PSY 100 Quiz Review

Ethical standards for animal research in psychology: Select one: A.apply only to research using monkeys and chimps. B.are identical to the standards for research using human participants. C.are nonexistent. D.are set by the American Psychological Association and by state and federal laws.

D

A critical period is a length of time early in life during which a.exposure to certain experiences is needed for proper development. b.parents frequently show impatience with a child's slowness in becoming toilet trained. c.children become able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly. d.children frequently disobey and resist their parents.

A

A dream is best described as a. a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. b. regular body rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle. c. a periodic, natural loss of consciousness. d. false sensory experiences.

A

A gender identity that involves some combination of male and female or neither male nor female is referred to as a. nonbinary. b. binary. c. secondary. d. primary.

A

A hypothesis is a(n): Select one: A.tentative statement that describes the relationship between two or more variables. B.theory that has been proven. C.operational definition assigned to the independent variable. D.geometrical construct often used in statistical analyses. Feedback

A

A quarterback is able to sense the position and movement of his throwing arm while passing a football. This ability best illustrates a.kinesthesia. b.psychokinesis. c.tinnitus. d.synesthesia.

A

A strong sense of family self is likely to be characteristic of those who grow up in cultures that value a. emotional closeness. b. individualism. c. nonconformity. d. permissive parents.

A

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to a. its underlying but censored meaning. b. its accompanying brain-wave pattern. c. the sensory stimuli in the sleeper's environment that are incorporated into the dream. d. the previous day's events that prompted the dream.

A

According to Piaget, a person first comprehends that division is the reverse of multiplication during the ________ stage. a.concrete operational b.sensorimotor c.formal operational d.preoperational

A

According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing the a.activation of large nerve fibers in your spinal cord. b.deactivation of the pain receptors on the surface of your skin. c.release of adrenaline into your bloodstream. d.release of painkilling endorphins in your muscles.

A

Against her doctor's advice, Becky continued to drink during her pregnancy. As a result, her baby was born with congenital disabilities and lower intelligence. In this instance, the alcohol was clearly a a.teratogen. b.zygote. c.stress hormone. d.digestive enzyme.

A

Although two strings on the guitar were missing, Tammy mentally filled in the missing notes of the familiar tunes. This best illustrates the principle of a.closure. b.perceptual constancy. c.interposition. d.proximity.

A

Among deaf people, a temporal lobe area normally dedicated to hearing may begin to process visual signals. This best illustrates the impact of a. neuroplasticity. b. neurogenesis. c. brain fissures. d. lateralization.

A

Barbara has recently suffered a left hemisphere stroke. Barbara can expect impairment in all of the following areas EXCEPT a. intuition. b. speaking. c. reading. d. writing.

A

Because of ________ sexual activity, U.S. teen pregnancy rates among are ________. a. decreasing; decreased b. increasing; decreased c. increasing; increased d. decreasing; increased

A

Behaviorism focuses on _____. Select one: A.observable behaviors B.unconscious influences C.early life experiences D.dreams

A

Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the a.sensory receptors. b.hypothalamus. c.absolute threshold. d.cerebral cortex.

A

Compared with parallel processing, sequential processing tends to be ________ conscious and better for solving ________ problems. a. more; novel b. more; familiar c. less; novel d. less; familiar

A

Depth perception that uses information transmitted to both eyes depends on a.binocular cues. b.visual afterimages. c.shape constancy. d.monocular cues.

A

Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing a. identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart. b. identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised apart. c. identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together. d. identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together.

A

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through a. REM sleep. b. EEG recordings. c. sleeptalking. d. sleep apnea.

A

Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of a. natural selection. b. behavior genetics. c. epigenetics. d. genomics.

A

Experiments can provide important information, but they also have limitations. Which of the following is one of the limitations discussed in textbook? Select one: A.Experiments are often conducted in highly controlled laboratory environments and thus may have little to do with actual behavior. B.For ethical reasons, only animals can be experimental participants, and conclusions may not be relevant to human behavior. C.Experimental results cannot be used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. D.Experiments are excellent at describing a phenomenon but cannot be used to make predictions.

A

From Erikson's point of view, what is the major goal of development during the adolescent period? Select one: a.developing an adult identity b.identifying sexual orientation c.resolving the intimacy versus isolation crisis d.learning to deal with sexual issues

A

Identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities. But we should be cautious about attributing these similarities to shared genes because a. any two strangers are likely to share many coincidental similarities. b. genetic factors influence physical, not psychological, characteristics. c. many fraternal twins have been shown to be psychologically different from each other. d. the twins may have been raised in completely different environments.

A

In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with a secure maternal attachment are most likely to a.use their mothers as a base from which to explore the new surroundings. b.show hostility when their mothers approach them after a brief absence. c.act as though their mothers are of little importance to them. d.cling to their mothers and ignore the new surroundings.

