of her role as an authority figure. d. She can have a second confederate in the room; the confederate should be a role model for defiant behavior.

b. She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.d. from a prestigious university.

Identify the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital. a. The biopsychosocial approach b. The medical model c. The psychoanalytic perspective d. The humanistic approach

b. The medical model

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by: a. linkage analysis. b. a biopsychosocial approach. c. the medical model. d. the learning perspective.

b. a biopsychosocial approach

People who suffer from generalized anxiety disorder: a. suffer from delusions. b. are tense and apprehensive all of the time. c. are prone to sleep too much. d. interrupt conversations and act impulsively

b. are tense and apprehensive all of the time

Upon admission to the psychiatric unit, Dr. Weaver began her evaluation of Roger who has schizophrenia. When she asked why he is here, he responded that "the binary code knows the answer to the riddle that is in the middle on the griddle. I know that the horned head of Zeus rises in the early morning." Roger's strange speech illustrates: a. catatonia. b. disorganized thinking. c. delusions of grandeur. d. flat affect

b. disorganized thinking

Jake's family members are quite unhappy with his behavior. There had been instances when he behaves violently and talks in a different voice and also says that his name is Rocky. However, the next moment he behaves normally as though nothing happened. When his family members tell him how he behaved, he denies any awareness of his bad behavior. It is most likely that Jake is experiencing: a. obsessive - compulsive disorder. b. dissociative identity disorder. c. posttraumatic stress disorder. d. generalized anxiety disorder.

b. dissociative identity disorder

The humanistic perspective of personality: a. emphasizes the driving force of unconscious motivations in personality. b. emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals. c. emphasizes the importance of interaction with the environment in shaping personality. d. describes personality in terms of scores on various personality scales.

b. emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.

Jack feels that his economic situation is due to the current political situation and the lack of incentives for small businesses. Jack fails to realize that his unnecessary spending and poor business choices may have contributed to his current situation. Jack has a(n): a. internal locus of control. b. external locus of control. c. self-serving bias. d. sense of pessimism.

b. external locus of control

Psychologists would use _____________ to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics (e.g., ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance). a. projective testing b. factor analysis c. empirically derived testing d. free association

b. factor analysis

Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of a(n): a. panic disorder. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. histrionic personality disorder.

b. obsessive-compulsive disorder

Those with paranoid schizophrenia are particularly prone to delusions of _________________. a. obsession b. persecution c. compulsion d. control

b. persecution

Suffering can lead to ______________; that is, a challenging crisis can lead to an increased appreciation for life, more meaningful relationships, and changed priorities. a. dissociative identity disorder b. posttraumatic growth c. generalized anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia

b. posttraumatic growth

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used in the U.S., she should read the: a. WAIS-R. b. APA Manual. c. DSM-5. d. WISC-R.

c. DSM-5

He proposed the cognitive dissonance theory. a. Milgram b. Asch c. Festinger d. Zimbardo

c. Festinger

The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 was developed in _____. a. 1994 b. 2000 c. 2010 d. 2013

d. 2013

______________ is characterized by one or more of three key symptoms, including extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. a. Schizophrenia b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Generalized anxiety disorder d. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

d. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Carl learns that he failed an exam. His self-esteem is temporarily lowered, and he is more likely to: a. be extra critical about his wife's cooking. b. express some underlying racial prejudice. c. make disparaging comments about his mother-in-law. d. Carl is likely to do all of these things.

d. Carl is likely to do all of these things.

He attributes differences in children's shyness and inhibition to their autonomic nervous system reactivity. a. Eysenck b. Myers c. Briggs d. Kagan

d. Kagan

People with an internal locus of control ____________ than do people with an external locus of control. a. achieve more in school b. enjoy better health c. feel less depressed d. People with an internal locus of control experience all of these things.

d. People with an internal locus of control experience all of these things.

Regarding suicide, researchers have reported which of the following? a. Suicide rates are much higher among people who are wealthy, nonreligious, and unmarried. b. Women are much more likely than men to attempt suicide. c. White Americans are nearly twice as likely as Black Americans to kill themselves. d. Research has shown that all of these facts about suicide are true.

d. Research has shown that all of these facts about suicide are true.

The police brought Elaine to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling that she "has the power!" Elaine was also spending large amounts of money across town and was rude and reckless over the last five days. In the ER, Elaine would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Elaine is most likely suffering from a(n): a. dissociative disorder. b. antisocial personality disorder. c. major depressive disorder. d. bipolar disorder.

d. bipolar disorder

According to Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are: a. honesty, sincerity, and empathy. b. high self-esteem, honesty, and empathy. c. high self-esteem, genuineness, and acceptance. d. genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

d. genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

A person with schizophrenia who may see, feel, taste, or smell things that are not there is said to be experiencing _____. a. catatonia b. hallucinations c. a flat effect d. inappropriate emotions

d. inappropriate emotions

Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he was responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior is known as: a. disorganized thinking. b. delusional thinking. c. negative symptoms. d. positive symptoms.

d. positive symptoms

Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant called Paxil that will help to increase her ____________ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter. a. glutamate b. GABA c. acetylcholine d. serotonin

d. seratonin

Early signs of antisocial behavior in children include ___________. a. high levels of stress hormones b. having a sense of social responsibility c. high concern for social rewards d. slow development of conditioned fears

d. slow development of conditioned fears

Though neighbors heard Kitty Genovese screaming for help as she was being murdered, they failed to call the police in time to save her. This best illustrates: a. group polarization. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the just-world phenomenon. d. the bystander effect.

d. the bystander effect

Neal has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Neal interprets negative stressful events using a pessimistic explanatory style. His explanatory style creates a hopeless depressed state, which then hampers the way Neal thinks and acts, causing more negative stressful events. Neal's depression is likely due to a: a. misattribution. b. defense mechanism. c. transmitter imbalance. d. vicious cycle.

d. vicious cycle