PSY 312 Final Exam

PGO waves are generated in what part of the CNS ? A occipital cortex B geniculate nucleus C pons

C

Tophat: Which hypothalamic nucleus is a master nucleus that regulates sleep and wakefulness? A) lateral B) arcuate C) suprachiasmatic D) Ventromedial

C

Click on SCN

(green dot)

REM deprivation leads to:

- cognitive decline - *procedural, spatial, emotional memory deficits* - affective disruption (anxiety, depression) - hormonal abnormalities - eventual death if continuous (animal studies)

________ found that emotions are innate, "hard-wired" in our brain because they are adaptive

Darwin

___________'s activation-synthesis theory of sleep states that dreaming is just random firing of neurons, brain tries to make sense of firing by activating memory centers to create scenarios

Hobson

the locus coeruleus makes ____ to wake us up

NE

During sleep, ______ sleep happens every 90-120 minutes

REM

On an EEG, ________ is the height of the wave. it tells us about the number of EPSP's that occur at the same point in time (# neurons firing in synchrony)

amplitude

THE STRUCTURE MOST IMPORTANT FOR FEAR IS THE _________________ required to learn to be afraid of things - stimulates sympathetic nervous system when experiencing significant stimuli

amygdala

the ___________ is a complex structure, consisting of about 10-12 distinct nuclei. it mediates both innate AND learned emotional responses

amygdala

__________ is something bad in the FUTURE. Tension, limited/lack of response, occurs pre-stimulus. its pathological

anxiety

sleep ______ is difficulty sleeping and breathing at same time (obstructive sleep apnea, CNS mediated sleep apnea)- more common in overweight men (5-7%)

apnea

____________ antipsychotics are Newer antipsychotics that have lesser effect on dopamine receptors and greater efficacy in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia compared with typical antipsychotics.

atypical

sleep-related eating disorders are _______-eating while sleeping with no recollection. more common than narcolepsy (2-5% adults)

binge

circadian rhythms are endogenous cycles influenced by external and internal factors that work by setting/resetting ___________ clocks (last about a day)

biological

main emotions are: happiness, contempt, surprise, disgust, anger, fear, and sadness. all other emotions result from a ______ and different intensities of these primary emotions

blend

atypical Antipsychotics _________ both serotonin and dopamine receptors OR receptors of many neurotransmitters.

blocks

*the reticular activating system is in the _______ ______

brain stem

REM sleep is widespread in CNS, but generated by ________ ________ acetylcholine

brain stem

the optic _________ is a place in the diencephalon where the part of the optic nerves cross

chiasm

The first sleep theory is _____________ rhythms which is an internal timing mechanism... we are programmed to sleep in the dark like all predatory animals

circadian

click on the brain scan of a patient with schizophrenia

circled

Zeitgeber is a stimulus that resets the biological _________ to be in line with earths light/dark cycle

clock

the study where people were shown a picture of a viper and then a house for a fraction of a second and shocked or not shocked showed that fear is a ______________ response

conditioned

K complexes are important in suppressing ________ arousal and memory. they are generated in cortex and are synchronized with thalamic sleep spindles (timing=consistent)

cortical

Sleep spindles are important for the formation of __________ memories

declarative

Sleep spindles are very important for __________ memory formation. their density is correlated with the next day memory performance

declarative

delta waves are important in maintaining ________ sleep, important for releases of several hormones during sleep

deep

The left eye sees a lot of the left visual field and a little bit of the right visual field, and vice versa- for __________ PERCEPTION

depth

it was found that stimulants in reserpine ______________ antagonist triggered schizophrenic episodes in healthy people

dopamine

the ____________ hypothesis says that schizophrenia is caused by excessive dopamine

dopamine

there is a positive correlation between the ability of various antipsychotics to block D2 (____________ ) receptors in their clinical potency

dopamine

dysynchronization of PGO waves is correlated with the oddity of ___________

dreaming

On an EEG, __________ of the wave is the number of peaks per unit of time. it tells us about the number of cortical neurons generating EPSP's

frequency

EEGS tell us 2 things about electrical activity is brain these are:

frequency and amplitude

Phineas Gages injury happened in his __________ lobe, causing his personality and behavior to dramatically change (child-like, profane, disinhibited, inappropriate, inability to control anger). this is known as ______frontality

frontal, hypo

Low PFC activity __________ mesolimbic dopamine release

increases

the __________ ring structure explain how newer medications that inhibit D2 dopamine receptors are less than typical antipsychotics and inhibit many other types of neurotransmitter receptors (atypical antipsychotics)

indole

electroencephalograms (EEG) are the most ___________ measure for sleep (EPSPS's of cortical neurons

informative

_________ is the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep as long as desired, as a true sleep disorder it is not due to medical environment or psychiatric cause

insomnia

Schachter and Singers second theory is that the ___________ of the physiological state (for example, the degree of the sympathetic system arousal) determines the intensity of the emotion, but not the type of emotion

intensity (degree of excitement determines level of emotion)

out of interpersonal, mortality, animals, and agoraphobia, which is our biggest fear??

