PSY 230 Chapter 6 + 7

According to Chomsky's theory of language development, which factor predicts communication? operant conditioning maturity of the auditory cortex an innate ability positive reinforcement

an innate ability

A sequence in which an infant sees someone do something and then performs the same action later is called: deferred imitation. cause and effect. a reminder session. explicit memory.

deferred imitation.

One and a half year-old Danielle watches her sister talk on a cell phone. The next day Danielle holds the cell phone to her ear as if she is using the phone. Danielle is demonstrating: grasp ability. a launching event. deferred imitation. habituation.

deferred imitation.

An infant's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose actions are separate from those of other people is: self-esteem. self-awareness. separate self syndrome. separate status

self-awareness.

explicit memory

Memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific test). Most explicit memory involves consciously learned words, data, and concepts.

Children begin to use two-word combinations between: 18 and 24 months. 12 and18 months. 15 and 16 months. 10 and15 months.

18 and 24 months.

Once a child's vocabulary reaches about 50 words, it rapidly expands and can double in as few as ______months. 4 3 5 2

3

When do infants begin to use vowel and consonant sounds repetitively? 3 months 12-14 months old 11 months old 6-10 months old

6-10 months old

Stranger wariness is first noticeable at approximately: 1 month of age. 9 months of age. 15 months of age. 5 months of age.

9 months of age

synchrony

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

synchrony .

A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

Strange Situation

A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.

fMRI : Functional magnetic resonance imaging

A measuring technique in which the brain's electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the brain; fMRI helps researchers locate neurological responses to stimuli.

insecure-avoidant attachment

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return.

insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

A pattern of attachment in which an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.

reminder session

A perceptual experience that helps a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience.

self-awareness

A person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.

secure attachment

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

deferred imitation

A sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same action hours or even days later.

holophrase

A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.

social smile

A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth.

naming explosion

A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.

disorganized attachment

A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return.

attachment

According to Ainsworth, "an affectional tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver—a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.

grammar

All the methods—word order, verb forms, and so on—that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves.

visual cliff

An experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop-off between one horizontal surface and another.

still-face technique

An experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.

separation anxiety

An infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months

stranger wariness

An infant's expression of concern—a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear—when a stranger appears.

babbling

An infant's repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old.

affordance

An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment.

proximal parenting

Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching.

distal parenting

Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.

mirror neurons

Cells in an observer's brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer were actually performing that action.

language acquisition device (LAD)

Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation.

trust versus mistrust

Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met.

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies.

working model

In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. For example, a person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by an incident in which this working model of human behavior is erroneous.

Which is TRUE of babbling? No reinforcement or teaching is necessary. Infants must be taught to babble. Twin studies are consistent with the idea that babbling is harmful. Only infants in industrialized countries babble.

No reinforcement or teaching is necessary.

Which statement is TRUE? -Secure infant-mother attachments are less likely among center care infants than among infants raised at home. -No study finds that children of employed mothers differ from other children solely because their mothers are working. -Center care impedes cognition and language in infants and preschoolers. -Developmentalists agree in their interpretations of data from longitudinal studies of day care.

No study finds that children of employed mothers differ from other children solely because their mothers are working.

sensorimotor intelligence

Piaget's term for the way infants think—by using their senses and motor skills—during the first period of cognitive development.

________ parenting involves close physical contact with a child, while _______ parenting involves engaging the child more intellectually. Proximal; distant Proximity; distance Distal; proximal Proximal; distal

Proximal; distal

social referencing

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference

social learning

The acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others.

mean length of utterance (MLU)

The average number of words in a typical sentence (called utterance, because children may not talk in complete sentences). MLU is often used to indicate how advanced a child's language development is.

allocare

The care of children by people other than their biological parents.

primary circular reactions

The first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli and tries to understand them.

child-directed speech

The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants and children. (Also called baby talk or motherese.)

cortisol

The primary stress hormone; fluctuations in the body's cortisol level affect human emotion.

habituation

The process of becoming accustomed to an object or event through repeated exposure to it, and thus becoming less interested in it.

object permanence

The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.

secondary circular reactions

The second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move.

"little scientist"

The stage-five toddler (age 12 to 18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration

tertiary circular reactions

The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world.

implicit memory

Unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations.

According to the text, temperament involves: -a genetic predisposition in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. -stages of attachment. -whether or not a person has a "bad" temper. -an environmental adaptation to a person's surroundings.

a genetic predisposition in emotions, activity, and self-regulation

Distal parenting increases the likelihood that children will: -be less obedient and more aware that they are unique individuals. -sleep in their own separate bed. -feed them themselves. -play well by themselves.

be less obedient and more aware that they are unique individuals.

The information-processing theory compares human thinking to: the principles of behaviorism. evolutionary theory. Freud's psychoanalytic theory. computer functioning.

computer functioning.

Some aspects of language learning may be best explained by one theory at one age and other aspects by another theory at another age. This concept refers to the: social-pragmatic theory. learning theory. language acquisition theory. hybrid theory

hybrid theory.

temperament

inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person's typical responses to the environment.

Many adults believe they have ______________. They have forgotten experiences, people, and even languages they were exposed to in the first few years of life. short-term memory loss memory lapse senioritis infant amnesia

infant amnesia

Regarding the visual cliff experiment, even 3-month-olds notice the difference between a solid surface and an apparent cliff. However, one affordance of the cliff, falling, is realized only after: adequate depth perception develops. maturation of the visual cortex. parents teach infants about falling. infants start crawling.

infants start crawling.

The awareness that objects or people continue to exist when they are no longer in sight is called: deferred object awareness. object permanence. out of sight, out of mind. a tertiary circular reaction.

object permanence.

Piaget's first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence are called: object permanence. goal-directed behavior. secondary circular reactions. primary circular reactions.

primary circular reactions

The term used to describe an infant's thought process that relies on senses and motor skills is: adaptation intelligence. operational intelligence. preoperational intelligence. sensorimotor intelligence.

sensorimotor intelligence.

The still-face technique: -is not useful with babies over 2 months of age. -shows that babies expect a positive response from their caregivers. -measures quality of attachment. -teaches babies synchrony.

shows that babies expect a positive response from their caregivers.

The social-pragmatic theory of language development highlights the importance of: brain maturation. social interaction. innate traits. impulsive teaching.

social interaction.

When an infant looks to another person for information about how to react, he or she is engaging in: social referencing. synchrony. goodness of fit. social staging.

social referencing.

A __________ is expressed at 6 weeks and __________ between 2 and 4 months. fear; crying social smile; laughter and curiosity laugh; curiosity social smile; anger

social smile; laughter and curiosity

A mutually coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called: timed communication. social attachment. synchrony. social referencing

synchrony.

What research was the first to recognize that newborns have distinct inborn traits? Bandura's Bobo doll study the Big Five study the Fox longitudinal study the New York Longitudinal Study

the New York Longitudinal Study

The experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop-off is referred to as a: visual cliff. depth meter. visual plank. drop-off zone.

visual cliff.