Psy 301 - Exam Three
Ex: This group is the "High-Restriction/ Forbidden Phone" Group. a. control group b. effect size c. experimental group d. random assignment
experimental group
A general class of research designs that can be used to evaluate causal hypotheses. a. experimental control b. experimental hypothesis c. experimental realism d. experimental research
experimental research
Any factor other than the independent variable that may be influencing participants' responses in the study. a. covariation b. extraneous variable c. mundane realism d. temporal precedence
extraneous variable
When the participant tries to figure out the purpose of the research. a. confound b. hypothesis-guessing c. power (p)
hypothesis-guessing
When a counterbalancing strategy involves each level of the independent, appearing in each possible position an equal number of times. There are as many sequences as there are conditions. a. dependent means t-test b. latin square design c. pretest-posttest design d. repeated-measures design
latin square design
A relationship between two variables that cannot be plotted with a straight line. a. empty control group b. non-linear relationships (functional) c. placebo group
non-linear relationships (functional)
Ex: The experimenters will use extreme differences in temperature in the different conditions to maximize the probability that a difference, if it exists, will be detected. a. confound b. hypothesis-guessing c. power (p)
power (p)
The extent to which a study can detect differences in the dependent variable that result from the experimental manipulation. a. confound b. hypothesis-guessing c. power (p)
power (p)
Ex: Evaluating several reality shows may make participants more perceptive as to the unique elements of each show. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
practice effect
A school's list of students who will receive a psychology credit for participating in an experiment. a. attrition/mortality b. behavioral diary c. research participant pool
research participant pool
Evidence that changes in the proposed causal variable occur before changes in the outcome variable and not vice versa. a. covariation b. extraneous variable c. mundane realism d. temporal precedence
temporal precedence
Ex: A researcher wishes to test the effects of time pressure on problem solving. One group is given five minutes to solve 10 anagrams (low time-pressure condition). The other group is given only two minutes (high time-pressure condition). a. independence b. matched-pair design c. t-test for independent means d. two-group design
two-group design
The F statistic included in a results write-up for a one-way ANOVA includes all of the following information, EXCEPT: a. F score b. Cronbach's alpha c. between-subjects degrees of freedom d. within-subjects degrees of freedom
Cronbach's alpha
Which test statistic is NOT characteristic of an experimental result? a. effect size d b. t value c. p value d. Pearson r
Pearson r
A statistic that determines whether two sets of scores are different. a. dependent means t-test b. latin square design c. pretest-posttest design d. repeated-measures design
dependent means t-test
Ex: In the reality television experiment, researchers could use this test to assess the hypothesis that after watching several reality television shows, participants' self-esteem will be significantly higher than it was before watching the shows. a. dependent means t-test b. latin square design c. pretest-posttest design d. repeated-measures design
dependent means t-test
Joaquin conducts an independent samples t-test that reveals a significant effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable (p = .05). This means that the likelihood that the observed difference between groups is due to change is: a. 5% b. 10% c. 90% d. 95%
5%
Dr. Ross runs a one-way analysis of variance to test whether participant's responses in the spider fear condition were different from participants' responses in both the rate and dog fear conditions as a whole. Dr. Ross found a significant result. Which of the following would be the most accurate results write-up for a one-way ANOVA? a. F(2, 102) = 4.21, p = .70, eta = .30 b. F(2, 102) = 4.21, p = .02, eta = .30 c. d(2, 102) = 4.21, eta = .30 d. sigma(2, 102) = 4.21, p = .02
F(2, 102) = 4.21, p = .02, eta = .30
Benedict is interested in evaluating whether participants' anxiety scores significantly differ across the seasons. Benedict would use ___ to test this research question. a. a repeated-measures analysis of variance b. a chi-square test of independence c. a t-test for dependent means d. an independent samples t-test
a repeated-measures analysis of variance
Duane is interested in examining whether there is a statistically significant difference between quiz results in the morning compared with the quiz results in the afternoon for the same class. Duane would use ___ to test this research question. a. an ANOVA b. a chi-square test of independence c. a t-test for dependent means d. an independent samples t-test
a t-test for dependent means
When research participants drop out of a research study before it is complete. a. attrition/mortality b. behavioral diary c. research participant pool
attrition/mortality
A measurement of the dependent variable that occurs before the experimental manipulation in a within-subjects design. a. baseline measurement b. instrumentation c. maturation
baseline measurement
Ex: In the reality television experiment, a measure of participants' self-esteem before watching reality television. a. baseline measurement b. instrumentation c. maturation
baseline measurement
A self-report measure where participants record their actions and feelings. This method is essentially naturalistic observation where the participant is the observer. a. attrition/mortality b. behavioral diary c. research participant pool
