PSY 3101 Exam 3
People who self-enhance, that is, who think they are better than other people who know them think they are,
run into problems with others, with mental health, and with adjustment. CorrectFEEDBACK: It is possible for your self-esteem to be too high.
Personality disorders are characterized by extreme variations of adaptive personality traits. A lovably unusual, creative person at this extreme end has the potential to develop:
A schizotypal personality disorder. CorrectFEEDBACK: The difference between normal behavioral variation and psychopathology is neither sharp nor easy to find.
The DSM-5 organizes personality disorders in terms of five major domains reminiscent of the Big Five. Which domain includes deceitfulness, grandiosity, callousness and manipulativeness?
Antagonism CorrectFEEDBACK: Antagonism organizes personality disorder around manipulative, deceitful, and attention seeking behavior (which is the extreme, opposite of agreeableness).
Existentialists argue that a head-in-the-sand approach to life's anxieties, which they call living in bad faith, has three problems. Which of the following answers is NOT one of these?
By living an unexamined life, you contribute nothing to the greater good of society or humanity at large. CorrectFEEDBACK: The existentialists were generally self-focused and largely silent on issues of an individual's relationship with society.
What do most theoretical models describe as the key difference between conscious and unconscious thought?
Conscious thought is slower than unconscious thought. CorrectFEEDBACK: In most dual-process models, the key difference between conscious and unconscious thought is that conscious thought is slower.
There are certain hazards inherent in any discussion of the genetic differences between cultural groups, and several points should always be emphasized in order to avoid the pitfalls of this discourse. Which of the following answers is NOT one of these points?
Digging too deeply could uncover one culture's superiority to another. CorrectFEEDBACK: On top of everything else, the basis of cultural membership is murky at best; given the levels of complexity at play, it is hard to imagine how genetic differences could be a major contributor to cultural differences.
One drawback to pathologizing all abnormal behavior is that:
Eventually so many behavioral patterns might be described as illnesses that the concept will lose meaning altogether. CorrectFEEDBACK: If everything is a mental illness, then nothing is a mental illness.
If, for example, a player on a sports team reacts explosively and negatively after the coach gives him or her advice, what could be true?
He or she could be unconsciously pursuing a judgment goal instead of a development goal. CorrectFEEDBACK: Judgment goals refer to seeking to judge or validate an attribute in oneself. A development goal is the desire to actually improve oneself. These goal styles are related, but there are important differences.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which is the first step that must be taken to ensure, for example, a freshman student's productivity?
He or she must secure the basic needs of food and shelter. CorrectFEEDBACK: As an individual's needs on the lower tiers of the pyramid are fulfilled, the higher needs become more important.
In personality psychology, which focuses on the psychological differences between individuals, why does culture often come into play?
Individuals may differ from each other to the extent that they belong to different cultural groups. CorrectFEEDBACK: An important challenge for personality psychology is to understand the ways that particular personality differences vary from culture to culture.
The philosophy of existentialism is concerned with three main questions. Which of the answers below is NOT one of these?
Is there a God? CorrectFEEDBACK: The purpose of existential philosophy was to regain contact with the experience of being alive and aware.
The explosive combination of anxiety and hostility that is sometimes exhibited in adolescence is generally not considered a personality disorder for what reason?
It is temporary and not stable. CorrectFEEDBACK: Personality disorders are generally stable, not temporary, and it is for this reason that extreme behaviors in adolescence are not thought of as disorders.
Why is the meaning of trait level comparisons between cultures not always clear?
It may not be true that the same traits can be used to meaningfully describe people from different cultures. CorrectFEEDBACK: The same traits are not always relevant and do not always have the same meaning across cultures.
The basic tenet of phenomenology is that a person's mental experiences combine in different ways at every moment of his life and that these combinations give rise to his ongoing conscious experience. Onto this philosophy, Carl Rogers added what idea?
People have a basic need to maintain and enhance life. CorrectFEEDBACK: The need to maintain and enhance the life of the self is called actualization.
Why are labels useful in psychological disorders?
Research about mental illness would be impossible without labels. CorrectFEEDBACK: Research, or even serious discussion, about mental illness would be completely impossible without words, or labels, to refer to the different varieties that exist.