A

Mark identifies as male. This means that his gender identity is a. binary. b. secondary. c. nonbinary. d. primary.

A

Mathilda believes in the healing effects of acupuncture and frequently advocates for its use. Researchers have been able to confirm its effectiveness and credit ________ for its effects. a. endorphins b. glutamate c. GABA d. ACh

A

Mrs. Jones cut Lorena's sausage into six pieces and Jenn's into four pieces. Jenn cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much sausage as Lorena. Piaget would say that Jenn doesn't understand the principle of a.conservation. b.egocentrism. c.accommodation. d.object permanence.

A

Neurons are best described as a. nerve cells that function as the building blocks of the nervous system. b. positively charged sodium and potassium ions. c. bundled axon cables that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs. d. chemical molecules that cross the synaptic gap.

A

The understanding that biological, psychological, and social-cultural forces interact in development supports which major issue in developmental psychology? a.nature and nurture b.stability and change c.continuity and stages d.conception and prenatal developmen

A

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two factors? Select one: A.-.80 B.+.03 C.+.38 D.-.15

A

A brain structure that is NOT part of the forebrain is the a. thalamus. b. pons. c. cerebral cortex. d. hypothalamus.

B

A limbic system reward center located in front of the hypothalamus is called the a. amygdala. b. nucleus accumbens. c. pons. d. reticular formation.

B

A placebo effect is: Select one: A.the results that a researcher expects to discover. B.a change in a subject's behavior that is produced by the subject's beliefs and expectations rather than the actual drug, treatment, or procedure. C.the instructions that are given to the research participants before an experiment begins. D.a researcher's confidence in his or her findings.

B

A rewarding consequence of cigarette smoking is that it reduces a. blood pressure and heart rate. b. sensitivity to pain. c. mental alertness. d. the release of epinephrine into the bloodstream.

B

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents ________ morality. a. conventional b. preconventional c. intuitionist d. postconventional

B

Case studies: Select one: A.were popular when psychology was first founded but are almost never used today. B.are commonly used by clinical psychologists and other mental health professionals to develop a complete profile of a psychotherapy client. C.are the main scientific tool used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. D.are not considered to be a legitimate form of scientific evidence.

B

Cognitive neuroscience is most directly concerned with studying a. selective attention and daydreams. b. brain activity and thought processes. c. daydreams and night dreams. d. selective attention and accidents.

B

Conscious experience arises from a. parallel processing. b. synchronized activity across the brain. c. dual processing. d. inattentional blindness.

B

Erik Erikson advanced a stage theory on a.biological development. b.psychosocial development. c.moral development. d.cognitive development.

B

In a double-blind study: Select one: A.both the researcher and the participants know whether the participants have been exposed to the independent variable. B.both the participants and the researcher who interacts with them are unaware of the treatment or condition to which the participants have been assigned. C.only the researcher knows which participants have been exposed to the independent variable. D.the subject is blindfolded during treatment.

B

In an experiment the independent variable is the variable that is: Select one: A.beyond the researcher's control, as it independently varies or changes over time. B.deliberately manipulated by the researcher. C.unknown. D.affected by changes in the dependent variable.

B

Which of the following events do most historians consider as the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline? Select one: A.Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C. entitled On the Soul B.the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 C.Sigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind in the early twentieth century D.the 1924 publication of John Watson's book entitled Behaviorism

B

Which of the following statements about positive psychology is TRUE? Select one: A.It focuses on observable behaviors that can be systematically tested through research. B.It is focused on developing therapeutic techniques that increase personal well-being rather than just alleviating troubling symptoms. C.It emphasizes the study of physical bases of both human and animal behavior. D.It emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships.

B

With repeated exposure to any erotic stimulus, our emotional response often lessens. This illustrates a.paraphilia. b.habituation. c.the fraternal birth-order effect. d.the biopsychosocial approach.

B

A correlation coefficient is a(n): A.independent variable that is used in a correlational study. B.numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors. C.numerical indicator of the statistical insignificance of the findings in a particular research study. D.index of the practical rather than the statistical significance of research findings. Feedback

B.

A mother's contribution to an offspring's two sex chromosomes is ________ chromosome and a father's contribution to an offspring's two sex chromosomes is ________ chromosome. a. either an X or a Y; an X b. a Y; either an X or a Y c. an X; either an X or a Y d. either an X or a Y; a Y

C

A neuroscientist wants to show that stimulating a brain region of a normally calm dog could make it act aggressively. The neuroscientist should stimulate the dog's a. medulla. b. reticular formation. c. amygdala. d. cerebellum.