behavioral diary
Ex: A researcher could have participants record their behavior and look for instances where they watched reality television and indicators of self-esteem. a. attrition/mortality b. behavioral diary c. research participant pool
behavioral diary
Ex: Feelings of schadenfreude from an earlier show may be reflected in self-esteem measures following a subsequent show. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
carryover effect
When previous stimuli affect the interpretation of subsequent stimuli. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
carryover effect
A statistical test used when all variables are categorical. The test determines whether the group differences exceed what would be expected by chance. a. chi-square test of independence b. multigroup design c. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) d. post-hoc tests
chi-square test of independence
Ex: The text example has categorical dependent variables (the self-report data and whether a participant signed the petition) therefore this can be conducted. a. chi-square test of independence b. multigroup design c. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) d. post-hoc tests
chi-square test of independence
A variable that varies along with the independent variable. a. confound b. hypothesis-guessing c. power (p)
confound
Ex: If the hot group used a tanning bed while the cold group stood in a large air conditioned room some ___ would include laying down versus standing up and being in a closed space versus an open space. If an effect of temperature on global warming attitude was found, the researchers could not be sure what caused this: The temperature, how the person was positioned (laying down or standing up), or whether or not they were in a confined space. a. confound b. hypothesis-guessing c. power (p)
confound
The dependent variable must be ___ in order to conduct an ANOVA. a. ordinal b. interval c. continuous d. nominal
continuous
Ex: A researcher wants to know if listening to music while studying improves test performance. The ___ would be the group that studies in silence or with no music playing. a. control group b. effect size c. experimental group d. random assignment
control group
This is typically the comparison group used to evaluate causal claims in an experimental design. In an "all or nothing" approach to experimental design, this group is not administered the treatment at all. a. control group b. effect size c. experimental group d. random assignment
control group
An experimental design in which every possible order of stimuli is employed an equal number of times. a. counterbalancing b. history c. repeated-measures analysis of variance
counterbalancing
Ex: In an experiment with three conditions and thirty participants, each of the six possible orders of conditions (ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB and CBA) is utilized for five participants. a. counterbalancing b. history c. repeated-measures analysis of variance
counterbalancing
Ex: The more knowledgeable one is about exercise, the more physically fit the person is. a. covariation b. extraneous variable c. mundane realism d. temporal precedence
covariation
The extent to which changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable. a. covariation b. extraneous variable c. mundane realism d. temporal precedence
covariation
To answer a research question, one must accomplish each of the following tasks, EXCEPT: a. make sure groups are similar on variables that may provide alternative explanations b. determine that an experiment is the only appropriate way to examine the hypothesis c. test the hypothesis d. make sure the manipulation was effective
determine that an experiment is the only appropriate way to examine the hypothesis
A standardized measure to represent the magnitude of the differences between the groups on the dependent variable. a. control group b. effect size c. experimental group d. random assignment
effect size
Ex: A researcher finds a large ___ when comparing test scores between those who studied by highlighting and took notes on passages while reading, versus those who simply read. a. control group b. effect size c. experimental group d. random assignment
effect size
A group of participants who complete the dependent measure without receiving any treatment. a. empty control group b. non-linear relationships (functional) c. placebo group
empty control group
Ex: If the reality television experiment is long and boring, participants may start to show ___ ___ at the end of the experiment. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
fatigue effect
When a participant becomes tired and this impacts the dependent measure. This is a threat to internal validity. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
fatigue effect
Ex: If the participants have to evacuate the building during the experiment, it is possible that changes in self-esteem measured after this event may be the result of the evacuation. a. counterbalancing b. history c. repeated-measures analysis of variance
history
When an external event occurs during the study. This is a threat to internal validity. a. counterbalancing b. history c. repeated-measures analysis of variance
history
Ex: If participants complete the self-esteem questionnaire on paper at the start of the study and online for the remainder of the study, this would introduce ___ as a threat to the internal validity of the experiment. a. baseline measurement b. instrumentation c. maturation
instrumentation
When a dependent variable is measured differently at different points during the experiment. This is a threat to internal validity. a. baseline measurement b. instrumentation c. maturation