After over a decade of widespread use, it became widely acknowledge that a major revision was long overdue. What is the major difference between the old version of the DSM-IV and the new version of the DSM-5?
The DSM-5 has a more scientifically grounded disorder classification system. CorrectFEEDBACK: While no individual is likely to match any prototype perfectly, and while someone may resemble more than one prototype, it is still possible and meaningful to assess the degree to which he or she matches each one.
Which of the following best describes someone with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
The person is bound by rituals and rules and may become a "workaholic" who works for work's sake rather than necessarily to get anything really done. CorrectFEEDBACK: A person with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) lacks a sense of proportion, the big picture that allows one to judge when rules fail to apply to a given situation or when a particular detail just doesn't matter very much.
What does it mean when psychologists say that personality disorders must, in many cases, be social?
The personality disorder must be manifested in interactions with other people. CorrectFEEDBACK: Personality disorders are also characterized as being stable and ego-syntonic, meaning that people who have them do not think anything is wrong.
The philosopher William James noted that the self can have two different meanings, which he called the "I" and the "me." Which is which?
The self that is being looked at is the me; the self that is doing the looking is the I. CorrectFEEDBACK: The me is a sort of object, which can be observed and described. The I is the somewhat mysterious entity that does the observing and describing.
Why could you not really learn how to ride a bike, get dates, ice skate, or ace a job interview from reading a manual on the topic?
These have to do with the procedural self, who learns by doing and observing. CorrectFEEDBACK: The procedural self is made up of the behaviors through which you express who you think you are, generally without knowing you are doing so. Like riding a bicycle, the working of the procedural self is automatic and not very accessible to conscious awareness.
Which of the following is NOT true of idiographic goals?
They are assumed to function codependently. CorrectFEEDBACK: Crucially, an individual's various concerns, projects, tasks, or goals are assumed to function independently. Having the goal to be better looking, for example, is not assumed to have implications for other goals you might also have.
Harry Triandis hypothesizes that tight cultures tend to be societies that have what characteristics?
They are ethnically homogeneous and densely populated. CorrectFEEDBACK: Triandis's scales are not hard-and-fast rules for cultural characteristics, but they may provide interesting perspective for examining cultural differences.
What are two defining features of all personality disorders?
They are unusually extreme and cause problems. CorrectFEEDBACK: Personality disorders have five general characteristics. All personality disorders are (1) unusual, and (2) by definition, tend to cause problems. In addition, most but not quite all personality disorders (3) affect social relations, and (4) are stable over time. Finally, (5) in some cases, the person who has a personality disorder may see it not as a disorder at all, but a basic part of who he or she is.
Some concepts are constantly primed and reprimed because of their chronic accessibility, or the way in which they are constantly brought to prominence in our minds. What happens to these concepts?
They become part of our personalities. CorrectFEEDBACK: People with positive temperaments have different sets of chronically accessible ideas than people with negative temperaments do, leading them to have different views of the world and different behavior.
How accurate does knowledge of the self tend to be?
We have better insight into our personal emotional experience than anyone else does, but our acquaintances' judgments are more accurate when it comes to predicting behavior. CorrectFEEDBACK: One reason for these surprising findings may be that attending to the self is actually rather difficult.
Can the procedural self be changed?
Yes, through practice and feedback CorrectFEEDBACK: The self has a secret life whose influence on behavior may not always be available to conscious awareness.
There are three basic routes to improving self-knowledge. Which of the following answers is NOT one of these routes?
You can reinforce correct self-assessments and punish incorrect ones. CorrectFEEDBACK: Reinforcement and punishment are ways of shaping behavior but don't necessarily apply to improving self-knowledge.
What would happen to your self-view if you lost your memories of your past?
You would not change your view of yourself. CorrectFEEDBACK: Once formed, your impression of what you are like does not depend on your memory for specific things you have done, and these two bases of self-knowledge may exist independently in separate sectors of the brain.
