PSY 240 Chapter 11 - Substance Related and Impulse Control Disorders

The common factor among psychoactive drugs may be: A. their ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain B. the ease of obtaining them and the relatively inexpensive cost C. the similar way in which they are metabolized in the body D. their identical effect on neurotransmitters at the synapse

A. their ability to activate the "pleasure pathways" of the brain

Legally available narcotic medications, including morphine and codeine, are used primarily as: A. antagonists B. analgesics C. antibiotics D. antidotes

B. analgesics

The DSM-IV-TR definition of substance dependence includes both physiological and psychological aspects, specifically: A. tolerance and withdrawal B. drug seeking behaviors C. both of these D. neither of these

C. both of these

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the opponent-process explanation of drug addiction? A. an increase in positive feelings will be followed by an increase in negative feelings B. an increase in negative feelings will be followed by an increase in positive feelings C. both of these D. neither of these

C. both of these

Ritalin seems to decrease cocaine use in: A. addicts with ADD B. all cocaine addicts C. men but not women D. people with allergies

A. addicts with ADD

According to your book, controlled drinking is believed to be: A. at least as effective as abstinence B. much more effective than abstinence C. much less efficient than abstinence D. helpful for everyone

A. at least as effective as abstinence

Nicotine synergism refers to combining nicotine with: A. contextual cues B. expectancies C. practice D. experience

A. contextual cues

Drug use has ___ in recent years. A. declined B. increased dramatically C. remained the same D. increased slightly

A. declined

Substance abuse prevention efforts have focused on: A. education-based approaches B. changing laws regarding drug use and possession C. working with parents to change substance use D. all of the above

A. education-based approaches

Blackouts appear to be related to the interaction of alcohol with the _____ system. A. glutamate B. serotonin C. GABA D. dopamine

A. glutamate

Because of its impact on GABA receptors, alcohol _____ neuronal communication. A. inhibits B. facilitates C. randomizes D. eliminates

A. inhibits

Caffeine is a ___ that affects the brain stem by ___. A. stimulant; blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine. B. depressant; blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine. C. stimulant; aiding in the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine. D. depressant; aiding in the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine.

A. stimulant; blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter adenosine.

Nicotine is a(n) ___, alcohol is a ___, and morphine is a(n) ___. A. stimulant; depressant; opioid B. stimulant; depressant; hallucinogenic C. depressant; stimulant; opioid D. opioid; hallucinogenic; stimulant

A. stimulant; depressant; opioid

Contingency management involves: A. the use of reinforcement for specific behaviors B. the elimination of abuse cues C. altering expectations D. use of medications to create substance aversions

A. the use of reinforcement for specific behaviors

Two important aspects of a definition of substance dependence are ___ and ___. A. tolerance; withdrawal B. withdrawal; relapse C. relapse; tolerance D. alcohol delirium; tolerance

A. tolerance; withdrawal

___ are psychoactive substances that are among the most likely to produce physical dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal. These substances include alcohol and anxiolytic drugs. A. Opioids B. Depressants C. Stimulants D. Hallucinogens

B. Depressants

Which of the following terms is the definition of anxioltytic? A. sleep-inducing B. anxiety-reducing C. anti-seizure D. calming

B. anxiety-reducing

The drug opiate-antagonist naltrexone is a treatment for substance abuse that works by: A. substituting a chemically similar drug for the addictive drug B. both counteracting the effects of opiates and producing withdrawal symptoms C. producing a cross-tolerance effect in a drug user D. producing only a temporary euphoric effect if opiates continue to be used

B. both counteracting the effects of opiates and producing withdrawal symptoms

The community reinforcement approach, a new type of program that has been started to address the problem of substance abuse, includes all of the following components EXCEPT: A. a non-substance abusing relative participates with the alcoholic in relationship improvement sessions B. encouraging the substance abuser to accept that his or her friends may continue to be users but associating with them is still OK C. assistance with employment, education, finances, or other social service areas is provided to help reduce stress D. suggesting options for new recreational activities to replace previous drug related activities

B. encouraging the substance abuser to accept that his or her friends may continue to be users but associating with them is still OK

All of the following are symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol EXCEPT: A. nausea and/or vomiting B. hypersomnia C. hallucinations D. delirium tremens

B. hypersomnia

Drug-addicted parents may contribute to their child's drug use by: A. failing to monitor the child's behavior B. making drugs available to child C. creating an environment where peers use drugs D. all of the above

B. making drugs available to child

A person with a genetic vulnerability to substance dependence A. will inevitably develop that dependence. B. may choose not to use the substance in order to avoid becoming dependent. C. will be more likely to try the substance. D. has no control over whether he or she initiates use of the substance.

