PSY 101 - Chapter 10 - Personality: Theory and Measurement

Karen Horney (1885-1952)

Agreed with Freud that childhood experiences are important Believed that social relationships are more important than sexual and aggressive impulses Denied that girls feel inferior to boys

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage

objective tests

tests whose items must be answered in a specified, limited manner; tests whose items have concrete answers that are considered correct present respondents with a standardized group of test items in the form of a questionnaire.

id

the psychic structure, present at birth, that represents physiological drives and is fully unconscious

Personality

the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another

ego

the second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self-awareness, planning, and delay of gratification

superego

the third psychic structure, which functions as a moral guardian and sets forth high standards for behavior

Rorschach inkblot test

There are a number of psychological tests made up of inkblots, and test-takers are asked to say what the blots look like to them.

projective test

a psychological test that presents ambiguous stimuli onto which the test-taker projects his or her own personality in making a response have no clear specified answers.

Trait

a relatively stable aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to consistent behavior

Introversion

a trait characterized by intense imagination and the tendency to inhibit impulses

Extraversion

a trait characterized by tendencies to be socially outgoing and to express feelings and impulses freely

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

another follower of Freud, also felt that Freud had placed too much emphasis on sex. Adler believed that people are basically motivated by an inferiority complex.

humanistic approach

anytime that you see the humanistic approach we think of Maslow and self-actualization

psychodynamic approach

anytime that you see unconscious conflicts between the Id, Ego, and Superego

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)

Believed Freud placed too much emphasis onsex Spoke of psychosocial development, not psychosexual development Labeled stages of development according to development according to traits, not erogenous zones Argued that ego identity, Argued that ego identity, not genital sexuality, was key goal of adolescence

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

contains hundreds of items presented in a true-false format. is designed for use by clinical and counseling psychologists to help diagnose psychological disorders. is the most widely used psychological test in clinical work and is widely used in psychological research. The MMPI scales were constructed empirically— that is, on the basis of actual clinical data rather than psychological theory.

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

was a Swiss psychiatrist who had been a member of Freud's inner circle. He fell into disfavor with Freud when he developed his own psychodynamic theory—analytical psychology.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

was developed in the 1930s by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan. It consists of drawings, like the one shown in Figure 8.5 (see p. 221), that are open to various interpretations. The TAT is widely used in research on motivation and in clinical practice. The TAT is also widely used to assess attitudes toward other people, especially parents and intimate partners.

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

wrote that people shape themselves through free choice and action. Rogers defined the self as the center of experience. believed that every person has his or her own unique frame of reference.