PSY 101 Exam 1, Psychology 101 Final Exam

This theorist developed principals of operant conditioning through research on animals such as rats and pigeons A) Noam Chomsky B) John Watson C) William James D) B.F. Skinner

B.F. Skinner

Psychology is best described as the science of A) conscious and unconscious mental activity B) observable responses to the environment C) behavior and mental processes D) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors

Behavior and mental processes

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human behavior without reference to mental processes is known as A) behaviorism B) cognitive neuroscience C) humanistic psychology D) positive psychology

Behaviorism

Consciousness contributes to all of the following except A) reflecting on past experiences B) setting goals for the future C) being shocked by the present situation D) focusing attention to learn complex tasks

Being shocked by the present situation

A subliminal message is one that is presented A) below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness B) in a manner that is unconsciously persuasive C) with very soft background music D) repetitiously

Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

The central nervous system includes the ______.

Brain and spinal cord.

Basic autonomic survival functions such as heartbeat and breathing are controlled by A) pons B) brainstem C) thalamus D) reticular formation

Brainstem

During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the A) hypothalamus B) suprachiastmatic nucleus C) amaygdala D) brainstem

Brainstem

The autonomic nervous system allows us to _____.

Breathe without having to think about it.

The branch of psychology that can be considered as the marriage between science of the mind and the science of the brain is called A) behaviorism B) Freudian psychology C) neuroscience D) cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience

After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called A) debriefing B) replication C) informed consent D) the double-blind procedure

Debriefing

Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ______________ psychologist? A) social B) clinical C) developmental D) industrial-organizational

Developmental

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis include _____.

Difficulty with voluntary movement.

Which early psychologist aimed to discover the mind's structure? A) Edward Titchener B) William James C) John Locke D) Wilhelm Wundt

Edward Tithcener

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physical strong partners because this preference promotes the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the _______________________ perspective A) socio-cultural B) cognitive C) evolutionary D) psychodynamic

Evolutionary

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to A) dismiss the value of skepticism B) reject any ideas that can't be specifically tested C) exaggerate their ability tp have foreseen an outcome after the fact D) overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions

Exaggerate their ability tp have foreseen an outcome after the fact

Which of the following is NOT a descriptive method? A) case study B) naturalistic observation C) survey D) experiment

Experiment

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate at least one factor an observe its effect on some behavior or mental processes? A) survey B) case study C) experimentation D) naturalistic observation

Experimentation

A neuron firing an action potential is most like a person _____.

Firing a gun.

Treating a patient with Parkinson's disease with a drug that increases dopamine activity too greatly could lead to symptoms of _____.

Schizophrenia.

When you reach out and accidentally touch a hot stove, information is sent through _____ neurons to tell your central nervous system that it is hot.

Sensory.

Which neurotransmitter is the primary target of drugs, such as Prozac, that are used to treat depression?

Serotonin.

Who developed the first psychological laboratory? A) Wundt B) Pluto C) Freud D) James

Wundt

Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called A) vestibular sense B) olfaction C) kinesthesia D) sensory interaction

Kinesthesia

A myelin sheath is a A) nerve network within the spinal cord that controls physical arousal B) large bands of fibers connection two adrenal glands C) layer of fatty tissue encasing the axons of some nerve cells D) bushy extension of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body

Layer of fatty tissue encasing the axons of some nerve cells

Those who are prescribed Prozac are presumed to have _____ in their brain.

Low levels of serotonin.

Which of the following axon membrane potentials represents the greatest amount of polarization?

-70 millivolts.

Identical twins share 100% of their DNA, whereas fraternal twins share only _________, on average A) 50% B) 66% C) 75% D) 95%

50%

Current estimates suggest we have around _____ neurons in our brain.

86 billion.

The cochlea consists of A) interconnected nerve fibers in the spinal cord B) a fluid-filled tube in the inner ear C) olfactory receptor cells at the tip of each nasal cavity D) neural networks located within each temporal lobe

A fluid-filled tube in the inner ear

Circadian rhythm refers to A) the pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience B) a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle C) the experience of sleep apnea following a lengthy transoceanic plane flight D) the cycle of four distinct stages that we experience during a normal nights sleep

A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

The psychologist pioneered the study of observational learning as a possible cause of violent behavior in children A) Albert Bandura B) John Watson C) John Garcia D) Rosalind Raynor

Albert Bandura

The classic case of railroad worker Phinenas Gage best illustrated that frontal lobe damage can A) trigger muscle spasms B) enhance reasoning skills C) alter one's personality D) facilitate neurogenesis

Alter one's personality

Hedda takes a drug that increases the amount of acetylcholine in her brain. Hedda is most likely taking this drug for which condition?

Alzheimer's disease.

When the inside of the axon has a greater negative charge than the outside, it is safe to conclude that ______.

An action potential is not being generated in that part of the axon.

