psy 265 exam 2

Social Identity

then we think of ourselves as members of a specific social group

Bona fide pipeline

a technique that uses priming to measure implicit racial attitudes

Strong Self Efficacy

-set high goals -respond to substandard performance by putting more effort and resources into it -leads to more success -increase self efficacy

Three factors of Self comparison theory

1: upward social comparison: when we compare ourselves to others who are more capable 2: downward social comparison: when we compare ourselves to others who are less capable 3: comparison with past self: feel better

Sherif's Robber's cave experiment

24 white boys separated then found each other competition was extreme got stranded on a bus with all the boys, boys were helcking each other then came together when they finally got the bus to start and they then sat together and went home together after weeks of hating each other

Stereotype

Beliefs serve as a cognitive framework for processing social information

2 types of expectancies

Efficacy expectation: belief one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcomes Outcome expectancy: a persons estimate that a given behavior will lead to a certain outcome person--efficacy expectation--- behavior--- outcome expectancy---outcome

Learned helpless

Seligman: depression emerges when you think failure is inevitable Depression produced when we believe events are independent of behavior exposure to uncontrollable events produces helplessness because of expectation events are independent of behavior

Sleeper Effect

WW2 soldiers communication persistent measure of attitudes one study waited one week or 9 weeks more attitude change in delayed group comes when the effective of persuasive communication increases with the passage of time With th b e passage of time people tend to forget the source of the message and only remember the message

Self Efficacy

a person's evaluation of their ability to reach a goal or preform a certain behavior

Attitudes

a well established mental set that predisposes a person to evaluate something composed of emotional and elements of thinking of liking/disliking the objects qualities refer to something-person, situation, object tend to be long lasting and led to actions more than one attitude is aroused by any one situation

out group

any group other than the one to which individuals perceive themselves belongings

theory of planned behavior

attitudes are based on people's belief about the the attitude object emphasizes: 1. evaluating the strengths and weakness of ones beliefs 2.assesing implications for ones attitudes 3. assessing implications of ones behavior

Gordan Allport

attitudes are the key stone in the building up of American social psych

Glass ceiling

barriers based on biases that prevent a qualified women from reaching high level positions in the work place

Fishbein and Aziens theory of planned behavior

behavior is determined rationally: we think about the behavior/attitude attitudes toward specific behavior provide the best predictor of behavior behavior is determined rationally behavioral intentions determined by: 1. perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of behavior 2. our perceptions of our ability to prefer the behavior 3. our attitudes toward a particular behavior Should be used: 1. to predict and understand inotivational influences on behavior under the individuals volitional control 2. to identify how and where to target strategies for changing behavior 3. to explain virtually any human behavior

Stereotypes involve

beliefs and expectations about a particular group

the self concept is defined as an organized collection of

beliefs and self perceptions about ones self

according to the social learning view of prejudice

children learn prejudice from parents and peers

realistic conflict theory suggest that prejudice is the result of

competition for resources

La Piere study

conducted a survey to see what hotels/resturants would serve Chinese people 92% said that they would not serve the Chinese La Piere went into a restaurant with a Chinese couple and had no problems with service pointed out the difficulty of predicting actual behavior from reported attitudes problems: couple was with a white male, did not visit only establishment in prior survey group

Festinger and Carlsmith experiment

dissonance is inevitable with choice -ask students to do a dull task for 1 hour - paid students $1-$20 to lie -must tell prospective students it was fun -those paid more had external reason, no dissonace -those paid less inferred they liked the task or they wouldn't have said it was enjoyable (insufficient justification)

David Rosenhan's Study

examine the difficulty people have shedding the mentally ill label information from a mental health hospital 7 random people pretended to have schizophrenic to try to gain admittance to different hospitals wanting to know if the process could be reversed

people tend to have the same basic self concept throughout their life

false

the term gender is exclusively linked with biological and physiological differences between men and women

false

Superordinate goals

goals that can be reached only through cooperation between groups (Robbers Cave study)

discrimination

is negative/differential actions taken toward a specific social group

Self serving bias

leads to the unlimited attribution error

Deindividuation

loss of inner restraints when feels submerged in a group

modern racism

more subtle beliefs than blantant feelings of superiority. it consists primarily of thinking minorities are seeking and receiving moe benefits than they deserve and a denial that discrimination affects their outcomes shit talk other groups around people that you are comfortable with

A schema is a type of mental

organizational framework

self esteem refers to the

postive/ negitive evaluation of the self by oneself

Tokenism

practice of hiring individuals based on group membership

realistic Conflict theory

prejudice comes by direct competition for scarce resources

Self- consciousness

produces as disregarded for standards

disinhibition

reduced public self consciousness can result in disinhibition

Social Identity theory

that we will distance ourselves from in-group others who perform more poorly than we do on an important task and when our group identify is salient

Social categorization

the cognitive process used by all humans to simplify their social environment might be involved in prejudice perceptual classification of individuals into discrete categories/ groups Effects: increased focus on in-group similarities and out group differences when we divide the world into separate groups

Your first name is Bret. You are interested in, and can remember and cite portions of the writings of Bret Hart, even though you have never met him this situation describes

the self reference effect

Gender identity refers to

the sex with which individuals associate themselves

in-group

the social group to which an individual perceives themselves as belonging

A major problem of the Robbers cave experiment was that

the study took place over a short period of time

contact hypothesis

the view that increased contact between members of various social groups can be effective in reducing prejudice between them

Persuasion

to prevail on a person to do something Hovland 4 steps: 1.attention 2. comprehension 3. acceptance 4. retention Hovland - Janis: 1. attention 2. acceptance 3. cognitive appraisal of the situation

Low self esteem is often associated with negative physiological outcomes

true

ultimate attribution error

trying positive feelings to our group, and negative feelings to the other groups

Prejudice

usually negative feelings we have about a certain social group

Weak Self Efficacy

-avoid these areas -limit experience -does not allow opportunity

2 aspects of persuasion of change of attitude

1. central: rational informational based reasoning 2. peripheral- non cognition methods

Cognitive dissonance

Leon Festinger: encounter inconsistant pinot or behaving incongruent with our cognitions causes to experience a distributing internal state Circumstances: 1. exposure to new information which is antagonistic to an existing cognition 2. when a choice has been made between 2 equally attractive or unattractive alternatives 3. acting contradictorily to ur attitudes How to cope: 1. add an new cognition. come up with a justification that supports our behavior 2. minimize importance of dissonant information 3. notify behavior or attitudes to be more consistent

Self comparison theory

we are most likely to compare our abilities to someone else when there is no objective measure to judge ourselves by Daryl Bem: people often come to know attitudes by inferring them from self observations "I do there for I must be" can rival positive/negative info

Reactance

when choice is limited Breham: proposed reactance to explain our our reactions to lost control A motivational state that is aroused whenever a person feels their freedom to choose is limited negative reaction to perceived threats our freedom actions depend in type of threat -if we believe external forces reduce our ability to reach goals, we act to regain control

Personal Identity

when we think of the self a unique individual

in group homogeneity

where we perceive in group members are more similar to each other than out group members

illusory correlation

where we see a stronger relationship between two variables than is actually presented

out group homogeneity

where we see out group members as more similar to each other then in group members