instrumentation
Ex: When an experiment has four experimental conditions, the researcher chooses four condition orders such that each condition occurs in first, second, third and fourth one time (e.g. ABCD, DCBA, BDAC, CADB) a. dependent means t-test b. latin square design c. pretest-posttest design d. repeated-measures design
latin square design
Ex: In the reality television experiment, it is possible that a prolonged experiment could lead to tiredness which could affect self-esteem measurements late in the experiment. a. baseline measurement b. instrumentation c. maturation
maturation
When the passage of time impacts the dependent measure. This is a threat to internal validity. a. baseline measurement b. instrumentation c. maturation
maturation
The data must be ___ in order to conduct a chi-square test of independence. a. ordinal b. interval c. continuous d. nominal
nominal
Ex: If every participants in the reality television experiment sees the different reality shows in the same order, it will be difficult to know if a change in self-esteem is the result of schadenfreude or the result of the order of the shows presented. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
order effect
When the sequence of stimuli in a within-subjects design influences the dependent measure. This is a threat to internal validity. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
order effect
When a participant changes their responses as a result of experience. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
practice effect
An experimental design conducted within-subjects where the dependent variable is measured before and after the experimental manipulation. a. dependent means t-test b. latin square design c. pretest-posttest design d. repeated-measures design
pretest-posttest design
Ex: In the reality television experiment, a researcher assesses self-esteem before having a participant watch a reality television show and then assesses it again after they watch a reality television show. a. dependent means t-test b. latin square design c. pretest-posttest design d. repeated-measures design
pretest-posttest design
A statistic used in this type of design with three or more conditions to test whether there is a significant effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. a. counterbalancing b. history c. repeated-measures analysis of variance
repeated-measures analysis of variance
Ex: The researchers could use this method to test the hypothesis that the three reality TV shows will elicit significantly different amounts of schadenfreude. a. counterbalancing b. history c. repeated-measures analysis of variance
repeated-measures analysis of variance
A within-subjects experimental paradigm in which each participant receives every level of the independent variable and is measured following each level of the independent variable. a. dependent means t-test b. latin square design c. pretest-posttest design d. repeated-measures design
repeated-measures design
Ex: In the reality television scenario ,the experimenter selects several reality shows that vary in their likelihood to evoke schadenfreude and then assesses each participants' self-esteem after they watch each show. a. dependent means t-test b. latin square design c. pretest-posttest design d. repeated-measures design
repeated-measures design
Ex: In the reality show experiment if participants are repeatedly asked only questions related to schadenfreude, they may guess that the purpose of the experiment is to look at the impact of reality television on schadenfreude and alter their responses as a result. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
sensitization effect
When participants who have been in a study for some time eventually guess the hypothesis and alter their behavior as a result. This is a threat to internal validity. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
sensitization effect
Ex: If participants are given a self-esteem test after each reality program, they may guess the purpose of the experiment and begin to answer questions differently than they did at the beginning of the experiment. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
testing effect
When taking a test multiple times changes responses to the test. This is a threat to internal validity. a. carryover effect b. fatigue effect c. order effect d. practice effect e. sensitization effect f. testing effect
testing effect
Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 decibels), music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), then music at 100 dB (the maximum volume on many mp3 players). After exposing them to each of the noise conditions for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. But Preston believes there might be a risk of carryover effect due to the order in which the participants are exposed to the various levels. What is the best method for him to use to reduce this effect? a. Randomly select 1 of the possible sequences as participants show up for the study b. Only expose participants to 2 of the 3 conditions c. Use counterbalancing to assign participants to 1 of the possible sequences
use counterbalancing to assign participants to 1 of the possible sequences
The most basic type of experimental design with a treatment group and a comparison group. a. independence b. matched-pair design c. t-test for independent means d. two-group design
two-group design
Ex: A pretest-posttest study is conducted on the effectiveness of an anti-bullying campaign and 11 students drop out of the experiment before the posttest data is collected. a. attrition/mortality b. behavioral diary c. research participant pool
attrition/mortality