Let's say that you have a friend who, like you, is extremely good-looking, smart, funny, kind, and generally all-around attractive; unlike you, however, your friend thinks he has no chance of having someone be romantically interested in him. When a big dance happens on campus, you ask someone you like to go with you, but your friend never makes the attempt to find a date and ends up staying in his dorm room. What was the cause of your different outcomes?
Your friend lacked a positive view of the self. CorrectFEEDBACK: The difference was not one of ability or drive, it was in the self. You believed you could go get a date, while your friend did not have such a positive self-view.
What is the self-schema?
a cognitive structure that contains the declarative self CorrectFEEDBACK: Some psychologists theorize that the declarative self resides in a cognitive structure called the self-schema, which includes all of one's ideas about the self, organized into a coherent system.
The typical stimulus for hope is __________, with a typical response of __________.
a. possibility of future gain; continued effort CorrectFEEDBACK: Table 15.2 on page 573 lists the stimuli, response, and functions of some basic emotions.
People high in __________ set standards for themselves and then work hard to attain them. People high in __________ seek the close company of others. People high in __________ put great efforts into seeking prestige and status.
achievement motivation; affiliation motivation; power motivation CorrectFEEDBACK: Achievement motivation is a tendency to direct one's thoughts and behavior toward striving for excellence. Affiliation motivation is the tendency to direct thoughts and behavior toward finding and maintaining close, warm emotional relationships. People high in power motivation put great efforts into seeking prestige and status, prefer friends low in power motivation (whom presumably they can dominate), and are relatively promiscuous in their sexual behavior.
A person high on the trait of __________ will typically follow a script, or a perceptual and behavioral strategy, that involves being warm, friendly, approachable, and slow to anger. If a person is __________, then he or she will probably not get angry in response to a mild insult.
agreeableness; agreeable CorrectFEEDBACK: This example of the relationship between strategies and traits centers on agreeableness.
In Zen Buddhist thought, the concept of __________ refers to the idea that an independent, singular self is merely an illusion; __________ refers to the idea that nothing lasts forever.
anatta; anicca CorrectFEEDBACK: Existentialism's focus on the individual stands in stark opposition to Zen Buddhism's key belief that the idea of an independent, singular self is merely an illusion.
Angst can be analyzed as three separate sensations. __________ stems from an individual's awareness that his or her choices will never be perfect; __________ relates to feeling alone in the universe; and __________ comes from feeling unable to change crucial aspects of the world.
anguish; forlornness; and despair CorrectFEEDBACK: According to existential philosophy, there are no answers to the "big questions" other than those you invent for yourself.
Which of the following disorders can be classified by dangerous patterns of behavior such as vandalism, harassment and theft?
antisocial personality disorder CorrectFEEDBACK: People with antisocial personality disorder are often impulsive, and engage in dangerous, harmful, and illegal behavior. They rationalize this behavior with the idea that life is unfair; the world is full of suckers and if you don't take what you want whenever you can, then you are a sucker too.
The unpleasant feelings caused by contemplating difficult questions such as, "Why am I here?" or "What should I be doing?" are called angst, or
anxiety. CorrectFEEDBACK: "Angst" is the term invoked to indicate existential anxiety.
According to existentialism, courageously coming to terms with existence by being honest, insightful, and morally correct is called
authentic existence. CorrectFEEDBACK: Authentic existence entails being honest, insightful, and morally correct.
Some people have deep cravings for affection and social acceptance but, because of their fear of failure or rejection, run away from normal activities and opportunities to interact with other people. What kind of personality disorder are these people suffering from?
avoidant personality disorder CorrectFEEDBACK: The dependent, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders are associated with emotional upset, fear, and anxiety.
Why do humanistic psychologists argue that the study of the mind is fundamentally different than other sciences?
because the human mind is itself aware CorrectFEEDBACK: The human mind knows it is being studied and has opinions about itself.
The idea that some people integrate multiple cultural identities to gain the maximum benefit from each while others experience conflict and stress is called
bicultural identity integration. CorrectFEEDBACK: Sometimes achieving biculturalism is difficult.
