PSY 254 Final

If a friend is considering nutraceuticals for the treatment of depression, your BEST advice would be:

"St. Johns wort should only be used for mild or moderate cases of depression."

A student says, "Quick! I have to take a test in two minutes. I need help remembering what kind of correlation coefficient shows a weak relationship between two variables" which will help the student?

A correlation coefficient close to 0

Which statement is most consistent with the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for depression?

Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely.

In single-subject experimental designs, the participant is observed and measured before the manipulation of an independent variable. The initial observation period is called the:

Baseline period

The most current research suggests that, among people with obsessive-compulsive disorder, reductions in activity levels in the caudate nuclei result from:

Both medications and cognitive-behavioral therapies

Vagus nerve stimulation is most similar to:

ECT

In an ABAB reversal design study, a researcher is measuring level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the second "B" in the study?

Exercise

"Humans are born with freedom yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential"

Existential

The major ethical concern with research on Facebook users is:

Facebook users don't always know they are being studied

Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on:

Focusing on the here and now

Friedrich Anton Mesmer became famous—or infamous—for his work with patients suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patients' disorders are termed:

Hysterical

Which statement reflects the MOST common obsessive thought?

If I touch that doorknob, I will be dirty and contaminated

Which statement is a reason to question the validity of clinical interviews?

Interviewers may make mistakes in how they interpret the information they gather

Which statement about psycho-dynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is accurate?

Long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression.

If you had high blood pressure, you would want to be especially careful when using:

MAO inhibitors

The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that:

Mental illness should be treated humanely and with respect

A "fake" pill used as the control condition in a drug study is a:

Placebo

Hippocrates' model of mental illness can be described as:

Psychogenic

Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called:

Psychotropics

During the postmortem analysis o a sample of brain tissue, you found enlarged ventricles. This is MOST likely to be evidence of:

Schizophrenia involving mainly negative symptoms

Researchers found that phenothiazines reduced psychotic symptoms but also caused Parkinson symptoms, like tremors. This discovery suggests that:

Schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine

According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that is the conscience is the:

Superego

In a study designed to test a new antidepressant, a large number of outpatient psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One of the groups was given the drug as a pill. The other group was given identical-looking inert pills. All participants were tested in the morning. The level of depression of each subject was measured by three psychologists independently using the Beck Depression Inventory. Which was the independent variable in this study?

The drug

Which is an aspect of an experimental approach?

The manipulation of a variable by the researcher

A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug?

The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes.

Which statement distinguishes a quasi-experimental study from a true experiment?

The quasi-experiment does not allow for manipulation of the independent variable.

In general, the closer that people are genetically related to someone with schizophrenia, the more likely they are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia as well. This is evidence of:

a positive correlation between a schizophrenia diagnosis and closeness of relationship

A clinician says at a workshop, "I prefer the most recently developed antidepressant medications, because they're harder to overdose on ans they don't require dietary restrictions." This statement is:

accurate

if a new test for anxiety is normed on individuals who are waiting to take introductory psychology final exams, the new test is surely lacking:

adequate standardization

A women constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and she is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has started experiencing extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street. MOST likely, this woman would be:

agoraphobia and panic disorder

Today, electroconvulsive therapy:

also involves the use of muscle relaxants

A researcher is interested in the effects of a new drug for treating anxiety and decides to study it in rats by conditioning in them the fear of a high pitched noise and then testing the rats reactions with and without the drug. This is an example of an:

analogue experiment

Dave is confused and usually thinks that he is an ancient king. If his psychiatrist ordered medication, it would MOST likely be a(n):

antipsychotic drug

Which is the BEST example of a broad social anxiety?

apprehension about being evaluated by others

one who takes an evolutionary perspective with respect to abnormal behavior would be most likely to agree that

at one time what is now often seen as abnormal helped us survive

A person with schizophrenia who hears all the animals around her making plans to get her ready for the mall, and comes to think of herself as Cinderella, is experiencing a(n) ____ hallucination and a delusion of ____.

auditory, grandeur

A therapist treating a patient for depression first finds out what activities the client once found pleasurable. These activities are then reintroduced into the patients daily schedule. What type of therapy is this therapist using?

behavioral therapy

Which explanation of depression has connected mood to the rewards in a persons life?

behaviorism

What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanex)?

benzodiazepine

MAO inhibitors work by:

blocking MAO from breaking down norepinephrine

If you were treated with ECT, you would experience a(n):

brain seizure

Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve

bringing the four body humors back into balance.

Those MOST often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages of Europe were:

clergy

If your therapist concentrated on helping you recognize and change negative thoughts and thus improve your mood, your therapist would be using:

cognitive therapy

To effectively reduce the chances of relapse of depressive symptoms, patients should:

continue to take tricyclics even after they are symptom free.