B. may choose not to use the substance in order to avoid becoming dependent.

In early DSM editions, alcoholism and drug abuse were classified as sociopathic personality disorders because they were considered to be: A. criminal behaviors B. morally deficient behaviors C. signs of mental illness D. symptoms of psychosis

B. morally deficient behaviors

The text differentiates two types of substance dependence. The type associated with tolerance and withdrawal is referred to as ___ dependence, whereas the type associated with drug-seeking behaviors is referred to as ___ dependence. A. psychological; physiological B. physiological; psychological C. alcohol; marijuana D. marijuana; alcohol

B. physiological; psychological

In the impulse control disorders, the individual feels _____ prior to carrying out the act. A. relaxed and calm B. tense and aroused C. spaced out D. angry and aggressive

B. tense and aroused

In the 1950's, James Olds used electrical stimulation on the brains of rats and discovered: A. the aggressive center of the brain B. the pleasure center of the brain C. that rats did not like to have their brains electrically stimulated D. that rats had no brains

B. the pleasure center of the brain

The American Psychiatric Association defines substance abuse in terms of: A. how drunk or intoxicated a person gets after ingesting a psychoactive substance B. whether or not the substance interferes with the person's life C. the type and intensity of the substance abuser's biological reaction D. which drug is used and whether it is legal or illegal

B. whether or not the substance interferes with the person's life

The drugs that directly stimulate the internal reward center or pleasure pathways in the brain include: A. amphetamines and cocaine B. the opiates C. all of these D. none of these

C. all of these

An alcoholic who is highly motivated to stop drinking and who understands the possibly severe consequences of treatment may be prescribed the drug called Antabuse. This medication is an example of an _____ treatment for alcoholism. A. agonist (substitution) B. antagonist C. aversive D. AA

C. aversive

A probable psychological cause of substance-related disorders is A. positive reinforcement. B. negative reinforcement. C. both a and b D. none of the above

C. both a and b

Which of the following are examples of agonist types of treatment for substance abuse? A. the use of methadone to treat heroin addiction B. a nicotine patch or nicotine gum to treat addiction to cigarette smoking C. both of these D. neither of these

C. both of these

Which of the following is an example of alcohol's effects on brain functioning? A. faster reaction time B. improved judgment C. impaired motor coordination D. clear speech

C. impaired motor coordination

Ecstasy or MDMA: A. increases appetite B. rarely causes Emergency Room visits C. is now used more than LSD D. acts like speed, but has major withdrawal symptoms

C. is now used more than LSD

Although most impulse control disorders are considered rare, one that affects an increasing number of people is _____. A. kleptomania B. pyromania C. pathological gambling D. intermittent explosive disorder

C. pathological gambling

In terms of substance-related disorders, the word "addiction" is most closely associated with: A. substance use B. intoxication C. substance dependence D. polysubstance abuse

C. substance dependence

In a large survey among college-age men and women, it was found that: A. about 75% of the respondents had gone on a binge of heavy drinking once in the preceding two weeks B. there was no relationship between frequency of drinking and grades C. students with a grade-point average of "A" had no more than one drink per week. D. "D" and "F" students averaged 11 alcoholic drinks per week.

D. "D" and "F" students averaged 11 alcoholic drinks per week.

In the United States, the annual death rate related to cigarette smoking and the use of alcohol and illegal drugs is estimated to be: A. 25,000 B. 50,000 C. 250,000 D. 500,000

D. 500,000

Although AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) programs are considered effective, the drop out rate for GA (Gambler's Anonymous) programs is: A. 10-30% B. 30-50% C. 50-70% D. 70-90%

D. 70-90%

Which of the following drugs is NOT classified as a benzodiazepine? A. Halcion B. Valium C. Xanax D. Seconal