According to the DSM-5, which disorder has the highest rate of suicide?
borderline personality disorder CorrectFEEDBACK: The DSM-5 reports that suicide attempts are common among people with borderline personality disorder, and eventually 8 to 10 percent do kill themselves. This behavior is potentially due to severe guilt or the fact that they do not have any idea who they are and want to end the psychological suffering.
Someone who is almost entirely inconsistent or unstable in their personality traits and behaviors from one interaction to the next are sufferers of what personality disorder?
borderline personality disorder CorrectFEEDBACK: The schizotypal, schizoid, and borderline personality disorders are serious mental problems characterized by severely confused thinking and lack of contact with reality.
What are the images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be?
possible selves CorrectFEEDBACK: The possible self you envision for your future may affect your goals in life.
Compare these two proverbs from different cultures: "The nail that stands out gets pounded down," and "The squeaky wheel gets the grease." The first proverb seems to capture the point of view of a __________ culture, while the second is from a __________ culture.
collectivist; individualist CorrectFEEDBACK: Different cultures treat the needs of the individual, and the ways in which these needs relate to the group dynamic, in very different ways.
Previous research has shown clear connections between personality and physical health. Longevity, for example, is related to which personality trait?
conscientiousness CorrectFEEDBACK: According to previous research, conscientious people tend to do things that make good health more likely, which ultimately leads to a longer life.
In the DSM-5, which of the following are NOT steps that clinicians will use in diagnosing personality disorders?
counting the number of indicators that are present CorrectFEEDBACK: Clinicians will not simply count the number of indicators that are present or absent and make a yes or no diagnostic decision.
What term refers to psychological attributes of groups?
culture CorrectFEEDBACK: Psychological attributes may include customs, habits, and values that shape emotions, behavior, and life patterns.
Visiting a friend, getting your laundry done, and studying for your psychology exam are all examples of what kind of idiographic goal?
current concerns CorrectFEEDBACK: Try not to let studying for your exams become a life task; maintaining it as a current concern will be just fine.
Self-knowledge can be divided into two types: __________ consists of the facts and impressions that we consciously know and can describe; __________ is knowledge expressed through actions rather than words.
declarative; procedural CorrectFEEDBACK: Declarative knowledge is self-knowledge we can "declare." For example, a person who knows that she is friendly can easily say so, and thus "friendliness" will be part of her declarative knowledge about herself. Procedural knowledge is knowledge expressed through actions rather than words. For example, a shy person might habitually avoid other people and social interaction whenever possible, and this habit may be so ingrained that he does not consciously realize how characteristic this behavior is.
Which of the following disorders is NOT included in the research-based part of DSM-5?
dependent personality disorder CorrectFEEDBACK: Although there were significant adjustments to which disorders were included in the new DSM-5, schizoid, boarder line, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, narcissistic, and antisocial personality disorders survived the cut.
What term is employed to mean the physical layout and resources of the land where a culture originated, together with the distinctive tasks and challenges this culture has faced?
ecology CorrectFEEDBACK: In this context, ecology entails the physical layout and resources of the land where a culture originated, together with the distinctive tasks and challenges this culture has faced.
Different cultures, it seems, developed over long periods of time, in different circumstances and with different problems. Select the correct answer to re-create the model that shows, from left to right, the flow of causation that is inherent to this ecological approach to culture.
ecology, culture, socialization, personality, behavior CorrectFEEDBACK: Behavior comes from personality, which comes from socialization, which is a product of culture, which comes about due to a particular ecological situation.
According to the text, negative affectivity is the adverse of __________ and disinhibition is the adverse of __________.
emotional stability; conscientiousness CorrectFEEDBACK: Negative affectivity is characterized by the tendency to feel negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, all of which are the extreme opposite of emotional stability, and disinhibition is characterized by a lack of self-control and impulsivity, which is the extreme opposite of conscientiousness.
Children pick up the culture into which they are born (a process called __________) and people who move from one country to another may gradually learn the culture of their new home (a process called __________).
enculturation; acculturation CorrectFEEDBACK: Differences between cultural groups are almost entirely learned, not innate.
