PSY 210 Exam 2
Uncertainty Reduction
to reduce the level of uncertainty and anxiety that one feels when attempting to decode intercultural messages
Counterfactual Thinking: Actions
"If I hadn't said what I said"
Counterfactual Inactions
"If only i had studied harder" In america regrets related to inaction are more prevalent than regents related to action. Seem to be similar in other cultures as well
group variation: asian americans
"Model minority" stereotype Heterogeneous culture, language, history of immigration Vietnam war, chinese coming in for railroad work, japanese to hawaii to help with farming Lowest 12 month prevalence of disorder such as Major depression Mania Panic disorder Anxiety disorder
Research on Creativity: Hofstede's Dimension
-Individualism, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance -Countries high on uncertainty avoidance preferred creative individuals to work through organizational norms, rules and procedures. -Countries high on power distance preferred creative individuals to gain support from those in authority before action is taken, or to build a broad base of support among members for new ideas -Collectivistic countries preferred creative people to seek cross functional support for their efforts
Research on Creativity
-It depends on divergent thinking rather than on the o=convergent thinking that is typically assessed in measure of intelligence -Creative individuals have been shown to have a high capacity for hard work, a willingness to take risks, and a high tolerance for ambiguity and disorder -Seems to be the same in other cultures as well
Machismo
A concept related to Mexican American gender role differentiation that is characterized by many traditional expectations of the male gender role, such as being unemotional, strong, authoritative, and aggressive
Androgyny
A gender identity that involves endorsement of both male and female characteristics
Biomedical
A model of health that views disease as resulting from a specific identifiable cause such as a pathogen, a genetic or developmental abnormality, or physical insult
Symbolizing Three Dimensions in Two
A theory of perception that suggests that people in Western cultures focus more on representations on paper than do people in other cultures, and in particular spend more time learning to interpret pictures
Front-Horizontal Foreshortening
A theory of perception that suggests that we interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance. Because we interpret the vertical line in the horizontal-vertical illusion as extending away from us, we see it as longer
Universality Studies: Problems
All the cultures included in these studies were literate, industrialized, and relatively modern
Genderqueer
An identity commonly used by people who do not identify or express their gender within the gender binary. Those who identify as genderqueer may identify as neither male nor female, may see themselves as outside of or in between the binary gender boxes, or may simply feel restricted by gender labels. Many genderqueer people are cisgender and identify with it as an aesthetic. Not everyone who identifies as genderqueer identifies as trans or nonbinary.
Two-Spirit
An umbrella term indexing various indigenous gender identities in North America
DSM
Apas diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
the role of culture in defining "abnormal" behavior
Apply criteria of impairment or inefficiency, deviance, or subjective distress When carrying out customary roles Though not all rare behavior disordered
CCMD
Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders
cultural display rules
Culturally prescribed rules that govern how universal emotions can be expressed. Thes rules center on the appropriateness of displaying emotion, depending on social cirumstances.
Link between disease and creativity
Cultures that have histories of greater disease causing pathogens are also associated with less creativity
4 Ds of abnormality
Deviance Distress Danger Dysfunctional
Categorization: Cultural Similarities
Facial expressions that signal basic emotion (Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust) Which colors are primary and secondary How people categorize shapes
group variation: Latino Americans
Heterogeneous culture of different latino groups Factors influencing mental health: Immigration factors Varying socioeconomic status Experiences with discrimination Strength of ethnic community
Health: Higher Uncertainty
Higher Rates of Heart Disease
Health: Higher Masculinity
Higher rates if cerebrovascular disease
Health: Higher Power Distance
Higher rates of infections and parasitic disease Lower rates of malignant neoplasm, circulatory disease, and heart disease
Health: Higher Individualism
Higher rates of malignant neoplasms and heart disease Lower rates of infections and parasitic diseases, cerebrovascular disease
Group Variation: Native Americans
Historical context Boarding schools -->remove their culture from their kids Heterogeneity of Native groups Traditional culture as a protective factor Higher prevalence rates Depression and other mood and anxiety disorders Substance use Suicide
group variation: African Americans
Historical context- trust/mistrust in system, getting best treatment? Depends on socioeconomic status Lower level of access to mental health care Protective factors- Strong family units Extended families Lower lifetime and 12 month prevalence rates (tend to be lower) Major depression Panic disorder Higher lifetime prevalence rates- Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia
Categorization: Cultural Differences
How people sort things into groups are different
Difference between ICD and DSM
ICD made primarily for physical diseases, DSM more all mental and more cross cultured, but ICD is more popular used
Memory: Cultural Differences
In more non literate societies develop better memory schools because they do not have the ability to write things down to remember But may be limited to meaningful material
What types of groups are shown to be more creative?