D. Seconal

Alcohol may influence which of the following systems? A. GABA system B. glutamate system C. serotonin system D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Brain plasticity is a factor in: A. tolerance B. withdrawal C. cravings D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Cravings seem to be exacerbated by: A. the availability of drugs B. specific moods C. places and objects associated with drug taking D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Expectancies about alcohol use: A. start before people even start drinking B. predict who will later have drinking problems C. change over time and alcohol use D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Hallucinogenic drugs A. include LSD. B. occur naturally in a variety of plants. C. can be produced synthetically. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Health-wise, marijuana: A. wards off nausea B. eases glaucoma symptoms C. contains as many carcinogens as tobacco smoke D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Pathological gamblers display which of the following behaviors? A. need to gamble with increasing amounts of money B. restlessness without gambling C. jeopardizing of relationships, jobs, education, or finances to support gambling D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Research suggests that alcohol-related car accidents and assaults decreased following the: A. limitation of alcohol access to underage drinkers B. increased local enforcement of drinking and driving laws C. encouragement of bars to limit alcohol served to inebriated patrons D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is true of substance-related disorders? A. They kill 500,000 Americans every year. B. They cost hundreds of billions of dollars each year. C. They play a role in homelessness. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

"Crack babies," born to mothers who have used cocaine, often develop problems that areattributed not only to the effects of cocaine but also to: A. inadequate parenting B. mother's use of alcohol, nicotine and/or other drugs C. disrupted home environments D. all of these

D. all of these

People who abuse or are dependent upon alcohol A. are likely to go through periods marked by different levels of alcohol use. B. were aided by a methodically sound study of Alcoholics Anonymous members by Jellinick. C. may be at an increased risk to behave aggressively. D. both a and c

D. both a and c

Which of the following terms is the definition of sedative? A. sleep-inducing B. anxiety reducing C. anti-seizure D. calming

D. calming

Research suggests that children between the ages of 3 and 6 : A. cannot recognize the smell of alcohol B. can all recognize the smell of alcohol C. automatically dislike the smell of alcohol D. can frequently recognize the smell of alcohol

D. can frequently recognize the smell of alcohol

Of the following types of drug prevention strategies which one has the potential for the most successful outcome (according to the information in your textbook)? A. education-based programs (e.g., DARE) B. skills training to resist social, media and peer pressure to use drugs C. relapse prevention programs focusing on the learned aspects of dependence, i.e., the failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills D. cultural attitude change (e.g., widespread enactment of no-smoking legislation)

D. cultural attitude change (e.g., widespread enactment of no-smoking legislation)

All of the following occur in persons who are alcohol dependent for even short periods of time EXCEPT: A. blackouts and/or seizures B. hallucinations C. memory loss D. dementia

D. dementia

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a combination of problems that can occur in a child whose mother drank alcohol while pregnant. Symptoms of FAS include all of the following EXCEPT: A. cognitive deficits and behavior problems B. distorted facial features C. learning difficulties D. excessive fetal growth

D. excessive fetal growth

The ALDH2 gene A. increases an individual's tolerance of alcohol. B. increases the likelihood of "blackouts" from low doses of alcohol. C. increases the likelihood of a severe "flushing effect" in people of Asian descent. D. increases the depressive effects of alcohol.

D. increases the depressive effects of alcohol.

Which of the following is the most routinely used illegal substance in the United States? A. opioids B. heroin C. cocaine D. marijuana

D. marijuana

In a study involving the sons of alcoholics who were at high risk themselves for developing alcoholism, it was found that: A. they were less sensitive to the positive effects of alcohol when it was first ingested B. they were more sensitive to the negative effects of alcohol after a few hours C. both of these D. neither of these

D. neither of these

___ refers to the physiological reaction called drunkenness or high. A. Substance use B. Substance abuse C. Substance dependence D. none of the above

D. none of the above

Substance abuse is defined as A. more than three glasses of wine or four glasses of beer. B. daily use of a substance. C. weekly use of a substance. D. the use of substances to the point that education, job, or relationships with others are disrupted.

D. the use of substances to the point that education, job, or relationships with others are disrupted.

Pulling one's own hair from anywhere on the body refers to A. pyromania B. kleptomania C. intermittent explosive disorder D. trichotillomania

D. trichotillomania

All of the following are informative and accurate statements about inhalants EXCEPT: A. Inhalant use is most commonly observed among college students. B. Symptoms of inhalant use include slurred speech, dizziness, and euphoria. C. Long-term inhalant use can damage bone marrow, the kidneys, the liver, and the brain. D. Use of inhalants can cause users to be antisocial and aggressive.

