PSY 133 Review: Chapter 4

You move out of your dorm into an apartment shared with three other people. This shower does not turn cold when the toilet is flushed, and you eventually stop cringing every time you hear a toilet flushing. What has occured?

Extinction

In a once popular tv series, Desmond lived in a bunker underground a mysterious island. He had one task: when the alarm sounds, type in a series of number on a computer and push enter. Desmond was being reinforced for doing so by avoiding some terrible disaster that would occur if he did not type the numbers at the right time- every 108 minutes. What kind of schedule of reinforcement was Desmond on?

Fixed interval

For every ten boxes of cookies that Lisa sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. Lisa is being reinforced on which type of schedule?

Fixed ratio

Liz failed her math test, so her parents told her she could not play video games for a month. Her parents are using __.

Punishment by removal

A conditioned response that briefly reappears after it has been extinguished is called __.

Spontaneous recovery

Ella is teaching her parrot a new word. Every time the parrot says a sound that is close to the new word, she gives it a treat. But the parrot keeps repeating other words it has learned in the past, trying to get a treat that way. The parrot is exhibiting __.

Spontaneous recovery

A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child also shows fear when shown a white rabbit, this is called __.

Stimulus generalization

The prologue is about Angelica's fear of clowns as a child. The fact that she was not only afraid of the circus clown but also other types of clowns is an example of __.

Stimulus generalization

The fact that the CS must come immediately before the UCS and not after, is a problem for the ___ theory of why classical conditioning works.

Stimulus substitution

Köhler determined that Sultans two-stick solution to the banana problem was an example of insight because it was __.

Sudden and rapid

Joe was trying to get tickets to a concert and called the ticket office only to find out that the line was busy. He dialed again and then again and again, sometimes waiting a minute, sometimes a few minutes, not knowing how much time would go by before his call went through. What schedule of reinforcement is evident here?

Variable interval

__ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.

A candy bar, a gold star

Tania ate out with friends and had fried oysters. The next morning she was nauseated and sick. The next time she saw someone eating fried oysters, she felt queasy and quickly looked away. Her queasiness at the sight of the fried oysters was probably due to __.

A conditioned taste aversion

In classical conditioning, the __ are important in learning! but in operant conditioning! it is the __ that determine whether learning will occur.

Antecedents, consequences

Learning is __.

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

The fact that some kinds of stimuli are more easily and quickly connected to a response is explained by the concept of __.

Biological preparedness

Carmen hates to clean up after dinner. One night she volunteers to bathe the baby before cleaning up. When she finishes with the baby and returns to the kitchen, her husband has cleaned everything up for her. Which statement is true?

Carmen's husband has negatively reinforced her for bathing the baby.

Often people with certain types of cancer must take chemotherapy treatments. The drugs used in the treatments are powerful and usually cause strong nausea reactions. If Cindy had scrambled eggs for breakfast and then took the chemotherapy treatment later that same morning, what might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research?

Cindy will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat scrambled eggs.

Ed noticed that whenever he used his electric can opener, his cat would come to the kitchen and act hungry. He reasoned that because he used the can opener to open the cats food, the sound of the can opener had become a ___.

Conditioned stimulis

Seligman found many similarities between the "helpless" dogs and people suffering from __.

Depression

Sandy has learned that if her mother was smiling at her when she came into the kitchen, it meant sandy would probably be given a treat to eat if she asked nicely. But if her mother was frowning, she would not give sandy anything and instead would shoo her away. Sandy's mothers facial expression was serving as a __.

Discriminative stimulus

One year old Ben learned to say the word duck when his mother showed him a duck in their backyard. That evening he sees a cartoon with a rooster and says duck pointing to the rooster, Ben is exhibiting __.

Generalization

In Thorndike's puzzle-box experiments, the cats were rewarded by __.

Getting food

In Tolmans maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after the tenth day of the study solved that maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats __.

Had already learned the maze in the first nine days.

Jessica's mother was upset to find that Jessica had used her crayons to draw flowers on her bedroom wall. Her mother took her crayons away from her and made Jessica wash the wall. Which statement is true?

Having the crayons taken away was a form of punishment by removal and being made to wash off the wall was a form of punishment by application

The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called __.

Higher-order conditioning

When on conditioned stimulus is used to create another, this is called a __.

Higher-order conditioning

Barry would really like to learn to do ballroom dancing, but he has a severe limp in his left leg. Although he watches ballroom dancing on television and can remember all the moves and dips, he will unlikely be able to learn to dance this way because he is missing a key element of observational learning. What is it?