C

A perceptual set refers to a.a diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. b.an unnoticed image that activates certain associated memories. c.a mental predisposition that influences what we perceive. d.an inability to recognize familiar faces or voices.

C

A slap on the back is more painful than a pat on the back because a slap triggers a. more intense neural impulses. b. the release of endorphins. c. more neurons to fire, and to fire more often. d. the release of GABA.

C

A sound wave's ________, or height, determines its loudness. a.length b.transduction c.amplitude d.brightness Feedback

C

A subliminal stimulus is one that is a.unconsciously persuasive. b.presented with very soft background music. c.below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. d.repetitious.

C

A useful theory is one that does all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: A.allows predictions to be made. B.stimulates new research. C.ensures statistical significance in an experiment. D.furthers the understanding of behavior.

C

According to the lecture from Dr. Alan McEvoy, what three words are most critical when it comes to developing a relationship? a. I Love You b. Family Matters Most c. Avoid Control Freaks d. You Are Everything

C

According to your textbook, which specialty area is the MOST popular choice for psychologists who have recently received their doctorates? Select one: A.educational psychology B.counseling psychology C.clinical psychology D.cognitive psychology

C

All of the following statements are true of imprinting EXCEPT: Select one: a.imprinting is a biological behavior. b.if the mother bird is not available, the baby bird can imprint on any available female of that species. c.imprinting occurs most commonly in humans. d.there is a critical period in which imprinting must occur.

C

All of the following statements are true of teratogens, EXCEPT: Select one: a.teratogens include any chemical in the environment that negatively affects a developing embryo or fetus. b.teratogens include alcohol, prescription drugs, and environmental chemicals. c.teratogens are a group of recessive genes that affect the child while still in the womb. d.teratogens are often avoidable.

C

An MRI is a(n) a. visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. b. brain-imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity. c. technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. d. amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface.

C

At the age of 10 months, Jane suffered brain damage as a result of a serious auto accident. Fortunately, Jane's brain recovered because ________ is strongest in early childhood. a. cerebral cortex maturation b. localization of simple brain functions c. neuroplasticity d. folding of the four lobes

C

Children who suffer chronic abuse and become aggressive teens and adults have been found to have a. lower-than-normal levels of testosterone. b. lower-than-normal levels of adrenal hormones. c. lower-than-normal levels of serotonin. d. higher-than-normal levels of testosterone.

C

DNA is a molecule made up of two strands connected in a a. chromosome. b. teratogen. c. double helix. d. epigenetic mark.

C

Depressants are drugs that a. stimulate the central nervous system. b. depress neural activity and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety. c. calm neural activity and slow body functions. d. excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

C

During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the a. hypothalamus. b. amygdala. c. brainstem. d. suprachiasmatic nucleus.

C

Exercise in late adulthood promotes ________, thanks perhaps to increased oxygen and nutrient flow. a.a reduction of myelin b.reduced neuroplasticity c.the process of neurogenesis d.the shortening of telomeres

C

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus is called a. change blindness. b. blindsight. c. selective attention. d. parallel processing.

C

Harper has a chemistry test tomorrow and has spent the entire day studying for the exam. What would you advise her to do to further improve her chances of doing well on the test tomorrow? a. "Don't worry about it tonight. Get up early tomorrow and cram for the exam right before you take it." b. "Don't sweat it! If you don't know the material by now, there is no point studying." c. "Make sure you get enough sleep tonight because sleep can help consolidate your memory of the course material you have been studying." d. "Cram for the exam all night tonight."

C

Human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, is the virus that causes a. HSV. b. STIs. c. AIDS. d. HPV.

C

In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to the right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to a. understand simple verbal requests. b. solve arithmetic problems. c. perceive emotions. d. correctly pronounce familiar words. ​

C

It is almost midnight and Bill is beginning to feel extremely sleepy. This is because the ________ quiets down, allowing the release of melatonin into the bloodstream. a. pituitary gland b. thyroid gland c. suprachiasmatic nucleus d. hypothalamus

C

Lev Vygotsky emphasized that the scaffold from which children step to higher levels of thinking is a.object permanence. b.schemas. c.language. d.concrete operational thinking.

C

Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person a. has difficulty falling and staying asleep. b. temporarily stops breathing during sleep. c. experiences uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness. d. has sudden uncontrollable seizures.

C

Opiate drugs ________ mood and ________ pain. a. depress; decrease b. maintain; decrease c. elevate; ease d. improve; increase

C

Physical or verbal behavior intended to harm a person's social standing or relationship constitutes a. androgyny. b. spermarche. c. relational aggression. d. solitary confinement.