Veronica was thrilled to discover that her experimental manipulation resulted in a significant difference between conditions. Now, she is interested in knowing about the magnitude of the difference between the groups. To determine this, she should look at which of the following? a. p-value b. t-value c. degrees of freedom d. effect size d
effect size d
Ex: In the global warming study, the participants in the room that is normal temperature serve as an ___. a. empty control group b. non-linear relationships (functional) c. placebo group
empty control group
Ex: In a study on the effects of random versus predictable bursts of noise on test performance, a researcher holds constant, during the study, the duration of the noise bursts, the volume of the noise bursts, and eliminates any other potential sources of noise in the laboratory environment. a. experimental control b. experimental hypothesis c. experimental realism d. experimental research
experimental control
Involves the researcher either holding constant, or accounting for, factors other than the variable that is under investigation. a. experimental control b. experimental hypothesis c. experimental realism d. experimental research
experimental control
This group typically receives the treatment of interest in an experimental design. a. control group b. effect size c. experimental group d. random assignment
experimental group
Ex: A researcher conducts an experiment testing that restaurant customers will tip more if the server gives them an unexpected treat. a. experimental control b. experimental hypothesis c. experimental realism d. experimental research
experimental hypothesis
This is the research prediction being tested in one's study. a. experimental control b. experimental hypothesis c. experimental realism d. experimental research
experimental hypothesis
Ex: To simulate a classroom setting, participants will be asked to take a seat at a desk in a room where there are already five other students sitting at desks. a. experimental control b. experimental hypothesis c. experimental realism d. experimental research
experimental realism
How engaged participants are in the study so that their reactions are natural in response to the manipulation. a. experimental control b. experimental hypothesis c. experimental realism d. experimental research
experimental realism
Ex: To determine whether fear can increase the persuasiveness of a message, one needs to engage in ___ where the researcher manipulates feel and randomly assigns participants to groups. a. experimental control b. experimental hypothesis c. experimental realism d. experimental research
experimental research
Any statistical test that is not planned before the experiment begins. a. exploratory analysis b. methodological pluralism c. planned contrasts
exploratory analysis
Ex: The researchers do not think about which comparison (hot versus cold, hot versus normal, normal versus cold) is the most meaningful before the experiment, so they conduct an ___ to see which groups seem to be different. a. exploratory analysis b. methodological pluralism c. planned contrasts
exploratory analysis
Ex: In an experiment on whether images accompanying an emotional message can influence subsequent persuasion, all participants listen to the same audio recording of the message. This way the study controls ___ such as voice inflection and rate of speech. a. covariation b. extraneous variable c. mundane realism d. temporal precedence
extraneous variable
Which of the following is an appropriate topic for a three-group experimental design? a. How gender impacts the IQ of 3-year-olds b. How weight changes over a 3-month weight loss program c. How learning differs in traditional, online, and hybrid introductory psychology courses
how learning differs in traditional, online, and hybrid introductory psychology courses
Which of the following is a good topic for a two-group experimental design? a. How the presence or absence of an attractive person impacts eating behavior b. How three different class interventions predict learning c. How time relates to death anxiety d. How the four seasons of the year impact levels of depression e. How happiness connects to life satisfaction
how the presence or absence of an attractive person impacts eating behavior
Which of the following is an appropriate topic for a within-subjects pretest-posttest design? a. How gender impacts the IQ of 3-year-olds b. How weight changes from before to after participation in a weight loss program c. How learning differs in traditional and online introductory psychology courses
how weight changes from before to after participation in a weight loss program
Ex: The researchers must include questions that are not related to global warming on the questionnaire in order to prevent ___ by the participants. The researcher may ask the participant to guess the hypothesis during debriefing in order to determine if their data may have been affected by their conclusion about the study's hypothesis. a. confound b. hypothesis-guessing c. power (p)
hypothesis-guessing
Ex: A researcher decides to run several participants at the same time to be more efficient in her data collection. She realizes that the participants are subtly looking at each other's reactions during the course of the study. Unfortunately, her study is probably flawed, as the participants' responses to the experimental stimuli are no longer ___ from other participants. a. independence b. matched-pair design c. t-test for independent means d. two-group design
independence
The responses of each participant are not influenced by nor influence other participants' responses. a. independence b. matched-pair design c. t-test for independent means d. two-group design