If you tend to believe that personal qualities such as intelligence are unchangeable, then your personal construct in this dimension could be called aNo __________. Conversely, if you believe that things like intelligence and ability can change with time and experience, you probably hold aNo __________.
entity theory; incremental theory CorrectFEEDBACK: Different kinds of implicit theories about the nature of the world may inform personal styles of goal formation.
The universal components of any idea are called __________, and the particular aspects of the same idea are called __________.
etics; emics CorrectFEEDBACK: The basic assumption underlying cultural comparison is that any idea or concept has aspects that are the same across cultures and aspects particular to a specific culture.
What is the system model that is typified by thinking in vivid images and stories, operating at high speed, and being characteristically slow to change?
experiential CorrectFEEDBACK: The experiential system model is typified by thinking in vivid images and stories, operating at high speed, and being slow to change. The rational system thinks in terms of words, numbers, and symbols, is slow and deliberate, and is quick to change.
Which of the following is characterized by intense concentration, lack of distractibility, loss of a sense of passing time, and a narrowing of thoughts to the activity at hand?
flow CorrectFEEDBACK: Autotelic activities are those that a person finds enjoyable for their own sake.
Scientific paradigms are
frameworks for construing the meaning of data. CorrectFEEDBACK: Scientific paradigms are frameworks for considering the meaning of data. The basic approaches in this book (trait, psychoanalytic, and phenomenological) are paradigms.
__________ are the ends that an individual desires, and __________ are the means an individual uses to achieve these ends.
goals; strategies CorrectFEEDBACK: Goals are the ends that one desires, and strategies are the means that one uses to achieve one's goals.
Which of the following are NOT one of the indicators of health according to researchers Howard Friedman and Margaret Kern?
having a healthy mix of positive and negative emotions CorrectFEEDBACK: The physical side of the ideal 'healthy personality" is outlined by Friedman and Kern (2014) as having the ability to do the things one wants to do, feeling good, having supportive social relationships, being productive, having good memory capacity and staying alive.
Differences in how much U.S. cities emphasize values such as "fairness, mercy, hope" and "artistic excellence, curiosity, learning" are present in which cultural dimension?
head versus heart CorrectFEEDBACK: Cultural boundaries can be determined in many ways, including one's city of residence.
One route to attain happiness is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain, which is called __________. Another route to attaining happiness is seeking a deeper meaning to life, which is called __________.
hedonia; eudaimonia CorrectFEEDBACK: The distinction between hedonia and eudaimonia is an important basis for self-determination theory.
Your __________ self might include an image of yourself as being so good-looking that people pause and stare as you walk by. Your _________ self might include an image of yourself as somebody who never ever tells a lie.
ideal; ought CorrectFEEDBACK: One desired self is the ideal self, which is your view of what you could be at your best. A second desired self is your ought self, which is your view of what you should, as opposed to what you would like, to be.
In general, members of __________ cultures spend less time with more people; members of __________ cultures spend more time with fewer people.
individualist; collectivist CorrectFEEDBACK: The ability to socialize with many others may stand in opposition to the ability to socialize deeply with only a few.
Western cultures are more frequently seen as __________, while Eastern cultures are seen as __________, categories that often center on different definitions of the __________.
individualistic; collectivist; self CorrectFEEDBACK: Different cultures treat the needs of the individual, and the ways in which these needs relate to the group dynamic, in very different ways.
Grandiosity, a need for admiration, and expecting special treatment are all aspects of
narcissistic personality disorder. CorrectFEEDBACK: The paranoid, histrionic, antisocial, and narcissistic personality disorders are associated with patterns of behavior that interfere with social relationships and can make a person difficult to be around and in some cases even dangerous.
A pessimistic strategy produces a __________outlook on life, but can also motivate __________.
negative; goal-seeking behavior CorrectFEEDBACK: A pessimistic strategy assumes that the worst is likely to happen. It produces a negative outlook on life, but can motivate goal-seeking behavior, driven by attempts to avoid certain doom.
Current research suggests that overall happiness has three primary sources. Which of the following answers is NOT one of these sources?
one's political ideology CorrectFEEDBACK: Subscribing to a political ideology is a type of intentional activity.