C

Positive correlation is to negative correlation as _____ is to _____. Select one: A.correlation coefficient; correlational study B.variables moving in opposite directions; variables moving in the same direction C.variables moving in the same direction; variables moving in opposite directions D.1.00; 0.00

C

Sequential processing refers to a. the brain's ability to automatically regulate basic life-sustaining processes such as breathing. b. the formation of complex neural networks. c. consciously focusing on one aspect of a problem at a time. d. the coordinated brain-wide activity that triggers consciousness.

C

Sleep can help us to recuperate by doing all of the following EXCEPT a. restoring the immune system. b. repairing brain tissue. c. producing free radicals. d. pruning unused connections in the brain.

C

Synaptic pruning is: Select one: a.a process induced by teratogens that negatively affects development. b.a process that is detrimental to normal brain development. c.the brain's way of doing away with synaptic connections that are not being used. d.a process that occurs in all brain areas at the same time.

C

The visual cliff is a laboratory device for testing ________ in infants. a.perceptual adaptation b.accommodation c.depth perception d.size constancy

C

Which type of research method is used to show that one variable causes change in another variable? Select one: A.descriptive method B.naturalistic observation C.experimental research D.survey

C

A biological psychologist would be most interested in conducting research on the relationship between a. genetics and eye color. b. age and bone density. c. self-esteem and popularity. d. neurotransmitters and depression.

D

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the a. refractory period. b. agonist. c. synapse. d. action potential.

D

A correlational study: Select one: A.has little utility, since it is merely descriptive. B.is no longer allowed under today's ethical guidelines. C.can be used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. D.examines how strongly two variables are related to one another.

D

A gender role refers to a. a sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two. b. the development of secondary sex characteristics. c. one's biological sex. d. a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men or for women.

D

According to Kohlberg, in which stage of moral reasoning are moral judgments based on complex reasoning about abstract principles and the value of all life? Select one: a.conventional b.preconventional c.concrete operational d.postconventional

D

According to Piaget, schemas are a.children's ways of coming to terms with their sexuality. b.problem-solving strategies that are typically not developed until the formal operational stage. c.fixed sequences of cognitive developmental stages. d.people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences.

D

After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to a. be easily awakened. b. have slower, more regular breathing. c. emit slower brain waves. d. have very relaxed muscles.

D

Another name for taste is a.audition. b.olfaction. c.somatosensation. d.gustation.

D

As estrogen and testosterone levels fall in later life, the frequency of intercourse ________ and the frequency of sexual fantasies ________. a. decreases; remains the same b. remains the same; decreases c. remains the same; remains the same d. decreases; decreases

D

At 3:00 A.M., 10-year-old Lee gets out of bed and sleepwalks to the kitchen. A brain EEG would probably indicate the presence of a. REM sleep. b. sleep spindles. c. alpha waves. d. delta waves.

D

Circadian rhythm refers to a. the cycle of four distinct stages that we experience during a normal night's sleep. b. the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience. c. the experience of sleep apnea following a lengthy transoceanic plane flight. d. a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.

D

Having no sexual attraction to others is referred to as a. pansexual. b. heterosexual. c. bisexual. d. asexual.

D

In an experiment the dependent variable is: Select one: A.always equivalent to zero. B.deliberately manipulated by the researcher. C.measured only in the control group participants. D.the factor that is measured for change and influenced by the independent variable.

D

It has been estimated that our five senses take in ________ bits of information per second while we process only ________ bits of information per second. a. 101,000; 30 b. 11,000; 20 c. 1000; 10 d. 11,000,000; 40

D

Mike suffers from Parkinson's disease and experiences tremors and loss of motor control. This is likely related to a. too much serotonin. b. too much GABA. c. too little ACh. d. too little dopamine.

D

Nandita advises her roommate, who plans to stay up all night studying for an exam, to instead study earlier and get a good night's rest to aid her memory of the material. Why is this helpful advice? a. Sleep sweeps away free radicals and other toxic molecules. b. Sleep allows resting neurons time to repair themselves and prunes unused connections in the brain. c. During sleep, the pituitary gland releases a human growth hormone that is necessary for muscle development. d. Sleep reactivates recent experiences that are stored in the hippocampus and moves them to permanent storage elsewhere in the cortex.

D

Neurotransmitters are released from button-like terminals at the end of the a. dendrites. b. myelin sheath. c. cell body. d. axon.

D

One potential problem with surveys and questionnaires is that: Select one: A.expectancy effects usually invalidate the findings. B.these techniques produce illusory correlations rather than true correlations. C.random selection procedures are not possible with these forms of data collection. D.people do not always answer honestly.

D

To assess attachment differences among infants, Mary Ainsworth placed them in a laboratory setting called a a.formal operation stage. b.safe haven. c.secure base. d.strange situation

D

Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method? Select one: A.Formulate a specific question that can be tested. B.Design the study and collect data. C.Analyze the data and draw conclusions. D.Apply the findings to solve human problems. Feedback

D