A. Inhalant use is most commonly observed among college students.

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning marijuana use and abuse? A. Paranoia and hallucinations can occur. B. Tolerance develops rapidly. C. Psychological dependence can occur with even occasional use. D. Marijuana is free of carcinogens.

A. Paranoia and hallucinations can occur.

Relapse prevention refers to a treatment mode which views relapse as: A. a failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills B. a failure of willpower C. proof that a person will never be able to control their drinking D. an insurmountable obstacle to treatment for substance abuse

A. a failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills

The term opioids refers to ___ substances that have a narcotic effect, while opiates are ___ that have a narcotic effect. A. all; substances found in the poppy B. naturally occurring; synthetic drugs C. synthetic; all substances D. all; chemicals in the brain

A. all; substances found in the poppy

All of the following analgesic substances are classified as opiates EXCEPT: A. cocaine B. codeine C. heroin D. morphine

A. cocaine

Until 1903, Coca-Cola contained which of the following? A. cocaine B. heroin C. caffeine D. chocolate

A. cocaine

Research with soldiers and adolescents suggests that people often use substances to: A. cope with unpleasant feelings B. to raise awareness of their feelings C. both of these D. neither of these

A. cope with unpleasant feelings

Differences in fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) rates among women who drink may be due to: A. cultural differences B. cognitive differences C. metabolic differences D. emotional differences

A. cultural differences

Research on changes in Korean drug use patterns suggests that: A. cultural norms can override biological factors which would inhibit alcohol use B. cultural norms cannot override biological factors which would inhibit alcohol use C. personality factors which contribute to substance use D. all of the above

A. cultural norms can override biological factors which would inhibit alcohol use

What explains the apparent stimulation, feeling of well being, and outgoing behavior that occur as the initial effects of alcohol ingestion? A. depression of the inhibitory centers in the brain B. activation of the inhibitory centers in the brain C. depression of the autonomic nervous system D. stimulation of the autonomic nervous system

A. depression of the inhibitory centers in the brain

Stimulation of the _____ neurons in the "pleasure pathway" (the site in the brain that seems to be involved in the experience of pleasure) probably causes the "high" associated with cocaine use. A. dopamine B. serotonin C. adrenaline D. endorphin

A. dopamine

The "pleasure pathways," or internal reward centers, in the human brain are primarily made up of: A. dopamine-sensitive neurons B. serotonin-sensitive neurons C. both of these D. neither of these

A. dopamine-sensitive neurons

Factors that affect whether alcohol will cause organic damage include A. frequency of use. B. whether the body has time to recover between binges. C. blood alcohol levels attained while drinking. D. all of the above

A. frequency of use.

A recent research study on alcoholism suggests that use of illegal drugs is influenced by environmental factors but abuse and dependence are more influenced by: A. genetic factors B. psychological factors C. non-biological factors D. cultural factors

A. genetic factors

Alcohol is related to violence because it: A. increases impulsivity B. increases rational thinking C. causes aggression D. decreases aggressive behavior

A. increases impulsivity

Marijuana use often results in: A. mood swings B. blunted sensory experience C. an accurate sense of time D. enhanced nausea

A. mood swings

The brain's tendency to reorganize by forming new neural connections is called: A. neuroplasticity B. neuroelasticity C. neurovariability D. neuroimagery

A. neuroplasticity

According to Jellinek's model (no longer considered accurate but still of scientific interest), an individual with alcoholism progresses through four stages. Which of the following incorrectly describes the characteristic behaviors associated with each of Jellinek's stages? A. prealcoholic stage - hangovers, DWI or DUI charges, blackouts B. prodromal stage - drinking heavily but few outward signs of problems C. chronic stage - loss of control accompanied by occasional binges D. crucial stage - primary activities focused on getting and drinking alcohol

A. prealcoholic stage - hangovers, DWI or DUI charges, blackouts

Which of the following terms is the definition of hypnotic? A. sleep-inducing B. anxiety reducing C. anti-seizure D. calming

A. sleep-inducing

Alcoholism, previously considered a _____, is now conceptualized by many as a disease. A. sociopathic personality disturbance B. schizophrenic-like behavioral pattern C. type of dependent personality disorder D. hysterical conversion syndrome

