PSY 240- Exam 2 (chapter 7)

In 2018 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines children and adolescents as obese when their body mass index (BMI) is at or above the ___________ percentile.

97th

Which of the following is a government program that provides lower socioeconomic status children in the United States with skills for school success?

Head Start

T o F compared to Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development, Vygotsy's theory posits children as social creatures who develop their thinking through social interaction.

True- children do develop thinking through socialization

When given appropriate cues and prompts, young children demonstrate that they can:

accurately remember a large quantity of information

Literacy development among children is helped when children

already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write can learn to read and write in supportive environments have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking and listening (NOT: practice reading only at school with trained literacy professionals and never at home)

Advances in __________ during the preschool years are linked with math skills, language development and school readiness.

executive function

The preoperational thought substage that is called ____________ thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions.

intuitive

Some experts believe that early childhood education programs should focus on both cognitive development and _________ development in order to meet all of a child's needs.

socioemotional

What are the two aspects of attention that develop in early childhood?

sustained attention executive attention

According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought it the __________ __________ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

symbolic function

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of _________, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence.

syntax

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in

syntax

Awareness and understanding of mental processes of others is called

theory of mind

Regarding growth in early childhood, what statements are true?

There is a slow, steady decline in percentage of body fat Head size is more in proportion to the rest of the body than it was during infancy

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development?

Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs Children are able to use words to describe their world Children form stable concepts and begin to reason (NOT: children are able to understand the concept of reversibility)

Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood?

Climbing Jumping Running (NOT: assembling a simple jig saw puzzle)

Which of the following statements best describe child- centered kindergartens?

Emphasize play see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned (NOT: downplay firsthand experiences)

T or F: If a preoperational child cannot conserve volume, the child also will not be able to conserve number.

False- children often vary in their performance on different conservation tasks

Which of the following guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children?

Maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine Modeling healthy eating habits Preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups (NOT: allowing the child to bring a favorite toy to the table. NOT: having the television on during dinner)

Children who understand morphology rules use all of the following parts of speech:

Plural nouns articles possessive nouns (do not use conjunctions)

According to Vygotsky's theory, children use speech and language directed toward themselves and others for what reasons?

Problem solving social communication planning their behaviors

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years?

Vygotsky's theory Piaget's theory Information processing theory (not Reggio Emilia's theory)

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood?

Young children are able to present competent narratives Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations (NOT: young children struggle with cultural issues related to speech)

The main cause of death in children ages 1 through 4 is

accidents

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called

centration

The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called ______________.

centration

The awareness that an object does NOT change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is know as:

conservation

As the preschool child grows older, the increase in the child's weight and height each year in terms of percentage

decreases

A child playing hide- and- seek thinks he can't be seen just because he can't see the person looking for him. This is an example of the thought limitation of

egocentrism

Managing one's thoughts to engage in goal- directed behavior and self control is a description of ___________ functioning.

executive

If a child has a human __________ hormone deficiency, he or she may not grow taller than 5 feet.

growth

During their preschool years, young children demonstrate

increased attention spans

Research has shown that short- term memory _________ during early childhood.

increases

The contemporary theory of cognitive development that focuses on a child's attention, memory, and problem- solving skills is called

information processing

Vygotsky asserted that language and thought

initially develop independently of each other and then merge

According to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform _________, which are defined as reversible mental actions.

operations

Growth hormone deficiency is the absence of the growth hormone produced by the _________ gland to stimulate the body to grow.

pituitary or hypophisis

Preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit ____________ by comparing two items systematically, one detail at a time.

planfulness

A study of U.S. 2- and 3- year-olds found that __________ were the vegetable they were most likely to consume.

potatoes

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the

preoperational stage

According to Vygotsky, in early childhood children use private ___________ to help solve tasks

private

According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of ___________ development

proximal

The failure to conserve demonstrates centration and an inability to mentally __________ actions.

reverse

The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to ____________, another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.

scaffolding

Children should not only get the recommended amount of sleep per night, but the sleep should also be ____________.

uninterrupted

An increase in height and an increase in ___________ are the two most obvious physical changes that occur during early childhood years.

weight