PSY 1010 Exam 2

higher-order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus:

schema

(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts:

medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus

Animal research suggests that in male rats the ________ is critical for the ability to engage in sexual behavior, but not for the motivation to do so.

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

Arthur Jensen believed that ________.

set point theory

Assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change:

exhaustion

At which stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome is a person especially vulnerable to illness?

depression

The risk of heart disease is especially high among individuals with ________.

limitless

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________.

encoding, storage, and retrieval

The three functions of memory are ________.

lymphocytes

The white blood cells that attack foreign invaders to the body are called ________.

lexicon

The words of a given language:

elaborative rehearsal

Thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory:

cognition

Thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory:

anchoring bias

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

representative bias

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?

David Wechsler

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?

Albert Bandura

Who proposed observational learning?

morphemes

________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.

phonemes

________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.

leptin

________ is a chemical messenger secreted by fat cells that acts as an appetite suppressant.

self-efficacy

________ is an individual's belief in her capability to complete some task.

working memory

________ is another name for short-term memory.

bulimia

________ is characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by attempts to compensate for the excessive amount of food that was consumed.

egocentric bias

________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

negative punishment

________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

Abraham Maslow

________ proposed the hierarchy of needs.

syntax

________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.

distress

Bad form of stress; usually high in intensity; often leads to exhaustion, fatigue, feeling burned out; associated with erosions in performance and health:

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time:

variable interval reinforcement schedule

Behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed:

law of effect

Behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged:

hindsight bias

Belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't:

prototype

Best representation of a concept:

those aged 45-64

Between 2006 and 2009, the greatest increases in stress levels were found to occur among ________.

general adaptation syndrome

Hans Selye's three-stage model of the body's physiological reactions to stress and the process of stress adaptation: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion:

primary reinforcer

Has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex):

secondary reinforcer

Has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips):

working backwords

Heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result:

short-term memory (STM)

Holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used:

positive affect involves feeling states, whereas optimism involves expectations.

How does positive affect differ from optimism?

bias

How feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events:

drive theory

Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis:

sexual response cycle

Divided into 4 phases including excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution:

adrenal glands

During an encounter judged as stressful, cortisol is released by the ________.

orgasm

During the ________ phase of the sexual response cycle, individuals experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvis that are accompanied by uterine contractions in women and ejaculation in men.

range reaction

Each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up:

suggestibility

Effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories:

terminal cancer

Emotion-focused coping would likely be a better method than problem-focused coping for dealing with which type of stressor?

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion

Emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive:

effortful processing

Encoding of information that takes effort and attention:

automatic processing

Encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words:

happiness

Enduring state of mind consisting of joy, contentment, and other positive emotions; the sense that one's life has meaning and value:

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Extinction occurs when ________.

facial-feedback hypothesis

Facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions:

persistence

Failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones:

confirmation bias

Faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs:

psychoneuroimmunology

Field that studies how psychological factors (such as stress) influence the immune system and immune functioning:

being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________.

operant conditioning

Form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated:

associative learning

Form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning):

multiple intelligences theory

Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence:

eustress

Good form of stress; low to moderate in intensity; associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance:

gender dysphoria

If someone is uncomfortable identifying with the gender normally associated with their biological sex, then he could be classified as experiencing ________.

punishment

Implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior:

reinforcement

Implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior:

kicked and threw the doll

In Bandura's Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________.

conditioned responses

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.

stimulus generalization

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________.

classical conditioning

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

classical conditioning

Learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior:

occurs as a result of experience

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

latent learning

Learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it:

anterograde amnesia

Loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma:

retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma:

self-referencing

Making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you:

implicit memory

Memories that are not part of our consciousness:

explicit memory

Memories we consciously try to remember and recall:

mnemonic devices

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are ________.

transience

Memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time:

misattribution

Memory error in which you confuse the source of your information:

Atkinson-Shiffrin model (A-S)

Memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory:

coping

Mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including its cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces:

cognitive map

Mental picture of the layout of the environment:

unconditioned response (UCR)

Natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus:

affiliation

Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.

threatening, and no clear options for dealing with it are apparent

Negative effects of stress are most likely to be experienced when an event is perceived as ________.

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

Number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded:

flynn effect

Observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation:

proactive interference

Old information hinders the recall of newly learned information:

tend to tolerate stress well

Relative to those with low levels of social support, individuals with high levels of social support ________.

physical attractiveness

Researchers have identified a number of factors that are related to happiness. What is not one of them?

conditioned response (CR)

Response caused by the conditioned stimulus:

chunking

Organizing information into manageable bits or chunks:

cognitive-mediational theory

Our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus:

central nucleus

Part of the brain involved in attention and has connections with the hypothalamus and various brain stem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity:

basolateral complex

Part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory:

acquisition

Period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response:

spontaneous recovery

Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response:

continuous reinforcement

Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs:

partial reinforcement

Rewarding behavior only some of the time:

shaping

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________.

positive psychology

Scientific area of study seeking to identify and promote those qualities that lead to happy, fulfilled, and contented lives:

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

Set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded:

role schema

Set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role:

grammar

Set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of a lexicon:

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Set of structures found in both the limbic system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary gland and adrenal glands) that regulate many of the body's physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones:

negative affectivity

Tendency to experience distressed emotional states involving anger, contempt, disgust, guilt, fear, and nervousness:

intellectual disability

The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation.

inability of dogs to escape avoidable shocks after having been subjected to inescapable shocks

The concept of learned helplessness was formulated by Seligman to explain the ________.

construction; reconstruction

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

semantics

The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.

hostility

The most lethal dimension of Type A behavior pattern seems to be ________.

model

The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________.

resolution

Phase of the sexual response cycle following orgasm during which the body returns to its unaroused state:

plateau

Phase of the sexual response cycle that falls between excitement and orgasm:

excitement

Phase of the sexual response cycle that involves sexual arousal:

psychophysiological disorders

Physical disorders or diseases in which symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress and emotional factors:

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time:

components of emotion

Physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience:

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Popular scale designed to measure stress; consists of 43 potentially stressful events, each of which has a numerical value quantifying how much readjustment is associated with the event:

vicarious punishment

Process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior:

vicarious reinforcement

Process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior:

type B

Psychological and behavior pattern exhibited by a person who is relaxed and laid back:

type A

Psychological and behavior pattern exhibited by individuals who tend to be extremely competitive, impatient, rushed, and hostile toward others:

false memory syndrome

Recall of false autobiographical memories:

Robert Sternberg

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?

a heuristic

A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________.

an algorithm

A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.

neutral stimulus

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

stimulus discrimination

Ability to respond differently to similar stimuli:

divergent thinking

Ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novel solutions to a problem:

a traumatic experience

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.

death of spouse

According to the Holmes and Rahe scale, which life event requires the greatest amount of readjustment?

James-Lange

According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experiences arise from physiological arousal.

one third

According to your reading, nearly ________ of the adult population in the United States can be classified as obese.

retrieval

Act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness:

positive reinforcement

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior:

positive punishment

Adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior:

overweight

Adult with a BMI between 25 and 29.9:

obese

Adult with a BMI of 30 or higher:

misinformation effect paridigm

After exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event:

metabolic rate

Amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time:

script

An event schema is also known as a cognitive ________.

flashbulb memory

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a (an) ________.

stimulus generalization

Demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus:

extrensic

Carl mows the yard of his elderly neighbor each week for $20. What type of motivation is this?

flow

Carson enjoys writing mystery novels, and has even managed to publish some of his work. When he's writing, Carson becomes extremely focused on his work; in fact, he becomes so absorbed that that he often loses track of time, often staying up well past 3 a.m. Carson's experience best illustrates the concept of ________.

concept

Category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences:

learning

Change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience:

crystallized intelligence

Characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it:

human thinking

Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.

dyslexia

Common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain:

storage

Creation of a permanent record of information:

extinction

Decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus:

a representative sample

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.

40 or more

In order to be classified as morbidly obese, an adult must have a BMI of ________.

functional fixedness

Inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended:

hippocampus

Individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder have been shown to have reduced volumes of the ________.

retroactive interference

Information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information:

encoding

Input of information into the memory system:

absentmindedness

Lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else:

dysgraphia

Learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly:

money

Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?

Yerkes-Dodson law

Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower:

variable ratio

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

equipotentiality hypothesis

Some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories:

positive affect

State or a trait that involves pleasurable engagement with the environment, the dimensions of which include happiness, joy, enthusiasm, alertness, and excitement:

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg's theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical:

neutral stimulus (NS)

Stimulus that does not initially elicit a response:

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response:

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus:

relaxation response technique

Stress reduction technique combining elements of relaxation and meditation:

biofeedback

Stress-reduction technique using electronic equipment to measure a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity and provide feedback to help the person gain a level of voluntary control over these processes:

arousal theory

Strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories:

perceived control

Studies of British civil servants have found that those in the lowest status jobs are much more likely to develop heart disease than those who have high status jobs. These findings attest to the importance of ________ in dealing with stress.

health psychology

Subfield of psychology devoted to studying psychological influences on health, illness, and how people respond when they become ill:

emotion

Subjective state of being often described as feelings:

memory

System or process that stores what we learn for future use:

negative reinforcement

Taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior:

melancholy

Which of the following is not one of the seven universal emotions described in this chapter?

engram

This physical trace of memory is known as the ________.

refractory period

Time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm:

blocking

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________.

binge eating disorder

Type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress:

observational learning

Type of learning that occurs by watching others:

bariatric surgery

Type of surgery that modifies the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed:

instinct

Unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior:

reflex

Unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment:

motivation

Wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal:

a neurological disorder

What is a learning disability?

infant sucking on a nipple

What is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

hostility

What is not a dimension of job burnout?

learning new skills

What is not one of the presumed components of happiness?

it does not take into consideration how a person appraises an event

What is one of the major criticisms of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

habituation

When we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change:

analytical

When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most?

acrostic mnemonic device

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

genetics and environment

Where does high intelligence come from?

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process?

sexual desire and sexual ability can be separate functions

Which of the following findings was not a result of the Kinsey study?

the star player

Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?

a triangle's area

Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?