Some philosophers and psychologists call the I the __________ and the me the __________.
ontological self; epistemological self CorrectFEEDBACK: The me is a sort of object, which can be observed and described. The I is the entity which does the observing and describing.
Many pedestrians, bicyclists, and skateboarders in Brooklyn, New York, complain about Hassidic Jewish drivers. There is a great and widely accessible body of anecdotal evidence suggesting that Hassidic Jewish drivers are terrors on the road, ignoring traffic signals and all common sense to collide with passersby at every opportunity that could present itself. Those people who fall prey to the idea that, indeed, all Hassidic Jewish drivers are hazards behind the wheel are caught up in what psychological phenomenon?
outgroup homogeneity bias CorrectFEEDBACK: Many Hassidic drivers accused of dangerous vehicle handling might argue that projection on the part of bicyclists might also come into play in this scenario; that said, this is a prime example of the outgroup homogeneity bias, the notion that one's own group naturally contains many individuals, while outgroups are simply broad monocultures.
Personality disorders can best be defined as
patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that go beyond the normal range of psychological variation. CorrectFEEDBACK: Personality disorders have five general characteristics. All personality disorders are (1) unusual, and (2) by definition, tend to cause problems. In addition, most but not quite all personality disorders (3) affect social relations, and (4) are stable over time. Finally, (5) in some cases, the person who has a personality disorder may see it not as a disorder at all, but a basic part of who she is.
Research suggests that something much like the ego defense mechanisms, discussed in the context of psychoanalysis, may prevent certain embarrassing stimuli from entering consciousness, even while other aspects of the mind are well aware of and responding to the stimuli. In modern psychological theory, these mechanisms can be referred to as
perceptual defenses. CorrectFEEDBACK: The perceptual system appears to have the ability to screen out information that might make the individual anxious or uncomfortable.
A common situation such as a job interview could be viewed in different ways; for example, one person could view it as an opportunity to show off talents, while another could view it as a terrifying trial of character. How an individual sees a particular situation, such as this one, depends on his or her
personal construal system. CorrectFEEDBACK: The sum of your experiences and perceptions give you the data with which to base a theory of what the world is like. This is your personal construct system.
The essential insight of humanistic psychology is that one's conscious experience of the world is psychologically more important than the world itself. This concept of an individual's immediate, conscious experience is called
phenomenology. CorrectFEEDBACK: Phenomenology focuses on the idea that individuals maintain a unique, conscious experience of their world.
Which basic paradigm grew as a reaction to mainstream psychology's overemphasis of psychological dysfunction?
positive psychology CorrectFEEDBACK: Positive psychology embraces many of the same core ideas as humanistic psychology.
Certain concepts come to mind quickly, even with little stimulus; for example, concepts that have been cued by something that happened recently, or that are consistently activated, perhaps due to attributes of an individual's personality. This idea describes the cognitive mechanism known as
priming. CorrectFEEDBACK: The cognitive system of a shy person, for example, may include so many memories and feelings related to social rejection and humiliation that they are recalled by the slightest hint.
From the perspective of cognitive psychology, emotions can be considered a kind of __________, similar to skills such as riding a bike, singing, or shooting basketballs.
procedural knowledge CorrectFEEDBACK: Procedural knowledge cannot be learned or fully expressed through words, but only through action and experience.
In the cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), people use two major psychological systems simultaneously to adapt to the world. The __________ system includes language, logic, and systematized, factual knowledge; the __________ system is tied closely to emotion and assumed to be the way other animals think (and how our prehuman ancestors also thought).
rational system; experiential system CorrectFEEDBACK: The rational system resembles Freud's conception of secondary process thinking; the experiential system resembles primary process thinking.
This behavior pattern based on chronic accessibility corresponds with the anxious-ambivalent attachment style described in Chapter 11.
rejection sensitivity CorrectFEEDBACK: It is possible that the same mechanism of chronic accessibility underlies the readiness of the anxious-ambivalent person to anticipate rejection.
Our __________ is based on past experiences that direct how we relate with each of the important people in our lives.
relational self-schema CorrectFEEDBACK: Most of our patterns of relating to other people are deeply ingrained and difficult to change.