A. sociopathic personality disturbance

Enkephalins and endorphins are natural opioids found in: A. the brain B. the humoral system C. DNA D. poppy seeds

A. the brain

The path from drug use to dependence often involves A. the experience of stress B. the genetic tendency to inherit a sensitivity to certain drugs C. the substance being abused helps to manage positive feelings D. substance abuse helps people to get even with others

A. the experience of stress

Substance abuse can be seen from either a biological or a psychosocial perspective. For example, the condemnation of drug abuse as an official sin by the Catholic Church is an example of _____. A. the moral weakness model B. the disease model of dependence C. the AA model of drug dependency D. a 12-step program

A. the moral weakness model

The integration of both positive and negative reinforcement in explaining why the "crash" that follows the initial euphoria of drug use is not a deterrent to further drug use is called: A. the opponent-process theory B. amotivational syndrome C. substance induced myopia D. an expectancy effect

A. the opponent-process theory

A research study of 6,000 lifetime drinkers (DeWitt et al., 2000) found that drinking at an early age (ages 11-14): A. was predictive of later alcohol use disorders B. had no relationship to alcohol use later in life C. caused more frequent blackouts than drinking at later ages D. resulted in more severe withdrawal symptoms than drinking at later ages

A. was predictive of later alcohol use disorders

Among the so-called recreational or illicit "designer drugs" is a dissociative anesthetic that produces a sense of detachment along with a reduced awareness of pain. It is called: A. Ecstasy (MDMA) B. "K" or "Special K" C. Eve D. Nexus

B. "K" or "Special K"

In 2003, researchers at the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration estimated that about _____ Americans are probably dependent on alcohol. A. 1.5 million B. 10 million C. 15 million D. 25 million

B. 10 million

According to a study conducted in the 1980's what percentage of narcotic addicts passed away by suicide or overdose? A. 10 B. 22 C. 45 D. 70

B. 22

___ is a method in which a drug with a similar chemical makeup is given in place of an addictive drug, and ___ are used to block the effects of psychoactive drugs. A. Antagonist substitution; agonist drugs B. Agonist substitution; antagonist drugs C. Relapse prevention; agonist drugs D. Relapse prevention; antagonist drugs

B. Agonist substitution; antagonist drugs

Which of the following is an accurate statement about alcohol use? A. Education is negatively correlated with recent alcohol use. B. Half of all Americans over the age of 12 report being current drinkers of alcohol. C. Female college students were more likely than male college students to report several episodes of binge drinking in a two week period. D. Alcohol use in the elderly population is typically high.

B. Half of all Americans over the age of 12 report being current drinkers of alcohol.

Which of the following hallucinogenic substances is processed synthetically? A. marijuana B. LSD C. psilocybin D. mescaline

B. LSD

A report from the Substance Abuse and Health Services Administration (2003) indicates that about _____ of Americans reported binge drinking in the month preceding the report. A. 2% B. 23% C. 51% D. 65%

C. 51%

Which of the following is an accurate statement about opiate (narcotic) addiction? A. Discontinuing narcotic use brings on withdrawal symptoms in 1-2 hours. B. Since opiates (narcotics) are usually injected, users are at increased risk for HIV/AIDS. C. The withdrawal process for narcotic addiction takes about 1 to 3 weeks. D. Most addicts die before the age of 50 from a drug overdose.

B. Since opiates (narcotics) are usually injected, users are at increased risk for HIV/AIDS.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about alcoholism? A. A progressive pattern leading to alcoholism is inevitable for those who drink alcohol. B. The factors that determine a drinker's susceptibility to alcoholism are not yet known. C. Alcohol use and aggressive behavior are negatively correlated. D. Use of alcohol by preteens and young teenagers does not predict later abuse.

B. The factors that determine a drinker's susceptibility to alcoholism are not yet known.

The correct pairing of the names, causes, and symptoms of two types of organic brain syndromes that may result from chronic, long-term alcohol abuse are: A. dementia - loss of intellectual abilities caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine B. Wernicke's disease - confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine C. dementia - confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain D. Wernicke's disease - loss of intellectual abilities caused by the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain

B. Wernicke's disease - confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech caused by a deficiency of the vitamin called thiamine

Which of the following drugs is known to have an anxiolytic (anxiety-relieving) effect? A. methamphetamine B. alcohol C. caffeine D. LSD