Individualistic
impact of psychosocial and sociocultural factors on health: Psychosocial
Individuals with the fewest social ties suffered the highest mortality rate, those with the most had the lowest rate People with who report being being lonely at more periods of time in their lives, age faster on a number of indicators that are linked to cardiovascular health risks Body mass index Systolic blood pressure Cholesterol levels Max oxygen consumption Health disparities Unemployment linked to mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer Education SES
Gender Role Ideology
Judgements about what gender roles in a particular culture ought to be
relationship between language and culture
Language is a universal psychological ability in humans All individuals have the capacity to develop language
Health: Avoidance
Lower Rates of Cerebrovascular disease and respiratory disease
Hofstede: Low Masculinity Cultures
Matter of fact attitudes about sex Single standard concerning sex → males and females held to same standard Encourages active roles for women in society Unwanted intimacy not as major as an issue
issues in the cross-cultural assessment of psychological disorders
May be difficult to adequately transfer and use a psychological assessment that has been developed in one culture to another because of culture specific expressions of distress
Memory: Cultural Similarities
Memory abilities decrease as one gets older Hindsight bias → the process in which individuals adjust their memory for something after they find out the true outcome.
Hofstede: High masculinity cultures
Moralistic attitudes about sex Double standards about sex Encourages passive roles of women → women to not take leadership position More sex and violence Men identify by career success and women not by career success
Intelligence: Nature v Nurture
Nature: argues that differences in IQ scores between different societies and ethnic groups are mainly heredity and innate Nurture: argues that ethnic and societal differences in IQ occur because of non-biological factors such as environment, history, and learning. Example a culture being economically deprived
Math Ability/Achievement: Cultural Differences
Number systems may be different -base 10 system, with unique words for the numbers 1-10: make less errors -Gender Gap in Math: exists in some cultures but not all
Gender Identity
One's internal sense of being male, female, neither of these, both, or other gender(s). Everyone has a gender identity, including you. For transgender people, their sex assigned at birth and their gender identity are not necessarily the same.
group variations: Disparities in receiving treatment
Only ⅓ of youth with a diagnosed disorder receive treatment (only ½ of severe cases) Higher dropout rates and poorer treatment outcomes for racial/ethnic minorities
Cultural Syndromes of Distress
Refers to the pattern of symptoms that tend to cluster together for individuals in specific cultural groups, communities, or context All disorders are culture bound
Cultural regulation on emotions
Regulating what people become emotional about in the first place → front end calibration Regualting emotional expressions and behaviors after emotions are elcited -- > cultural displat rules
Fa'afafine
Samoa,Samoan biological males who behave in a range of feminine-gendered ways. They have been an integrated part of Samoan communities for centuries. 'Fa'afafine' translates as 'in the manner of a woman
cultural similarities and differences in specific disorders: Schizophrenia
Similarities in symptoms across cultures: delusions and hallucinations, lack of motivation, social withdrawal, impaired memory, dysregulated emotions Appear to be localized to a particular culture, community, or context: sudden rage and homicidal aggression
cultural similarities and differences in specific disorders: ADHD
Similarities in symptoms across cultures: difficulty paying attention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that interferes with social and academic functioning Appear to be localized to a particular culture, community, or context: extreme fear, being mute, and mistrusing other people as well as those in the spirit domain
cultural similarities and differences in specific disorders: depression
Similarities in symptoms across cultures: sleep and appetite disturbances, apathy, feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of energy, for at least two weeks Appear to be localized to a particular culture, community, or context: an altared state of consciousness, involuntary movements, mutism, and incomprehensible language
MTF/FTM
Sometimes trans women identify as male-to-female (also MTF, M2F, or trans feminine) and sometimes trans men identify as female-to-male (also FTM, F2M, or trans masculine). Please ask before identifying someone. Use the term and pronouns preferred by the individual.
