Psy 181 Chapter 6

Which of the following expressions BEST reflects the capacity of short-term memory?

7, plus or minus 2 items

Working memory is MOST nearly analogous to:

A file on a computer hard drive

After a severe bout of encephalitis, Clive Wearing could no longer develop new memories. Clive suffered from _____ amnesia

Anterograde

Rhonda can't remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _____ amnesia.

Anterograde

_____ amnesia involves an inability to form new memories.

Anterograde

The textbook describes the case of Henry Molaison, also known as H. M. After brain surgery, H. M suffered severe memory loss. However, H. M. experienced greater difficulty encoding new memories than in retrieving old ones. H. M.'s _____ amnesia was more profound than his _____ amnesia.

Anterograde; retrograde

Match the psychologist(s) with the correct concept or theory.

Baddeley and Hitch - working memory

Dr. Fernald is conducting a memory experiment. One group of participants has to decide whether each of a list of words begins with the same letter as a target word; a second group has to determine whether each of a list of words rhymes with a target word; finally, a third group has to determine whether each of a list of words is a synonym or an antonym of a target word. Later, all participants are asked to recall the list words. According to the levels of processing framework, which group will perform the best and which group will perform the worst?

Best-synonym/antonym group; worst-same letter group

Mnemonic strategies facilitate retention by encouraging:

Chunking and elaborative rehearsal

Which statement is the BEST reason for viewing classical conditioning as a type of implicit memory?

Classical conditioning occurs outside one's awareness.

In Godden and Baddeley's (1975) pioneering "scuba diver" study of the encoding specificity principle, the match between encoding and retrieval contexts is a(n) _____ variable.

Dependent

One of Ebbinghaus's key _____ variables was a ______ score.

Dependent; savings

The method of loci connects new information to older memories—namely, locations along a familiar route. The method therefore encourages _____ rehearsal.

Elaborative

According to the textbook, organizing information hierarchically improves memory by aiding the process of:

Encoding

The levels of processing framework proposes that the ease with which information is remembered may be traced to differences in the processing that occur during:

Encoding

The hippocampus plays a role in memory consolidation. It is probably MOST accurate to say that the hippocampus is more involved in _____ than in _____.

Encoding; retrieval

Which statement accurately captures the relationship among the types of long-term memory?

Episodic and semantic memory are both components of explicit memory.

Janna is puzzling over a fill-in-the-blank question on a sociology test. Answering the question correctly requires Janna to use her _____ memory.

Explicit

The study of sensory memory is associated with:

George Miller

Memories that are automatic or unconscious are called ______ memories.

Implicit

Research has shown that flashbulb are often:

Incomplete and inaccurate

Cissy looks up a number in the phone book, pushes the book away, and then dials the number. Why does she discourage any interruptions during this process?

Information lasts only 20-30 seconds in short-term memory.

The theories of forgetting described in the text may be likened to the difficulties people might face in trying to find an old file on the computer. Which theory is correctly likened to a corresponding file-finding difficulty?

Interference- There are so many files crowding the hard drive that one can't find the desired file.

How does short-term memory differ from sensory memory?

Its duration is longer than that of sensory memory.

Jerry is at a party. He is introduced to three different people in the span of a moment. Later, he is approached by the first person he met and cannot remember her name. Which explanation is MOST likely the source of Jerry's difficulty?

Jerry failed to encode the woman's name.

The textbook reviews the case of Henry Molaison, also known as H. M. After brain surgery, H. M. suffered hippocampal damage. Which type of memory was BEST preserved in H. M.'s case?

Procedural

An essay question is a _____ test of memory. A multiple-choice question is a _____ test.

Recall; recognition

How does the brain's memory system differ from that of a computer?

The brain's neurons communicate in a more complex manner than what occurs within electrical circuits.

According to the levels of processing framework, which of the following study techniques would BEST enhance memory?

focusing on the meaning of important passages in the text

With respect to the repressed memory debate, the American Psychological Association released a 1998 statement affirming that:

memories are subject to change.

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the information processing model of memory?

sensory memory > short-term memory > long-term memory

Preserving information is to accessing information as _____ is to _____.

storage; retrieval

Based on the _____ effect, ____ practice leads to better learning than ____ practice does.

Spacing; distributed; massed

Given its emphasis on the unconscious, the notion that disturbing memories may be repressed is particularly relevant for:

Loftus' reconstructive model of memory.

The conscious repetition of information to ensure its survival in short-term memory is termed _____ rehearsal.

Maintenance

Texting while driving increases the likelihood of an accident by a factor of:

More than 20

Which feature of Alzheimer's disease is correctly described?

Neither of these features is correctly defined.

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between priming and a retrieval cue?

Priming is the unconscious awakening of memories based on retrieval cues.

Almost everybody has had the feeling of knowing the answer to a question, but not being quite able to say it. This is called the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon, and is a failure of:

Retrieval

When one uses the term "remembering" in day-to-day life, one is making references to the memory process of:

Retrieval

A stimulus that facilitates the recall of information from long-term memory is called a:

Retrieval cue

Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test. He re-reads the question, scans the options beneath the question, and glances at other questions on the test. Most likely, Chad is looking for:

Retrieval cues

Bruce watches a new television program with enthusiasm. He then watches a second, similar program. Bruce later finds it difficult to remember the details of the first program; he finds that details about the second program keep intruding. What has probably occurred?

Retroactive interference

People's ability to recall an item from a list depends on where in the list the item occurs. This is known as the _____ effect.

Serial position

An acronym helps recall because it is easier to remember an acronym than a long string of information. Thus, acronyms help circumvent the capacity limitations of _____ memory.

Short-term

The concept of working memory represents a contemporary conceptualization of what is going on in _____ memory.

Short-term

Which sequence correctly arranges the information-processing stages of memory in order of increasing capacity?

Short-term memory> sensory memory> long-term memory

One evening, Zoe examines the schedule for her favorite football team. The team plays sixteen games each season. Later she tries recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team. It is highly likely that Zoe will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. What is this phenomenon called?

The primacy effect

In one study described in the textbook, Dewar et al. (2012) examined participants' retention of newly-learned material. Some participants experienced a 15-minute period of waking rest after learning the material. Other participants played a game after learning. What did Dewar et al. find and why?

The waking-rest participants outperformed the game participants because the rest aided encoding

The term "engram" is generally discouraged by psychologists studying memory. Why might this be?

There is probably no single site or process in the brain corresponding to a particular memory.

The central executive is a component of _____ memory.

Working

Process is to structure as ____ memory is to _____ memory.

Working; short-term

The frontal lobe is to ______ memory as the temporal lobe is to _____ memory.

Working; spatial

The question on the midterm in an economics course is "Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late 2008." This question is a _____ test of _____ memory.

recall; explicit