B. alcohol

The possibility that a heavy drinker's cognitive ability might improve if the person stops drinking is based on research findings showing that: A. alcohol damages neurons in the brain but not the neurotransmitters B. alcohol damages the connections between the neurons but not the neurons themselves C. alcohol damages the neurons in the brain but not the connections between them D. alcohol damages the neurotransmitters but not the neuronal connections

B. alcohol damages the connections between the neurons but not the neurons themselves

In the 1980's, a research study focusing on seventh and eighth graders' expectations about drinking alcohol revealed that some of the students begin drinking because they think it will have positive effects on their social behavior and cognitive and motor skills, a phenomenon called: A. alcoholic myopia B. an expectancy effect C. opponent-process theory D. regressive alcoholism

B. an expectancy effect

Which of the following types of drugs typically is used in large amounts to commit suicide? A. benzodiazepines B. barbiturates C. stimulants D. hallucinogens

B. barbiturates

The most common of the psychoactive substances, used by 90% of Americans, is: A. nicotine B. caffeine C. marijuana D. opium

B. caffeine

Substances that distort sensory experiences, feelings and perceptions are known as: A. opiates B. hallucinogens C. "roofies" D. "benzos"

B. hallucinogens

In trying to understand why some people continue to use drugs until they become dependent on them and others are able to stop before this happens, it is important to consider: A. how sensitive a person is to both the negative effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the negative effects of alcohol after a few hours B. how sensitive a person is to the positive effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the negative effects after a few hours C. how sensitive a person is to the negative effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the positive effects a few hours later D. how sensitive a person is to the positive effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the positive effects a few hours later

B. how sensitive a person is to the positive effects of alcohol when it is first ingested and to the negative effects after a few hours

The drug called Antabuse helps people abstain from drinking alcohol by: A. causing alcoholic drinks to taste bitter B. interfering with the body's metabolism of alcohol C. making people allergic to alcohol D. reducing the pleasurable feelings that are associated with alcohol

B. interfering with the body's metabolism of alcohol

Yesterday you asked your friend Ray for a couple of aspirin tablets. Ray has been taking a psychology course and informs you that, in behavioral terms, aspirin is a _____ reinforcer. (After listening to this, your headache begins to gets worse.) A. positive B. negative C. neutral D. variable

B. negative

In trying to understand why some individuals become addicted to drugs and others do not, it is important to consider the negative reinforcement that is associated with the anxiolytic effect, i.e., a drug's ability to: A. produce a "high" B. reduce anxiety C. metabolize quickly D. relieve pain

B. reduce anxiety

Both morphine and codeine are analgesics, which means that they: A. activate the central nervous system B. relieve pain and produce euphoria C. increase alertness D. cause delusions and dissociative experiences

B. relieve pain and produce euphoria

Use of the testosterone derived anabolic-androgenic steroids differs from other illicit drug use because: A. the "high" produced from steroid use is more intense than that experienced with other drugs B. steroids are used to increase body mass and enhance performance C. more females than males use anabolic steroids D. steroids can be taken orally or by injection

B. steroids are used to increase body mass and enhance performance

In behavioral terms drugs like aspirin are considered negative reinforcers because they: A. make a person feel good B. stop a person from feeling pain C. have toxic effects on the nervous system D. can cause frequent users to become dependent on them

B. stop a person from feeling pain

The prevailing view that alcohol abuse usually follows a predictable downward spiral was based on Jellinek's mid 20th century survey of Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) members that asked them how alcohol had affected them physically and psychologically. Data from this survey are now considered inaccurate because: A. respondents faked their answers to the questions on the survey B. too few AA members answered the survey questions C. since the survey was only sent to older members of AA, information on the progression of alcohol use was not available D. Jellinek himself became an alcoholic and never finished the research

B. too few AA members answered the survey questions

In some individuals chronic alcohol use causes physical damage to the body. Whether this occurs depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT: A. blood alcohol levels during drinking periods B. type of alcohol consumed (e.g., beer, wine, liquor) C. genetic vulnerability D. how frequently drinking binges occur, how long they last, and how much time elapses between binges

B. type of alcohol consumed (e.g., beer, wine, liquor)

From a physiological perspective, the reason that a nicotine addict smokes cigarettes frequently throughout the day is to prevent withdrawal symptoms, which include all of the following EXCEPT: A. irritability B. weight loss C. depression D. difficulty concentrating

B. weight loss

Nicolai has been an alcoholic for many years. He has also experienced major depression and manic episodes. According to Compton, et al., (2003), about _____ of alcoholics also have an additional psychiatric disorder. A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 99%

C. 75%

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)? A. AA is clearly an effective treatment for some people with alcohol dependence. B. More than 3% of the adult population of the United States has attended an AA meeting. C. AA advocates controlled drinking in which former alcoholics can become social drinkers. D. It is difficult to conduct accurate research on AA because participation is anonymous.