interpersonal (rejection, ostracism, shaming, social isolation)

Light stimulates the SCN bc retinal ganglion cells containing _____________ are stimulated by light, then send excitatory projections to the SCN

melanopsin

Blue light suppresses the release of what sleep-inducing hormone?

melatonin

Activity of the SCN turns ____ a lot of nuclei that promote sleep and activates nuclei involved in waking

off

click on occipital cortex

orange

the _______-frontal cortex involves activity related to positive appraisal of a stimulus

orbito

*REM sleep= ____________ sleep*

paradoxical

MRI scans of subjects with schizophrenia and normal comparison subjects were taken while the people were performing a task that required concentration and focused attention. people with schizophrenia did not use their ______________ cortex

prefrontal

in monozygotic twins that are discordant for schizophrenia, the _____________ cortex was most discordant brain region (shrunk the most)

prefrontal

the __________ cortex receives a lot of input from the limbic system and sends lots of axons to limbic system. Its planning a response to emotion-provoking stumuli based on past experience and appropriateness

prefrontal

there is significant evidence that the _____________ cortex is important foe executive functioning, judgement, decision-making, interpreting stimuli

prefrontal

when people are asked what is most scary: tarantula, viper, rat , or volkswagon bug, most people say viper... this shows how ______________ is evidence of evolutionary basis for some fears

preparedness

click on the geniculate nuclei

purple dot

Click on the pons

red dot

it has been found that phobic stimuli are ___________ to masking. there are individual differences in preparedness

resistant

Click on the picture that is REM sleep- one is awake one is REM

right

Twin- and Adoption studies demonstrate that the risk of having __________________ is the most heritable of ALL psychological disease

schizophrenia

chlorpromazine was synthesized by a drug company to be used for allergies and pre-surgical sedation. Henri Laborit noticed that chlorpromazine calmed patients without sedation (sleep), Suggested that it might be used in psychiatry for __________________

schizophrenia

the _____________ effect explains how there were more cases of schizophrenia in the colder months bc people huddled together to stay warm and spread diseases

seasonality

the __________ detection theory shows our ability to discern between signal and noise or in other words, between important and unimportant

signal

IF you lesion the SCN, _________ will not be at normal time because there is no signal to regulate it

sleep

the Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the main control center for ___________ and circadian rhythms

sleep

the raphe nucleus makes 5-HT to make us ________

sleep

Sleep _________ disorder is recurrent episodes of awakening with terror and screaming, autonomic arousal, unable to remember trigger (may be genetic)- more common in young children, more related to PTSD 2-3% adults

terror

sleep spindles are generated in the ___________

thalamus

in schacter and singers study of "vitamin supplement" people were injected with epinephrine. half of the people were told to expect effect and half weren't told anything. Which group reported that they felt a difference?

the ones not told anything

new world monkeys, great apes, and humans all respond to sweets similarly- with the ________ up

tongue

true or false: the optic nerves both carry information to/from the left and the right visual field

true

true or false: there is no definite cause for schizophrenia

true

REM sleep is actually very similar to _______ stages on an EEG. rapid eye movement, low muscle tone, brain energy equal or greater than it is when awake

waking

the three findings from neuropsychological studies of emotion are:

-brain activity associated with each emotion is diffuse (different) -always activity in motor/sensory cortices -similar activity occurs if person experiences, imagines or sees someone else experiencing emotion

about __% of the world has schizophrenia 1

1

there is evidence of linkage for risk on ___ different chromosomes this means that we don't have a good idea of what is driving risk for schizophrenia

15

we sleep _________ hours in a lifetime

175,000

We usually spend __+ hours per night dreaming in REM sleep

2

in adolescent schizophrenic patients there is a 1-__% average loss of grey matter

4

Most studies suggest between a 25-__% concordance rate in identical twins for schizophrenia... high genetic risk

48

people with family history of narcolepsy are ____ times more likely to have it than families who don't have history . treatment= CNS stimulants

50

in human newborns, ____% of sleep is REM. in premies _____% of sleep in REM

50, 80

Ledoux found that the emergency route for neurons is:

SENSORY-> THALAMUS-> AMYGDALA no stop at the cortex= feeling before thinking

Ledoux found that the neural pathway for a standard route is:

SENSORY-> THALAMUS-> CORTEX-> AMYGDALA

The case of Phineas Gage shows how brain structures effect ____________

emotion

the facial feedback hypothesis states that facial expressions can influence our own __________

emotions

Schachter and Singers first theory is that Physiological arousal is interpreted different ways, producing different __________ at different times.

emotions (car wreck=high heart rate/getting in grad school= high heart rate)

Darwin found that all people share similar __________.

emotions (we have similar facial expressions)

linking out internal clock to the earths is called ___________

entrainment

Social Fears- Fear of Rejection Humans prey on humans Mortality fears- Humans only species aware of its own mortality Animals- Predators Disease agents poisons Agoraphobia- Separation fears, lost in open space, lost in crowds , vulnerable to attack ? these all explain how there may be _______________ reasons for fear

evolutionary

electrooculograms (EOG) look at ____ movements during sleep by putting electrodes around eye

eye

the more genetically related we are to primates, the more similar our ________ expressions are

facial

All people lose cerebral gray matter with age (blue and orange lines) Schizophrenic patients lose cerebral gray matter at a ______ rate than controls But, these studies do not often control for medication history - typical antipsychotics have been shown to cause neuronal death in animals

faster

with paternal age there is a small, but significant increase in likelihood of developing schizophrenia with increasing age of _________ - spermatocytes are rapidly dividing cells - with increasing age, more cycles of cell division - with more cycles of cell division, more random mutations that increase risk for developing schizophrenia.

father

________ is defined as something bad now or something that happened in the past. weak limbs, heart races, dry mouth, flee, desire to escape, occurs post-stimulus. its adaptive

fear

there is evidence that there is an increased incidence of schizophrenia in offspring exposed to the _____ in the 2nd-3rd trimester

flu

more than ____ of US adults in a given week will report episodes of insomnia 1-2 times per week. as a sleep disorder it is rare, it usually has to do with anxiety/depression

half

In stage 2 of sleep there is low frequency and _____ amplitude (delta waves)

high

In stages 3 and 4 of sleep, there is low frequency and _____ amplitude (delta waves)

high

evolutionary instincts we have inherited involves activating at a ______ of threat, not at certainty

hint

the ______________ is VERY important for learning about stimuli that cause good or bad emotions

hippocampus

the second sleep theory is recuperation/restoration which is to restore _____________ and energy

homeostasis

the chimeric face study using pictures of the same guy cut in half and glued to the opposite picture and asking subjects which face looked happier shows us that there is _________________ of emotion

lateralization

in the chimeric face study, 75% of right-handed people said the _____ picture was happier. left visual field important for emotion of others

left

the forebrain and _______ system are most active during REM sleep (fear, sex, memory, emotion)

limbic

Cycling through the 4 stages of sleep takes _______ as you sleep

longer

if people are shown a scary picture for 30 ms and then a neutral pic, the unconscious phobia is still seen, this shows resistance to _____________

masking

____________ is released with darkness and inhibited by blue light

melatonin

in schacter and singers study of "vitamin supplement" the use of a confederate acting angry or joyful affected the ______ of subjects in the room

mood

electromyograms (EMG) look at _________ tone during sleep and are usually electrodes on jaw or around neck

muscle

__________ is uncontrollable recurring sleep during daytime, 250,000 people in US have it

narcolepsy

social withdrawal, lack of affect, and reduced motivation are all ______________ symptoms of schizophrenia- they are within the persons mind

negative

Our context and environment provide cues about how to interpret ______________ arousal

physiological

melatonin is secreted by the _________ gland. increased levels of it make you sleepy and lower body temp, it acts widely through CNS

pineal

REM sleep starts and stops with ______-geniculo-occiptal waves (PGO)

ponto

1. Thoughts disorders 2. Delusions: faulty beliefs (persecution, grandeur, control) 3. Hallucinations: typically auditory (most rare) are all ____________ symptoms of schizophrenia- you can observe them

positive

dopamine receptor antagonists are more effective at controlling ____________ symptoms

positive

in schizophrenics, more dopamine release correlated with more ____________ symptoms

positive

What is the term that explains how phineas gage eventually recovered and became a stagecoach driver?

social recovery with significant structure, coping support , social skills/personality can stabilize ---Basically teaching him how to control emotion

whats another name for schizophrenia that Eugen Bleur cam up with?

split-mind

___________ dyskinesia: A movement disorder that can occur after prolonged treatment with dopaminergic antagonist antipsychotic medication for schizophrenics

tardive

The 3 things that stimulate the SCN are:

zeitgeber light melatonin