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ______ and the _____.

Central nervous system; peripheral nervous system.

The brain's thin surface layer, which serves as our body's ultimate information processing center is the A) limbic system B) cerebellum C) corpus callous D) cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex

Out inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the need for A) blindsight B) selective attention C) choice blindness D) popout

Choice blindness

Which of the following is NOT a biological influence on behavior or mental processes, according to the biopsychosocial approach? A) cognitive processing B) genetic predisposition C) genetic mutations D) natural selection

Cognitive processing

In classical conditioning, an event that is initially neutral for the organism but gains the potential to elicit some response is called the A) unconditioned stimulus B) conditioned stimulus C) unconditioned response D) conditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

Research participants drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. Those who received the decaffeinated drinks were assigned to the ____________________ group. A) survey B) experimental C) correlational D) control

Control

Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables? A) descriptive method B) an operational definition C) correlation coefficient D) a theory

Correlation coefficient

The conclusion that "playing violent video games leads to violent crime" has been refuted by the American Psychological Association. Why is this statement problematic? A) it was derived from a survey study B) correlation does not imply causation C) the experiment that reached this conclusion cannot be replicated D) this finding is not problematic

Correlation does not imply causation

Who first imagined using the "natural experiment" comparing identical twins and fraternal twins to estimate the role of nature and nurture in psychological differences? A) B.F. Skinner B) William James C) Francis Galton D) Edward Titchener

Francis Galton

Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes? A) evolutionary psychology B) Freudian psychology C) behavior genetics D) behaviorism

Freudian psychology

Which portion of the cerebral cortex lies directly behind the forehead and is involved in speaking, making pans, and muscle movements? A) temporal lobes B) frontal lobes C) parietal lobes D) occipital lobes

Frontal lobes

The motor cortex is located in the _____ lobe of the cortex.

Frontal.

The chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is _____ , and the chief excitatory neurotransmitter is _____.

GABA; glutamate.

A synapse is esentially a(n) _____.

Gap.

______________ is a statistic that captures the degree of genetic influence on variation across people in a psychological trait A) innervation B) innateness C) gentility D) heritability

Heritability

The most extensive regions of the brain are involved in higher mental functions such as memory and reasoning. These regions are called the A) somatosensory cortex B) hippocampus C) corpus callous D) association area

Hippocampus

The wavelength of visible light determines its A) relative luminance B) amplitude C) brightness D) hue

Hue

Emilio is taking a drug for his Parkinson's disease. What effect would you expect this drug to have on Emilio's brain?

Increase dopamine levels.

If you have just completed a vigorous physical workout, your central nervous system is most likely to have _____.

Increased levels of endorphins.

Positive reinforcement _____________ the likelihood of a behavior recurring A) increases B) decreases C) does not influence D) increases initially but then decreases

Increases

Which psychologists are most likely to be involved in applied research? A) industrial-organizational B) developmental C) personality D) biological

Industrial-organizational

Sensation refers to the __________ of physical energy and perception refers to the _________ of resulting information A) encoding; detection B) detection; interpretation C) interpretation; organization D) organization; accomodation

Interpretation; organization

Each type of neurotransmitter has a specific _____, and each type of receptor site has a specific _____.

Molecular shape; configuration.

Rods are A) more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than cones B) less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than cones C) more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than cones D) less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than cones

More light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than cones

In a research study in which participants were fitted with electronically activates recorders so that researchers could sample their everyday activities, researchers employed as a scientific method known as A) naturalistic observation B) the double-blind C) experimentation D) the case study

Naturalistic observation

Neurons are described as A) positively charged sodium and potassium ions B) chemical molecules that cross the synaptic gap C) nerve cells that function as the building blocks of the nervous system D) bundled axon cables that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs

Nerve cells that function as the building block to the nervous system

Which statement is most correct about the complexity of neurological processes in the brain?

Neurological processes are very complex, with many activities happening at the same time.

Neuron-produced chemicals that carry messages to other neurons or to muscles and glands are called A) synapses B) interneurons C) dendrites D) neurotranmitters

Neurotransmitters

Sensory receptors in our skin that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals are called A) vestibular sacs B) hair cells C) nociceptors D) olfactory nerves

Nociceptors

Luke shows an increase in aggressive behavior after laying violent video games with his friends. This is possibly due to: A) classical conditioning B) trial and error learning C) observational learning D) operant conditioning

Observation learning

A type of learning that occurs when an organism forms an association between behavior and an outcome of that behavior is called A) classical conditioning B) observational conditioning C) neural conditioning D) operant conditioning

Operant conditioning

In a published report of a research study on social-anxiety, psychologists included a 30-item questionnaire, which they had used to assess levels of social anxiety. The psychologists have thus provided their readers with a(n) A) hypothesis B) independent C) operational defintion D) double-blind procedure

Operational definition

A theory is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that ______ observations and ______ behaviors or events A) questions; surveys B) replicates; controls C) organizes; predicts D) randomly samples, randomly assigns

Organizes; predicts

Most psychologists define consciousness as A) our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment B) mental processes C) observations of behavior D) waking awareness and altered states of observation

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Motor neurons are to _____ as sensory neurons are to _____.