Immigrants/Refugees: Post migration Experiences
Stresses associated with acculturation Immigrant paradox
Cross-dressing
The act of dressing and presenting as a different gender. One who considers this an integral part of their identity may identify as a cross-dresser.
Gender Roles
The degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviors ascribed by his/her culture
Gender Expression
The physical manifestation of one's gender identity through clothing, hairstyle, voice, body shape, etc. (typically referred to as masculine or feminine). Many transgender people seek to make their gender expression (how they look) match their gender identity (who they are), rather than their sex assigned at birth. Someone with a gender nonconforming gender expression may or may not be transgender.
Categorization
The process by which objects are grouped or classified together based on their perceived similarities. Helps process information more efficiently
Gender Stereotypes
The psychological or behavioral characteristics typically associated with men and women
impact of psychosocial and sociocultural factors on health: Sociocultural
Those who were most japanese had the lowest incidence of coronary heart disease Cultural lifestyles influences this More individualistic groups have higher rates of heart attacks Social support or isolation was the most important factor that explained this relationship People in collectivistic cultures may have access to stronger and deeper social ties with others Which are a buffer against stress and strain of living, reducing the risk of CVD
transwoman/transman
Trans woman generally describes someone assigned male at birth who identifies as a woman. This individual may or may not actively identify as trans. It is grammatically and definitionally correct to include a space between trans and woman. The same concept applies to trans men. Often it is good just to use woman or man.
Immigrants/Refugees: Premigration Experiences
Trauma, profound loss, upheaval Dose effect What happens when you have multiple traumas
Gender Binary
Used as an adjective to describe the genders female/male or woman/man. Since the binary genders are the only ones recognized by general society as being legitimate, they enjoy an (unfairly) privileged status.
ICD
WHO's international classification of diseases
Mindfulness
a Buddhist principle emphasizing close attention to the present moment, being aware of one's senses, breath, and thoughts without judgement or evaluation
Niave Dialectivism
a constellation of lay beliefs about the nature of the world. Characterized by the doctrine of the mean or the truth is always somewhere in the middle
Disease
a malfunctioning or maladaptation of biologic and psychophysiologic processes in the individual
Biopsychosocial
a model of health that views disease as resulting from biological, psychological, and social factors
Universality Studies
a series of studies that demonstrated the pancultural universality of facial expressions of emotion
Basic emotions
a small set of emotion categories, or families of emotions, that are considered to be universal to all humans, biologically based and genetically coded, and evolutionary based. Humans come into the world with programs for these basic emotions; social and cultural learning then influences how they are used in life
Foreign language effect
a temporary decline in the thinking ability of people who are using foreign language in which they are less proficient than their native language
Positive Logical Determinism
a tendency to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories (either or, yes no, one or the other)
Carpentered World
a theory of perception that suggests that American people are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape and thus unconsciously expect things to have square corners
holisitic
a view of health that focuses on the interconnections between the individual, his or her relationships, environment, and spiritual world
Cultural relativism
a viewpoint that suggests that psychological disorders can only be understood in the cultural framework within they occur
Cognition
all mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledge
Emotion Regulation
allows us to be more mindful of our communication style and to engage in more constructive and open thought process
Paralinguistic Cues
aspects of the voice that convey information, such as tone, intonation, pitch, speech rate, use of silence
obstacles to effective intercultural communication
assumption of similarities, language differences, nonverbal misinterpretations, preconceptions and stereotypes, tendency to evaluate, high anxiety or tension, uncertainty and ambiguity, conflict
UnderPathologizing
attributing pathological symptoms to normative cultural differences Clinician indiscriminately explains the clients behaviors as cultural
Intracultural Communication
communication that occurs among people of the same cultural background
Intelligence: contemporary american psychology
considered a conglomeration of numerous intellectual abilities centering around verbal and analytic tasks
High-context Cultures
cultures that promote communication in which many messages are conveyed indirectly in context rather than directly in verbal language
Low-Context Cultures
cultures that promote direct communication in which messages are conveyed primarily and directly in verbal languages and the effects of context are minimized
Immigrant paradox
despite their many challenges of adapting and adjusting to a new country, immigrants tend to show better physical health compared to non immigrants and with further assimilation, further negative health outcomes
Intelligence
