PSY 101 Memory
Hippocampus
explicit memory formation
Amygdala
implicit and emotional memory information
What is retrograde amnesia?
loss of previously stored memories
What is semantic memory (under declarative memory)?
memory for facts and basic meanings of words and concepts (encyclopedia)
What is episodic memory (under declarative memory)?
memory for personal events (biographical)
What is long-term memory?
nearly unlimited capacity
What is retroactive interference?
new information interferes with information learned in past ex. spanish at 9am, italian at 11am, receives F on spanish test at 3pm
What is shallow processing?
notice some physical features
What is proactive interference?
old information interferes with newly learned information ex. spanish at 9am, italian at 11am, receives F on italian test at 3pm
What does the cerebellum play a role in?
procedural memory and classically conditioned responses
Your recollection of how to use your clicker is an example of _ memory, whereas your recollection of the events from your first day of class this semester is an example of _ memory.
procedural; episodic
How do we reduce recency effect?
recency effect is not evident if there's a delay and/or interference
What does the cerebral cortex play a role in?
sensory memories
What does declarative and procedural memory describe?
the content
What does explicit and implicit memory describe?
the process
What is deep processing?
think about meaning
What is consolidation?
turning short-term memory into long-term memory
What is storage?
- retention of encoded material over time - "save"
Cerebellum
implicit memory formation
What is anterograde amnesia?
inability to form new memories
What is intermediate processing?
notice patterns and a little more detail
What is H.M.'s case study?
- Henry Molaison - 27 year old man with epilepsy - brain surgery removed part of brain, including his hippocampus - could not form new memories (anterograde amnesia) - also lost some old memories (retrograde amnesia) - normal intelligence and working memory
What does the amygdala and hippocampus play a role in?
- declarative memory (facts, dates, names) - memories of emotional significance (amygdala)
What is chunking?
- helps hold more pieces of information - reconfiguring items by grouping them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle - combining items into larger patterns
Compare immediate recall vs. later recall.
- immediate recall: last items best (primacy effect) - later recall: only first items recalled well (recency effect)
What is short-term memory?
- includes working memory - refers to what is going on in short-term memory - involves active processing of information in short-term memory - limited capacity - lasts only briefly without rehearsal
What is encoding?
- initial processing of information that leads to a representation in memory - "data entry"
What is Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve?
- nonsense syllables: BAF, XOF, MEQ - forgot more than half by an hour
What are methods to improve memory?
- recall details - organize information - make connections - give yourself time - get some rest
What is retrieval?
- recovery of stored information at a later time - recall - recognition (is easier) - "open"
What is sensory memory?
- represents physical features of sensory stimuli for a few seconds or less - iconic memory = visual - echoic memory = sounds
What is the levels-of-processing theory?
- shallow processing (visual encoding) results in poor recall - deep processing (semantic/meaning encoding) results in better recall
What are techniques for better memory recall?
- survey - question - read - recall - review - individualize process - space study - minimize distractions - test frequently - sleep
What are 2 types of memory content?
1. declarative memory: memory for facts and events 2. procedural memory: memory for how to do things (skills and behaviors)
What are 2 types of memory use?
1. explicit memory: involves conscious effort 2. implicit effort: does not involve effort
What is the serial position effect?
1. primacy effect - enhanced recall of information at beginning of list - rehearsal 2. recency effect - enhanced recall of information at end of list - in short-term memory
How many pieces of information can we hold in short-term memory?
7+/-2, so 5-9 pieces of information
Jerry suffered a brain injury when a steel beam fell on his head. He can't remember anything that has happened since the accident. Jerry is experiencing _ amnesia.
anterograde