PSY 315 Hales
The personality paradigm that focuses on rewards and punishments is known as the ________ paradigm.
. behaviorist
A researcher computes a correlation coefficient between variables X and Y using a handheld calculator. Which of the following values would automatically tell the researcher that he or she made a mistake?
2.50
Why haven't personality psychologists combined all paradigms into One Big Theory?
A theory that tries to explain everything would probably not provide the best explanation for any one thing.
Which of the following is NOT an example of something that can limit how reliable a measure is?
After comparing the self-report to informant reports, a researcher realizes their measure isn't accurate.
Which of the following is an expression of Funder's First Law?
Characteristics that are strengths in one sense are weaknesses in other ways
Which of the following behaviors would be the easiest to predict accurately?
David will generally be on time for work most days next week.
According to the text, personality's greatest strength, understanding whole persons, is also its greatest weakness. Which term describes this fundamental observation?
Funder's First Law
A major advantage of personality psychology is that it focuses on the whole person and real-life concerns, yet this can often lead to overinclusive and unfocused research. Which of the following is a major theme of your textbook that speaks to this conflict?
Great strengths are usually great weaknesses.
After Lenny Skutnik dove in to a freezing river to save a woman in danger of drowning, he rejected the media's assertion that he was a hero and claimed that anyone would have done the same thing. According to Funder, why was it difficult for Lenny to accept that he had behaved heroically?
He did not have the perspective to judge his actions against that of others.
What is one of personality psychology's biggest advantages over other areas of psychology?
It appreciates the uniqueness of the individual.
What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?
It is not generalizable.
________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance.
L
According to the principles on enhancing reliability described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable measure of attitudes toward
Lumber Tarrifs
Which of the following does NOT describe a type of person-situation interaction?
People generally prefer situations that are pleasant.
Which of the following is NOT one of the responses to the situationist argument?
Personality researchers worked harder to find single traits that could strongly predict single responses at a particular point in time.
According to the text, which of the following is NOT part of the situationist argument?
Persons and situations interact to predict behavior.
________ tests aim to gain insight into personality by interpreting individuals' open-ended responses, whereas ________ tests evaluate individuals' responses to specific questions with predetermined response options.
Projective; objective
Which of the following conclusions does Funder draw about the role of persons versus situations in affecting behavior?
Situations have an important influence on behavior, but people also tend to be consistent.
What is one advantage of collecting descriptions of a participant's personality from his or her acquaintances?
The acquaintances' descriptions of the participant are likely based on many behaviors in many situations.
What was the boundary on the acquaintanceship effect identified by Colvin and Funder (1991)?
The advantage of close acquaintances vanishes when the criterion is the ability to predict behavior in a situation similar to one that strangers have seen but acquaintances have not.
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study and fails to find a statistically significant correlation between exercise and weight loss. However, there is a real association between exercise and weight loss in the population. What kind of error has this researcher made?
Type II
Which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a personality judgment?
You always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable and conscientious
Personality psychology shares with clinical psychology
a common obligation to try to understand the whole person.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?
a psychologist's interpretation of a participant's responses to an unstructured clinical interview
According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do
a strong situation
The MOST important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to
aggregate your measurements.
According to the text, correlational and experimental methods are not entirely different. For example, they both
assess the relationship between two variables.
Which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality?
assessment
Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because personality
because personality is something that resides inside an individual
Funder and Ozer (1983) converted the results of three classic social psychological studies to effect sizes. After comparing those effect sizes with those typically obtained by personality psychologists, Funder and Ozer concluded that
both situational and personality variables are important determinants of behavior.
Shy people fear social interactions and often feel lonely. Others typically perceive them as
cold and aloof
When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to
collect as many clues as possible.
The ________ method is NOT a basic method for constructing objective personality tests
consensus validation
In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity concern ________.
consistency; accuracy
The Binomial Effect Size Display is a method for illustrating the size of
correlation coefficients.
The trait approach is based on empirical research that is mostly from ________ studies.
correlational
In addition to serving as a way for psychologists to construct objective tests, the factor analysis method has also been used to
decide how many fundamental traits exist.
The finding that more observable traits yield better interjudge agreement suggests that peer judgment is based more on ________ than on ________.
direct behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
experimental
Peer acceptance is associated with what trait?
extraversion
The Big Five
factor analytically derived dimensions of personality. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to
identify groups of test items that seem to be alike.
The primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the item
is cross-validated between two known groups
Someone who is ________ is likely to express his or her personality consistently from one situation to the next.
low in self-monitoring
A variable that affects the relation between two other variables is known as a
moderator
Eliminating the use of personality tests in employment screening will
not prevent traits from being judged but will change the ways traits are judged.
A judge may see a target's behavior, pay attention to the behavior, and use the behavior in his or her judgment about the target's personality. However, for the personality judgment to be accurate, the
observed behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged.
Which subfield of psychology uses personality psychology to understand vocational interests and occupational success and leadership?
organizational
According to recent research, individuals high in ________ might actually be more consistent.
preference for consistency
According to Lee Jussim (1991), the source of real-life expectancies is likely
previous observations of behavioral tendencies.
What is the correct definition of the p-value?
probability that the observed result occurred by chance given that the null hypothesis is true
Which of the following is NOT an open science practice?
refraining from using deception in experimental studies
Funder notes that the person who is most talkative at a party is also likely to be the most talkative at the department of motor vehicles (DMV). Which of the following terms describes this principle?
relative consistency
What are the steps in the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) of personality judgment?
relevance/availability/detection/utilization
The basic reason that research on the accuracy of personality judgments experienced a lengthy hiatus between 1955 and the mid-1980s was that
researchers lacked consensual criteria for deciding the accuracy of personality judgments.
If measurement errors are truly random, then they should
sum to zero.
According to research that shows a link between a trait's observability and the accuracy with which it is judged, which of the following traits would be easiest to judge accurately?
talkativeness
What dramatic conclusion did some psychologists and non-psychologists draw from Mischel's claims regarding personality and behavior?
that personality did not exist
Situationism is the position that
the ability of personality traits to predict behavior is severely limited.
Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns associated with the practice of null-hypothesis significance testing?
the smaller the sample size the easier it is to find a significant effect
Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of
thought, emotion, behavior. All of the answer options are correct.
The task of an employer who attempts to identify dependable, conscientious, and hard-working job applicants is similar to the task of the ________ psychologist, who attempts to identify and assess individual differences.
trait
What is the largest and most dominant approach in personality psychology today?
trait
Which of the following MOST closely represents a focal topic of the psychoanalytic approach to personality?
understanding mental conflicts
In a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) found that if male participants were shown a photograph of an attractive woman and told they would be interacting with her by telephone, the female participant they actually spoke with
was rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner.