different beliefs about intelligence, nature vs. nurture debates, stereotype threat and performance
Tendency to evaluate high
different cultural values may generate negative evaluations of others, especially when communication is not as smooth as one would expect
Universality: Physiological Response
emotions help help individuals to respond to emotional stimuli by preparing the body to engage in activity Fear prepares of to flee Anger prepares us to fight
Self-conscious emotions
emotions that focus on the self, such as shame, guilt, pride, or embarrassment. They are important in studies of cultures because humans universally have a unique knowledge of self that is different from that of other animals, thus giving rise to self conscious emotions
Socially Engaging Emotions
emotions that occur as a result of themes derived from social interdependence and relationships with others
Socially Disengaging Emotions
emotions that occur as a result of themes grounded in independence and autonomy of the self, and its separateness from others
Transgender
encompassing term of many gender identities of those who do not identify or exclusively identify with their sex assigned at birth. The term transgender is not indicative of gender expression, sexual orientation, hormonal makeup, physical anatomy, or how one is perceived in daily life
Deamplification
express less than actually felt
Amplification
express more than actually felt
Universality: Facial Expression
facial expressions postulated by darwin and later by tomkins are produced when emotion is aroused and there is no reason and there is no reason to modify the expressions because of social circumstances Facial expressions actually do occur when emotion is aroused in people of different cultures Facial expressions in adults also exist in infants
DSM5
for mental disorders Culturally bound syndromes in 4th edition Included list of 25 syndromes that are culturally bound Cultural concepts of distress CCD in 5th edition Cultural formulation interview in 5th edition Cultural definition of the problem Cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support Cultural factors affecting self coping and past help seeking Cultural factors affecting seeking help
Masking
mask or conceal feelings by showing something else
Culture
human cultures exist precisely because of the ability of language
Counterfactual Thinking
hypothetical beliefs about the past that could have occurred in order to avoid or change a negative outcome
bilingualism
impact on personality and cognition, code frame switching, foreign language processing difficulties, foreign language effect
ICD10
includes those same conditions, but also includes conditions and diseases related to all other body systems
Intelligence: Piaget
intelligence as a reflection of cognitive development though a series of stages Spearman and Thurstone: viewing as a general concept comprises of many subcomponents, including verbal and spatial comprehension , word fluency, perceptual speed, and others
High anxiety or tension
intercultural communication episodes are often associated with greater anxiety and stress than are more familiar intercultural communication situations.
Conflict
intercultural communication is also marked by a greater potential for conflict. Chances are greater that peoples behaviors as will not conform to our expectations
Uncertainty and ambiguity
intercultural communication is likely to be marred by uncertainty and ambiguity, not only because of questions concerning the verbal messages, but also because of cultural differences in the nonverbal behavior associated with nonverbal messages.
OverPathologizing
misinterpreting culturally sanctioned behavior as expressions of pathological symptoms Incorrectly judges clients behavior as pathological when the behaviors are normal variations of that individual cultures
Nonverbal misinterpretations
misunderstandings in relation to the interpretation of nonverbal behaviors can easily lead to conflicts or confrontations that break down the communication process
Gestures
movements of the body, usually the hands, that are generally reflective of thought or feeling
Speech illustrators
nonverbal behaviors, often gestures, that accompany speech and are used to illustrate or highlight speech
Emblems
nonverbal gestures that carry meaning, like a phrase or sentence
Universality: Emotion Regulation
not universally expressed but universally recognized
Intelligence: Guilford
operation, content, and product, through these three combinations, intelligence is composed of more than 150 separate factors
Preconceptions and stereotypes
over reliance on stereotypes can prevent us from viewing others and their communications objectively , and searching for cues that may help us interpret their communications in the way they were intended
Cultural syndromes of distress
patterns of symptoms that tend to cluster together for individuals in specific cultural groups, communities, or context
Assumption of similarities
people may naively assume that others are the same, or at least similar enough to make communication easy
Illness
personal, interpersonal, and cultural reactions to disease or discomfort
Gaze
powerful nonverbal behavior most likely because of its evolutionary roots in animals
Personality and cognition
presented different personalities depending on whether they were responding in their first language or in English
Foreign language processing difficulties
problems associated with learning a foreign language, such as taking more time to respond and experiencing cognitive difficulties while processing information
Somatization
psychological distress expressed as bodily symptoms
Hypocognition
relatively fewer amounts and forms of knowledge, awareness, and thought about something compared to the usual
