PSY 322 Exam 3
What is the phoneme restoration effect? Describe an experiment that could demonstrate a phoneme restoration effect. What makes this a top-down effect?
"Fill in" missing phonemes based on context of sentence and portion of word presented
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
A pig is an animal
______ is an average representation of a category.
A prototype
Draw and describe an example of a spreading activation model and a hierarchical network model of categorization. You can use any group of concepts you want, even if they were used in class. What are the key differences between them?
Activation is the arousal level of a node When a node is activated, activity spreads along all connected links Concepts that receive activation are primed and more easily accessed from memory
Define the illusory truth effect. What are some potential dangers or risks associated with this phenomenon? Give an example to support your thinking.
Enhanced probability of evaluating a statement is true after repeated presentation Occurs due to fluency or familiarity with the information Related to the propaganda effect --> both result from stimulus repetition
Define source monitoring errors and describe some research that illustrates them. Then explain why these errors reinforce the characterization of memory as being "constructive."
Failure to distinguish the source of the information MPI is misattributed to the original source Ex: Lindsay (1990) --> heard a story; 2 days later again with some details changed --> told to ignore changes --> same voice for both stories created source monitoring errors --> changing voice (male to female) did not create as many errors
Explain the problem of speech segmentation. List and explain three things that contribute to how we solve this problem.
Perception of individual words even though there are no silences between spoken words - Context - Understanding of meaning - Understanding of sounds and syntactic rules - Statistical learning
Describe the spatial (aka depictive) and propositional explanations of the mechanism underlying imagery. Which of the two explanations has more experimental evidence? Be specific.
Spatial representation is an epiphenomenon --> accompanies real mechanism but is not actually a part of it Proposed that imagery is propositional --> can be represented by abstract symbols --> symbols, language
Mental-scanning experiments found
a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. (participants create mental images and then scan them in their minds)
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories
arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.
Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?
communication
Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.
definitional: determine category membership based on whether the object meets the definition of the category
Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI
even if they are told to ignore the post-event information
If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.
exemplar: examples are actual category members (not abstract averages)
Noam Chomsky proposed that
humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language
Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using
mental chronometry: Shepard and Metzler, participants mentally rotated one object to see if it matched another
B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through
reinforcement --> said language is learned through reinforcement
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
schema: knowledge about some aspect of the environment
Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.
spatial
In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery.
tacit-knowledge: difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing it
Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)
"smashed"
Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?
Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night. (sentence that begins by appearing to mean one thing, but then end up meaning something else, must re-parse to figure it out)
Compare and contrast prototype and exemplar approaches to categorization. What is a prototype? What is an exemplar? Does one approach seem to work better than the other? Why or why not?
Both can be used Exemplars may work best for small categories Prototypes work best for larger categories