independence
Ex: A strict protocol will be used to keep everything else constant to help eliminate other possible explanations for the study's results. a. internal validity b. manipulation check c. null hypothesis d. researcher notes
internal validity
The degree to which one can rule out plausible, rival hypotheses that could also account for the observed results. a. internal validity b. manipulation check c. null hypothesis d. researcher notes
internal validity
Ex: A researcher has participants fill out a self-esteem measure immediately after they have received positive or negative feedback regarding their test performance. a. internal validity b. manipulation check c. null hypothesis d. researcher notes
manipulation check
This is a strategy for evaluating how effectively the manipulation was in creating differences between the levels of the independent variable. a. internal validity b. manipulation check c. null hypothesis d. researcher notes
manipulation check
Ex: To minimize potential differences in terms of academic ability, a researcher first pairs participants based on their current GPA and major. For each pair, he randomly assigns one participant to the experimental group. The other member of the pair is assigned to the control group. a. independence b. matched-pair design c. t-test for independent means d. two-group design
matched-pair design
Participants are first grouped on the basis of a characteristic believed to be related to the outcome variable. Pairs of participants who are similar on this characteristic are then randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. a. independence b. matched-pair design c. t-test for independent means d. two-group design
matched-pair design
Ex: The researchers will give participants the option to sign the "Cool Earth" petition (which is a behavioral measure) and the researchers will have the participants complete a 'Societal Concerns Survey' (which is a self-report measure). a. exploratory analysis b. methodological pluralism c. planned contrasts
methodological pluralism
When an experimenter gathers both self-report and behavioral data to study a phenomenon. a. exploratory analysis b. methodological pluralism c. planned contrasts
methodological pluralism
A design that involves more than two groups of participants. a. chi-square test of independence b. multigroup design c. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) d. post-hoc tests
multigroup design
Ex: The experimenters have three temperature conditions: cold, normal temperature and hot. a. chi-square test of independence b. multigroup design c. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) d. post-hoc tests
multigroup design
Ex: A researcher uses a driving simulator to examine the impact that different types of distraction can have on how well a person drives. a. covariation b. extraneous variable c. mundane realism d. temporal precedence
mundane realism
The extent to which the study reflects or resembles everyday situations occurring the "real world." a. covariation b. extraneous variable c. mundane realism d. temporal precedence
mundane realism
Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes one third of his participants to music at 100 decibels (the maximum volume on many mp3 players), one third of his participants to music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), and one third of his participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 dB). After exposing them to the noise condition for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. What is the independent variable in this study? a. Noise b. Excitability c. 10 minutes of exposure
noise
Ex: It is possible that concern for global warming may increase as a result of being in a hot or normal condition but not when in cold condition, or it is possible that concern for global warming will increase in a hot condition but be similar in a normal or cold condition. Both of these cases would show that temperature and concern for global warming are related, but not linearly related. a. empty control group b. non-linear relationships (functional) c. placebo group
non-linear relationships (functional)
Ex: In a study on whether distraction hinders studying, a researcher is trying to statistically reject the ___ that distraction does not have an effect on test performance. a. internal validity b. manipulation check c. null hypothesis d. researcher notes
null hypothesis
This is the hypothesis of no difference and usually the focus of a statistical test. a. internal validity b. manipulation check c. null hypothesis d. researcher notes
null hypothesis
Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes one third of his participants to music at 100 decibels (the maximum volume on many mp3 players), one third of his participants to music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), and one third of his participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 dB). After exposing them to the noise condition for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. To test his hypothesis, Preston is most likely to use which of the following statistical analyses? a. Correlation b. One-way ANOVA c. t-test for independent means
one way ANOVA
Dr. Ean wants to determine whether mood responses from participants in different colored rooms were different from one another. He is mostly interested to determine if participants' mood differed in the yellow room compared with both the red and blue rooms as a whole. Dr. Ean is interested in conducting a: a. ANOVA b. one-way ANOVA c. chi-square d. matched samples test
one-way ANOVA
A statistical test that determines whether variation in the dependent variable is significantly different from variation expected by chance. a. chi-square test of independence b. multigroup design c. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) d. post-hoc tests
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Ex: The researchers conduct this to determine whether the groups differed in the self-report measure related to global warming more than would be expected by chance as well as another to determine is the group varied in the probability that they would sign the petition more than would be expected by chance. a. chi-square test of independence b. multigroup design c. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) d. post-hoc tests
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Statistical significance is to magnitude as: a. t score is to degrees of freedom b. p level is to effect size c. effect size is to p level d. degrees of freedom is to t score
p level is to effect size
For which of the following test statistics would a score of 0 indicate significance? a. p value b. effect size d c. degrees of freedom d. t score
p value
An experimental groups whose participants falsely believed they are receiving the experimental treatment. a. empty control group b. non-linear relationships (functional) c. placebo group
placebo group
Ex: In the global warming experiment, participants are not aware that the temperature of the room is the treatment and therefore it is not necessary to have this. If the experimenters were studying the effects of a drug, or other obvious manipulation of the independent variable, this would be necessary. a. empty control group b. non-linear relationships (functional) c. placebo group
placebo group
Brendan wants to study the effectiveness of different relationship initiation strategies. Which of the following research scenarios has the best mundane realism? a. Asking people to remember times in their past when another person used a pick-up line on them b. Placing participants in a speed-dating session c. Giving people scenarios involving the use of pick-up lines d. Having people predict how they might react to a set of pick-up lines e. Asking people to imagine they are at a bar
placing participants in a speed-dating session
Ex: The researcher could plan ahead of time to conduct a test to see if there is a difference between the hot-temperature group and the cold- temperature group. a. exploratory analysis b. methodological pluralism c. planned contrasts
planned contrasts
Statistical tests that are chosen before the experiment begins. a. exploratory analysis b. methodological pluralism c. planned contrasts
planned contrasts
Dr. Spruill conducted a one-way ANOVA on a set of data examining political opinions after watching different propaganda footage from different eras. Each condition saw a different reel of footage and one condition simply watched a movie with no political agenda. Dr. Spruill's one-way ANOVA yielded significant results, but it was not able to tell him where the specific difference existed. Dr. Spruill will need to follow-up with what analysis to test all possible combinations of the conditions? a. post-hoc analyses b. planned contrasts c. independent sample t test d. factorial analysis
post-hoc analyses
Ex: The researcher finds a significant effect of temperature of self-report attitude toward global warming and then conducts a ___ to see if there were differences between each pair of group (cold and normal temperature, normal temperature and hot, hot and cold temperature). a. chi-square test of independence b. multigroup design c. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) d. post-hoc tests
post-hoc tests
Statistical tests that are not planned before an experiment is conducted. These tests are more conservative than planned comparisons because knowing an experimental result introduces bias. a. chi-square test of independence b. multigroup design c. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) d. post-hoc tests
post-hoc tests
Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 decibels), music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), then music at 100 dB (the maximum volume on many mp3 players). After exposing them to each of the noise conditions for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. In Preston's study, which level is the baseline measure? a. Quiet room with no sounds (0 dB) b. Music at 100 dB c. Music at 50 dB
quiet room with no sounds (0 dB)
Ex: A researcher flips a coin to assign participants to either the experimental or control condition. If the coin comes up "heads," the participant is put into the experimental condition. If it is tails, the participant is in the control condition. a. control group b. effect size c. experimental group d. random assignment
random assignment
This is a method of assigning participants to experimental conditions in a non-systematic, non-biased manner. Each participant has the same likelihood of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions or groups. a. control group b. effect size c. experimental group d. random assignment
random assignment
Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 decibels), music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), then music at 100 dB (the maximum volume on many mp3 players). After exposing them to each of the noise conditions for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. To test his hypothesis, Preston is most likely to use which of the following statistical analyses? a. One-way ANOVA b. Repeated measures ANOVA c. t-test for dependent means
repeated measures ANOVA
Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 decibels), music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), then music at 100 dB (the maximum volume on many mp3 players). After exposing them to each of the noise conditions for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. What type of design is being conducted here? a. Pretest-posttest design b. Three-group design c. Repeated-measures design