C. AA advocates controlled drinking in which former alcoholics can become social drinkers.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about trichotillomania? A. More males than females are diagnosed with this problem. B. Compulsive hair pulling is confined to the head only. C. Between 1% and 5% of college students are diagnosed with this disorder. D. Cognitive behavioral interventions have not been effective in treating this disorder.

C. Between 1% and 5% of college students are diagnosed with this disorder.

Research that asks individuals to indicate alcohol use during the previous one month period has found that alcohol use is highest among: A. Hispanics B. Asian Americans C. Caucasian Americans D. persons with multiracial backgrounds

C. Caucasian Americans

Which of the following is characteristic of nicotine? A. DSM-IV describes an intoxication pattern for nicotine. B. It takes nicotine between 30 and 45 seconds to reach the brain. C. Nicotine is considered to be highly addictive. D. none of the above

C. Nicotine is considered to be highly addictive.

Misuse of the benzodiazepine _____ has resulted in it being referred to as the "date rape drug." A. Amytal B. Halcion C. Rohypnol D. Ritalin

C. Rohypnol

Which of the following drugs is NOT classified as a barbiturate? A. Amytal B. Seconal C. Rohypnol D. Nembutal

C. Rohypnol

Although most psychoactive substances interact with specific substances in the brain cells, the effects of _____ are much more complex because several different neurotransmitter systems are affected. A. opiates B. tranquilizers C. alcohol D. marijuana

C. alcohol

The condition called delirium tremens, also known as the "DTs," involves hallucinations and body tremors during withdrawal from: A. heroin B. cocaine C. alcohol D. marijuana

C. alcohol

Which of the following terms is the definition of anticonvulsant? A. sleep-inducing B. anxiety reducing C. anti-seizure D. calming

C. anti-seizure

The benzodiazepine medications are prescribed primarily to treat: A. pain B. depression C. anxiety D. addiction

C. anxiety

A person who is physiologically dependent on a drug will experience: A. tolerance to the effects of the drug B. withdrawal symptoms if the drug is withdrawn C. both tolerance and withdrawal D. neither tolerance nor withdrawal

C. both tolerance and withdrawal

Many individuals use drugs as negative reinforcement, i.e., to escape from the unpleasantness (pain, stress, anxiety) in their lives. This phenomenon is called all of the following EXCEPT: A. self-medication B. tension reduction C. controlled dosing D. negative affect

C. controlled dosing

Alcohol and the drugs Seconal, Halcion, and Valium are all classified as: A. stimulants B. opiates C. depressants D. narcotics

C. depressants

Which of the following does NOT describe the specific effect of alcohol on a particular neurotransmitter system? A. serotonin - alcoholic cravings B. glutamate - alcoholic blackouts C. dopamine - slurred speech D. GABA - anti-anxiety effect

C. dopamine - slurred speech

In a laboratory research study involving "drug addiction" in animals, it was demonstrated that the positive reinforcing effect of drugs was: A. biological only B. tied to social and cultural influences C. free from social and cultural influences D. biological, social and cultural

C. free from social and cultural influences

The field of research called "functional genomics" is concerned with how: A. to find the genes that are responsible for alcoholism B. alcoholics function in their daily lives C. genes work to influence addiction D. people recover from alcoholism

C. genes work to influence addiction

Alcohol can initially appear to cause stimulation because it: A. makes vision and hearing more acute B. has an excitatory affect on the brain C. has an inhibitory affect on the brain D. alters motor coordination

C. has an inhibitory affect on the brain

A research study suggesting that 20% to 50% of young children (ages 3-6) have already had some exposure to alcohol asked the children to: A. taste small amounts of wine, whiskey and beer B. describe what wine, whiskey and beer taste like C. identify alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks by smell D. talk about family members and other relatives who drink alcohol