Within your conscious knowledge and opinions about your own personality traits, your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad is called __________. A more detailed opinion containing everything you know, or think you know, about your traits and abilities is called __________ and __________ correct.
self-esteem; self-knowledge; is not always CorrectFEEDBACK: Sometimes the supposed self-knowledge contained within the declarative self is correct, and sometimes it is wrong.
What is the term that cognitive psychologists use to refer to the place in which conscious thought is located?
short-term memory (STM) CorrectFEEDBACK: The STM includes a person's ongoing construal of reality and many important behavioral decisions.
If a psychotherapist asks you to identify three people who have been important to your life and then asks you to describe how any two of them seem similar to each other and different from the third, what kind of test are you being put through?
the Role Construct Repertory Test (Rep test) CorrectFEEDBACK: Rep tests may reveal the constructs through which you view the world.
According to self-discrepancy theory, what determines how you feel about life?
the disconnect between your desired selves and your actual self CorrectFEEDBACK: According to self-discrepancy theory, you have not one but two kinds of desired selves, and the interactions between them and your actual self determines how you feel about life.
What is cultural relativism?
the idea that all cultural views of reality are equally valid CorrectFEEDBACK: Cultural relativism believes that it is presumptuous and ethnocentric to judge any culture's views of reality as good or bad.
A particularly important influence on your working self-concept is
the people you are with CorrectFEEDBACK: According to one theory, the particular subset of selves active in working memory at any given moment depends on where you are and who you are with.
The enhancement of the long-term memory that comes from thinking of how information relates to the self is called
the self-reference effect. CorrectFEEDBACK: A good way to remember something is to ask, "What does this have to do with me?"
What does the Implicit Association Test (IAT) aim to measure?
the strength of associations in an individual's cognitive system of which the individual might not be conscious CorrectFEEDBACK: Unlike the self-schema, which is generally assumed to be consciously accessible and which can be measured on straightforward questionnaires, relational selves and other implicit aspects of the self-concept may work unconsciously and powerfully.
The comparison between cultures that tolerate very little deviance from the norm and cultures that give great allowance toward the norm is reflected in which dimension of difference?
the tightness-looseness dimension CorrectFEEDBACK: Triandis's scales are not hard-and-fast rules for cultural characteristics, but they may provide interesting perspective for examining cultural differences.
What are "chunks"?
theoretical units of the capacity of consciousness CorrectFEEDBACK: A chunk is any piece of information that can be thought of as a unit.
The best way to get information into your long-term memory (LTM) is to
think about how it relates to your life CorrectFEEDBACK: The best way to get information into the LTM is not to repeat it, but to really think about it, a process called elaboration.
Heidegger used what term to refer to the time, place, and circumstances into which a person happens to be born?
thrown-ness CorrectFEEDBACK: Thrown-ness is an important basis of a person's experience.
What is the purpose of the research technique called item response theory (IRT)?
to improve the degree to which personality tests are comparable from one group to the next CorrectFEEDBACK: Trait terms are not always relevant and do not always have the same meaning across cultures.
According to Carl Rogers, what are a therapist's two main directives?
to make the client feel appreciated no matter what he thinks, says, or does CorrectFEEDBACK: Rogerian psychotherapy aims to help clients remove conditions of worth and become fully functioning people.
What is NOT a reason why psychologists are interested in cross-cultural differences?
to understand why some groups of people are inherently better and worse than others. CorrectFEEDBACK: Culture counts!
According to Maddi, the most severe kind of existential pathology is __________, in which the person feels that nothing has meaning and becomes listless and aimless.
vegetativeness CorrectFEEDBACK: The most severe kind of existential pathology is vegetativeness and the less severe kind is nihilism in which experience is dominated by anger, disgust, and cynicism.
Individualistic and collectivist societies can be further categorized as either
vertical or horizontal. CorrectFEEDBACK: Vertical societies assume that individual people are different from each other, and horizontal societies tend to view all people as equal.
According to one existential view of the mind, the Mitwelt describes which part of conscious experience?
what you think and feel as a social being CorrectFEEDBACK: According to one existential view of the mind, the Mitwelt describes what you think and feel as a social being.