repeated-measures design
Ex: These are established in many psychology departments because it is assumed that the credit program will generate a more representative sample of college students than a voluntary program. a. attrition/mortality b. behavioral diary c. research participant pool
research participant pool
Ex: Can be invaluable for evaluating the possibility of hypothesis guessing during the experiment. During debriefing, the researcher will record what the participant thought the purpose of the study was before revealing the true purpose. a. internal validity b. manipulation check c. null hypothesis d. researcher notes
researcher notes
These are a written record of any unusual or unexpected occurrences that happened while running research participants. a. internal validity b. manipulation check c. null hypothesis d. researcher notes
researcher notes
Ex: A researcher compares the mean number of mistakes participants identify while proofreading an essay while listening to music compared to while proofreading in silence. a. independence b. matched-pair design c. t-test for independent means d. two-group design
t-test for independent means
This statistical test compares the means of two different groups to evaluate the probability that the difference between the two is simply due to chance alone a. independence b. matched-pair design c. t-test for independent means d. two-group design
t-test for independent means
Ex: Does high self-esteem lead to success or does success lead to high self-esteem? To establish causality, the researcher needs to establish which comes first. a. covariation b. extraneous variable c. mundane realism d. temporal precedence
temporal precedence
Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes one third of his participants to music at 100 decibels (the maximum volume on many mp3 players), one third of his participants to music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), and one third of his participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 dB). After exposing them to the noise condition for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. Which group is the control group? a. The group that listened to music at 100 dB b. The group that was in a quiet room c. The group that listened to music at 50 dB
the group that was in a quiet room
The independent samples t-test compares: a. the variance of the control group with the variance of the experimental group b. the standard deviation of the control group with the standard deviation of the experimental group c. the mean of the control group with the mean of the experimental group d. the mean of the control group with the mean of the null group
the mean of the control group with the mean of the experimental group
Preston is interested in the impact of noise on excitability levels in teenagers. He exposes one third of his participants to music at 100 decibels (the maximum volume on many mp3 players), one third of his participants to music at 50 dB (normal conversational level), and one third of his participants to a quiet room with no sounds (0 dB). After exposing them to the noise condition for 10 minutes, he immediately measures their excitability by measuring their heart rate. What is an issue that the IRB might have with Preston's study? a. Because the study is on teenagers, the IRB will insist that parents do not need to give consent for participation. b. Measuring biological factors, such as heart rate, is not allowed by the IRB in studies with children. c. The study seems to involve more than minimal risk since exposure to 100 dB, the maximum level on many mp3 players, could damage one's hearing.
the study seems to involve more than minimal risk since exposure to 100 dB, the maximum level on many mp3 players, could damage one's hearing
Juanita recruits participants for a study examining the impact of adrenaline on attraction. In her study she randomly assigns participants to either receive a placebo injection or an injection of adrenaline. All participants then rate the desirability of potential romantic partners. Juanita is conducting a ___ and the appropriate statistical test is a ___. a. correlation; ANOVA b. three-group experiment; independent samples t-test c. two-group experiment; independent samples t-test d. observational study; correlation
two-group experiment; independent samples t-test
Darya is interested in the impact that real-life violence in the news has on people's inclination to help. She exposes half of her participants to news footage of riots in Egypt and half of her participants to news footage about a waterskiing dog. She then measures helping by "accidentally" spilling a cup of pens and counting how many pens participants help her pick up. What is the independent variable in Darya's study? a. The number of pens picked up b. The participant's behavior c. Helping d. The "accident" e. Violence
violence
Kimberly wants to know whether running on a treadmill leads to more weight loss than running outside. To test this hypothesis, she randomly assigns participants to either run on a treadmill or run on an outdoor trail. She then measures their weight loss. Would it be appropriate for her to analyze her data using an independent samples t-test? a. no, because she is measuring a naturally occurring relationship b. perhaps, but only if she has an adequate number of participants c. no, because she fails to manipulate the independent variable d. yes, because this is a two-group experimental design
yes, because this is a two-group experimental design