C. identify alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks by smell

You have just heard about a situation in which someone who was drunk vandalized a building and assaulted a security guard. From your knowledge of abnormal psychology, you are aware that although alcohol does not cause aggressive behavior, it may: A. stimulate the inhibitory center of the brain, causing aggressive behavior B. activate the aggressive genes in the person's DNA C. impair the ability to consider the consequences of acting impulsively D. increase the anxiety associated with being punished for one's actions

C. impair the ability to consider the consequences of acting impulsively

Among the opioids are both natural substances (opiates) and the synthetic narcotic called: A. morphine B. heroin C. methadone D. codeine

C. methadone

Experts in the field of substance abuse were asked about the relative addictiveness of various drugs. At the top of the list, as most addictive, was: A. crack cocaine B. heroin C. nicotine D. methamphetamine

C. nicotine

Which of the following is not considered in the text as a cognitive factor related to causes of substance-related disorders? A. sense triggers B. expectancy effect C. opponent process theory - negative reinforcement D. none of the above

C. opponent process theory - negative reinforcement

Jim is unable to cut down or control his substance use. He has been experiencing decreased effects when taking the same amount of drugs. Jim's drug use has begun to disrupt his work and family responsibilities. According to DSM-IV, what would Jim's diagnosis be? A. substance intoxication B. substance dependence C. substance abuse D. none of the above

C. substance abuse

Which of the following is an accurate statement about amphetamines and/or amphetamine use disorders? A. Amphetamines cause a period of depression and fatigue (called "crashing"), which is followed by feelings of elation and euphoria. B. Amphetamines cause an increase in appetite and a decrease in fatigue. C. Amphetamines decrease the availability of dopamine and norepinephrine in the nervous system. D. Amphetamine overdose can cause hallucinations, panic, agitation, and paranoid delusions.

D. Amphetamine overdose can cause hallucinations, panic, agitation, and paranoid delusions.

Carol has been addicted to narcotics for many years. Recently she has been trying to quit and has not used any drugs for the last week. We can expect that Carol will be experiencing: A. fever and chills B. nausea, vomiting and diarrhea C. aches and pains D. all of these

D. all of these

Consequences of long-term excessive drinking include: A. liver disease and/or pancreatitis B. cardiovascular disorders C. brain damage D. all of these

D. all of these

Relapse prevention is a treatment method that A. looks at the learned aspect of dependence. B. sees relapse as a failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills. C. looks at relapse as inevitably leading to more drug use. D. both a and b

D. both a and b

Your shy and introverted friend tells you that she has discovered a wonder drug that produces feelings of euphoria and is not addictive. When you realize that she is talking about cocaine, you inform her that: A. scientists agree that it is wonder drug just as she describes B. in the early 20th century cocaine was an ingredient in Pepsi-Cola C. cocaine will make her more social and outgoing D. dependence on cocaine develops slowly over a period of years

D. dependence on cocaine develops slowly over a period of years

Which of the following would NOT be an example of substance use? A. smoking a cigarette B. drinking a cup of coffee C. taking a sleeping pill D. getting drunk

D. getting drunk

Nikki has decided to stop smoking (again). She can expect to experience which of the following withdrawal symptoms? A. elevated mood B. decreased appetite C. weight loss D. irritability

D. irritability

The most commonly consumed of all the psychoactive drugs are the stimulants, which include all of the following EXCEPT: A. caffeine B. cocaine C. nicotine D. mescaline

D. mescaline

A perspective of substance dependence that involves "drug-seeking behaviors" includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. repeated use of the drug B. a desperate need to ingest more of the drug C. resuming drug use after a period of abstinence D. physical symptoms when the drug is no longer used

D. physical symptoms when the drug is no longer used

Substance intoxication includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. the specific drug that is used B. how much of a drug is used or ingested C. the drug user's individual biological reaction D. physiological dependence on the drug

D. physiological dependence on the drug

Which of the following effects is associated with cocaine use? A. decreased alertness B. increased appetite C. decreased pulse and blood pressure D. rapid and irregular heartbeat

D. rapid and irregular heartbeat

Although alcohol use and aggression are positively correlated, the factors that actually determine aggressive behavior involve all of the following EXCEPT: A. quantity and timing of alcohol consumed B. the person's previous history of violence C. the circumstances and events related to the person's drinking D. the person's level of intelligence

D. the person's level of intelligence