Imitation

Archimedes was told by the king to find a way to prove that a gold crown was really gold. While in his bath, he noticed the water that his body displaced out of the tub and shouted "Eureka!" Which means "I have found it!" If the crown was really gold, it should displace the same amount of water as an equal amount of real gold. This is a famous example of __.

Insight

Applied behavior analysis __.

Involves the process of shaping.

In Banduras study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group that saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of __.

Latent learning

Jared's father is ill and cannot prepare his famous chili recipe, which jared has watched his father make many times. When his father tells jared that he must cook the chili, he panics at first. But then jared finds that he knows how to put the recipe together anyway. His ability to prepare the recipe is an example of __.

Latent learning

Jody has had repeated failures at asking guys out on dates. Finally, she gives up. One day at the office a really nice guy seems interested in her, but she refuses to even approach him. What concept might explain her reluctance?

Learned helplessness

Which of the following statements about learning is not true? A. Learning is another word for maturation B. Learning is relatively permanent C. Learning involves changes in behavior D. Learning involves experiences

Learning is another word for maturation

Joaquin's have given the 2- year-old daughter, Marie, a very noisy toy for her birthday. Marie loves to turn the crank and make the puppet pop up, over and over and over. Desperate to have some peace and quiet, Joaquin gives Marie a Popsicle which distracts her and produces the quiet he was craving. But when the Popsicle is finished, Marie goes back to the toy, cranking and cranking. Joaquin tries another Popsicle. What kind of reinforcement is this?

Marie is being positively reinforced by being given the Popsicle when she plays and Joaquin is being negatively reinforced when he gives the Popsicle in the absence of noise.

Miranda wanted to make a casserole she saw on a food show on tv. She bought the ingredients, put them together, baked it, and served it at dinner that night. To her horror, it tasted awful. She realized that she had left out a key ingredient and vowed next time to write everything down as she watched the show. Miranda's disaster was an example of failing at which of Banduras four elements of observational learning?

Memory

Bennie is afraid of snakes. He won't even look at pictures of them but turns the page or closes the book instead. When he sees a picture of a snake, his anxiety goes up, but when he avoids looking at the picture, his anxiety goes down. It is most correct to say that Bennies avoidance behavior is being __.

Negatively reinforced because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.

Jared realized that he had learned how to prepare his fathers famous chili recipe by watching his father in the kitchen for many years. This kind of learning is called __.

Observational learning

To make punishment more effective, it should be __.

Paired with reinforcement of the correct behavior.

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer? Candy bar, glass of water, petting a dog, praising a child

Praising a child

Rest oral found that the CS must __ the UCS for conditioning to take place.

Predict

The key to the cognitive perspective of classical conditioning is that the presentation of the conditioned stimulus must __.

Provide information about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.

Elizabeth's parents want her to put her clothes in the hamper. At first they praise her for putting the clothes together in one pile. When she gets the clothes on top of the hamper, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her clothes I. The hamper. This is an example of __.

Shaping

Sherry wants her dog to heel at command. At first she gives the dog s treat for coming to her when she speaks the command heel. Then she only rewards the dog when it stands at her side when she gives the command, and finally, she rewards the dog only when it's at her side and facing front. Sherry is using __.

Shaping

In applied behavior analysis __.

Skills are broken down into their smallest steps and then reinforced.

Who added the concept of reinforcement to learning theory?

Skinner

In your college dorm, any time you take a shower, someone always flushes the toilet and causes the water to turn icy cold, making you cringe. After several episodes like this, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush, no matter where you are. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

Sound of flushing

Which of the following statements about conditioning is false, according to Pavlov? A. The CS and UCS must come close together in time B. The CS must come immediately after the UCS C. The neutral stimulus and the UCS must be paired several times D. The CS is usually a rather distinctive stimulus

The CS must come immediately after the UCS

What are problems with punishment?

The effect of punishment is often temporary, severe punishment creates fear and anxiety, and aggressive punishment can model aggressive behavior for the child.

In Watson's experiment with Little Albert the unconditioned stimulus was __.

The loud noise

Cognition refers to __.

The mental events that take place while a person is behaving.

Your pet parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti noodles. Later the poor bird gets very ill. What would the research on biological preparedness predict?

The parakeet will probably not eat linguini noodles because they are long and look similar to spaghetti noodles.

Dennis buys a lottery ticket every Saturday, using the same set of numbers. Although he has only won $25 on one occasion he keeps buying the tickets. In fact, he's a little afraid that if he doesn't buy a ticket, that would be the one that would win really big. The fact that Dennis seems addicted to buying lottery tickets is a common characteristic of which schedule reinforcement?

Variable ratio