Outward; inward.

Simultaneously analyzing distinct subunits of information received by different areas of the brain known as A) interposition B) perceptual adaptation C) parallel processing D) feature detection

Parallel processing

After cheering widly at an exciting football game your body may begin to relax on the way home. This relaxation reflects activity of the _____ nervous system.

Parasympathetic.

Georgia's a disease that is associated with a lack of dopamine-producing neurons in his brain. George most likely has _____.

Parkinson's disease.

Treating a patient with schizophrenia with a drug that decreases dopamine activity too greatly could lead to symptoms of _____.

Parkinson's disease.

The branch of the nervous system that includes neurons that run between the brain and the muscles AND between the brain and the internal organs is the _____.

Peripheral nervous system.

A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger A) control group B) scatterplot C) dependent variable D) population

Population

Whereas the hindbrain is the _____ part of the brain, the forebrain is the _____ part of the brain.

Primitive; intellectual.

To help control for possible confounding variables, researchers assign research participants to different experimental groups using A) experimental designs B) the scientific method C) random assignment D) participation effects

Random assignment

The function of dendrites is to A) receive incoming signals from other neurons B) release neurotransmitters into the spatial junctions between neurons C) coordinate the activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems D) control pain through the release of opiate-like chemicals in the brain

Receive incoming signals from other neurons

Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina? A) ganglion cells B) bipolar cells C) rods and cones D) feature detectors

Rods and cones

A hypothesis is a(n) A) observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables B) testable prediction that gives direction to research C) set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts D) unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underline psychological functioning

Set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts

Rhonda insists that Dr. Phillips' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude of A) pride B) skepticism C) practicality D) enthusiasm

Skepticism

Dr. Renk is studying how people interact and react in the presence of others. She is examining the _____________ influence on behavior and mental processes, according to the biopsychosocial perspective A) biological B) cognitive C) psychological D) socio-cultural

Social-cultural

The two divisions of the peripheral nervous systems are A) brain and spinal cord B) sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system C) endocrine and circulatory system D) somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

When making a drive to the basket in a basketball game, your _____ nervous system sends signals to your muscles to coordinate your movements.

Somatic.

Dr. Bush specializes in the study of hormones and neurotransmitters. His research would show that ______.

Some hormones behave like neurotransmitters.

An organisms ability to learn that one event signals the arrival of another event whereas another event does NOT is called: A) spontaneous recovery B) stimulus generalization C) stimulus discrimination D) extinction

Stimulus discrimination

Intelligene (IQ) is A) not at all heritable B) weakly heritable (10%-25%) C) sustainably heritable (50%-70%) D) this is unknown, the heritability of intelligence cannot be studied for ethical reasons

Sustainably heritable (50%-70%)

The junction between adjoining neurons is called the _____.

Synapse.

Although phrenology incorrectly suggested that bumps on the skull revealed a person's character trait, phrenology did succeed in focusing attention on A) synaptic gaps B) action potentials C) the localization function D) endorphins

Synaptic gaps

The sense of ________ is a chemical sense A) taste B) kinesthesia C) equilibrium D) pain

Taste

Auditory stimulation is processed in the __________________ lobes A) temporal B) occipital C) frontal D) parietal

Temporal

The central nervous system includes A) sensory and motor neurons B) the brain and spinal cord C) somatic and autonomic systems D) sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

The brain and spinal cord

A psychophysicist would be most directly concerned with A) out psychological reactions to physical stress B) the effects of heredity on the endocrine system C) the effect of neurotransmitters on depression D) the relationship between wavelength of light and the experience of color

The relationship between wavelength of light and the experience of color

The increased risk of car accidents for driver talking on the phone is A) primarily due to the visual distraction of glancing at the cell phone B) no greater than the risk for drivers chatting with a passenger C) no greater Thant the risk or drivers listening to a car radio D) the same for those holding handles and those using hand-free phones

The same for those holding handles and those using hand-free phones

A component of the autonomic nervous system is ______.

The sympathetic nervous system.

Kiesha was driving in her car when a tractor-trailer pulled out in front of her and almost caused an accident. Which branch of Kiesha's nervous system was most responsible for the functioning of her internal organs during this crises?

The sympathetic nervous system.

The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energy into neural impulses is called A) priming B) sensory adaption C) transduction D) signal detection

Transduction

Once an action potential reaches the end of the axon, how does the information usually get to the next neuron?

Vesicles at the end of the axon release neurotransmitters which float across the synaptic cleft to the next neuron.