Hypercognition
relatively greater amounts and forms of knowledge, awareness, and thought about something that go beyond the usual
Simulation
show an emotion when they do not really feel it
Neutralization
show nothing
Qualification
show the emotion ut with another emotion to comment on it
Honorific Speech
speech styles in certain languages that denote status differences among interactants
Cisgender
term for someone who exclusively identifies as their sex assigned at birth. The term cisgender is not indicative of gender expression, sexual orientation, hormonal makeup, physical anatomy, or how one is perceived in daily life
Kathoey
thailand, transgender woman or an effeminate gay male in Thailand
Gender
the behaviors or patterns of activities a society or culture deems appropriate for men and women. These behavioral patterns may or may not be related to sex/sex roles, although they often are
Sex
the biological and physiological differences between men and women, the most obvious being the anatomical differences in their reproductive systems
Emotion Antecedents
the events or situations that elicit or trigger an emotion
Intercultural Communication
the exchange of knowledge, ideas, thoughts, concepts, and emotion among people of different cultural backgrounds
Sensation
the feelings that result from excitation of the sensory receptors such as touch, taste, smell, sight, hearing
Serial Position Effect
the finding that people tend to remember something better if it is either the first or the last item in a list
Attention
the focusing of our limited capacities of consciousness on a particular set of stimuli, more of whose features are noted and processed in more depth than is true of non focal stimuli
Collective Intelligence
the general ability of a group to perform a wide variety of tasks
Social Orientation Hypothesis
the hypothesis that cultural differences in individualism versus collectivism are associated with differences in social orientation patterns that affect the ways individuals attend to and think about their worlds
Gender Stratification Hypothesis
the idea that gender differences are related to cultural variations in opportunity structures for girls and women
Emotional Complexity
the idea that positive and negative emotions can co-occur and be experienced simultaneously
Emotion Response System Coherence
the idea that the various response components of an emotion - facial expressions, voice, reactions, movements - are related to each other in a coordinated fashion that prepares individuals to do something vis-a-vis the emotion aroused
Cultural Decoding Rules
these are rules that people of all cultures learn from early childhood about how to decode/decipher speech and behavior
Code frame switching
the process by which bilinguals switch between one cultural meaning system and another when switching languages
Emotional appraisal
the process by which people evaluate the events,situations, or occurrences that lead to their having emotions Basic emotions appraisal processes were more similar than different across cultures
Hindsight bias
the process in which individuals adjust their memory for something after they find out the true outcome
Perception
the process of gathering information about the world through our senses; our initial interpretations of sensations
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
the proposition that speakers of different languages think differently, and that they do so because of the differences in their languages
"Face"
the public appearance or image of a person
Episodic Memory
the recollection of specific events that took place at a particular time and place in the past
Cultural concepts of distress
the shared ways in which cultural groups or communities experience, express, and interpret distress
Pragmatics
the system of rules governing how language is sued and understood in a given social
Dialectical Thinking
the tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs
Intelligence: Stereotype Threat
the threat that others' judgements or one's own actions will negatively stereotype one in a domain (such as academic achievement ) Example of men doing better on standardized test than women, so women automatically think they will do worse, so they do.
Stereotype Threat
the threat that others' judgements or one's own actions will negatively stereotype one in a domain (such as academic achievement)
Proxemics
the use of space in interpersonal relationships
Haptics
the use of touch in interpersonal interactions
Lexicons
the words contained in a language, the vocabulary
Universality: Subjective Emotional Experience
there are strong and consistent differences between reaction patterns for the seven emotions, and that these are independent of the country studied There were many more similarities in responses across the cultures than there were differences, proving universal evidence for universal, psychobiological emotional patterning in subjective response
Emotions
transient, neurophysiological reactions to events that have consequences for our welfare, and require and immediate behavioral response. Include feelings, but also physiological reactions, expressive behaviors, behavioral intentions, and cognitive changes
Cultural idioms of distress
ways that cultural groups and communities communicate and express their distressing thoughts, behaviors, and emotions
Cultural explanations of distress
what cultural groups groups and communities believe is the cause of distress, symptoms, or illness
Self-other referents
what we call ourselves to others
Language differences
when people are trying to communicate in a language in which they are not entirely fluent