If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is using:

couple therapy

Which "new diagnosis" would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about where the safest neighborhoods and schools are located be MOST likely to receive?

crime phobia

Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening television news is speaking directly and personally to him. He even goes to the television studio to talk to the anchor. Antonio is suffering from:

delusions of reference

The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been:

demonological

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of:

depression

Which is NOT a way that case studies are useful?

determining general laws of behavior

Which is NOT a part of Beck's cognitive therapy for unipolar depression?

discussion with family members about their maldaptive thoughts

Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?

dysfunction

Recently the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:

effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin as well as dopamine.

The finding that in the United States women have higher rates of anxiety and depression than men is MOST likely due to _____ research.

epidemiological

The form of correlational research that seeks to find how many new cases of a disorder occur in a group in a given time period is termed:

epidemiological (incidence)

According to DSM-5, one must demonstrate which set of symptoms to be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder?

excessive worry for six months, edginess, sleep changes, distress

The main difference between hallucinations and delusions is that:

hallucinations involve perception and delusions involve belief

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

has received support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder

The data from studies of the biological and adoptive parents of children who receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia as adults show that the concordance rate of schizophrenia with biological relatives is:

higher than with adoptive relatives

A person with schizophrenia who laughs when told sad news and screams in situations that most people see as warm and tender is experiencing:

inappropriate affect

for people to decide about participating in psychological research, they must be given full knowledge of the nature of the study and their rights. this principle is called:

informed consent

Terri has withdrawn from most social contacts because she never seems to be able to say the right thing. She just doesn't seem to fit in. Her comments are always misinterpreted. She feels alone and is depressed. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an:

interpersonal loss

According to Freud, another term for symbolic meaning of dreams is:

latent content

Therapists who treat African American clients for depression need to be aware that their clients are:

less likely to receive newer, second generation drugs

According to "intolerance of uncertainty theory" those with generalized anxiety disorder are:

likely to have difficulty tolerating the knowledge that a negative event may occur.

The "increasing activities and elevating mood" phase of Beck's treatment for depression:

makes the therapy cognitive-behavioral rather than purely cognitive

Armand does not feel much emotion and does not really want to do anything. He has also completely withdrawn from his friends and family. The presence of these behaviors illustrates ____ schizophrenia

negative

A woman has just been diagnosed with postpartum depression. MOST likely; she will:

neither progress to postpartum psychosis nor physically harm her child

A person says, "I'll try to see only the positive side of things, then everything will be OK." From a cognitive perspective, this person is ___ obsessive thoughts

neutralizing

As opposed to clinical practitioners, who search for individualistic understanding of human behavior, clinical researchers search for general truths about abnormality. The approach of clinical researchers is:

nomothetic

How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder?

not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies

When José did not get the job, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. This thought is an example of:

overgeneralization

Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n):

panic disorder

The function of the double-blind design is to guard against:

participant and experimenter expectancies

A significant change in the type of care offered now compared to the time Freud was practicing is that:

people are more likely to receive treatment for "problems in living"

The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that:

people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier.

According to Freudian psychodynamic interpretation, people who develop schizophrenia regress to a state of:

primary narcissism

The behavioral view of schizophrenia:

provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.

A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her patient had been left alone by her mother on several occasions and concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is MOST likely from which orientation?

psychodynamic

Which perspective was supported by the discovery that the symptoms of hysteria could be induced by hypnosis:

psychogenic

Which patient group was the first treated with ECT?

psychotic patients

Interpersonal psychotherapists believe that therapy must address:

role transitions in relationships

Internal validity reflects how well a study:

rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied

Russ wants to be a good participant. He knows that his professor is an environmentalist, so his answers on the survey reflect a pro-environment position. This is an example of:

subject bias

That many people with severe disturbances are not being treated appropriately is MOSTLY a problem with which level of prevention

tertiary

In the Middle Ages, which model of mental illness did most people believe in?

the demonology model

a clinician using an ABAB design to reduce frequency of sucidial thoughts in a client finds in the second A condition sucidial thought remain as low as they had been at the end of the first B condition. the clinical can be reasonably sure that

the independant variable is not controlling the social thoughts

Correlation coefficients indicate:

the magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables

The incidence of HIV+ results on campus tells you:

the number of new HIV+ cases measured in a time period.

The principle of informed consent assumes that:

the participant can understand the explanation

The main concern with the various forms of cybertherapy that are currently being used is:

the quality of the treatment.

Dr. Tim required half of a group of healthy volunteers to study a reading passage for 1 hour. The other half of the participants studied for 15 minutes. Dr. Tim then administered a test of participants' memory of details from the passage. What was the dependent variable?

the results of the memory test

Which is NOT a goal of the cultural-sensitve therapy movement?

therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapists