psy 340 ch 2

if measurement errors are truly random, then they should _____

??????

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Rorschach test elicit __ data

B

which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?

L

when someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the LEAST trustworthly

S

A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data?

S and B

In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins's study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.

S; L

reliability is __ for validity

a necessary but not sufficient condition

different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because ___

a. each judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts b. judges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single, uncharacteristic behavior c. some informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments d. all of the above

validity is the degree to which a measurement ___

actually reflects or measures what you think it does

the most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ___

aggregate your measurement

Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is following which principle of measurement?

aggregation

What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?

an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative

random assignment allows researchers to ___

assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions

the goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education is to demonstrate that the future scientists ___

can contribute something new to the field

narrative psychology is an example of the ___ method

case study

Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design

correlational

to obtain s data, psychologists can ___

develop a questionnaire

the most important advantage of B data is that they are based on __

direct observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable

the tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called an ___ effect

expectancy

Because Jesse's teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, Jesse performs better on the school's achievement test than any other student. Jesse's enhanced performance is likely due to the ________.

expectancy effect

Dr. Low is interested in studying the effect mood has on the willingness to help a stranger. She randomly assigns half of her participants to the pleasant mood condition and shows them funny film clips. The other half of her participants is assigned to the unpleasant mood condition and is forced to watch boring film clips. She then gives every participant an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.

experimental

which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem

experimental

A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.

experimental B

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should

gather as much data as possible

Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers' chatting is an example of ________.

measurement error

according to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a potential indicator of psychopathology?

never being married by age 40

What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

performance-based personality tests

according to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?

personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts

according to the text, a ___ would receive technical training, whereas a __ would receive scientific education

physician; biologist

At the heart of aggregation is the idea that

random errors cancel each other out

to conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have to ___

randomly assign some people to a smoking condition and some others to a control condition

what is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?

read and consider the content of the items

On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence's scores on the Self-Monitoring Scale do not appear to be ________.

reliable

___ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessments

s

what kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams?

s

Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability?

selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system

If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________.

test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated

a major disadvantage of L data is ___

that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality